Practice Exam: 1-5

What is the difference between lysosomes and pero(x)isomes?

-lysosomes recycle damage cells -Peroxisomes carry special enzymes, are a lot smaller and get rid of to(x)ins.

organization of zones within epiphyseal cartilage

-zone of resting cartilage -zone of proliferating cartilage -zone of hypertrophy -zone of calcification (Rats Prefer Houses with Cheese)

Which of the following statements is/are true? a.) DNA forms nucleosomes with ribosomes b.) DNA controls the synthesis of RNA c.) DNA is bound to histones in the chromosomes d.) DNA replicates during the early stages of mitosis e.) B and C

B and C

Levels of organizations in the body

Cells, tissues, organs, organ system, organism

Where in bone are the blood vessels that supply the osteon contained? a.) lamellae b.) central canal c.) osteocyte d.)lacunae

Central canal

Which of the following is NOT a component of the cytoskeleton? a.) microfilaments b.) microtubules c.) cilia d.) thick filaments

Cilia

Chromatin:

DNA + histones

Which of the following does NOT occur mitosis? a.) chromatids become chromosomes b.) DNA replicates itself c.) nuclear membranes form d.) daughter chromosomes move toward opposite ends of the cell

DNA replicates itself

Which tissue is found in the walls of arteries and around bronchial tubes? a.) dense irregular connective tissue b.) loose areolar connective tissue c.) elastic connective tissue d.) dense regular connective tissue e.) adipose tissue

Elastic connective tissue

Which of the following organ systems is responsible for directing long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems? a.) nervous system b.) urinary system c.) endocrine system d.)lymphoid system

Endocrine System

Active transports are

Endocytosis: phagocytes, pinocytes, receptor mediated endocytosis Exocytosis

Which of the following organelles functions in packaging materials for lysosomes, peroxisomes, secretory vesicles, and membrane segments that are used to replenish the cell membrane? a.) mitochondria b.) ribosomes c.) endoplasmic reticulum d.) Golgi apparatus e.) none of the above

Golgi apparatus

Calcium, phosphate, magnesium, citrate, carbonate, sodium do what?

Help bone grow

cardiac muscle is

Involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart, striated

smooth muscle is

Involuntary; nonstriated

What kind of epithelium does the epidermis of the skin consist of? a.) simple cuboidal epithelium b.) pseudostratified squamous epithelium c.) simple cuboidal epithelium d.) Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

The phagocytic cells in the epidermis are: a.) Langerhans' Cells b.) keratinocytes c.) melanocytes d.) merkel cells

Langerhans' Cells

non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium

Lines the stomach and intestines, gallbladder

The papillary layer of the dermis consists of which type of connective tissue? a.) dense irregular connective tissue b.) dense regular connective tissue c.) adipose tissue d.) loose areolar tissue e.) none of the above

Loose areolar tissue

Of the four cell types found in the epidermis, which one is found in skin surfaces that LACK hair among the deepest cells of the stratum basale and are sensitive to touch? a.) keratinocytes b.) melanocytes c.) Langerhanns d.) Merkel Cells e.) none of the above

Merkel cells

What are the cells of Connective Tissue Proper?

Mesenchymal cells, Fibroblasts, Fibrocytes, Fixed Macrophages, Adipocytes, melanocytes

Which organelles produce 95% of the ATP required by the cell? a.) ribosome b.) nucleus c.) smooth endoplasmic reticulum d.) mitochondria

Mitochondria

Which of the following term describes the membrane of connective tissue that covers the entire outer surface of each bone except the ends of the epiphyses? a.) periosteum b.) endosteum c.) sharpe's fibers d.) pericardium

Periosteum

What forms the ENDOTHELIUM of blood vessels and the MESOTHELIUM of the ventral body cavity?

Simple squamous epithelium

The pleural cavity is the

Space between the membranes around the lungs.

neuroglial cells

Specialized cell of the nervous system that produces myelin, communicates between cells, and maintains the ionic environment

What are the functions of the endoplasmic reticulum?

Synthesis, storage, transport, detoxification

Calcification

The deposition of calcium salts within a tissue

Which intercellular attachment, also called "macula adherens," consists of a system of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) and intercellular cement? a.) occluding junctions b.) anchoring junctions c.) gap junctions d.) desmosomes e.) tight junctions

Tight junctions

apocrine secretes

Vesecular merocrine secretion

reticular fibers are

a single unit of collagen proteins

What is the term for molecule movement across a membrane from a LOW TO HIGH concentration? a.) facilitated diffusion b.) osmosis c.) active transport d.) filtration

active transport

Which of the following tissue types are found in the integument? a.) connective b.) nervous c.) msucle d.) epithelial e.) all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following is NOT a function of the integumentary system? a.) thermoregulation b.) excretion c.) synthesis of vitamin D d.) coordinates immune response to pathogens e.) all of the above are functions of the integument

all of the above are functions of the integument

Which of the following is FALSE regarding spongy bone? a.) spongy bone is lighter than compact bone b.) spongy bone contains no blood vessels c.) spongy bone is capable of resisting stresses from many different directions d.) spongy bone contains trabeculae e.) all the above are true

all the above are true

Simple squamous epithelium lines what?

alveoli of lungs

Loose connective tissues

areolar, adipose, reticular

Tissues are

avascular but innervated

Gap junctions are most found in what type of muscle tissue? a.) smooth b.) rough c.) skeletal d.) cardiac

cardiac

supporting connective tissue

cartilage and bone

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding cartilage? a.) most cartilages cannot repair themselves after a severe injury b.) collagen fibers provide tensile strength in cartilage c.) chondrocytes are the dominant cells in cartilage d.) cartilage is both AVASCULAR and INNERVATED

cartilage is both AVASCULAR and INNERVATED

Which type of fiber is most found in dense irregular connective tissue? a.) elastic b.) reticular c.) collagen d.) hyaline

collagen

the visceral pleura

covers the lungs

non-membranous organelles

cytoskeleton, centrioles, ribosomes

Dense irregular connective tissue found

deep dermis, covers bone and cartilages, CAPSULES OF ORGANS

Which of the following is NOT a major function of the skeletal system? a.) support b.) protection of soft tissues c.) blood cell formation d.) defense against infection and disease

defense against infection and disease

What tissue serves as the main component of ligaments, tendons, aponeuroses, and fascia? a.) loose areolar b.) dense irregular c.) reticular d.) dense irregular e.) adipose

dense irregular

Which type of tissues is found in the capsules of organs? a.) loose areolar connective tissue b.) dense irregular connective tissue c.) reticular connective d.) dense regular connective tissue e.) adipose tissue

dense irregular connective tissue

Simple tissues are good for which functions?

diffusion and secretion

In which body cavity does the brain and spinal cord lie? a.) ventral b.) pleural c.) dorsal d.) pericardial

dorsal

sudoriferous glands

eccrine and apocrine

What type of supportive tissue is found in the pinna of the ear and the apex of the nose? a.) bone b.) hyaline cartilage c.) fibrous cartilage d.) elastic cartilage e.) none of the above

elastic cartilage

Which of the following terms describes the process by which most elements of the appendicular skeleton (long bones) form? a.) intramembranous ossification b.) osteogenesis c.) endochondral calcification d.) endochondral ossification

endochondral ossification

Which of the following is NOT a passive process? a.) diffusion b.) facilitated diffusion c.) osmosis d.) endocytosis e.) all of these are passive processes

endocytosis

visceral layer of serous pericardium

epicardium

What two tissues compose a membrane? a.) nervous & muscular b.) epithelial & connective c.) connective & nervous d.)all 4 tissue types compose a membrane

epithelial & connective

Membranes are organs formed by the combination of which tissues? a.) epithelial and muscle b.) muscle and neural c.) muscle and epithelial d.) connective and neural e.) epithelial and connective

epithelial and connective

Stratified Non-keratinized Squamous Epithelium lines

esophagus, mouth, and vagina

What happens to the integument as you age?

fewer melanocytes, dry epidermis, thin epidermis, fewer active follicles, changes in distribution of fat and hair, reduced blood supply etc.

Which of the following cell types is NOT found in the epidermis? a.) keratinocytes b.) fibroblasts c.) melanocyte d.) merkel cell e.) langerhan cell

fibroblasts

What type of supportive tissue is found in areas of high stress such as between the spinal vertebrae and the pubic symphysis? a.) hyaline cartilage b.) elastic cartilage c.) skeletal muscle d.) fibrocartilage

fibrocartilage

Which of the following are the most abundant cells found in the connective tissue proper? a.) adipocytes & melanocytes b.) fibrocytes & fibroblasts c.) chondrocytes & chondroblasts d.) free macrophages

fibrocytes & fibroblasts

What kind of cartilage is found in our intervertebral discs?

fibrous cartilage

Parietal layer of the serous pericardium

fused to fibrous pericardium

Integument accessory structures

hair, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and nails

During which mode of secretion does the entire cell become packed with secretory products and then burst apart, destroying the cell? a.) merocrine b.) apocrine c.) endocrine d.) holocrine

holocrine

Growth hormone and thyroxine

increase osteoblast activity leading to bone growth

During which phase of the cell life cycle do somatic cells spend most of their life? a.) mitosis b.) cytokinesis c.) meiosis d.) interphase

interphase

Which of the following is NOT true of the plasmalemma? a.) physical barrier that separates the inside of the cell from the extracellular fluid b.) regulates the exchange of ions and nutrients with the environment c.) is not affected by changes in the extracellular fluid d.) provides structural support to the cells e.) all the above statements are true

is not affected by changes in the extracellular fluid

You will find simple cuboidal epithelium..

kidney tubules, and in ducts and secretory portions of small glands SECRETION AND ABSORPTION

ciliated simple columnar epithelium

lines small bronchi, uterine tubes and some regions of the uterus ABSORPTION, SECRETION AND ION TRANSPORT

the parietal pleura

lines the walls of the thoracic cavity

Endochondral ossification occurs in

long bones

Connective tissue proper

loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the stratum lucidum? a.) found in the thick skin of the palms and soles b.) made up of flattened, densely packed keratinocytes c.) found in hairless skin d.) melanocytes are the predominant cells in this layer

melanocytes are the predominant cells in this layer

Serous cells undergo which mechanism of secretion? a.) holcrine b.) endocrine c.) apocrine d.) lactorine e.) merocrine

merocrine

Organs such as the stomach, small intestine, and portions of the large intestine are suspended within the peritoneal cavity by double sheets of peritoneum known as what? a.) viscera b.) mesentries c.) parietal pleura d.) serous membranes

mesentries

What does the cytoskeleton consist of?

microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules

which of the following describes the tiny fingerlike projections of the cell membrane that increases the surface area of cells? a.) cilia b.) centrioles c.) flagella d.) microvilli e.) microtubules

microvilli

membraneous organelles

mitochondria, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes

The wet membrane that covers cavities, which open to the external surface of the body is called the: a.) cutaneous membrane b.) synovial membrane c.) petechiae d.) mucous membrane

mucous membrane

Osteoclasts are

multinucleated

Which of the following terms describes the process of bone replacing existing tissue? a.) osteogenesis b.) calcification c.) ossification d.) osetolysis

ossification

What type of cell found in bone secretes acids that dissolve the bony matrix and release amino acids, stored calcium, and phosphate through osteolysis? a.) osteocyte b.) osteoblast c.) osteoclast d.) osteoprogenitor cells

osteoclast

Which of the following conditions is characterized by a reduction in bone mass and microstructural changes that compromise normal function and increase susceptibility to fractures? a.) osteoporosis b.) osteolysis c.) osteopenia d.) osteomyelitis

osteoporosis

epicardium

outermost layer of the heart

Where can you find thick skin?

palms of hands and soles of feet

The ___ lines the body wall within the abdominopelvic cavity. a.) superficial fascia b.) mesocolon c.) mesentery proper d.) parietal pericardium e.) parietal peritoneum

parietal peritoneum

diffusion

passive; high to low

osmosis

passive; low to high

The serous membrane covering the heart is referred to as which of the following? a.) peritoneal membrane b.) pericardium c.) pleural membrane d.) mediastinum

pericardium

outer covering of bone

periosteum (DICT)

Which of the following terms refers to the back of the knee? a.) antecubital b.) sural c.) crural d.) hallux e.) popliteal

popliteal

cytosol is high in

potassium ions (gives a negative charge)

apocrine sweat glands

produce true sweat plus fatty substances and proteins; found in the axillary (armpit) and anogenital areas of the body

Cytoskeletal microtubules disassemble during which phase of mitosis? a.) anaphase b.) metaphase c.) telophase d.) prophase

prophase

During which phase of mitosis do the chromatin threads coil and condense and the cytoskeletal microtubules disassemble? a.) prophase b.) metaphase c.) anaphase d.) telophase e.) cytokinesis

prophase

stratified cuboidal epithelium

protection; occurs in ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands and salivary glands

The brachium is ___ to the carpus a.) inferior b.) superficial c.) distal d.) proximal

proximal

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding cartilage? a.) matrix consists of thin collagen fibrils, ground substance, and increased tissue fluid b.) avascular but not innervated c.) reticular fibers are the predominate fiber present d.) chondrocytes are the mature cells found in cartilage

reticular fibers are the predominate fiber present

In which layer of the skin are blood vessels, glands, muscles, hair follicles and nerves found? a.) epidermis b.) papillary layer c.) reticular layer d.) hypodermis

reticular layer

The primary site of protein synthesis a.) smooth ER b.) lysosome c.) ribosome d.) rough er e.) mitochondrion

ribosome

If there is increased osteoclast activity, then there is

rise of parathyroid hormone to help bone grow

Which of the following are TRUE related to bones? a.) 75% of the body's calcium is in bones b.) roughly one-third of the weight of bone is from a collagen fiber c.) the periosteum of bone consists of dense regular connective tissue d.) mature bone cells are called osteoblasts

roughly one-third of the weight of bone is from a collagen fiber

merocrine sweat glands

secrete a watery fluid directly onto the surface of the skin.

What type of membrane lines the internal cavities, is delicate, moist, and very permeable? a.) synovial membrane b.) cutaneous membrane c.) mucous membrane d.) serous membrane

serous membrane

Which of the following type of epithelial is the most delicate type in the body and is found in protected regions where absorption and diffusion occurs? a.) simple squamous b.) stratified squamous c.) simple cuboidal d.) simple columnar

simple squamous

Large, multi-nucleated fibers are found in: a.) skeletal muscle b.) dense irregular connective tissue c.) cardiac muscle d.) smooth muscle e.) dense regular connective tissue

skeletal muscle

intramembranous ossification occurs in

skull bones and the clavicles (flat bones)

Which cellular organelles are responsible for lipid metabolism? a.) smooth endoplasmic reticulum b.) lysosomes c.) golgi complexes (dictyosomes) d.) peroxisomes e.) rough endoplasmic reticulum

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

What kind of muscle is the arrector pili muscle?

smooth muscle

Trabeculae are found in: a.) osteons b.) compact bone c.) spongy bone d.) perforating canals

spongy bone

Which layer of the epidermis consists of keratinocytes displaced from the stratum spinosum? a.) stratum corneum b.) stratum granulosom c.) stratum lucidum d.) stratum basale

stratum granulosom

What layer of skin is found only in thick skin?

stratum lucidum

Skeletal muscle is

striated; voluntary

The patella is ___ to the hallux. a.) inferior b.) deep c.) posterior d.) superior

superior

A person lying face up in the anatomical position is said to be ___. a.) prone b.) cephalic c.) supine d.) ventral

supine

Dense regular tissue found

tendons, aponeuroses, elastic tissue, ligaments

The diaphysis of a typical long bone refers to which of the following? a.) the ends of the bone b.) articular cartilage at the ends of bones c.) the shaft or long axis of the bone d.) the red marrow e.) none of the above

the shaft or long axis of the bone

Stratified tissues (function)

to protect because they are more durable

What tissue lines the ureters and part of the urethra? a.) transitional epithelium b.) dense regular connective tissue c.) loose areolar connective tissue d.) pseudostratified (ciliated) columnar epithelium e.) simple squamous epithelium

transitional epithelium

Which type of plane divides the body into superior and inferior portions? a.) frontal b.) coronal c.) sagittal d.) transverse

transverse

Serous membranes line

ventral body cavity

The two layers of a serous membrane are: a.) pericardial and parietal b.) visceral and parietal c.) double sheets of peritoneum d.) pleural and parietal

visceral and parietal

intramembranous ossification steps

1. Mesenchymal cells (stem cells) ossify at the ossification center; bone grows outward in small structs called spicules 2. Blood vessels grow in the area and become trapped by the ossified matrix; spicules meet and fuse 3. Spongy bone formed; may later be removed to create a medullary cavity, or converted into compact bone

Endochondral ossification steps

1. hyaline cartilage models are formed in early embryo; chondrocytes enlarge and surround cartilage begins to calcify; chondrocytes die and disintegrate leaving cavities (no blood flow) 2. a bone collar forms around the hyaline cartilage shaft; the cells of the inner perichondrium differentiate into osteoblasts and these cells from bone matrix (no blood flow) 3. the hyaline cartilage in the center of the shaft calcifies, becoming the Center of Ossification; vessels and fibroblasts invade the head of the cartilage; calcified cartilaginous matrix breaks down and fibroblasts convert into osteoblasts and lay down spongy bone; no medullary cavity (blood flow) 4. remodeling and formation of the medullary cavity; osteoclasts break down the spongy bone in the center of the shaft creating the medullary cavity; increased growth in length and diameter 5. secondary ossification centers calcify the epiphyses; capillaries and osteoblasts migrate to the epiphyses and begins to ossify 6. articular cartilage (ends of each side) remains exposed to joint cavities and the epiphyseal plate (growth plate) separates the diaphysis (shaft) from the epiphysis; articular cartilage prevents bone-to-bone contact, and the epiphyseal plate allows bone lengthening

Superficial fascia also referred to by which of the following terms? a.) hypodermis b.) camper's fascia c.) epidermis d.) papillary layer e.) A & B

A & B

Which of the following cells can be found in connective tissue? a.) osteocytes b.) macrophages c.) fibroblasts d.) all of the above e.). A and B only

A and B only

Which of the following is a part of the nucleus? a.) DNA b.) mitochondria c.) histones d.) plasmalemma e.) A and C

A and C