PRACTICE TEST CHP 1 Narby
Matthew is running a study on the effects of room temperature on performance on an algebra test. One group takes the test in a room heated to 90 degrees, and the other group takes the test in a room with normal room temperature. What is the independent variable?
room temperature
Which of the following is the best example of a relatively specific change in development?
A sixth grader has her first menstrual period.
Which of the following studies would probably not be done because of ethical reasons?
An experimental study looking at the effects of corporal punishment on anxiety levels
Which of the following words best captures the essence of the experimental approach?
Control
After conducting an experiment and interpreting the results, researchers Professor Zbornak and Dr. Nylund want to publish their study. They need to do all of the following except
run the experiment again to check their results.
In Schaie's study of cognitive abilities of adults, successive cohorts of young adults were tested and then retested over the years. Schaie's research fits the description of
sequential studies
In Schaie's study of cognitive abilities of adults, successive cohorts of young adults were tested and then retested over the years. Schaie's research fits the description of
sequential studies.
Which type of study essentially combines the longitudinal and cross-sectional approaches to examine age changes?
sequential study
Changes in feelings, emotions, and how people relate to one another belong primarily to which domain of development?
Psychosocial
After a shooting spree within a high school, concerned parties worked toward avoiding future violence by proposing and trying ideas at all levels of Bronfenbrenner's ecological system. Which of the following is an example of a exosystem influence?
The local school board developed an extensive policy on dress code, behavior, and zero tolerance for weapons and weapon-look-alikes.
After a shooting spree within a high school, concerned parties worked toward avoiding future violence by proposing and trying ideas at all levels of Bronfenbrenner's ecological system. Which of the following is an example of a macrosystem influence?
U.S. Congress enacted stricter gun control laws to help keep guns out of the hands of adolescents.
Which of the following would least likely be considered a change within the cognitive domain?
Visual acuity improves across childhood
The key question involved in the issue of developmental diversity is
What factors create differences in individuals' development across the lifespan?
The experimental group, but not the control group,
receives a level of the independent variable.
In a well-designed experiment, the control group should
be equal to the experimental group before the experiment
In a well-designed experiment, the control group should
be equal to the experimental group before the experiment.
Studying moral development in children by using upper-middle-class suburban five- to ten-year-olds who attend Sunday school would most likely be considered a(n)
biased sample
Development refers to
both change and continuity throughout the lifespan.
Sigmund Freud developed his ideas about psychoanalysis by intensive work with single patients. You might say that he developed his theory and technique through the use of
case studies
Which of the following approaches typically studies the fewest number of individuals?
case studies
The study in which individuals report on their activities and emotions whenever their electronic pager is beeped found which activity to be more positive for midlife fathers than mothers?
child-care
The primary reason the period of adolescence did not exist in medieval times is that
children took on adult responsibilities at a relatively young age.
Principles of informed consent involve all of the following except
compensation for participation.
In an experiment looking at the effects of television on aggression, one group of four-year-olds watches "Power Ranger" cartoons, and another group does not watch television. What is the name for the group that does not watch television?
control
Which of the following words best captures the essence of the experimental approach?
control
Which of the following studies is most susceptible to problems associated with cohort differences?
cross-sectional
When Dr. Gnapoor studied the ability of students in the first, third, and fifth grades of Morgantown Elementary School to do moral reasoning so that she could compare the three groups, she was conducting a(n)
cross-sectional study
An example of newborn psychosocial domain development is
crying
In a negative correlation, as one characteristic increases, the other characteristic
decreases
A hypothesis differs from a research question primarily in its
degree of precision
Through the study of some five hundred children, Arnold Gesell
developed the first set of norms for child development.
In studying Paraguay street children, the researchers found that these street children had much more contact and interaction with their families than did street children in the United States and Canada. This example highlights the developmental issue of
developmental diversity.
The scientific study of how thoughts, feelings, personality, social relationships, and body and motor skills evolve as an individual grows older is referred to as
developmental psychology
In the area of developmental psychology, ethical issues are more complicated because
developmental psychology often deals with younger and more vulnerable or more elderly groups than other branches of psychology.
The period of development known as adolescence
did not exist in medieval times.
An example of early childhood (preschool) development in the cognitive domain includes
dramatic play
The questions, Does the child have friends? Does the child have responsibilities around the house? and Does the child get along with siblings? reflect concerns about which of Bronfenbrenner's levels?
microsystem
The cross-sectional study method allows the researcher to
observe persons of different ages at one point of time.
At the mesosystem level of Bronfenbrenner's approach, one might examine
parent-teacher relationships.
All of the following are representative of developmental growth during adolescence except
peak of strength and speed
All of the following are representative of developmental growth during adolescence except
peak of strength and speed.
The domain of development primarily concerned with changes in the brain, sense organs, and muscles in the __________.
physical
Changes in feelings, emotions, and how people relate to one another belong primarily to which domain of development?
psychosocial
One's sense of self is primarily part of which domain of development?
psychosocial
All of the following are essential components of the scientific method except
quantitative data analysis
The relationship between children's ages and heights would most likely be reflected by which of the following correlation coefficients?
r = +.75
Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the weakest relationship between two variables?
r = -.11
Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the strongest relationship between two variables?
r = -.88
Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the weakest relationship between two variables?
r= -.11
The relationship between children's ages and heights would most likely be reflected by which of the following correlation coefficients?
r=+.75
When every member of the population has an equal chance of being chosen for a study, we refer to this as a(n)
random sample
Velma is running an experiment in which she is looking at the effects of lighting on reading speed. In one condition participants read in dim lighting, and in another they read under a reading lamp. What's the dependent variable?
reading speed
Lifespan psychology differs from other fields of developmental study in all of the following distinctive ways except in
reducing individual diversity to the common or normal standard of development.
The inquiry Does the Head Start preschool program work? is best characterized as a
research question
In DaSean's child psychology class he is conducting a research project on mother-infant interactions. He has already formulated a research question; his next step should be to
state her question as a hypothesis.
Dr. Huggins is running a study to examine the effects of accordion polka music on stress levels in teenagers. The researcher measures the stress level in a group that has heard the polkas for a half hour and compares their stress level to a group that has not heard any polkas. In this study, the dependent variable is
stress level
Professor Poppins is gathering information about the quality of day care used by working parents in a large metropolitan area. She needs to gather information in a timely fashion from a fairly large representative sample. Professor Poppins should probably use
surveys
As attitudes about children turned from giving them early responsibilities to young children as unique and innocent, all of the following increased except
taking children's opinions more seriously.
Which of the following is most likely to produce a negative correlation?
Years of experience in golfing and one's golf score
Matthew is running a study on the effects of room temperature on performance on an algebra test. One group takes the test in a room heated to 90 degrees, and the other group takes the test in a room with normal room temperature. What is the dependent variable?
algebra test scores
Velma is running an experiment in which she is looking at the effects of lighting on reading speed. In one condition participants read in dim lighting, and in another they read under a reading lamp. What is the independent variable?
amount of light
Dr. Green spends several hours in individual face-to-face conversations with forty middle-aged women asking them questions about how they cope with menopausal symptoms. Although some of the questions are predetermined, Dr. Green frequently asks unplanned follow-up questions. The research technique being used is called
an interview
Compared to naturalistic studies, experimental studies
are more logically organized.
In naturalistic research, a scientist attempts to study behavior
as it normally occurs.
A positive correlation means that
as one variable increases, the other variable increases.
After a shooting spree within a high school, concerned parties worked toward avoiding future violence by proposing and trying ideas at all levels of Bronfenbrenner's ecological system. Which of the following is an example of a microsystem influence?
Families with teenagers took the time to discuss how their children were feeling, whether they felt accepted, and what they needed from their families.
Joey, who is three years old, tends to stutter when he gets very excited about something. His mother has decided that at this time it's nothing to be really concerned about because of what she learned in developmental psychology. Which reason for studying development is most important in this situation?
Gaining knowledge about normal development
Which of the following is an example of middle childhood development in the psychosocial domain?
Gender segregation
The key question involved in the issue of continuity with change is
How do we account for underlying cohesion in qualities, behaviors, and skills in spite of apparent change?
Which of the following best describes the sequential study?
In this model at least two cohorts are compared with each other at different times.
Which of the following is one of the advantages of the survey method?
It allows many people to be measured for the study.
Which of the following is a major advantage of a cross-sectional study as compared to a longitudinal study?
It can be done rather quickly and easily.
The major advantage of a longitudinal study over a cross-sectional study is that
It can look at changes within individuals, as well as between individuals
Which of the following is a major limitation of a cross-sectional study as compared to a longitudinal study?
It compares age groups rather than individuals.
After a shooting spree within a high school, concerned parties worked toward avoiding future violence by proposing and trying ideas at all levels of Bronfenbrenner's ecological system. Which of the following is an example of a mesosystem influence?
Local religious leaders met with school officials to help develop a network of counseling programs and to develop better morality among students.
Early observational studies of children conducted by Arnold Gesell were used to
establish standards for normal development.
What method should you use if you are interested in determining cause and effect?
experimental method
In an experimental study, the __________ group receives the treatment but the __________ group does not.
experimental; control
If Dr. Thomas wants to ensure that his research on infant speech is as systematic and objective as possible, she should
follow the scientific method
Comparing the macrosystem for child and family policy in the United States to those of European countries, the United States
has more often failed to coordinate services to support families.
The study in which individuals report on their activities and emotional states whenever their electronic pager is beeped found that
home created stress for mothers and relieved stress for fathers.
Alfred Kinsey and his associates did research on sexuality that involved asking many detailed questions of individuals in face-to-face interviews. Kinsey used which research technique?
interview
One of the major advantages of a study in which individuals report on their activities and emotional states whenever they receive a text message is that
it tends to capture normal daily activities accurately.
Al is running a study to examine the effects of accordion polka music on stress levels in teenagers. The researcher measures the stress level in a group that has heard the polkas for a half hour and compares their stress level to a group that has not heard any polkas. In this study, the independent variable is
listening to polkas
Which of the following words best describes the experimental approach?
logical
Change seems more evident when
long periods of time are examined
Change seems more evident when
long periods of time are examined.
Since she was four, ten-year-old Hillary has participated annually in a study of memory development. Hillary is participating in what kind of study?
longitudinal
If you study moral development by following a group of five-year-olds over a period of ten years by measuring their moral behavior and concepts each year until they are fifteen you are conducting a(n)
longitudinal study
If your primary concern is to examine how individuals actually change from one time to another, you should conduct a(n)
longitudinal study.
Governmental policies on affirmative action within the job market are an example of which of Bronfenbrenner's levels?
macrosystem
Charles Darwin's research is representative of the earliest form of conducted developmental research called
the baby biography.
If a psychologist were conducting a study of logical reasoning in seven-year-olds, informed consent must be given by
the child and his or her parents.
Which of the following statements best reflects the relationship among physical, cognitive, and psychosocial domains of development?
the three domains seem to be intertwined.
One of the complications of ethically meeting the freedom-to-participate issue with young research participants is that
they may not fully understand the purpose of the experiment.
One advantage experimental studies have over naturalistic studies is that
they tend to be more logically organized.
The study in which individuals report on their activities and emotional states whenever their electronic pager is beeped found which of the following activities to be more positive for midlife mothers than for fathers?
time with freinds
The study in which individuals report on their activities and emotional states whenever their electronic pager is beeped found which of the following activities to be more positive for midlife mothers than for fathers?
time with friends
All of the following are reasons for studying development except
to be able to predict the role of sleep in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.
As a scientific method, the most common use of the case study approach is
to explore new or unexpected connections among behaviors, needs, and social relationships.
Measurements that actually measure what the researcher intends to measure are considered to be
valid
Solving algebraic equations to measure your knowledge of developmental psychology would pose a problem with
validity
Until the Industrial Revolution, many seven- and eight-year-olds
were given responsibility for adultlike tasks.
Which of the following is considered part of the physical domain during early childhood and part of the cognitive domain during middle childhood?
writing