PRAXIS 5435 General Science
since the mass is always a
+ quantity, acceleration is always same direction as the force
what is the order of electromagnetic waves
UV->infared->micro-> gamma
responses to stimuli are described as
ability and tendency of an organism, cell, or body to adjust to environmental changes to maintain equilibrium
what is buoyancy
ability to float in water or air or some other fluid
what is observing
ability to make good observations is also essential to the development of other science process skills
nonliving parts of an ecosystem are called
abiotic factors
earth was formed
4.5 billion years ago
it is estimated that the ocean provides means of support for almost _______ of all species on earth
50%
what is the altitude of the mesosphere
50-80km
what is the theory of natural selection
action was first expounded by charles darwin and is now believed to be the main process that brings about evolution
what is the third law of newton law of motion
action-reaction forces
what is dispersion
actions of disturbing things/people over wide areas
what is artic circle
66.5 degrees N marks start of when sun not visible in horizon. Dec 21 same day as tropic of capricorn
what is antartic circle
66.5 degrees S marks start of when sun is not visible above the horizon, june 21 beginning of winter in S hemisphere
Of all the freshwater ___________ resides in glaciers
69%
pure water has a neutral pH of
7
what are two forms of respiration
aerobic and anaerobic
what are the effects of solar wind on earth
affected by intense clouds of high energy particles that it often contains which are produced by solar storms. when coronal mass clouds make their way to the earth in 3-4 days, they collide with the magnetic field of earth and cause it to change shape
what are types of precipitation
after clouds reach a dew point, precipitation occurs.
Hertzsprung-Russel help determine
age and evolutionary stage of the star
what is simple stoichiometric calculations
almost all stoichiometric problems can be solved in four steps
Volcanoes can occur
along any type of tectonic plate boundary
plant cells are larger than
animal cells
through our senses, or recording information using scientific tools and instrumetns,
any data from experiment can be called an objervation
what are capillaries
any of the fine branching blood vessels that form a network between arterioles and venules
what is blood cell
any of the kinds of cells normally found circulating in the blood
what are the three domain grouping
archaea, bacteria, and eukarya
high pressure systems usually bring ________ temperatures, called a cool front
cooler
bonds of compounds can be either
covalent or ionic
the backbone of DNA is
covalently bonded sugar and phosphate
DNA is a nucleic acid located in
cell nucleus
what happens in interphase
cell prepares for division by replicating its genetic material
animal cells have membrane pinch and plants have a new
cell wall form
the sun does not lie near the __________ of our galaxy
center
what is nonuniform circular motion
changing of rate of rotaion
outer valence electrons are responsible for
chemical properties of an element
compounds are decomposed by
chemical reactions rather than separated by physical ones
what is the pigment that absorbs light
chloroplasts
energy can be transferred by
conduction, convection, and radiation
how can energy be transferred
conduction, convection, radiation, mass transfer etc
what is the reciprical of restivity
conductivity
what are continental slopes
connecting shelves to the ocean floor of the basin
what is a principle stating that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred
conservation of energy
what is the first law of thermodynamics
conservation of energy
what is universe origin
consists of everythign and nothing
what is group 13
boron family
what is an intraspecific hybrid
bred by two mating species normally from within the same genus. the offspring display traits and characteristics of both parents
bonds or similar strength must be
broken and formed
how is homeostasis maintained
by physiological processes
Plates can ______________ and have a lot of volcanic activity
converge
what is photosynthesis
conversion of sunlight energy into plant cells, and occurs in some bacteria and protists
what is pitch
quality of sound determined by frequency
fuels and oxidants detriment the compounds formed by a
reaction
what is the longest wavelength color
red
when objects move away, it is a
red shift
what are exothermic reactions
release of heat
renewable energy
replenished naturally and over relatively short periods of time
what is friction
resistance that one surface or object encounters when moving over another
what is a spring
result of an aquifer being filled to the point that the water overflows onto the land surface.
what is atoll
ring shaped reef, island, or chain of islands formed of coral
what does the effect of tilt of the earth cause
seasons and affects the temperature because it affects the amount of sun the area receives
what is a reverse fault
small dip angle called a thrust fault
what is a stream
small narrow river
what are the states of matter
solid, liquid, or gas
what is bohr model
solved problem of atoms only emitting light at certain frequencies. proposed that the electrons could only orbit the nucleus in special orbits at different energy levels around the nucleus
amount of energy in work is expended in accomplishing
some goal
constant pH is necessary in living cells because
some living things can only live with a certain pH
what is refraction
something deflected in passing obliquely through the interface between one medium and another or through medium of different densities
if you have more than one element to the left of an equation to balance,
the element appears only in single numbers of reactants and products
formal reports have
tables and figures labeled and referenced
currents are classified by
temperature
______________ can determine how sedimentary rock was created
texture
when kinetic frictional force is lower than static frictional force, it means that
the amount of force needed to maintain movement of an object will be less than what was needed to start
as you increase elevation, there is less air above you therefore the pressure ______________
decreases
when the temperature of water ___________ the H bonds are formed and release a considerable amount of energy
decreases
catalysts increase reaction rate by
decreasing the number of steps it takes to form products
Our planet's magnetic field is believed to be generated
deep in earth's core.
in other genetic disorders,
defects may be caused by new mutations or changes to the DNA
for an external applied force, the change in velocity
depends on the mass of the object
larger wavelengths increase
diffraction
what is lightning
discharge of electricity during a thunderstorm
what are characteristics of nonvascular plants
do not show differentiation of transport of tissues
if there is only one of the first elements, you can
drop the prefix
what is trophic level
each of several hierarchial levels in an ecosystem, comprising organisms that share the same function in the food chain and same nutritional relationship to the primary sources of energy
geologists use time scale when discussing
earth's chronology and the formation of rocks and minerals.
neurons are
excitable
conceptual models tie together many ideas to
explain the phenomena
the main uses of the ocean and coastal areas for human are
food, transport, oil, gas, and recreation
waning refers to two weeks which moon goes from
full moon to new moon
jovian planets are known as the
gas giants
power can be
generated, transmitted, and converted into various forms of light
Laser:
generates an intense beam of coherent monochromatic light by stimulated emission of photons form excited atoms or molecules. Used in drilling and cutting, alignment and guidance, and in surgeries
what does GTS stand for
geologic time scale
any object with an orbit time period equal to the earth's rotational period
geosynchronous
extinction of species
gives loss of biodiversity and loss of species in a certain habitat
what are prisms
glass or other transparent object in prism form
CO2 and water are converted into
glucose and light
observing and communicating go
hand in hand
tuning fork consists of
handle and two tines
what is heat of vaporization
heat absorbed when a liquid vaporizes; specifically quantity of heat required at a specified temperature to convert unit mass of liquid into vapor
combustion is typically releases as
heat but can also be released as light, electricity, or sound
in conduction,
heat is transferred, but matter is not
what are contour lines
help show the elevation above the surface of the earth and on ocean floor
the second part of eye after cornea
helps to focus light and images on your retina
what energy density do tornadoes have
high
most earth orbiting satellites are at a distance
high above the earth so their motion is unaffected by forces of air resistance
through comparison, we are able to
identify relationships among objects and penomena observed
what are the three laws of motion
inertia, F=ma, action reaction forces
what are collisions
instance of one moving object or person striking violently against another
what is manipulative skill
involve using equipment and materials properly and accurately, preparing setups for investigation, and handling specimen carefully
what does the respiratory system do
involved in gas exchange which occurs in the alveoli
acceleration which is gained by an object because of the gravitational force is called
its acceleration due to gravity
each element is distinguished by
its atomic number
every element and compound has
its own specific heat
what are examples of budding
jellyfish and echinoderms
what is fusion
joining two nuclei under extreme temperatures and pressure.
what are the four outer planets called
jovian planets
what are the four jovian planets
jupiter saturn uranus neptune
teams should include
key facts from your teams background research to help explain the results
potential energy becomes _________ when things are released
kinetic energy
what is a protista
kingdom of eukaryotic organisms that are unicellular and sometimes colonial or less often multicellular and typically include protozoans, most algae, and often some fungi
what is an iceberg
large piece of freshwater ice that has broken off a glacier or ice shelf and is floating freely in open water
respiration includs
many oxidation and reduction reactions that occur through electron transport system within a cell
what is atomic mass
mass of an atom of a chemical element expressed in atomic mass units
what are two ways to indicate the concentration of a solution
mass percent molarity
what is magnetic materials
materials used for their magnetic properties
what is a screw
mechanism that converts rotational motion to linear motion by torque to a linear force
complete reflection of a ray of light within a medium such as water or glass from surrounding surfaces back into the
medium
with water, pressure, and heat, rocks can be
melted down to create new rock, and can change forms
DNA not contained in the
membrane bound nucleus
what is a solute
minor component in a solution, dissolved in the solvent
what is energy
most important in mechanics are potential and kinetic energy
what is mechanical energy associated with
motion and position of the object
what is periodic motion
motion repeated in equal intervals of time
current flows from relatively
negative points
liquids and solids exhibit practically
no change in solubility with changes in pressure
changing of pressure on a reaction that involves only solids or liquids has ____________ on the rate
no effect
in a reaction of water, neutralization results in there being
no excess hydrogen or hydroxide ions present in the solution
what is group 18
noble gas family
molecules or atoms of liquids move around and have weak bonds, although
not enough to readily break
springs are _____________ to the earth's surface
not limited
radioactive isotopes have unstable
nuclei and can undergo reactions which result in radiations emitted
what is inertia
object at rest or in motion will remain at rest or in motion unless acted on by external force
what is budding
occurs when offspring start as a growth on paren organisms body
what is carbon cycling
one of the biggest reservoirs of carbon is in the atmosphere
what is asexual
one parent is responsible for reproduction
where do electrons orbit
orbit the nucleus
eras are divided into
periods
what is interference
phenomenon which two waves superpose to form a wave of greater, lower, or same amplitude
ionic compounds list ________ ions first followed by ________ ions
positive , negative
what is the atomic structure of an atom
positively charged nucleus surrounded and neutralized by negatively charged electrons revolving in orbits varying distances from the nucleus, the constitution of the nucleus and the arrangement of the electrons differing with various chemical elements
electronegativity is the
power of an atom when in a molecule to attract electrons to itself
what is runoff
precipitation that did not get infiltrated into the soil and did not evaporate, therefore made its way from the ground surface into places where water collects
predation refers to
predator that feeds on other organisms, which result in death
anything that can be done to increase the frequency of the collision will increase
the rate of dissolving
what do cirrus clouds look like
thin and wispy clouds
path is determined by
trajectory
what does phloem do
transports sugar molecules up and down the plant
what is gavitropism
tropism where gravity is the stimulus
where are low clouds at
under 2000
what is a homologous structure
underlying anotomical commonalities demonstrating descent from a common ancestor
sound is produced when something
vibrates
what is the strongest visible light color
violet
what is parthenogenesis
virgin birth because female produces eggs which do not need to be fertilized
for the sun, energy is in the form of
visible light
mountains can also be caused by
volcanic activity and erosion
what are the main effects of natural phenomena
volcanic eruptions and ocean currents
Early era of space exploration
was driven by "space race" between USSR and US
H has ____ charge and O has _______
+, -
a correlation coefficient ranges from
-1 to +1
ionic bonds can form between
a pair of atoms or between molecules are are the type of bonds found in salts
in every interaction, there is
a pair of forces acting on the two interacting objects
waters high heat capacity is
a property caused by H bonding among water molecules
molecule bonds form as
a result of sharing or exchanging electrons among atoms
where does river deltas happen
a river entering the ocean
a satellite tornado is
a weak tornado that forms near a larger one with the same mesocyclone
if work is perpendicular, work is done by a force of
0
what is C temperature range
0-100
what is the scale numbers of pH
0-14
altitude of the troposphere is from _________ to ________
0km to 12-17km
mantle is a rocky shell averaging ___________ thick
1,793 miles
groups are columns of
1-18 that group elements with similar outer electron shell configuration
what are the altitudes of high clouds?
5000-13000
the spectrum of solar radiation is close to that of a black body with temperatures of about
5800k
what is equation for photosynthesis
6H20+6CO2 -->C6H12O6 +6O2
earth is about ________ in diameter
7,934 miles
what is the composition of the atmosphere
78% nitrogen 21% oxygen 1% argon
nitrogen makes up
78% troposphere
mantle is ____________ earths volume
84%
diameter of the sun is ______________ miles
866,000
dark matter may account for about ______________ mass of galaxies
90%
remaining ________ of water is in the oceans
97%
By weight, the ions in sea water make up _________ of all sea salts
99%
what causes atmospheric pressure over the N Atlantic
Icelandic low and high pressures leading to N American Oscillation
energy input, or energy that enters the ecosystem is measured in
J or calories
order of elements are _____ to ______, and ______ to _______
LR top bottom
what is the equation for molarity
M=moles of solute/liters of solution
if resistance is constant, over a considerable tange of voltage, what law can predict the behavior
Ohm law
five most significant mass extinctions
Ordovician Silurian Permian Triassic Late Devonian Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous Tertiary
what is the ideal gas law
PV=nRT
what is equation for Ohm law
V=IR
atmospheric deposition
What is the pollution of water bodies caused by air pollution
what is an aquifer
a body of permeable rock that can contain or transmit groundwater
in bacteria, they do not contain
a cell nucleus
daltons model is in the shape of
a circle
what is a composite volcano
a combination of the other types
what is group 14
carbon family
limestone rock is the largest storage reservoir of
carbon on earth
nutrients can be classified as
carbs, fats, proteins, fiber, minerals, vitamins, and water
there are various specialized forms of myocytes:
cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle cells with varying properties
classifications of domains are (4):
carnivores, herbivores, omnivores, and parasites
what is rutheford model
carried some experiments which led to a change in ideas around the atom
what are hurricanes
category 1-5, with wind speeds greater than 155 mph.
what is tidal range
changes with location of sun and moon throughout the year
what is a mutation
changing of structure of a gene, resulting in a variant form that may be transmitted to subsequent generations, caused by the alteration of single base units of DNA, or the deletion, insertion, or rearrangement of larger sections of genes or chromosomes
metamorphic rock texture
characterized as foliated and unfoliated. foliated occurs when rock is compressed along one axis during recrystalization. unfoliated rock does not include banding
what is transverse
characterized by particle motion being perpendicular to wave motion
voltage can be difference in
charge between two points
what is a covalent bond
chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms
what is neutralization
chemical reaction which an acid and base react quantitatively with each other
compounds are formed by
chemical reactions and frequently have different properties than the original elements
when a device is connected to a battery,
chemical reactions occur on the electrode that create flow of electrical energy to the device
antibodies combine ________________ with substances that the body recognizes as alien, such as bacteria, viruses, and foreign substances in the blood
chemically
what are the six most abundant ions in seawater
chloride, sodium, sulfate, magnesium, calcium, and potassium
photosynthesis is a form of cellular respiration and occurs in
chloroplasts that use thylakoids
plant cells have extra structures such as
chloroplasts, cell wall, and vacuole
what happens prophase
chromatin thickening into chromosmes and nuclear membrane begins to disintegrate
what is DNA
chromosome consisting of genes which are single units of genetic information
DNA is mostly contained in chromosomes of the ___________, although some DNA in mitochondria and chloroplasts
chromosomes
which volcano has lava spewing out of a vent into the air
cincer stone volcano
what are high clouds called
cirru
heat can be trapped by
cities
what are lipids
class of organic compounds that are fatty acids or their derivatives and are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents
Physical/mechanical weathering:
class of processes that cause the disintegration of rocks without a chemical change.
Wind power:
clean and renewable, relatively cheap. reduces greenhouse gas emissions and fossil fuel depletion, but primarily local disadvantages such as land use, noise, and visual pollution
deforestation:
clearing out a wide area of trees. creates loss of habitat for millions of species. it can also drive a climate change
what is el nino
climate pattern of pacific ocean area that lasts 6-18 months and causes weather that is different from expected seasonal patterns and variations
what are liquids
close together with no regular arrangement
galaxies are organized into ___________ which form superclusters
clusters
what are barrier islands
coastal landforms that are a type of dune system that are flat areas of sand that form by wave and tidal action parallel to the mainland coast.
devices of electromagnets consist of
coils of insulated wire wrapped around an iron core that becomes magnetized when an electric current flows through the wire
patterns in el nino cause
cold deep water upwells in the eastern pacific
what is the mesosphere
coldest region in the atmosphere that protects the earth from meteors by burning them up before they hit earth
what is remote sensing
collecting and interpreting information about the environment on the surface of the earth from a distance, primarily by sensing radiation that is naturally emitted or reflected by the earth's surface or from the atmosphere, by sensing signals transmitted from a device and reflected back to it
what is the organization and presentation of data
collection, organization, and presentation of data are basic background material for learning descriptive and inferential statistics and their application
water falling on land
collects in rivers and lakes, soil, and porous layers of rock
meeting of particles or of bodies which each exerts a force upon the other can be known as a
collison
what are examples of physical properties
color, molecular weight, and volume
what is sexual reproduction
combining genetic material from two parents
meteor showers are associated with
comets, happen when earth passes through debris of comet, and associated with higher number of meteors
what is methods of scientific inquiry and design
commonly based on empirical/measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning
geostationary orbits are useful for
communication satellites because they are fixed to the same spot relative to the earth
what is a wavelength
complete wave cycle
chloroplasts carry out energy conversion through a
complex set of reactions similar to those performed by mitochondria in animals
the total current is the sum of the currents through each
component
what is epithelium
composed of one or more layers of densely packed cells
what are human eyes
composed of transparent, flexible tissue is located directly behind the iris and the pupil
there are layers of lava flows and layers of ash and cinder are which volcano
composite volcano
soils:
composition of mineral particles 45% organic matter 5% air 25%
what is dissociation
compounds separate or split into smaller particles such as atoms, ions, or radicals, usually in reverse manner
once the solute and solvent have been identified, you can determine the
concentration
there is a greater chance of particles colliding with higher
concentration
what is molarity
concentration of a solution expressed as the number of moles of solute per liter of solution
what are factors that affect reaction equilibrium
concentration of reactants or products, temperature, and pressure
what is ecological succession
concept that there is an orderly progression of change within a community
what is the conservation of matter in chemical systems
concise way of expressing law to say that the amount of matter in a system is conserved....matter is neither created or destroyed
what are mixtures
contain two or more substances that have become one separated using physical methods, while compounds cannot
Battery:
container consisting of one or more cells, which in chemical energy is converted into electricity and uses as a source of power
what is the stratosphere
contains jet streams and ozone layer
DNA is the ___________________ of the cell and sits in the nucleus
control molecule
what is the mendelian trait
controlled by single locus in an inheritance pattern
what does the endocrine system do
controls system and processes by secreting hormones directly into the blood stream without use of ducts
the phospholipid bilayer
controls the movement of substances in and out of cells and organelles. it is selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules
what happens in photosynthesis
conversion of sunlight into energy in plant cells, and also occurs in some type of bacteria and protists
to calculate moles from grams,
convert mass of each element to moles using the molar mass from the periodic table
fermentation is a process which energy is
converted
Recycling:
converting waste into reusable materials
disadvantages of solar power:
cost, weather dependency, solar storage is expensive, uses a lot of space, and associated with pollution
if electrons are shared, it is a ______________ bond
covalent
what is a cinder cone volcano
created by explosive eruptions
Shield volcanoes
created by long term relatively gentle eruption.
heat energy cannot be
created or destroyed
where can wavelengths be measured
crest to crest, trough to trough, or point to point
there are four major processes by which minerals form:
crystallization from magma precipitation changes in pressure and temperature formation from hydrothermal solutions
what is an example of conduction
cup of hot coffee on cold surface its placed on
what is movement of charged particle through a wire called
current or electricity
what is AC current
current that periodically reverses direction
what is a series circuit
current which each component is the same and the voltage across the circuit is the sum of hte voltages across each component
what are symbols of elements
currently 80 elements have one or more stable isotopes.
what is most common form of screw
cylindrical shaft with thread grooves around the outside
cytokinesis
cytoplasmic division of a cell at the end of mitosis and meiosis, bringing about hte separation into two daughter cells
the outer layer of sun will
ablate and become dense white dwarf the size of earth
what is a solvent
able to dissolve other substances
primary process of physical weathering
abrasian
chemical reactions that
absorb heat
color of an object depends upon what is
absorbed and what is transmitted or reflected
F=ma states that the
acceleration of an object is dependent upon two variables
what is endothermic reactions
accompanied by or requiring absorption of heat
what is dark matter
accounts for a large portion of the universe's mass. undetectable because it does not emit radiation, but believed to exist because of gravitational forces exerted on visible objects
lower than 7 pH is
acidic
what are the two proteins in skeletal muscles
actin and myosin
conservation and recycling are:
action of conserving something, in particular preservation, protection, or restoration of the natural environment, ecosystems, vegetation, and wildlife
concept of atmospheric pressure involves the idea that
air exerts a force
when a difference of atmospheric pressure exists,
air moves from higher to lower pressure area, resulting in winds of various speeds
what is group 1 called
alkali metals
what is group 2 called
alkaline earth metals
what is the big bang theory
all matter in the universe was in one place then had a huge explosion that spread the matter into space
big bang theory states that
all matter in the universe was once in one place. this matter underwent a huge explosion that spread the matter into space. galaxies formed from this material and the universe is still expanding
what is keplers law
all planets move about the sun in elliptical orbits, with the sun in focus
Characteristics of viruses:
all viruses have a head. some also have a tail consisting protein. tail is used to attach to a host and enter it. head of virus contains genetic material in the form of DNA, RNA, or enzymes.
what are trends in data
allow you to asses hwo your response data has changed over time
what is radiant energy
also called solar energy
most clouds can be classified according to the ____________ of their base above earth's surface
altitude
direction of centripetal acceleration is
always inward along radius vector of the circular motion
plants use _____________ as a nitrogen source
ammonia
soils suitability for agriculture
are due to their characteristics of good texture, dark color, and pH value
the big bang theory is widely accepted among
astronomers
what is energy flow in ecosystems
at first trophic level, primary producers use solar energy to produce organic plant material through photosynthesis
what is the troposphere
atmosphere layer touching the earth we live in with temperatures decreasing every km you go up
what is thompsons model
atom is made of negative electrons that float in a soup of positive charge
what is an ion
atom or molecule with net electric charge due to loss or gain of one or more electrons
elements are ordered by
atomic number
molecules are made up of
atoms held together by a chemical bond
diagrams that show the bonding between
atoms of a molecule and the lone pairs of electrons that may exist in the molecule
unlike charges
attract
water molecules are ____________ to other polar molecules to ions
attracted
there are no forces of
attraction or repulsion between gas particles
how is loudness expressed in
dB
what do nimbostratus clouds look like
dark gray clouds with uneven bases that indicate rain or snow
what is the presentation of data
data collected during science lab can be organized and presented in many ways.
recessive traits will be manifested as what genotypes
dd
when animals die, their bodies
decompose into the floor of the ocean or by land
what is the trophic level that breaks down the consumers at the top
decomposers
size of atoms _____________ as you move from L to R of a certain period
decrease
what is freezing point depression
decrease of the freezing point of a solvent in addition of a non volatile solute
Soil profile:
defined as a vertical section of the soil from the ground surface downwards to where the soil meets the underlying rock
what is vector quantity
defined as product of an objects mass and its velocity
electrons do not have
defined orbits, or sharply defined ranges
metamorphic rock results:
deformation, compaction, destruction of the characteristics of original rock, bending, folding, and formation of new minerals becuase of chemical reactions, and changes in size and shape of minerals
what is conductivity
degree to which a specified material conducts electricity, calculated as the ratio of the current density in the material to the electric field that causes the flow of current
Genetic engineering:
deliberate modification of the characteristics of an organism by manipulating its genetic material
a key determiner of object floating or sinking is
density
Pumping water out of the ground faster than it is replenished over long term can cause ___________
depletion of aquifers
what is the classification scheme
descriptive information for an arrangement or division of objects into groups based on characteristics, which the objects have in common
what are 6 major biomes in north america
desert, tropical rainforest, grassland, coniferous forest, deciduous forest, and tundra
what is germination
development of a plant from seed or spore after a period of dormancy
what is range
difference between highest and lowest numbers, which can determine spread of data
wind is caused by
differences in the atmospheric pressure
wavelength responds to _____________ colors
different
narrowing of opening in diffraction means the greater level of
diffraction occuring
vector quantity has both
direction and magnitude
latitude and longitude affect the environment and climate
directly
objects acceleration is ____________ proportional to the net force acting on the object
directly
since the gravitational force is _____________ proportional to the mass of both interacting objects, more mass objects will attract each other with a greater gravitational force
directly
who was chadwich
discovered the neutron and measured its mass
what are components including
displacement, velocity, acceleration, momentum, and force
what is velocity
displacement/time
types of chemical weathering
dissolution, weathering, more acidic the water leads to more effective weathering
displacement quantifies both
distance and direction of a motion along a straight line
how is speed measured
distance/time
what is an ice age
divided into six periods. This era began after the supercontinent pannotia started to break up and at the end of global ice age
what happens in meiosis
division resulting in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores
if you have to write the chemical formula,
do it as a simple binary ionic compound
what is a prokaryote
does not contain a nucleus and small and simple. does not contain membrane bound organelles.
diplontic organisms, like multicelled animals, have a _______________ diploid life cycle
dominant
model structure of DNA is a
double helix
if the mass of one is doubled, the force of gravity becomes
doubled
objects often slide _______ tilted surfaces
down
in conduction energy is being transferred
down towards colder engs
pull of gravity on earth gives an object a ____________ acceleration of about 9.8m/s2
downward
both el nino and la nina cause extreme weather events like
drought, heavy rain, and flooding
there is a greater threat of fires during heat waves in
dry areas
eastern pacific is a
dry, high pressure system
where else can lightning occur
during volcanic eruptions or dust storms
what is example of direct current
batteries and solar cells
what are examples of chemical reactions
batteries, food, gasoline,a nd more
what is the penial gland
behind the third ventricle of the brain to secrete hormones
Asthenosphere
below lithosphere distinguishable because the lithosphere is relatively rigid, while the asthenosphere resembles thick liquid
what is diffraction
bending of waves around small objects and spreading out
collisions can occur
between particles that repel one another, such as two positive or negative ions, and need to involve direct physical contact of the particles
prokaryotes usually divide by
binary fission and haploid
these are capable of being decomposed by bacteria or other living organisms
biodegradable materials
the living things in an ecosystem are called
biotic factors
what are flowers
bisexual or unisexual that contain sepals, stamens, and or pistils.
what is a lunar eclipse
blocking of earth's shadow
what are antibodies
blood proteins produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen
O are
blue
when objects move towards, it is a
blue shift
as wavelengths get longer, visible light changes colors to
blue, green, yellow, orange, and red
supporting evidence is crucial in
body paragraphs and is important by discerning in the evidence chosen
what are autoimmune diseases
body producing antibodies that attach its own tissues, leading to possible deterioration
omnivores are
both plant and animal eaters
what is a front
boundary between two air masses that have different temperatures or humidity
Nanotechnology:
branch of technology that deals with dimensions and tolerance of less than 100 nanometers, especially the manipulation of individual atoms and molecules
what do roots do
branched underground structures that serve functions of anchoring the plant and getting moisture
the concept of territorality is it
branches from observations of animal ownership behaviors
decomposers
break down wastes and dead organisms and return them to the soil
weathering:
breaking down rocks, soil, and minerals as well as artificial materials through contact with earth's atmosphere, biota, and waters
what are forms of asexual reproduction
budding, fragmentation, parthenogenesis, and self fertilization
how is accuracy measured
bullseye
heat energy that is turned into electricity can be in many ways like
burning fuels such as coal, oil, gas, or wood
a hypothesis cannot prove a hypothesis as being true,
but instead determines whether or not the hypothesis is supported by the data obtained from experiments
how are air masses categorized
by temperature and amount of water vapor they contain
what needs to be done to interpret chemical formulas
each element is written in subscript.
elastic wave in the earth is produced by
earthquakes or other means
how are tsunamis caused
earthquakes, submarine landslides, and volcanic eruptions
data that is presented in tables and organized in rows and columns may be able to be graphed
easily
solar system moves in an
ecliptical plane
collisions between gas particles are __________ collisions
elastic
flow of liquid iron generates
electric currents, which in turn produces a magnetic field
power is usually produced by
electric generators
what is voltage
electric potential energy per unit charge, measured in J
Some landfills are used to generate
electricity and some get into the atmosphere, so CO2 emitted
what are the signals in the NS
electrochemical which controls involuntary muscles and functions, such as breathing or beating heart
what are UV waves
electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength from 10nm-400nm, shorter than visible but longer than x rays
what are microwaves
electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths of 1m-1mm
what is the range of wavelength or frequencies over which electromagnetic radiation extends
electromagnetic spectrum
X ray:
electromagnetic wave of high energy and very short wavelength, which is able to pass through many materials opaque to light
atoms interact by transferring or sharing
electrons furthest from nucleus
metals tend to lose
electrons in chemical reactions
attraction and repulsion of particles or objects because of their electric charge is
electrostatic force
earth is
ellipsoid, not perfectly spherical
Levee
embankment built to prevent the overflow of a river.
what is an inclined plane
enables a force less than an objects weight to be used to push object to a greater height
what are catalysts
enabling more particles to react, which lower the activation energy
medical technology:
encompasses a wide range of healthcare products and is used to treat diseases or medical conditions affecting humans
what are characteristics of alpha particles
energetic nuclei of helium. this consists of two protons and neutrons bound together into a particle identical to helium
heat is a form of
energy
what can relate to the amplitude of a wave
energy
what is solar radiation
energy emitted by the sun from a nuclear fusion reaction that creates electromagnetic energy
cellular respiration is a chemical process that creates the most
energy in the cell
what is kinetic energy
energy of motion
what is potential energy
energy possessed by a body of virtue of its position relative to others, stresses within itself, electric charge, and other factors
what is nuclear energy
energy released during nuclear fission or fusion, especially when generating electricity
what is the primary function of chemical nomenclature
ensure that a spoken or written chemical name leaves no ambiguity concerning what chemical name it refers to
amount of energy in a system that is no longer available for work or amount of disorder in a system is
entropy
what is the second law of thermodynamics
entropy
nuclear energy cons:
environmental impact, radioactive waste disposal, nuclear accidents, high costs,
in vertebrates, epithelium lines the
epidermis skin to the surface of most cavities
periods are divided into
epoch
for every forcer, there is an
equal and opposite force
atoms with neutral charge have atomic number
equal to number of electrons
avagadros number states that
equal volumes of all gases, at the same temperature and pressure, have the same number of molecules
el nino weakens upwelling because
equalization in air pressure leads to less wind, which leads to more water staying in the eastern pacific
low and high pressures tend to want to ______________
equalize
the size of the forces on the first object
equals the size of the force on the second object
eons are divided into
eras
smaller units of times such as
eras are distinguished by abundance and/or extinction of certain plant and animal life
storms can both
erode a beach and provide additional deposition
what are environmental impacts of mining?
erosion, formation of sinkholes, loss of biodiversity, and contamination of soil, groundwater, and surface water by chemicals from mining processes
what are the sources of error
errors that may occur in the execution of a statistical experiment design
active volcanoes are those that are
erupting or about to erupt
biodiversity
every ecosystem needs _____________ and without it the web of life can collapse. Species provide important resources so we can survive
the universe is the source of
everything we know about space, matter, energy, and time. likely still phenomena that have yet to be discovered
visible light interacts with matter through
excitation and plasma oscillation
what are control variables
experimental element which is constant and unchanged throughout the course of the investigation
what is avagadros number
experimental gas law relating volume of a gas to the amount of substance of gas present
what are laws
explanations of events that always lead to the same outcome
Biotechnology
exploitation of biological processes for industrial and other purposes, especially the genetic manipulation of micro-organisms for the production of antibodies, hormones, etc.
what is communicating
expressing ideas in many forms, such as orally, in writing or in graphs, diagrams, tables of data or photographs is a way of communicating
what is polarization
expression of hte orientation of hte lines of electric flux in electromagnetic field
earth's magnetic field
extends from earth's interior out into space, where it meets the solar wind, a stream of charged particles emanating from the sun
immune system protects the body from
external intrusions, such as microscopic organisms and foreign substances
what is the thermosphere
extremely hot atmospheric level
the process of fossilization is
extremely rare
intensity can be measures according to how fast precipitation is
falling or by how severely it limits visibility
hypothesis must be
falsifiable and must provide means to test and either support of nullifying the hypothesis
Alfred Wegener:
famous for continental drift theory.
what is forced convection
fan helps circulate hot air
what are beta particles
fast moving electrons which can penetrate further, through several feet of air, or some plastics
intensity can be measured according to how
fast precipitation is falling or how severely it limits visibility
solids tend to dissolve ___________ when the temperature increases
faster
cell wall is composed of
fats and sugars
what are examples of lipids
fats, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes
fats are long chains of
fatty acid
brown earth's are
fertile and very suitable for agriculture
what is comparative genetics
field of biological research in which the genomic features of different organisms are compared
pedigree charts are used for
finding isolated traits
extrusive magma cools quickly and usually a _________ grain
fine
sidereal rotation is based off of a
fixed star, not the sun, so a sidereal day is slightly shorter than a 24 hour solar day
less dense than water will
float
what is a DC current
flow of electric charge in one direction
what is a current
flow of electrical charge carries, usually electrons or electron deficient atoms
what is the jet stream
flow that air moves air through the middle latitudes
rate which heat passes through a specified material is expressed as the amount of
flows per unit time through unit area
what do vascular plants do
food or energy that is converted by photosynthesis in the leaves is brought down to the roots, while water is brought to the top of the plant
no loose clothing or jewelry hanging
for lab clothing
allthough all scientific ideas are tentative and subject to change and improvement in principle,
for most major ideas in science, there is much experimental and observational confirmation
what is centripetal force
force acting on a body moving in a circular path and is directed toward the center around which the body is moving
what are chromosomal abnormalities
form from an atypical number of chromosomes or structural abnormality in one or more chromosomes
what is conduction
form of heat transfer that occurs at the molecular level
what is projectile motion
form of motion experienced by an object or particle that is thrown near the earth's surface and moves along a curved path under the action of gravity only
how is heat generated in the mesosphere
friction as meteors travel through the atmosphere to burn them up
reservoirs can also be formed ________
from a natural lake whose outlet has been dammed to control the water level
extinction of the dinosaurs happened
from an impact of an asteriod
how do springs range in size
from intermittent seeps, which flow only after much rain, to huge pools flowing hundreds of millions of gallons daily.
erosion moves bits of rocks
from one place to another
Hydropower:
fueled by water, so clean fuel source. domestic source of energy, allowing each state to provide their own energy without being reliant on international fuel sources. it can have a large environmental impact by changing the environment and affecting land biomes, and natural habitats in its dam area
what are the principles of uniformitarianism
fundamental principle that geologic processes and natural laws now operating to modify the earth's crust have acted in the same regular manner and with essentially the same intensity through geologic time
what are examples of haplontic
fungi, green algae, and protozoa
as the pressure decreases, air moleucles spread out _______ and the temperature decreases
further
what is reduction
gain of electrons
what is an example of a niche
garden spider is a predator that hunts for prey among plants, an oak tree grows to dominate a forest canopy, turning sunlight into food
what are dominant and recessive traits
gene traits represented in pairs with upper and lower cases
Virus:
generally smaller and less complex than living cells. do not perform the basic cell processes involved in the ADP/ATP cycle, and are not capable of cellular respiration or gas exchange. They reproduce by gaining control of a host cell and making it replicate the viral DNA instead of its own
what is a random mutation
genetic changes caused by DNA errors or environmental factors such as chemicals and radiation.
what is a genotype
genetic constitution of an individual organism
DNA safely and stably stores
genetic material in the nuclei of cells as a reference
what is a genetic disorder
genetic problem caused by one or more abnormalities in the genome, especially a condition that is present from birth
what is stratigraphic correlation
geologic study concerned with establishing geochronological relationships between different areas based on geologic investigations of many local successions
who uses GTS
geologists, paleontologists, and other earth scientists to describe the timing and relationships of events that have occurred during earth's history
CO2 and water convert into
glucose and light
when working with chemicals, chemical safety such as
goggles, gloves, and a lab coat should be the first pieces of equipmetn on your list
data that is presented in tables and organized in rows and columns may be used to
graph easily
what is planetary orbits
gravitational curved trajectory of an object
what are tides
gravitational pull of the sun and moon causes the oceans to rise and fall each day, creating high and low tides
what do altostratus clouds look like
gray blue spanning the sky
what do stratus clouds look like
gray fog clouds
what do altocumulus clouds look like
gray white of liquid water
higher number of protons exerts
greater force on electrons
higher temperature creates _________ in gas molecules
greatest motion
what are causes of earthquakes
groundwater extraction, heavy rain, pore fluid flow, high CO2 pressure, building dams
what is another name for column
group
what is a molecule
group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental unit of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction
Vitamins:
group of organic compounds that are essential for normal growth and nutrition and required in small quantities in the diet because they cannot synthesize in the body
what are the periodic tables of elements
groups of elements based on atomic structure
what is group 16-17
halogen family
what are three possible cycles for reproduction
halplontic, diplontic, and haplodiplontic
ozone layer depletion
happens in stratosphere
schrodinger, heisenberg, bohr and many more
have had a role in developing quantum theory
what is unsaturated
having double carbon bonds or triple bonds and not containing the greatest possible number of H atoms for the number of C
what is heat of sublimation
heat required to change one mole of substance forming solid to gaseous state at a given combination temperature and pressure, usually standard temperature and pressure
what is specific heat capacity
heat required to raise the temperature of the unit mass of a given substance by a given amount
what is convection
heat transfer through circulation of fluids
what is radiation
heat transfer through emission of electromagnetic waves, which carry energy away from the emitting object
what is the use of punnet squares
help predict an outcome of a particular cross or breeding experiment
genetic disorders may be
hereditary, passed down from parents genes
nuclear fission takes place when a large unstable isotope is bombared with
high speed particles usually neutrons. these neutrons are accelerated then slammed into the unstable isotope, causing it to break
the water on the sides of the earth that is closest to the moon and water opposite experience
high tide
two belts of trade winds encircle the earth, blowing from tropical ______ pressure belts to the _____ pressure zone at the equator
high, low
if larger predators are present they represent the
highest trophic level
organisms that feed at several trophic levels are classified as
highest trophic levels at which they feed
what is saturation
holding as much water or moisture as can be absorbed, thoroughly soaked
what is the thoracic cavity
holds the heart and lungs in the abdominal cavity holds the digestive organs
what is the heart
hollow muscular organ that pumps the blood through the circulatory system by rhythmic contraction and dilation. up to four chambers
what is a solution
homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances that have become one
when different animals have bones that appear similar in form or function, that is an example of a
homologous structure
gravity could never alter the __________ velocity of an object because it is perpendicular components of motion are independent to each other
horizontal
trajectory is ____________ and _________ components
horizontal vertical
what is lava
hot molten or semifluid rock erupted from a volcano or fissure, or solid rock from cooling of this
Volcanoes can be created in the middle of a
hot spot
what is a geyser
hot spring in which water intermittently boils, sending a tall column of water and steam into the air
what is an example of alternating current
housing or buildings
accuracy is determined by
how close a measurement comes to an existing value that has been measured by many, many scientists
what is precision
how close a measurement comes to another measurement
what is speed
how fast and slow a wave travels.
calorimetry helps determine
how heat is released or absorbed in a chemical reaction
what is accuracy
how the measurement comes to the truth
parts of a vascular plant show
how they evolved to inhabit two distinct environments at the same time, soil and the air
climate change can also be caused by _________________ that emit greenhouse gases into the air is expected to affect the frequency of extreme weather events such as drought, extreme temperatures, flooding, high winds, and severe storms
human activities
Problem of greenhouse effect
human activity generates more greenhouse gases than necessary
types of experimental error include
human error
loudness is
humans perception of sound internsity
stomach acid is a dilute solution of
hydrochloric acid
a scientific theory starts as a
hypothesis
rock cycle:
idealized cycle of processes undergone by rocks in the earth's crust
what is the zeroth law of thermodynamics
if A and B are the same temperature and B and C are the same temperature then A and C are the same temperature
what is concentration
if concentration of a dissolved reactant is increased, or the pressure of a reacting gas is increased, the reactant particles become more crowded
rock cycle involves
igneous intrusion, uplift, erosion, transportation, deposition as sedimentary rock, metamorphism, remelting, and further igneous intrusion
metamorphic rock can change into
igneous or sedimentary rock
what are three main rocks in the rock cycle
igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
what is a tuning fork
illustration of hwo a vibrating object can produce sound
what is example of calorimetry
in chemical reactions, physical changes, or phase transitions under specified constraints
what is active transport
includes exocytosis and endocytosis. involves transferring substances from areas of lower concentration to higher.
what is the circulatory system
includes heart, blood, and blood vessels, such as veins, arteries, and capillaries. blood transports oxygen and nutrients to cells and CO2 into the lungs
what is the excretory system
includes kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
what is a niche
includes more than what an organism eats or where it lives
what is the muscular system
includes muscles and allows the body to move and respond to its environment
what is the water cycle
includes water that is on the surface of the planet, underground, and in the air. can be liquid, vapor, or ice
what governs atmospheric temperature
incoming solar radiation, humidity, and altitude
gases ____________ with solubility with an increase in pressure
increase
rising temperatures may lead to an ________________ in sea levels as polar ice melts
increase
what is supersaturated
increase in concentration of a solution beyond a saturation point
the rate of temperature ____________ will be dependent on the heat capacity of the phase of the system
increases
elements are arranged in order of
increasing atomic number
what is pressure
increasing the pressure on a reaction involving reacting gases increases the rate of reaction
what is temperature
increasing the temperature increases reaction rate because of large increases in the number of high energy collisions
what is la nina
increasing upwelling because winds grow stronger because of higher air pressure across the pacific
what is self fertilization
individuals who have both male and female production parts
what is the first law of motion from newton
inertia
a mutation in a single gene can cause a disease that is _________________ according to mendel's law
inherited
what is intraspecific composition
interaction in population ecology, wehreby members of the same species compete for limited resources
elements cannot be
interconverted or broken down any simpler
what is commensalism
interspecific relationship which one of the organism benefits
isolating mechanisms are ______________________ characteristics of species that reduce and prevent successful reproduction with members of other species
intrinsic
magma that solidifies at the depth is
intrusive, cools slowly, and has a coarse grain
depending on magma cooling, the resulting rock can be:
intrusive, plutonic, hypabyssal, extrusive, or volcanic
objects acceleration is ________ proportional to the objects mass
inversely
chemical weathering:
involves a chemical change in at least some of the minerals within a rock
what kind of bonds are found in salts
ionic
when an object is dropped, its potential energy
is converted to kinetic energy as it falls
if the limestone is exposed to weathering and dissolved by acid rain, carbon
is released as CO2
soil profile is important because
it is a source of plant nutrients and contain the majority of plant roots
if enough evidence accumulates to support a hypothesis,
it moves to a theory and can be accepted as a valid explanation of a phenomenon
while there are many theories for mass extinction,
it occurs when a relatively large number of species die off or when fewer species evolve than expected
what happens to an iceberg when it becomes frozen
it packs into ice
higher temperatures help break bonds through an increase in _____________ energy
kinetic
the main limitation of space exploration is
knowledge
what do nonvascular plants do
lack true leaves, stems, or roots. tend to be small and individual cells are adjacent to their environment
what is a wetland
land consisting of marshes or swamps and saturated land
land reclamation:
land fill in creating new land from oceans, river beds, or lake beds.
what is a river delta
landform that forms from deposition of sediment carried by a river as the flow leaves its mouth and enters slower moving or stagnant water
natural geographic features consist of
landforms and ecosystems
what are qualities of the jovian planets
large and have low densities, rings, and moons.
what is a river
large natural stream of water flowing in a channel to the sea, a lake, or another stream
what are biomes
large naturally occuring community of flora and fauna occupying a major habitat
gases consist of
large numbers of particles that are far apart relative to their size
what is the effect of atmospheric circulation
large scale movement of air by which heat is distributed on the surface of the earth
what are air masses
large volumes of air in the troposphere of hte earth
stratospheric ozone around earth's polar region has a ___________ spring time decreases
larger
Many plains on the ocean floor are ______ and _________ than any found on earth's surface
larger, flatter
does latitude or longitude have more effect on climate due to the increase of temperature toward the equator
latitude
temperatures in climate zones are determined mainly by ____________ of the zone
latitude
Mantle:
layer between crust and outer core.
what is the exosphere
layer of the atmosphere that extends into space
toxic
lead, mercury, and others are _________
most stars lie along __________ which contain stars fusing with H
main sequence
what does the excretory system do
maintain the amount of fluids in the body. water from the blood system and any excess water is removed in urine, and also rids body of solid waste
extinction events are classified as
major or minor
what is quantifying
making and manipulating quantitative observations
what is molar mass
mass in grams of one mole of the substance
what is amplitude
maximum extent of a vibration or oscillation
solubility is measured by determining the
maximum mass of a solute that can be dissolved in 100g of a solvent at a given temperature
genotypes include genes that _____________ be expressed, such as relative genes
may not
what are chemical properties
may only be observed by changing in chemical identity of a substance
permeability:
measure of how easily water can travel through porous soil or bedrock
what is frequency
measure of how often particles in a medium vibrate when a wave passes through the medium with respect to a certain point
Mohs scale of hardness:
measure of hte relative hardness and resistance to scratching between minerals. diamond is hardest, talc is softest.
what is atomic radius
measure of size of atom, usually the mean or typical distance form the center of the nucleus to the boundary of the surrounding clouds of electrons
what is atmospheric temperature
measure of temperature at different levels of earth's atmosphere
what is weight
measure of the force exerted on the object by gravity
what is electronegativity
measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons
what is work
measurement of energy transfer that occurs when an object is moved over a distance by an external force
what is a calorie
measurement of heat energy
what is mass
measurement of the objects inertial property
what is the pH scale
measures how acidic or basic a substance is
what is standard deviation
measures the variability of data set and determines the amount of confidence one can have in teh conclusion
carnivores are
meat eaters
radioisotopes have an important use in
medical diagnosis, treatment, and research
IVF:
medical procedure whereby an egg is fertilized by sperm in a test tube or elsewhere outside the body
plant and animal cells both contain
membrane bound organelles such as nucleus, mitochondria, ER, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and peroxisomes
what are the four terrestrial planets
mercury venus earth mars
sedimentary rock can change into
metamorphic rock or into igneous rock
what are common units of measuremetn
meter for length gram for mass ampere electric candela luminous intensity mol for substances at molecular level kg for mass
Landfills:
methane is greenhouse gas emitted from landfills.
what is absolute dating
method of dating geological or archeological specimens by determining the relative proportions of particular radioactive isotopes present in a sample
what is the median
middle number in a set of list of numbers sorted from least to greatest
chemical changes in rock either form or destroy
minerals
what is activation energy
minimum quantity of energy that the reacting species must possess in order to undergo a specified reaction
what is a gamete
mixture haploid male or female germ cell that is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote
communication devices:
mobiles, cordless telephones, GPS, WiFi, satellite television and wireless computer parts
what are thunderstorms
moisture form rain clouds, unstable air, and lift. Unstable air is usually caused by warm air rising quickly through cold air
what is another name for covalent bond
molecular bond
colder water is __________ dense
more
what is a concentrated type of solution
more dissolved solute than a dilute solution
Excess greenhouse gases cause ____________________
more infared radiation to become trapped, which increases temperature at earths surface
DNA profiling
most commonly used as forensic technique in criminal investigations to identify an unidentified person or whose identity needs to be confirmed, or to place a person at a crime scene or to eliminate a person from consideration
what is the digestive system
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, rectum, anal canal, teeth, salivary glands, tongue, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and appendix
what are waves
move sands from the sea to the beach
what does the lymph fluid do
move throughout the body by lymph vessels that provide protection against diseases
what is circular motion
movement of an object along a circumference of a circle or rotation along a circular path
what is continental drift theory?
movement of the continents across the earth surface through geological time
infiltration:
movement of water from the soil surface into the soil
what is electrical energy
moving charged particles through a wire from a power plant to home or business
what is transmission
moving of electromagnetic waves through a material
what is displacement
moving of something from its place or position
plants are
multicellular and consist of complex cells
how do we get molar mass
multiplying the number of moles of a substance by the molar mass to get the mass of the substance
what are arteries
muscular walled tubes forming part of the circulatory system where blood is conveyed from the heart to all parts of the body
skeletal muscles consist of
myofibrils that contain filaments made of proteins
muscle cells are long, tubular cells that develop from myoblasts to form muscles in a process known as
myogenesis
what is a muscle cell
mytocyte is the type of cell found in muscle tissue
what are meteoroids
name of a rock from space before entering the atmosphere, which most burn up before reaching altitudes of 80km
erosion can be classified as either
natural geographic erosion or erosion due to human activity
what is conservation of mass in the rock cycle
natural pressure such as weathering, erosion, heat, and compression change the type of rock present
what are the four fundamental forces of evolution
natural selection genetic drift mutation gene flow
electrons are
negatively charged
neurons are
nerve cells
atoms that have equal number of protons and electrons are
neutral
a magnet set up on a magnetic field in surrounding apace has a point which cancel each other out, what is this called
neutral point
waxing refers to the two weeks which moon goes from
new moon to full moon
what is group 15
nitrogen family
are smooth muscles striated
no
what is a food web
no more than six links and a system of interlocking and interdependent food chains
both poles have days where there is ________________
no sunlight
convection occurs becasue the
oceanic waters heat up and become less dense
pH measures the concentration
of H ions in a substance in terms of teh number of moles of H+ per liter of solution
product of mass and velocity
of an object
when only a single atom of an element is present, the subscript is
omitted
what is alleles
one or two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome
what are lenses
optical and light microscopes are most commonly used in lab settings
what is classifying
order can be attained by observing similarieies, differences and interrelationships and by grouping them accordingly to suit some purpose
biological levels of organization of living things are arranged from the simplest to most complex are
organelle, cells, tissues, organs, organ system, organism, population, communities, ecosystem, and biosphere
what is a predator
organism predator eats
GMO:
organisms that have their genetic material altered in a way that does not occur naturally by mating or other recombination. May pose hazard to human health, from toxicity to increased allergies
periodic table is a common model for
organizing and understanding elements
members of a species protect areas from
other members of their species and form other species
Viruses can be transmitted to
other organisms in a number of ways, such as insects, by air, and through direct contact
we observe objects or events through
our five senses
what is primary succession
over 100 years bare rock decomposes to sand, which leads to soil formation and into grasses and trees
examples of chemical changes in rocks
oxidation, hydrolysis, and carbonation
aerobic is common with
oxygen as final electron acceptor
renewable resource examples are
oxygen, fresh water, solar energy, and biomass.
length is shortest from initial to final position in the point of
p
genes occur in
pairs
by the end of the era of iceage what was formed
pangea
particles in the medium move in a direction __________ to the direction of wave movement in longitudinal waves
parallel
winds blow ____________ to the fronts keep the front stationary
parallel
more perpendicular to the direction of the
particle movement
what are the laws of motion
particles attract every other particle in the universe with a force directly proportional tot he product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the centers
what is ppm
parts per million
what is a biogeochemical cycle
pathway which a chemical substance moves through biosphere and abiotic compartments of earth
what are gamma waves
pattern of neural oscillation in humans with a frequency typical of 40hz
what is the pituitary gland
pea sized body attached to base of brain for controlling growth and development
what is percent composition
percent by mass of each element present in compound
what is another name for row
period
what is F=ma
pertains to the behavior of objects for which all existing forces are not balanced
what is the respiratory system
pharynx, larynx, trachea, nose, bronchi and lungs
what is a total internal reflection
phenomenon which occurs when a propagated wave strikes a medium boundary at an angle larger than a particular critical angle with respect to normal surface
what is the physical manifestation of genes
phenotype
what are gamma particles
photons with high energy, but depending on energy can be stopped by aluminum foil, or penetrate several inches of lead
carbon can be removed from the atmosphere via
photosynthesis or dissolve in the ocean
shows periodic trends of ___________________________ properties and identifies families of elements with similar properties
physical and chemical
what happens in cytokinesis
physical splitting of the two cells
what is an island
piece of land surrounded by water
what is the endocrine system
pituitary gland, penial gland, hypothalamus, thyroid gland, , parathyroids, thymus, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries, and testes
rutheford is known for _____________ model of the atom
planetary
herbivores are
plant eaters
what are examples of haplodiplontic
plants and some fungi
what are characteristics of vascular plants
plants contain two tubular tissues called xylem and phloem to transport food, minerals, and water
what are the six kingdoms
plants, animals, protists, fungi, archaebacterial, and eubacteria
convection in the mantle drive
plate tectonics
what is the Hertzsprung-Russel diagram
plot/scattergraph depicting stars and temperatures and comparing them with stars luminosities or magnitude
what is an epicenter?
point on earth's surface vertically above the focus of an earthquake
what is the center of mass
point representing the mean position of the matter in a body or system
what is the axis of rotation
point where object rotates
___________ has the coldest temperatures with almost always being freezing
polar
water molecules have a _____________ arrangement of O and H atoms
polar
what are three major climate zones
polar, temperate, and tropical
aquifers
pollutants create contaminants within a ________
what is growth curves
population expansion decreases as resources become scarce, leveling off whent he carrying capacity of the environment is reached, resulting in S curve
what is carrying capacity
population which can be sustained
Soil and loose sediments such as sand or gravel are
porous and permeable
if force and displacement are in the same direction, work is
positive
what are two types of electrical charges
positive and negative
the nucleus is
positively charged due to presence of protons
geothermal power disadvantage
potential emissions and surface instability
what is chemical
potential of a chemical substance to undergo a transformation through a chemical reaction to transform other chemical substances
what is the rate per unit time at which electrical energy is transferred by an electric circuit
power
how does the water cycle work
precipitation is vital of how water moves in earths cycle, connecting ocean, land, and atmosphere
often the unknown event of interest is in the future, but
predictive analytics can be applied to an unknown whether it be past present or future
when naming molecular compounds _____________ are used to dictate the number of a given element present in the compound
prefixes
what are other names for longitudinal waves
pressure, compressional, or density waves
elements are the
primary constituents of matter
energy from solar radiation is one of the
primary drivers or our weather
the control variable itself is not of
primary interest to the experimenter
what is the lowest trophic level
primary producers
what is the trophic level order
primary producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, then tertiary consumers
the diagram of a punnet square uses
probability of an offspring having a particular genotype
what is fossilization
process by which plants or animals become fossils
erosion:
process of eroding or being eroded by wind, water, and other natural agents
what is thermal
process of generating electricity from heat
what is predicting
process of using past observations or data along with other kinds of scientific knowledge to forecast event or relationships
what is natural selection
process where organisms better adapted to the environment tend to survive and produce more offspring
deposition:
process where sediments settle out of the water or wind that is carrying it, which is deposited and builds up a layer of sediment
what is radioactive decay
process whereby a radioactive element releases energy slowly over a long period of time to lower its energy and become more stable
what is DNA replication
process which a double stranded DNA moleucle is copied to produce two identical DNA molecules
what is DNA transcription
process which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of mRNA.
what is glaciation
process, condition, or result of being covered by glaciers or ice sheets
what is solar energy
producing electromagnetic waves such as heat or x rays
what is a satellite
projectile in the sense that the only force acting upon it is the force of gravity
gravity in downward force causes
projectile to accelerate in a downward direction
what is the dalton model
proposed all matter is composed of very small things which he called atoms
what do fruit do in reproduction
protects a developing seed and aid in their dispersal
what is in the nucleus of an atom
protons and neutrons
atomic mass is equivalent to the number of
protons and neutrons in the atom
any substance that has a uniform and unchanging composition is considered
pure
process of observing can be
qualitative, quantitative, and change
what is ionization energy
qualitatively defined as the amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron, the valence electron, of an isolated gaseous atom to form a cation
what is resonance
quality in a sound of being deep, full, and reverberating
what involves using numbers, measuring, and using time and space
quantifying
one of the most important contributions to atomic theory was the development of
quantum theory
all objects with temperatures above absolute 0
radiate heat
what are examples of electromagnetic
radio waves, microwaves, infared, light, and ultraviolet
decay products, daughter nuclides make
radioactive dating possible
the amount of rainfall can be measured with
rain gauge
gas particles are in constant
rapid random motion
what is a centripetal accelerator
rate of change of tangential velocity
what is power
rate of doing work, amount of energy transferred per unit of time
what is a mechanical advantage
ratio of force produced by a machine to force applied to it, used in assessing performance of a machine
what is resistance
ratio of voltage applied to electrical which flows through it
what is relative humidity
ratio of water vapor in the air compared to the amount of air is capable of holding at its current temperature
a balanced equation is one that uses
reactants, products, and coefficients in such a way that the number of each type of atom and total charge remain the same
what is pedigree
record of descent of an animal, showing it to be purebred.
M are
red
intraspecific composition leads to
reduction in fitness for both individuals
what is tropism
refers to the fact that plants grow in response to stimuli
what is fossil record evolution
refers to the total number of fossils that have been discovered, as well as the information derived from them
origin of sedimentary rock
refers to the type of water involved in its creation
the motion of a pendulum is
regular and repeating
environmental impacts of irrigation
relate to changes in quantity and quality of soil and water as a result of irrigation and the effect on natural and social conditions in river basins and downstream of an irrigation scheme
what is predation
relationship where one individual feeds another causing prey to die
what is a parasitism
relationship which one organism benefits while another is harmed
exothermic processes ______________ energy
release
kinetic energy doess not change with time as long as the temperature
remains the same
how do you name compounds based on formulas
remove the ending of the second element, and add "ide"
geothermal power
renewable energy because once water or steam is used, it can be pumped back into the ground, also clean energy
like charges
repel
what are models
representation of an idea, an object or even a process or a system that is used to describe and explain phenomena that cannot be experienced directly
friction arises as a
resistance to motion where two surfaces are in contact
nonrenewable energy
resources like coal, nuclear, oil, and natural gas are available in limited supplies
why does precipitation play a major role in the water cycle
responsible for depositing much of the earth's fresh water
what is a lever
rests upon a support called a fulcrum which lifts or moves loads
Coriolis force
resulting from earth's spin, also causes swirling whirlpools
what is a reef
ridge of jagged rock, coral, or sand just above or below the surface of the sea
hot material __________, cooling as it spreads
rises and spreads
what is a space probe
robotic spacecraft that doesn't orbit earth but explores into space
conservation of mass in the rock cycle is similar to
rock recycling
erosion can dissolve
rock, weakening it or turning it into tiny fragments
what are examples of periodic motion
rocking chair, swing in motion, tuning fork, earth's orbit around the sun
what is a meteorite
rocks that reach earth's surface from space. fireballs are very bright meteors with trails that can last as long as 30 minutes
plants absorb nutrients and water through their
roots, but photosynthesis occurs in leaves
basic vascular plant parts are
roots, shoots, stems, and leaves
sloping ramp up which heavy loads can be raised by a
rope or chain
when the sum of all torques acting on an object equals zero, it is
rotational equilibrium
cells int he tables are arranged in
rows and colums
equator gets ______________ sun every day of the year and therefore doesnt have seasons
same
if force and displacement are in different directions, work is
same
bodys momentum is always the
same direction as its velocity vector
what occurs with estuaries
sandbars are built up by ocean waves and currents along coastal areas fed by open or more rivers or streams
5 soil types:
sandy, silty, clay, peaty, and saline soil
what is calorimetry
science or act of measuring changes in state variables of a body for the purpose of deriving the heat transfer associated with changes of its state due
a final zero or trailing zeros in the decimal portion only are
significant
any zeros between two significant digits are
significant
major classes of minerals are:
silicates, sulfides, carbonates, oxides, halides, sulfates, phosphates, and native elements
the ocean topography is ___________ to earth's land
similar
what is fragmentation
similar to budding, but after maturity individual fragments into about 8 pieces
what is an oscillating spring
simple harmonic oscillator
what are microscopes
simple optical microscope is the magnifying glass that is good up to about 10x magnification
each chemical name should refer to
single substance
more dense than water will
sink
cool material __________, where it is heated again
sinks
what happens in anaphase
sisters pull apart and bend to become daughter cells
scientific method is a
six step process
luminosity output is an indicator of
size, and is expressed with roman numeral
what is continental rise
slight sloping area between the slope and basin
as long as water addition to the soil is ___________ than the rate of infiltration, water will move into the soil, and there will be no runoff
slower
if the humidity is 100% the temperature decreases more _____________ with height
slowly
what is a glacier
slowly moving mass or river of ice formed by the accumulation and compaction of snow on mountains or near poles
gas molecules are ___________ compared to the distance between them
small
what is a pond
small body of still water formed naturally or by hollowing or embanking
what are qualities of terrestrial planets
small dense rocky planets with few moons
what are asteroids
small objects that orbit the sun. come in sizes a few feet to several miles. some are so big they are called planetoids
what do cirrocumulus clouds look like
small pillow rows
physical models are
smaller and simpler representations to the thing being studied
what are atoms
smallest component of an element, characterized by sharing of chemical properties of the element and nucleus with neutrons, protons, and electrons
solid or frozen forms of precipitation include
snow, ice needles etc
what do leaves do
solar panels that capture energy from sunlight in a biochemical process called photosynthesis. cells within the leaf import water and nutrient and export sugars.
our climate is strongly affected by the amount of _____________________ received on earth
solar radiation
Lithosphere:
solid portion of the mantle and earth's crust, consisting of major and minor plates. the plates are on top of and move with the upper mantle, which is heated from convection cycle at the core
all minerals are:
solid, inorganic, naturally occuring and definite chemical composition and crystalline structure
solubility tends to increase for ___________, being dissolved in water as the temperature raises but at higher temperature ionic solutes tend to be less soluble
solids
what is a buffer
solution whose pH remains relatively constant when a small amount of acid or base is added
loudness is measured as
sound power per unit area
vacuoles are
space filler in the cell and also perform digestive function
enzymes act as a catalyst to bring about
specific biochemical reactions
what happens in telophase
spindle disintegragtes and nuclear membrane reforms, and chromosomes revert to chromatin
what is the shape of smooth muscles
spindle shaped
what happens in metaphase
spindles move to the center of the cell and chromosome pairs align along the center of the structure
model of DNA is a
spiral staircase
what is fission
splitting or breaking up into parts
what is the main difference between spores and seeds
spores are unicellular, while seeds contain within them a multicellular gametophyte that produces a developing embryo
electron pairs are known as shared pairs or bonding pairs, and the
stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces between atoms, when they share electrons
over time, the structure and function of a healthy ecosystem should remain relatively
stable, even in the face of disturbance
specimens or samples are placed on lens slides and placed on
stages with a hole in it
fusion occurs naturally in
stars
what is the conservation of energy
states heat is a form of energy, and thermodynamic processes are therefore subject to the principle of conservation of energy
what is entropy
states that the state of the entire universe will always increase over time. changes in the universe will never be negative. heat will not spontaneously go from cold to hot objects
what is Le Chatlier's principle
states that when a system experiences a disturbance it will respond to restore a new equilibrium state
what are two types of friction
static and kinetic friction
precision is determined by
statistical method called standard deviation
as temperature decreases in relative humidity, the absolute humidity
stays the same and relative humidity increases
what is DNA translation
step of protein biosynthesis where genetic code is carried by mRNA is decoded to produce the specific sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chain
what is elongation
stepwise addition of amino acids to the growing protein chain
galaxies formed from materials and the universe is
still expanding
neurons are specialized cells designed to
stimulate other cells in the body in order to communicate
which atmosphere layer contains the most oxygen
stratosphere
what is a meteor
streak of light from meteoroid in earth's atmosphere, also known as shooting star.
what is electromagnetic energy
stream of photons traveling in waves
what are skeletal muscle fibers
striated or cylinder shaped
what are some fault names
strike-slip, normal, and reverse faults
function of DNA is
string of DNA and RNA is what converts information in the DNA into proteins
cardiac muscles are
strong quick and continuously contract
what is the skeletal system
strong, quick, and capable of voluntary contractions
when two equal magnets touch each other, the attraction between the two unequal poles is
stronger than repulsion
what are thylakoids
structures in membrane that contain light reaction chemicals
what is regression analysis
studying how the typical value of the dependent variable changes when any one of the independent variables in varied and other independent variables remained fixed
what do stems do
sturdy structures that grow in order to give plants a chance to spread leaves to the sun. this can add to the plants height, and direct growth to get more light.
what are enzymes
substance produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction
Vaccine:
substance to stimulate the production of antibodies and provide immunity against one or several diseases, prepared from the causative agent of a disease, its products, or a synthetic substitute, treated to act as an antigen without inducing the disease
what are compounds
substances containing two or more elements.
what are acid base indicators
substances in which change color in pH
what are elements
substances that consist of only one type of atom
what is an example of solute
sugar dissolved in water
what is the mean
sum of a list of numbers divided but he number of numbers
what is mechanical energy
sum of kinetic and potential energy
what is drawing valid conclusions based on data
summarizing whether the experiment to survey results support or contradict the original hypothesis
objects orbit around and bound by gravity to the
sun
UV radiation is present in
sunlight as about 10% of output of sun
in an ecosystem some abiotic factors are
sunlight, temperature, atmospheric gases, water, and soil
a real world voltage source cannot
supply an unlimited current
what is a theory
supposition or a system of ideas intended to explain something
ecosystem stability is important in
sustainability
Solar power:
sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. reduced impact on environment compared to fossil fuels. greenhouse gas emissions are not existent.
reinforcement or prolongation of sound by reflection from a surface or by the
synchronizing vibration of a neighboring object
what are galaxies
system of billions of stars together with gas or dust held together by gravity attraction.
what is GTS
system of chronological dating that relates geological strata to time.
what is heating curve
system of imaginary closed isolated container from its environment. when systems contain only one phase the temperature increases while receiving energy
irrigation
system of supplying land with water by means of artificial canals, ditches etc to promote growth of food crops
what do shoots do
target the above ground area of the plant. this develops into stems and leaves. this enables the plant to grow taller to gain access to energy giving light, and allows the plant to convert that light energy into chemical energy of sugar
what is territorality
team associated with nonverbal communication that refers to how people use space to communicate ownership or occupancy of areas and possessions
medical imaging:
technique and process of creating visual representations of the interior of a body for clinical analysis and medical intervention, as well as visual representation of the function of some organs or tissues
porosity:
tells us how much water rock or soil can retain. liquid goes right through things
what is dew point
temperature at which water vapor condenses into water at a particular humidity
what is the response to stimuli and homeostasis
tendency toward a relative stable equilibrium between interdependent elements
Infective agent:
that typically consists of a nucleic acid molecule in a protein coat, is too small to be seen by light microscopy, and able to multiply only within living cells of a host
highest level of organization for living things is
the biosphere
the arrangement of electrons determines
the chemical properties of the element
if waves originate from different points, the amplitude of particle displacement is
the combined sum of the particle displacement amplitude of each wave
individuals modify their interactions with other individuals with whom they mate, and consequently
the composition of groups and thus enters social system of the population
During reverse osmosis,
the contaminants are filtered out and flushed away, leaving clean water
what are the effects on the tides
the moons gravitational pull is responsible for the tides of the earth.
for greater magnification,
the ocular or eyepiece lens that looks into and objective lens
oxidation and reduction reactants which
the oxidation number of a molecule, atom, or ion changes by gaining or losing an electron
elements in each period have
the same number of electrons in the outer orbital
what is the solar radiation impact of earth and life
the sun warms our planet, heating the surface, the oceans and the atmosphere
overall structure of the solar system consists of
the sun, relatively small inner planets surrounded by a belt of mostly rocky asteroids, and four giant planets surrounded by belt of icy objects
when the tuning fork is hit with a rubber hammer,
the tines begin to vibrate and the vibration disturbs surrounding air
CFC in atmosphere exposure
the ultraviolet rays causing them to break down into substances
often times dependent variables is defined as
the variable that changes in response to the independent variable
precipitation plays a major role in
the water cycle
rocks are classified based on
their formation and the minerals they contain
what is another name for zeroth law of thermodynamics
thermal equilibrium
Incinerators:
these contribute to air pollution in that they release nitric and sulfuric oxides, which cause acid rain
greenhouse gases
these contribute to greenhouse effect by absorbing infared radiation
Each time air is polluted with sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide, ____________
they mix water particles in the air and form a toxic substance
what do cirrostratus clouds look like
thin sheet like clouds over the sky
Ocean crust is
thin, dense layer of only about 10km thick
predators that eat herbivores comprise of
third trophic level
dormant volcanoes
those that may erupt
what is a chromosome
thread like structure of nucleic acids and proteins found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the forms of genes
Underwater mountains and mountain ranges can be found
throughout the ocean
what is reflection
throwing back by a body or surface of light, heat, or sound without absorbing it
what are estuaries
tidal mouth of a large river, where the tide meets the stream
what are solids
tightly packed, usually in a regular pattern
space exploration is currently
time consuming and expensive
what is half life
time it takes for half the radioactive nuclei in a sample to undergo radioactive decay
rutheford described the atom as
tiny, dense, positively charged core called nucleus surrounded by lighter, negatively charged electrons
what are examples of chemical properties
toxicity, oxidation, flammability, heat of combustion, enthalpy of formation
DNA translation follows
transcription which DNA sequence is copied
what are groups 3-12
transition metals
when light encounters an object, it can be
transmitted, absorbed, refracted, reflected, or polarized depending on the composition of the object and wavelength of light
wavelengths that are not absorbed can be transmitted by
transparent materials or reflected by opaque materials
what is passive transport
transport mechanism allowing for the movement of substances through membranes. includes simple and facilitated diffusion and osmosis which requires no energy from the cell
what does xylem do
transport water and minerals up from the roots to leaves
reflected radiation can be ________ and absorbed by gases in the atmosphere, and re-radiated back to the earth
trapped
Radiation therapy:
treatment of diseases, especially cancer, using X rays or similar forms of radiation
what is a wedge
triangular shaped tool used to separate two objects or portions of an object to lift or hold object in place
what is commonly used by geologists to find the locations of earthquakes, and also used to determine spacecraft location
triangulation
systems of front define weather in ________________ and often cause precipitation to form
tropical
what is phototropism
tropism where light is the stimulus
all weather exists in which atmosphere layer
troposphere
what are veins
tubes in blood circulation system of the body, carrying in most cases oxygen depleted blood towards the heart
how often do high and low tides happen in a day
twice
what is the structure of DNA
twisted ladder that is compact with two bases pair up to form the rings of the ladder.
what is the concept of torque
twisting force that tends to cause rotation
most areas have
two high tides and two low tides per day
replication is an essential process because
two new daughter cells must contain the same genetic information as the parent cell
the compound microscope has
two systems of lenses
what is voltage source
two terminal devices which maintain a fixed voltage
what is mitosis
type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth
what is a simple oxidation-reduction reaction
type of chemical reaction that involves a transfer of electrons between two species
what is a single replacement reaction
type of chemical reaction where an element reacts with a compound that takes the place of another element in that compound
what is double replacement reaction
type of chemical reaction where two compounds react, and the cation and anion of the two reactants switch places, forming two new compounds
folding:
type of earth's movement resulting from the horizontal compression of rock layers by internal forces of the earth along plate boundaries
in order to change, must be acted on by an
unbalanced force
zero indicates the variables are
uncorrelated and there is no linear relationship
what is superposition
undisturbed succession of the sedimentary rock, the oldest at the bottom
distribution of water on earth's surface is very
uneven
rocks that are compressed equally from all sides or lack specific minerals will be _______________
unfoliated
circular motion can be
uniform or non uniform
what is a gene
unit of hereditary that is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristics of the offspring
based on repeated experimental observations that describe some aspects of the
universe
Plates can move apart so magma can move
up
elements are represented in
upper case letters
convection currents in troposphere carry streams of warm air ____________
upward
what is an isotope
variation in number of neutrons in an atom. number after element name referring to total number of nucleons in the atom
what are radioisotopes
version of chemical element that has an unstable nucleus and emits radiation during its decay to a stable form
how do fossil succession succeed each other
vertically in a specific reliable order that can be identified over wide horizontal distances
structurally, plant and animal cells are
very similar because they are both eukaryotic cells
the vibrating body causes the medium around it to
vibrate
what is a parallel circuit
voltage across each of the components is the same
what is ohm law
voltage difference between two points
population growth increases _____________________ of greenhouse gases
volume
greenhouse effect is beneficial because:
warm air attracts.
daltons model ______________ a new concept
was not
the water cycle describes how
water evaporates, rises, cools, condenses, and falls
what are properties of earth's system of freezing
water expands upon freezing causing the icebergs to float
runoff
water from rain or snow that flows through land surfaces and very important to the water cycle.
what is groundwater
water held underground in the soil or in pores and crevices in rock
what is an example of solvent
water holding sugar
what is evaporation
water in liquid state changes to a gas.
Reverse osmosis:
water treatment process that removes contaminats from water by using pressure to force water molecules through a semipermeable membrane.
what are other trace elements in the atmosphere
water vapor, CO2, and other gases, dust particles, and chemicals from earth
what are principle components of volcanic gases
water vapor, CO2, sulfur, nitrogen, argon, helium, neon, methane, carbon monoxide and hydrogen
what is the unit to measure power
watt
what is the electromagnetic spectrum
waves of nature of light was illustrated through diffraction and interference
what are longitudinal waves
waves that travel in the same direction as the particle movement
what is triangulation
way of determining something's location using the location of other things
what is the effect of temperature pressure, particle size, and agitation on the rate of dissolving
we know that dissolving a solid by water depends upon the collisions that occur between the solvent molecules and the particles in the solid crystals
what are atomic models
we knwo atoms are made up of a positively charged nucleus in the center surrounded by negatively charged electrons
buffer is usually made of a
weak acid and its conjugate base or one of its soluble salts
what are hydrogen bonds
weak bonds between H atom of one molecule and an electronegative atom of another molecule
smooth muscles are
weak, slow, and usually contract involuntary
the ocean plays a key role in earth's
weather and climate
the cycling of water in and out of the atmosphere is significant aspect of
weather patterns on earth
what is chemical changes in rocks
weathering is weakening and subsequent disintegration of rock by chemical reaction
what are gases
well separated with no regular arrangement
dark matter is not
well understood
climate change
what is a change in global or regional climate patterns, in particular change apparent from the mid to late 20th century onward and attributes largely to the increased levels of atmospheric CO2 produced by fossil fuels?
Eutrophication
what is excessive richness of nutrients in a lake or other body of water, frequently due to runoff from the land, which causes dense growth of plant life and death of animal life from lack of oxygen?
acid rain
what is rainfall made acidic by atmospheric pollution causing environmental harm?
Groundwater pollution
what occurs when pollutants are released to the ground and make their way down into groundwater?
what is transpiration
when a plant absorbs water in its roots. then gives off water vapor through pores in their leaves
Sewage:
when dumped in raw form into oceans, can introduce fecal contaminants and pathologic organisms, which can harm ocean life and cause disease in humans
folding
when layers of sedimentary rock are pressed together by continental plate movements
what are ionic bonds
when one atom gives up one or more electrons to another atom
Faulting:
when tension and compression associated with plate movement is so great that blocks of rock fracture or break apart.
what is a pendulum used for
when the bob is displaced from equilibrium and then released, it begins a back and forth vibration about its fixed equilibrium position
what are neap tides
when tidal waves are lowest, which occur when sun and moon are not at right angles
what is a cold front movement
when two air masses collide, the fronts create weather patterns like cloud precipitation and even tornadoes
what is sublimation
when water in a solid state changes to water vapor without getting the liquid phase
what is condensation
when water vapor changes to liquid water
forests and lakes
where is most acid rain causing environmental harm?
what is inferring
while observing is getting information by using one or more senses, inferring is explaining or interpreting an observation
A are
white
what is the trade wind
wind blowing steadily toward the equator from the NE in the northern hemisphere or the SE in the southern hemisphere
what are tornadoes
wind speeds upward of 300mph of rotating funnel like clouds
convection currents result from
wind surface of the water, and from variation in water temperatures that causes movement
what are physical changes in rocks
wind, water, sun, ice, and temperature changes type of weathering but doesn't change chemical composition
tsunami is a series of waves
with long wavelength and long periods
how do we balance equations
write down the given equation, write down the number of atoms per element that you have on each side of the equation.
what is another name for vascular tissue
xylem
six lists of names are used
year to year
G are
yellow
if you increase the pressure of a gas,
you squeeze it into a smaller volume
whats the letter for atomic number
z
mutations can be
beneficial or harmful
what are the gap phases in the cell cycle
G1 and G2
ionic bonds form
between pairs of atoms or between molecules
what is microevolution
changes in allele frequencies within a single population
rain or drizzle that freezes on contact is known as
freezing rain or freezing drizzle
when an atom forms a covalent bond with another atom, the elements
share the dots like they would electrons
what are covalent bonds
sharing of electron pairs between atoms
electrons arrange in _________ around the nucleus
shells
three types of volcanoes:
shield cinder stone composite
which type of mountain is created by each progressive lava flow that occurs over time
shield volcano
are tornadoes short or long lived
short
about half of the radiation is in visible _____________ part of the electromagnetic spectrum
short wave period
moon is _________ in diameter
2,160 miles
roughly ______ of the animal protein in the worlds diet comes from the ocean
20%
humans can detect between ________Hz
20-20,000
what is the altitude of middle clouds
2000-7000
what is tropic of cancer
23.5 degrees N june 21 beginning of summer in N hemisphere
what is tropic of capricorn
23.5 degrees S dec 21 begining of winter in N hemisphere
distance between earth and moon is _____________ miles
238,910
magnitude at earth's surface ranges from
25-65 microteslas
what is K temperature range
273.15-373.15
Only ____ of water on the surface is on land
3%
Without the greenhouse effect, it is estimated that the temperature on earth would be ____________
30 degrees less on average
of all the freshwater __________ resides underground
30%
in tsunamis waves hit at speeds of
30mph
what is F temperature range
32-212
there are about ________ satellites or moons that orbit the planets and objects in the solar system
335
the sun is expected to radiate for
5 billion years
when heat is absorbed,
H bonds are broken and water molecules can move freely
distance from earth to sun is
1 AU
what is the second law of motion newton
F=ma
volcanic eruptions release
ash, dust, sulfur dioxide and glass particles into the atmosphere
Incinerators convert waste into
ash, flue gas, and heat
what is oxidation
loss of electrons
what is physical properties
aspects of matter that can be observed or measured without changing composition
what are characteristics of our moon
1/4 diameter of earth while its gravity affects earth's tides. moon looks bright at night because of sunlight reflected off earth's surface
milky way is about ________________ light years across
100,000
what is the altitude of the stratosphere
17-50km
higher pH than 7 is
basic
anaerobic respiration results in more
ATP
phenotype is determined by
basic genetic information and how genes have been affected by their environment
although most commonly used model is ___________, scientists are still developing new and improved theories on what atoms look like
Bohr
what is acceleration
change in velocity of an object
6H2O + 6CO2 -->
C6H12O6 + 6O2
on a rotating planet, air will also be deflected by the ______________, except exactly at the equator
Coriolis effect
who designed DNA model
Crick and Watson
what is equation for density
D=m/v
dominant traits will be manifested as what genotypes
DD or Dd
which traits are homozygous
DD or dd
the genomic features may include
DNA sequence, genes, gene order, and regulatory sequences
what traits are heterozygous
Dd
in molecular formulas elements are organized according to _______ system
Hill
Sometimes the _______ magnetic pole is near the geographic north pole and sometimes near the _______ pole in antartica
N, S
metamorphic rock
changed by great heat and pressure.
how does potential energy work
amount of energy an object stores within itself because of its position or orientation
what is electron affinity
amount of energy released or spent when an electron is added to a neutral atom or molecule in the gaseous state to form a negative ion
what is energy flow
amount of energy that moves through a food chain
the role a species plays is called
an ecological niche
what are examples of diplontic
animals and some brown algae and fungi
what is a lake
area filled with water localized at a basin that is surrounded by land, apart from any river or other outlet that serves to feed or drain the lake
plateau:
area of relatively level high ground
what is predictive analytics
area of statistics that deal with extracting informaiton from data and using it to predict trends and behavior patterns
dots are paired
around the atom
planets are bodies that orbit
around the sun and have sufficient mass for its self gravity to overcome rigid body forces so it is nearly round, and cleared the neighborhood around its orbit
Reservoir
artificial lake where water is stored. most formed from constructing dams across rivers.
each wavelength is perceived by our eyes
as a different color
chemical properties of household products
baking powder, battery acid, bleach, boric acid, etc
what are the four steps of stoichiometric calculations
balance equation, convert units of given substance to moles, using mole ratio, calculate the moles of substance yielded by the reaction, convert moles of wanted substance to desired units
what are currents
bands of water or air moving in a definite direction
genetically isolated mechanisms are characters that act as
barriers to the exchange of genes between population
what is fossil succession
based on the observation that sedimentary rock contains fossilized flora and fauna
center of mass is a coordinate system used for
calculations
electrons can absorb and release energy which
can change location of orbits and allow to break free
depletion of aquifers
can have a reduction of water in streams and lakes, deteriorates water quality, and increases pumping costs
what is the use of supporting evidence
can help summarize, paraphrase, or be a direct quote
what is an ideal voltage
can maintain a fixed voltage independent of the load resistance or the output current
if the source and observer move in the same direction with the same velocity, the separation
cannot be changed
what is polar ice
cap is a high altitude region of a planet, dwarf planet, or natural satellite that is covered in ice
what groups of macromolecules are in DNA called polymers
carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids
what does the digestive system do
changes food into form the body can process and use for energy and nutrients. food is eventually eliminated as solid waste. overall the system converts large food particles into molecules so the body can use them
oscillating springs move about a stable equilibrium point and experience a restoring force proportional to
center
models are
central explanation
what is scattering
change in direction of motion of a particle because of collisions
magnetic reversals:
change in direction or orientation of the magnetic field of the Earth that have occured from time to time.
what is climate change
change in global or regional patterns, in particular change apparent from 20th century onwards and attributed largely to the increased level of CO2 in atmosphere
velocity is equal to change position divided by
change in time
evaporation and transpiration from plants to
condensation, precipitation, surface runoff, groundwater, and repeat
what are comets
consist of frozen gases and rocky and metallic materials. usually small and typically have long tails. tail is made of ionized gases. points away from the sun and follows comet as it approaches the sun. tail precedes the head as the comet moves from the sun
Core:
consisting of hot iron and forms of nickel
how do we identify problems based on observation
consists of receiving knowledge on the outside
acceleration is typically a _____________ value
constant
what is uniform circular motion
constant angular rate of motion and speed
what is a eukaryote
contain a nucleus and more complex and have membrane bound organelles to perform various functions and contribute to the complexity of these types of cells
Polarized sunglasses:
contain a special filter that blocks the intensive reflective light, reduce the glare
what is a dilute solution
contain more solvent than equal volume of concentrated solution does
what is an ionic bond
form when one atom gives up one or more electrons to another atom
orogeny refers to
formation of mountains, particularly folding or faulting caused by plate tectonic
what is speciation
formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution
Seafloor spreading:
formation of new areas of oceanic crust, which occur through upwelling of magma at midocean ridges and its subsequent outward movement on either side
what are seismic sea waves
formed by seismic activity
sedimentary rock:
formed by the process of lithification, which involves compaction, expulsion of liquids from pores, and the cementation of the pre existing rock
igneous rock
formed from magma, which is molten material from beneath earth's surface.
what is the structure of the electron dot
formula showing arrangements of atoms in molecule of a compound
allele frequencies in a population may change due to
four fundamental forces of evolution
what is a fault?
fracture along which the blocks of crust on either side have moved relative to one another parallel to the fracture.
bonds become reformed in
freezing point depression
age of geology is calculated
in millions of years before the present time
waves can be ___ or _____ of phase
in out
what is phase diagram
in physical chemistry, engineering, mineralogy, and materials science is a type of chart used to show conditions at which thermodynamically distinct phases occur at coexist at equilibrium
Where is the greatest volume of water contained
in the basins with lesser volumes that occupy with low lying areas of the continents
what are convection currents in the atmosphere do
in vertical direction while earths surface heats, water evaporates to the top and pushes cold air down
objects are known to accelerate down _________ due to unbalanced force
inclined planes
Biodegradable materials:
include food scraps, cotton, wood, human and animal waste, manufactured process based on material
what is the immune system
include lymphatic system, lymph nodes, lymph vessels, thymus, and spleen
what is the process of absolute dating
includes a parent element that undergoes changes to create a daughter element
what is the nervous system
includes brain, spinal cord, and nerves. signaling system for intrabody communications among systems, responses to stimuli, and interaction within an environment.
what is a water table
level below which the ground is saturated with water
what is metallic character
level of reactivity of a metal
what is a wheel and axel
lifting machine of rope that unwinds from wheel onto cylinder shaft added to wheel to provide mechanical advantage
diaphragms and filters allow
light intensity to be controlled
transmission can be reduced or stopped when
light is reflected off the surface or absorbed by the molecules of the materials
what is absorption
light waves along electromagnetic spectrum behave in similar ways
like dissolve
like
what is a magnetic pole
like poles repel, opposite attract
under great pressure bodies of dead animals break down and turn into
limestone
if there is no rain or clouds to help cool the weather, the heat wave can
linger
what are the structures and functions of cell membranes
lipid bilayer with embedded proteins which help protect the cell from its surroundings.
what forms can precipitation take
liquid or solid
what is abiotic
lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere
Hot spot
located where narrow plumes of magma rise through the mantle in a fixed place over a long period of time
once formed into limestone, carbon usually stays
locked in the rock
mid ocean ridges:
long active submarine ridge system situated in the middle of the ocean basin and marking the site of upwelling of magma associated with seafloor spreading
what are tsunamis?
long hish sea wave caused by an earthquake, submarine landslide, or other disturbance.
what do stratocumulus clouds look like
low lying lumpy clouds
Nuclear energy pros:
low pollution, low operating cost, reliability, and more proficient than fossil fuels
generally the kinetic frictional force is __________ than static frictional force
lower
lower pH is higher H+ concentration while higher pH means
lower H+ concentration
when the earth passes directly between the sun and moon, its shadow creates a _________ eclipse
lunar
while frequency is measured in terms of cycles per second, speed might be measured in terms of
m/s
heat generated from radioactive decay of elements deep in the interior of the earth creates
magma
the magnetic responses of materials is largely determined by
magnetic dipole moment associated with the intrinsic angular momentum
light and lenses are used to
magnify and view samples
scalar quantities only have
magnitude
acceleration due to gravity is a vector, which means it has both
magnitude and direction
vectors have
magnitude and direction
what is secondary succession
occurs after a disturbance or major event that greatly affects a community, such as wildfire or dam
what are insulators
non conducting materials with few mobile charges that support only insignificant electric currents
what is scientific notation
non zero digits are always significant
what is a hypothesis
not an educated guess, but instead a statement based off of previously supported data
what is species diversity
number of different species that represented in a given community. consists of species richness, taxonomic or phylogenetic diversity and species eveness
what is electron arrangement
number of electrons in an atom is the same as number of protons
what is atomic number
number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, which determines chemical properties of an element and its place on the periodic table
what is pauling scale
numerical scale of electronegativities based on bond energy calculations for different elements joined by covalent bonds
what is a conductor
object or type of material that allows the flow of an electrical current in one or more directions
what are mirrors
object that reflects light in such a way that the reflected light preserves many or most of the detailed physical characteristics of the original light, called the specular reflection
a statement is not based on
observation is not a prediction
scientists formulate and test their explanations of nature using
observations, experiments, and theoretical and mathematical models
what are the six steps in scientific methods
observe, hypothesize, experiment, analyze, conclude, communicate results
what is a solar eclipse
obstruction of the sun by the moon
mining:
obtaining coal or other minerals from a mine.
what are subsurface currents
occur deep beneath the ocean's surface, are caused by land masses and the earth's rotation
how do barrier islands typically occuring
occur in chains
where are herbivores in trophic level
second
what is plagiotropic
secondary branches and roots grow at right angles due to gravity
what is epithelium jobs
secretion, selective absorption, protection, transcellular transport, and sensing
it is pressure and temperature that are responsible for __________ rock
sedimentary
igneous rock can change into
sedimentary rock or into metamorphic rock
three types of rocks
sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic
Fiber optics:
send light beams down a thin strand of plastic glass by making them repeatedly bounce off walls
Continental slopes
separate coastline topography from the ocean floor
what is combustion
sequence of chemical reactions involving fuel and an oxidant that produces heat and some light
the order of amino acids is specified by the
sequence of codons in the mRNA
what is a cell cycle
series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication of its DNA to produce two daughter cells
what is the carbon cycle
series of processes by which carbon compounds are interconverted in the environment, chiefly involving the incorporation of CO2 in living tissue by photosynthesis and its return to the atmosphere from respiration, the decay of dead organisms, and the burning of fossil fuels
what is the nitrogen cycle
series of processes by which nitrogen and its compounds are interconverted in the environment and in living organisms, including nitrogen fixation and decomposition
what is a magnetic field
set of invisible lines representing paths of attraction and repulsion
what is cellular respiration
set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cell of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into ATP then release waste products.
what does cellular respiration do
set of metabolic reactions that convert chemical bonds into energy stored in ATP
what is a phenotype
set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment
what is the reproductive system
sexual reproduction helps provide genetic diversity as gametes form each parent contributing half the DNA to the zygote offspring. systems provides a method of transporting the male gametes to the female
what is a well
shaft sunk into the ground to obtain water, oil,or gas
what are earthquakes
shaking and vibration of the earth's crust due to movement of earth's plate
what are the effects of the season
the equator receives more sunlight, while polar areas receive less. the earth tilts slightly on its rotational axis. this tilt determines the seasons and affects weather.
when N or S hemisphere are tilted toward the sun,
the hemisphere toward the sun experiences summer and other experiences winter
as gas temperature increases so does
the kinetic energy of molecules
principles of uniformitarianism involve belief that
the present is the key to the past, and the relatively slow processes have shaped the geologic features of earth
catalysts help change
the rate of reaction without changing their form
what is a dependent variable
variable in an experiment that has the potential to change in response to the experimetnal conditions altered by the researcher
what is gene expression
use of information in a gene, usually during the processes of transcription and translation, that result in a protein product
Herbicide:
used in farming and may remain in or on the food we eat. some applied directly to plants or soil and can be liquid or gas form
what are electromagnets
used to convert electrical control signals into mechanical movements
how is absolute dating used
used to determine age of rocks and even earth itself.
what is a pulley
uses grooved wheels and rope to lift a load
what is comparing
using observable properties in discovering similarities of and differences between objects and phenomena
how do we use molar mass
using periodic table to use the weight and multiply times the number next to the elements
what are the basic principles of relative dating
utilizing six fundamental principles to determine the relative age of a formation or event
structural formulas show the bonding or nonbonding tendency of specific pairs of
valence electrons
the dot diagram uses dots to represent
valence electrons
what is the purpose of parts per million
value representing the part of a whole number in units
what is the mode
value that appears most frequently in data set
what is an independent variable
variable in an experimetn that gets manipulated by the researcher