Praxis Exam 5038

The Color Purple

aStory of a protagonist who is repeatedly raped by a man she thinks is her father. A missionary family in Africa adopts the result children. The Protagonist's sister, Nettie, works for the missionary family, and the novel takes the form of a series of letters between the sisters. , Author: Alice Walker. This epistolary novel is narrated by and about Celie, who begins writing letters to God because her father Alphonso abuses and rapes her. Celie has already borne two children which her father has taken away and presumably killed. Her mother dies and Alphonso takes a new wife but continues his abusive behaviour toward her. A man known only as Mr.____ wants to marry Celie's younger sister Nettie, but eventually is convinced by Alphonso to marry Celie. When Nellie escapes her father's household and seeks refuge with Nettie and Mr.____, who have a joyless marriage. Mr.____ is attracted to Nettie and she flees from him and is never heard of again. Kate, Celie's sister-in-law tells her not to put up with Mr.____'s abuse. Harpo, his son, marries the girl Sofia after she gets pregnant. Celie is amazed to see how Sofia resists Harpo's and Mr.____'s attempts to subdue her as she is physically stronger than her husband. When the mistress of Mr.____, Shug Avery, a lounge singer, falls ill, he takes her into his house, and after initial animosities, Celie grows to like her and nurses her. Celie is confused by her feelings as she is sexually attracted to the singer. After Sophie leaves Harpo, he opens a bar in which Shug sings every night. The friendship between the two deepens when Shug learns about Mr.____'s abusive habits. Sofia returns for a visit and is asked by the mayor's wife, Mrs. Millie, to work as their maid. When she replies "hell, no" the mayor strikes her and she strikes back. She is sentenced to twelve years of service as the mayor's maid. Shug marries Grady, but begins a sexual relationship with Celie. With Shug's help Celie finds letters Nettie has been sending her, but which have been kept from her by Mr.____. In the meantime Nettie has struck up a friendship with the Samuel and Corinne and has traveled to Africa with them to do missionary work. Because Nettie resembles their two children Adam and Olivia, she suspects that Nettie has had a past with Samuel. Nettie finds out that the two children of the couple are in fact the two children Celie was forced to give up and that Alphonso is her and Celie's step-father. Their real father had been lynched by a mob of whites envious of his success. Alphonso confirms this story to Nettie and she begins to lose her faith, but with the help of Shug achieves a new type of faith. Celie finally tells Mr.____ how she feels about his behaviour and leaves him with Shug and Squeak, Harpo's new wife, to live in Tennessee. There she becomes a successful seamstress and eventually returns to Georgia and learns that Mr.___ has reformed his ways and that her step-father died and that she has inherited the house and land. She settles down with Shug and Nettie returns, now married to Samuel.

common nouns

used for a class of person, place or thing

Appeal to Nature

(LF) - This argument goes that because something is natural, it must be better.

Ambiguity

(LF) - Using double meanings or ambiguities of language to mislead or misrepresent the truth

Anecdotal

(LF) - Using personal experience or an isolated example instead of a valid argument, especially to dismiss statistics.

Geoffrey Chaucer

(c. 1340-1400) English poet; he wrote The Canterbury Tales, 23 stories of pilgrims assembled at the Tabard Inn in Southwark.

Caricature

(n.) a representation (especially in drawing) in which the subject's characteristic features are deliberately exaggerated; (v.) to present someone or something in a deliberately distorted way Device used in descriptive writing and visual arts where particular aspects of a subject are exaggerated to create a silly or comic effect

Fanny Crosby

1820-1915. Blinded at six weeks by inept medical treatment. raised with a string religious grounding by her mother and grandmother. produced over 8,000 texts. Blessed Assurance, Only a step, To God be the Glory

Figure of Speech (FoS)

A device used to produce figurative language. The various uses of language that depart from customary construction, order, or significance. Using words in distinctive ways

Novella

A short narrative, generally between 50 and 100 pages long

Epigram

A short, pithy saying, usally in verse, often with a quick, satirical twist at the end. Subject is usually a single thought or event. Candy is dandy, but liquor is quicker.

Oliver Twist

One of Charles Dickens most famous characters. It raised issues and gave force to the debate about conditions in work houses and led to a reform.

The Bell Jar

Sylvia Plath Autobiographical novel A young woman (Esther Greenwood) whose talent and intelligence have brought her close to her dreams but must overcome suicidal tendencies EG is a mentally disturbed individual who has it all yet isn't happy. She is unsure of what to do with her life and attempts suicide, which ends up not killing her, and instead ends up in a mental institution. She eventually overcomes her depression but it hangs over her threatening to descend again.

Transitions.

Unneccary during the conclusion paragraph, since it is the end of the document

Dante

(1265-1321) Italian poet and Renaissance writer. His greatest work is The Divine Comedy.

Vanity Fair

1848, William Makepeace Thackeray Satirizes society in early 19th century Britain - makes fun of the aristocracy and middle classes: their greed, corruption, and vanity The story of two young women whose lies take them in and out of every segment of English society, each of which can be mocked and displayed for laughs in turns. Bitter and caustic humor, picaresque

The Good Soldier

1915 novel by Ford Madox Ford that portrays pre-WWI society's shifting morals and loss of steadfast social rules. It is narrated, unreliably, by John Dowell in a form that prefigures stream of consciousness, following Dowell's recollections of his and his wife's relationship with Edward and Leonora Ashburnham in non-chronological order. Dowell's narration mainly explores the discovery of the numerous affairs of his wife Florence and Edward, who end up having an affair with each other. These intrigues lead to Florence's suicide, Leonora's moral torture of Edward and his suicide, and the madness of the Ashburnham's young ward Nancy, whom Dowell eventually takes care of. , Ford, Ford Madox - 1915, Ford Madox Ford, It is set just before World War I and chronicles the tragedy of ***, the soldier to whom the title refers, and his own seemingly perfect marriage and that of two American friends. The novel is told using a series of flashbacks in non-chronological order, a literary technique that formed part of Ford's pioneering view of literary impressionism.

Harlem Renaissance

A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished , 1920s black literacy and cultural movement that produced many works depicting the role of blacks in contemporary American society: Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston

Morality Play

An allegorical play (from 15-16th C) in which characters personify abstract qualities (ie charity) or concepts (like Death).

History of a Nun

Aphra Behn, One of the first English female writers, prolific dramatist of the Resoration

American Drama

Arthur Miller - The Cruicible, All My Sons, and Death of a Salesman, Tennessee Williams-Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, The Glass Menargerie, and A Street Car Named Desire. , Appeared in the early 18th century in such cities as Boston, New York, Charleston, South Carolina though no drama was written till about the middle of the century , Which emphasizes strong conflict in exposition in developing the 4th wall?

Expository Discourse

Attempts to Explain or Describe something

The Life of Samuel Johnson

Boswell's 1791 biography

Litotes

FoS - An understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by negating its opposite

Limerick

Has five lines. Rhyme scheme is aabba

Bartleby the Scrivener

Herman Melville At the beginning, the narrator has two scriveners, nicknamed Nippers and Turkey, to copy legal documents by hand. Nippers (the younger of the two) suffers from chronic indigestion and Turkey is an alcoholic,, but the office survives because in the mornings Turkey is sober and Nippers is irritable, while in the afternoons Nippers has calmed down and Turkey is drunk. Ginger Nut, the office boy, gets his name from the little cakes he brings the two scriveners. And increase in business leads the narrator to advertise for a third scrivener, and he hires the forlorn-looking Bartleby in hopes that his calmness will soothe the temperaments of Nippers and Turkey. At first, Bartleby appears to be a boon to the practice, as he produces a large volume of high quality work. One day though, when asked to help proofread a copied document, Bartleby answers with what soon becomes his stock response: "I would prefer not to." For a while Bartleby remains willing to do his main work of copying, but he eventually ceases this activity as well, so that he is finally doing nothing. And yet the narrator finds himself unable to make Bartleby leave; his unwillingness or inability to move against Bartleby mirrors Bartleby's own strange inaction. Tension gradually builds as the narrator's business associates wonder why the strange and idle Bartleby is ever-present in the office. Deciding to stay away from work for the next few days for fear that he will become embroiled in the new tenant's campaign to evict Bartleby, the narrator returns to find that Bartleby has been forcibly removed and imprisoned at The Tombs. The narrator visits him, finding him even glummer than usual. As ever, Bartleby rebuffs the narrator's friendliness. Nevertheless, the narrator bribes a turnkey to make sure Bartleby gets good and plenty food. But when the narrator visits again a few days later, he discovers that Bartleby has died of starvation, apparently having chosen not to eat. Sometime afterward, the narrator hears of a rumor to the effect that Bartleby had worked in a dead letter office, but had lost his job there. The narrator reflects that the dead letters would have made anyone sink into an even darker gloom. , Short story by Herman Melville that is narrated by a character known simply as the Lawyer. The Lawyer uses this story as an opportunity to describe the law-copyists in his office, particularly B, who seems to be a model copyist but who one day refuses to help the Lawyer with a document, leaving him stunned. B eventually stops doing his work and is even living at the office, but the Lawyer is unable to make him leave. Dead letters are emblems of a man's morality and of the failures of his best intentions, through Bartleby; the narrator has glimpsed the world as the miserable scrivener must have seen it. Bartleby could be having a mental illness, or symbolically be an imprisoned citizen in a harsh, capitalist society. He has no motivation to live and starves himself, which could indicate depression

Future Perfect Tense

Indicates completed action in the future (Will have taken)

A Midsummer Night's Dream

It portrays the events surrounding the marriage of the Duke of Athens, Theseus, and the Queen of the Amazons, Hippolyta , Before the marriage of Theseus, King of Athens and Hippolyta, Hermia and Lysander try to elope but are followed by Demetrius and Helena. Fairy king Oberon and queen Titania fight over Indian prince. Puck messes up love potion. Athenian actors, including Bottom, rehearse a play. , A PLAY BY WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE, WRITTEN IN 1595. It regards Theseus' and Hippolyta's marriage celebration.

Epiphany

Moment in the story where a character achieves realization, awareness, or a feeling of knowledge after which events are seen through the prism of this new light in the story. Sudden eye opener regarding the nature of a person or situation

Infinitive Verbs

Most basic form of a verb and is usually preceded by the preposition "to". A split infinitive occurs when an adverb is placed between "to" and the "verb" (to boldly go)

Restrictive and nonrestrictive clauses

Nonrestrictive clause is not essential to the meaning of the sentence; it can be removed from the sentence w/out changing its basic meaning. Often set apart from the rest of the sentence by a comma or a pair of commas

Reciprocal Teaching

Occurs when dialogue takes place between the ss and the teacher, and participants take turns assuming the role of the teacher

Internal Rhyme

Occurs within a single line of poetry rather than from line to line

Science Fiction

Often tell about science and technology. Normally set in the future, in space, on a different world, in a different universe, or dimension

Free Verse

Poetry that does not have a regular meter or rhyme scheme Based on normal pauses and natural rhythmical phrases as compared to the artificial constraints of normal poetry.

Soliloquy

Popular literary device often used in drama to reveal the innermost thoughts of a character. Technique used to convey the progress of action of the play by means of expressing a character's thoughts about a certain character or past, present, or upcoming event while talking to himself without acknowledging the presence of any other person. Often used as a means of character revelation or character manifestation to the reader or audience of the play. Due to a lack of time and space, it was sometimes considered essential to present information about the plot and to expose the feelings and intentions of the characters. Use has become somewhat outdated.

Creative Writing

Provides ss with the opportunity to play with language, to express emotions, to articulate stories, or to develop a drama for others to enjoy

Dialect

Refers to a variation of a language that is a characteristic of a particular group of the language's speakers A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.

Ovid

Roman Classical

Prosody

Study of the elements of poetry - rhyme, rhythm, meter, and stanza form

Sestet

a stanza or poem of six lines

Iamb (Iambic Foot)

u/ one unstressed syllable followed by one stressed syllable

Flannery O'Connor

(1925-1964) born in georgia and is one of americas best short story writers. she was a strong Catholic. didnt believe race was important. died of lupus

Lorraine Hansberry

(1930-1965) African American playwright whose Raisin in the Sun was the first play by a female African American ever produced on Broadway , African American author of A Raisin In the Sun. The play talked about a working class African American family struggling against poverty and racism.

Charles Dickens

(1812-1870) English literary realism. His novels illuminate the enorous inequities of class in the 19th century England. His detailed and sympathtic depiction of the English lower classes is what came to be termed Literary Realism.

Couplet

A pair of successive lines of a verse, especially a pair that rhyme and are the same length

Memoir

A record of events written by a person having intimate knowledge of them and based on personal observation An autobiographical account of one's personal life and experiences.

Allusion

A reference to something well-known that exists outside the literary work. An expression designed to call something to mind without mentioning it explicitly; an indirect or passing reference.

Rhyme Scheme

A regular pattern of rhyming words in a poem

Inversion

A reversal of the usual order of words to achieve a particular effect of emphasis or meter. Also known as anastrophe

Romance

A term that has been used at different times to refer to a variety of fictional works involving some combination of the following: high, adventure, thwarted love, mysterious circumstances, arduous quests, and improbable triumphs.

Romeo and Juliet

A tragic tale of forbidden love in which the families of Montague and Capulet are all "punish'd" in the end.

Tom Stoppard

A twentieth-century British playwright who was born in Czechoslovakia. He first achieved acclaim with his Rosencrantz and Guilderstern are Dead, which featured Hamlet's "attendant lords," hilariously alone and adrift on an unknown stage. His other works include Jumpers and Travesties. Tom Stoppard wrote Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead, and The Coast of Utopia. Co-wrote Shakespeare in Love. His themes include human rights, censorship, and political freedom

Elegy

A type of lyric poem which laments the loss of something or someone

Lyric

A type of poetry that explores the poet's personal interpretation of and feelings about the world.

Historical Fiction

A type of realistic fiction that takes place in a particular time period in the past. Often the setting is real, but the characters are made up from the author's imagination.

Gothic Novel

A type of romance popular in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, set in medieval castles, replete with secret passageways, mysterious dungeons, peripatetic ghosts, and much gloom and supernatural paraphernalia.

Mind Mapping

A visual form of note taking that offers an overview of a topic and its complex information, allowing ss to comprehend, create new ideas, and build connections. Through the use of colors, Images, and words, mind mapping encourages ss to begin with a central idea and expand outward to more in depth sub topics Technique that uses branches radiating out from a core idea to structure thoughts and ideas

Regionalism

A word or phrase used by a population in a particular region

The Canterbury Tales

Chaucer (14th Century) First work in English vernacular. Stories of 12 pilgrims traveling to the shrine of Saint Thomas Becket. A picture of English society through estates satire (social commentary on people's estates: life, property) Mostly written in verse, though some are written in prose, presented as a part of a story telling contest by a group of pilgrims as they travel together.

The Texas Sharpshooter

Cherry-picking data clusters to suit and argument, or finding a pattern to fit a presumption Ex. The makers of Sugar Drinks points to research showing that of the five countries where Sugar sells that most units, three of them are in the top ten healthiest countries, therefore Sugar Drinks are healthy.

Aristotelian Tragedy

Aristotle defines tragedy in terms of specific requirements of plot and character. It depict the downfall of a basically good person through some fatal error or misjudgment, producing suffering and insight on the part of the protagonist and arousing fear and pity on the part of the audience classical tragedy an imitation of a painful action and it usually ends with death. Its about a person of high rank creating pity and fear among it's audience.

Stock Character

A character in literature, theater, or film of a type quickly recognized and accepted by the reader or viewer and requiring no development by the writer Stereotypical fictional characters. Frequently one-dimensional in nature

Magical Realsim

Describing events realistically but within a magical haze of local customs and beliefs. A literary genre or style associated especially with Latin America that incorporates fantastic or mythical elements into otherwise realistic fiction Presents the impossible and takes us to an unreal world that could only exist in our minds; a new way of looking at things, but within the realm of possible

David Copperfield

Dickens, 1850 after surviving a poverty-stricken childhood, the death of his mother, a cruel stepfather, and an unfortunate first marriage, a boys finds success as a writer; themes: plight of the weak, importance of equality in marriage, dangers of wealth and class

Monologue

Form of dramatic entertainment, comedic solo, or the like by a single speaker. A prolonged talk or discourse by a single speaker, especially one dominating or monopolizing a conversation A part of a drama in which a single actor speaks along Any composition, as a poem, in which a single person speaks alone

Alexandre Dumas

French writer remembered for his swashbuckling historical tales (1802-1870). Wrote "The Three Musketeers" and "The Count of Monte Cristo".

Pragmatics

The role of context in the interpretation of meaning Mastering the rules for social language

One Hundred Years of Solitude

Set in Macondo, this novel written by Gabriel Garcia Marquez tells of Ursula, the Buendia family matriarch who dies the size of a fetus at the age of 120. , Tells the multi-generational story of the Buendia family, whose patriarch, Jose Arcadio Buendia, founds the town of Macondo, the metaphoric Colombia

Tall Tale

Special kind of hero story because the heroes of tall tales are 'larger than life'. They are bigger or stronger than real people, even when the tall tale is based on a real person. Tall tale heroes solve problems in funny ways that are hard to believe. May be set in wild west, American frontier Main characters skills/size/strength is greatly exaggerated Exaggeration is humorous

Whole Language Instruction

Ss are immersed in written language, and encourage to decode entire words using context clues

Character Types

Static character = remains unchanged throughout a work Dynamic character = change (for better or worse) in response to circumstances or experience Flat character = caricatures, defined by a single idea or quality Round character = fully developed, with complexities of real people Protagonist / Antagonist Foil = character, who by contrast with the protagonist, serves to accentuate that character's distinctive qualities or characteristics.

Peroration

The concluding part of a speech, typically intended to inspire enthusiasm in the audience

Short Story

"A brief prose tale," as Edgar Allan Poe labeled it. This work of narrative fiction may contain description, dialogue and commentary, but usually plot functions as the engine driving the art. The best short stories, according to Poe, seek to achieve a single, major, unified impact.

Aldous Huxley

"Brave New World" a questioning of scientific humanism; "Doors of Perception": a rationalistic mysticism based on drugs [peyote] as doors to a world of dreams & illusion. "Obscure knowledge that All is in all- that All is actually each."

Realism

1820-1920 - popularized Novel form , A 19th century artistic movement in which writers and painters sought to show life as it is rather than life as it should be , 19th C literary movement in Europe and the US (1860-1900) that stressed accuracy in the portrayal of life, focusing on characters with whom middle-class readers could easily identify; it is often contrasted with romanticism. (William Dean Howells, A Modern Instance, Mark Twain, Huckleberry Finn; Henry James, Daisy Miller) 1855-1900 Style of writing, usually prose, in which surface appearance is presented in an unembellished way. In contrast to romance or the fantastic, the realist writer also seeks to represent experiences that are usual or typical rather than extraordinary or exotic A reaction to romanticism, it was popular during the 19th century. Realism focused on the realities of life. Writers Included Gustave Flaubert, George Eliot, Fyodor Dostoevsky, and Leo Tolstoy. Realism, a reaction to romanticism, was popular during the 19th century, and focused on the realities of life. Writers include Gustave Plaubert, Geroge eliot, Fyodor Dostoevsky, and Leo Tolstoy.

American Renaissance

1830-1860 The writing of the period before the Civil War, beginning with Emerson and Thoreau and the Trancendentalist movement including Whitman, Hawthorne, and Melville. These writers are essentially Romantics of a distinctively American stripe. , A burst of American literature during the 1840s, highlighted by the novels of Herman Melville and Nathaniel Hawthorne; the essays of Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and Margaret Fuller; and the poetry of Walt Whitman. Emphasized emotion and inner feeling and created a more democratic literature, accessible to everyone. Women also contributed literary works.

Naturalism

1870-1920 (philosophy) the doctrine that the world can be understood in scientific terms without recourse to spiritual or supernatural explanations , A literary branch of realism which suggested that social conditions, heredity, and environment helped to shape human character, 1865-1900. Honore de Balzac, Upton Sinclair are examples.

Jonathan Swift

18th Century/Age of Reason. Gulliver's Travels. A Modest Proposal , (1667-1745) was a scornful critic of England's rising merchant class. He wrote great satires, Gulliver's Travels and A Modest Proposal in which he presents human nature as deeply flawed. , (1667 - 1745) Anglo-Irish satirist, essayist and political pamphleteer. Considered the foremost satirist in the English language for works such as: Gulliver's Travels, A Modest Proposal, A Tale of a Tub, Drapier's Letters.

Literary Ballad

A ballad not meant for singing, written by a sophisticated poet for educated readers, rather than arising from the anonymous oral tradition.

Playwright

A person who writes plays

Sonnet

A poem of fourteen lines that uses a specific rhyme scheme

Strophe

A rhythmic system composed of two or more lines repeated as a unit; a group of verses in poetry that form a distinct unit within a poem Synonymous with "stanza" Irregular, unrhymed divisions within a poem

Directive

A sentence that requests someone to do something

Terza Rima

A verse form composed of iambic tercets (3-line grouping). Interlocking three-line rhyme scheme. Often end in a single rhyming couplet Rhyme scheme is "aba, bcb, cdc, etc Dante used terza rima in the divine comedy

Adjective / Adverb Confusion

Adjectives describe nouns and pronouns. Adverbs describe verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs

The Spice and the Devil's Cave

Agnes Hewes, Newberry Honor Book in 1931

Logical Fallacy (LF)

An error in reasoning that renders an argument invalid

A Passage to India

At a tea party, the protagonist promises the person he met at the mosque and Adela to a trip to the Marabar Caves, where later Adela accuses the protagonist of rape , -MISS QUESTED!! Ms Quested and Mrs Moore, two high class British women, journey to India in order to talk with Quested's fiance, who lives luxuriously in India. While most of the British have learned to take advantage of the Indians, Quested and Moore befriend the impoverished doctor Aziz. Aziz is accused of raping Quested, and trial alters his view of the British from "passive oppressors" to "unwelcome tyrants."

Surrealists

Attacked false rationality and restrictive customs and structures. Many espoused communism with arnarchism.

Pun

FoS - a play on words, sometimes on different sense of the same word and sometimes on the similar sense or sound of different words

Salman Rushdie

BR novelist most notable for the death sentence imposed on him by the Ayatollah Khomeini, who thought his novel The Satanic Verses to be blashemous. Magical Realism

Chinua Achebe

Born a member of the Igbo people in Agidi, Nigeria in 1930 , He is one of contemporary Africa's most famous authors. A member of the Ibo people of eastern Nigeria, he was born in the village of Ogidi. During the Nigerian civil war of 1967-1970, he supported the independence effort of Biafra, a predominately Ibo region in eastern Nigeria.

Things Fall Apart

Chinua Achebe, 1959, Nigeria Achebe was one of the founders of a Nigerian literary movement that drew upon the traditional oral culture of its indigenous peoples. Set in 1890s. Novel shatters stereotypical European portraits of native Africans - Achebe portrays complex, advanced social institutions and artistic traditions of Igbo culture prior to its contact with Europeans. Also offers varying depictions of the white man Choice to write in English allowed Achebe to respond to earlier colonial accounts of Africa, his choice in language was thus political. Tries to avoid stereo typing About the degradation of a small Igbo village due to Christian missionaries Book deals with the rise and fall of Okonkwo. Two faults: his impatience for less successful men and his pride over his own status. Christian missionaries arrive and take over, and set up a church and proceed to convert the tribesmen to Christianity, initially facing much resistance. Okonkwo will not change. Missionary Mr. Brown overzealous. Okonkwo's suicide is symbolic of the self-destruction of the tribe, for he was a symbol of the power and pride that the tribe had, and with its demise, the tribe's moral center and structure gave way to a more dominant one Important quotations "Turning and turning in the widening gyre / the falcon cannot hear the falconer; / Things fall apart; the center cannot hold; / Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world." Opening stanza of Yeat's poem, "The Second Coming," as an epigraph to the novel. Achebe hints at the chaos that arises when a system collapses. Hyperbolic and even contradictory nature of the passage's language suggests the inability of mankind to thwart this collapse. "And at last the locusts did descend. They settled on every tree and on every blade of grass; they settled on the roofs and covered the bare ground. Mighty tree branches broke away under them, and the whole country became the brown-earth color of the vast, hungry swarm. Passage from chapter 7, represents allegorically the arrival of the colonizers, which will alter the landscape and the psychology of the Igbo ppl irreparably. "They Settled" - anaphora. The branches that break under the weight of the locusts are symbols of the traditions and cultural roots of Igbo society, which can no longer survive under the onslaught of colonialism and white settlement. Among the Igbo the art of conversation is regarded very highly, and proverbs are the palm-oil with which words are eaten. Comes from chapter one, alludes to highly sophisticated art of rh of Igbo ppl. This rhetorical formalness offers insight into the misunderstandings that occur between the Igbo and the Europeans. Whereas the latter value efficiency and directness in their dealings, the Igbo value an adherence to their cultural traditions, which include certain patterns of dialogue considered inefficient by Western standards. The metaphor of words as food is highly appropriate, given the almost exclusively agricultural nature of Igbo society. They award the same value that they place on food, the sustenance of life, to words, the sustenance of interaction and hence community. He had already chosen the title of the book, after much thought: The Pacification of the Primitive tribes of the Lower Niger. Last sentence of the novel, satirizes the entire tradition of western ethnography and imperialism itself as a cultural project, and suggests that the District commissioner knows very little about his subject and projects a great deal of his European Colonialist Values into It. Themes, Motifs and Symbols 1. The Struggle between Change and Tradition 2. Varying Interpretations of Masculinity 3. Language as a sign of cultural Difference 4. Chi 5. Animal Imagery 6. Locusts, fire

Scansion

Describing the rhythms of poetry by dividing the lines into feet, marking the locations of stressed and unstressed syllables, and counting the variables Process of analyzing the number and type of feet in a line

Effect v Affect

Effect = a result of something or the ability to bring about a result Affect = to produce a change in something

Emendation

Emendation seeks to restore a text to its most authentic form. A text can be changed over the course of many years, and these changes may alter its meaning. For example, "The love of money is the root of all evil" is often misquoted as "Money is the root of all evil." a correction

Existentialism .

Emphasizes individual existence, freedom, and choice

Scholarly Writing

Essays, research papers, biographies - these types of writing are most prevalent in middle or secondary level classrooms.

Satires I

Horace, 35 BCE, Roman Period

Flesch-Kincaid Formula

Is the most widely used method to assign a level of difficulty to a text. It uses the average number of syllables per word and the average length of sentences. Simplest approach to assess the grade level of the reader

Legend

It is a narrative of human actions that are perceived by both teller and listeners to take place within human history and possess certain qualities that give the tale verisimilitude. Exaggerated characters and events. Possibly handed down by tradition Based on a real person/place but facts are stretched beyond nonfiction. Exaggerated in a serious way

Italo Calvino

Italian, Born in Cuba; Fought against Nazis; Wrote fables and fantasy; Spent time in Paris , 1940s: Calvino was a neo-realist, an Italian style influenced largely by American realist and contemporary authors; anti-fascist authors were drawn to the freedom of their American contemporaries Italo Calvino - important Italian writer who wrote "The Nonexistent Knight" and "Cosmicomics". He was at first entranced with the Communist movement but later became disillusioned. He also promoted many other writers and was often mentioned as a candidate for the Novel Prize for literature. Postmodern Period author

Citation MLA/APA (expand)

MLA Salinger, J.D. 'The Catcher in the Rye.' New York: Little, Brown, and Company, 1945. APA Salinger, J. D. (1945) 'The Catcher in the Rye.' New York: Little, Brown and Company. Rules When quoting more than three lines of text, quotation marks are not used. Use a colon to introduce a direct quote that is more than three lines long. - double indent

A Wrinkle in Time

Madeline L'Engle Meg, Calvin, and Mr. Murry escape to a gray planet called Ixchel which is inhabited by tall furry beasts that care for travelers?

The Jumping-off Place

Mariod Hurd McNeely, Newberry Honor book in 1930

Concrete nouns

Names a thing that is tangible. Concrete nouns can be either proper or common

Stages of the Writing Process (6)

Pre-writing, writing/drafting, revising, editing, publishing, evaluating

Parallelism (Literary Device)

Present two ideas that are equal in some way, such as in emphasis, in use, or in fact. Most common in lists, such as those denoting sequences of related activities Phrases or sentences of a similar construction/meaning placed side by side, balancing each other

Direct Quote

Quoting directly from an article word for word exactly as the author wrote it

Pre-Raphaelite Movement (expand)

Sought to bring sensuality back into poetry by using lush vowel sounds and sensuous description

Picaresque

Telling a story about the adventures of a usually playful and dishonest character. Type of fiction dealing with the episodic adventures of a usually roguish protagonist

Concrete Poetry

Term is used to describe poetry in which the arrangement of words on the page is as important as more traditional poetic elements. Mostly a modern phenomenon

Phonology

The analysis of how sounds function in a language or dialect

Discipline Based Inquiry

The practice of learning about a writing form by dissecting it and navigating its parts. It involves analyzing, questioning, and forming conclusions from examples of the writing mode.

Refrain

The repetition of a line or phrase at the end of several stanzas of a poem

An American Tragedy

Theodore Dreiser. (1925) Clyde Griffiths, whose troubles with women and the law take him from his religious upbringing in Kansas city, to the town of Lycurgus, New York. Materialistic Hortense Briggs, farm girl Roberta Alden (who drowns), aristocratic Sondra Finchley. Clyde is found guilty of murdering Roberta, and sentenced to death. Abortion, societal ills.

Non-Countable Nouns / Mass Nouns

Things you cannot count, e.g., food, music

Catastrophe

Tragic denouement in a play, especially a tragedy. The scene in a tragedy which includes the death or moral destruction of the protagonist

Enjambment

Use of a line of poetry whose sense and rhythmic movement continues to the next line. Occurs when one line ends and continues on to the next line to complete meaning A run-on line of poetry in which logical and grammatical sense carries over from one line into the next.

Syllepsis

Use of a single word in two different senses at once.

Robinson Crusoe

a man is shipwrecked on an island, where he lives for more than 20 years, fending off cannibals and creating a pleasant life for himself

Agnes Hewes

an American writer of children's literature and a 3-time winner of the Newbery Honor. Her work Spice and the Devil's Cave won in 1931.

Authentic Writing

any writing a student might do for some real world purpose, a purpose other than demonstrating his writing ability to a teacher

Groucho Marx

comic star of the 1920s who lost his fortune in the stock market. , ____ and his brothers made screenplays offering a welcome release from daily worries

Types of nouns

common, abstract, collective, compound, concrete, non-countable/mass nouns, gender-specific, verbal nouns, gerunds

Compound Sentence

contains at least two independent clauses, which are joined together by a conjunction.

Gender-Specific Nouns

nouns which are definitely male or female, e.g., boy, bull, vixen, actress, cow

Elegy

poem or song expressing lamentation;

Miscue Analysis

studying how a student's oral reading differs from the printed text. Miscue analysis can help a teacher understand a student's reading strategies and identify the source of reading problems.

The Three Main Themes in Literature

survival of the unfittest, the picaresque/journey, the reversal of fortune. Theme can be implicit or explicit.

in media res

term used to describe a story that begins in the middle of the action. Literally means "in the middle of things".

abstract nouns

things you cannot see or touch, e.g., bravery, joy

The Weary Blues

was written by Langston Hughes. It was published in 1926. , in hughes' vernacular. true rhyme. bittersweet. blues were for unburdening oneself

Cognate

words that are related and have the same origin or root word.

Pastiche

Using the form or style of another author, generally in tribute piece of literature or music imitating other works

The Hunchback of Notre Dame

Victor Hugo, 17th century Set in medieval Paris; Tells the story of the beautiful gypsy Esmerelda, condemned as a witch by the tormented archdeacon Claude Frollo, who lusts after her

Cause and Effect

Writing organization. Usually happen in time order. Action => Result

The Red Badge of Courage

is a war novel by American author Stephen Crane (1871-1900). Taking place during the American Civil War, the story is about a young private of the Union Army, Henry Fleming, who flees from the field of battle. Overcome with shame, he longs for a wound—to counteract his cowardice. When his regiment once again faces the enemy, Henry acts as standard-bearer.

Essay

A brief examination of a subject in prose, usually expressing a personal or limited view of the topic.

Gulliver's Travels

A seventeenth-century English doctor chronicles his travels to four fantastical lands, whose inhabitants the author uses to satirize and critique English society. , Jonathan Swift, 1726. Lilliput (where everyone is six inches tall), Brobdingnag (where everyone is enormous), Laputa (a flying island), The Struldburgs (unhappy immortals who wish they could die), Houyhnhnms (intelligent, clean-living, right-thinking horses), Yahoos (idiotic, dirty, violent creatures who turn out to be people, or at least look like them). , Officially Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World, in Four Parts. By Lemuel Gulliver, First a Surgeon, and then a Captain of several Ships, is a novel by Jonathan Swift that is both a satire on human nature and a parody of the "travelers' tales" literary sub-genre. It is Swift's best known full-length work, and a classic of English literature , 1726 work by satirist Jonathan Swift that depicts the voyages of the eponymous Lemuel G of the title, who takes to the seas when his business in England fails. On his first voyage he wakes up after a shipwreck on the island of Lilliput, which is inhabited by tiny people, who take in G and eventually use him as a military resource against a neighboring island that the Lilliputians want to subjugate. Next, he ends up on Brobdingnag, an island of giants, where he is sold to the queen as a source of amusement; this section shows the difference between the moral man and the representative man, typified by the grotesque and ignorant giants of the island. His third adventure comes in Laputa, a flying island where the people are devoted to preposterous science and arts with absolutely no practical purpose; Laputa subjugates the cities below it by bombarding them with rocks from above. On his fourth voyage he is marooned on an island rules by sentient horses, the Houyhnhmns, who represent a perfection of nature and who rule over the Yahoos, who are humans in their basest form.

European Literature

All of the following became popular around the turn of the 20th century except

Present Progressive Tense

Uses am, is, or are and the present participle form of the verb , indicates continuing action, something going on now

I believe in you

STUDY ALL SUNDAY

You Can Do It

You Got this

Rondeau

a 15 line poem made up of three stanzas. Each line of this type of poem has 8-10 syllables

Antagonist

a character or a group of characters which stand in opposition to the protagonist. Commonly referred to as the villain, but in some cases an antagonist may exist within the protagonist that causes an internal conflict or moral conflict within their mind.

Reader Response Theory

a form of literary theory that focuses on the reader and their interpretation of written works. There are different camps that believe the reader has more control over the derived meaning of the text than others.

The Picture of Dorian Gray

the portrait of a sinful young man ages while the young man depicted in the portrait remains youthful; English Gothic novel , is an English Gothic novel written by Oscar Wilde, about the portrait of a sinful young man ages while the young man depicted in the portrait remains youthful , Wilde's 1890 gothic novella

Subordinating conjunction

connects an independent clause with one or more dependent-subordinate clauses EX: after, although, as, as soon as, because, before, by the time, even if, even though, every time, if, in case, in the event that, just in case, now that, once, only if, since, since, the first time, though, unless, until, when, whenever, whereas, whether or not, while

Types of Pronouns

personal, indefinite, demonstrative, interrogative, possessive, reciprocal, relative, reflexive, and intensive

Tudor Period

(1485-1603)The Tudor period begins when Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond, defeats King Richard III at Bosworth Field to become King Henry VII. During Henry VII's reign, William Caxton prints many books in England (he also translates French works into English). Henry's eldest son and heir to the throne, Prince Arthur, dies before he can become King. His little brother Henry VIII rules after their father, and takes Arthur's widow, Catherine of Aragon, for his queen. , In 1476, the printing press, England by Caxton. "the end of the monasteries as the sole transmitters of learning" and the beginning of mass production of books Chaucer, continuing to write in this "popular" language called English, Instead, because of the tremendous impact of the King James Bible, one of the very first books to be commercially printed and distributed, there began a "tradition of stately religious" poetry (McArthur 1992: 365). , rise of nationalism linked to desire for more expressive languag

William Shakespeare

(1564 - 1616) English poet and playwright considered one of the greatest writers of the English language; works include Julius Caesar, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, and Hamlet. , (1564-1616) Playwright of Elizabethan literature known for his original characters, diversity, and language; wrote Julius Caesar, Henry IV, Richard II, Othello, Macbeth, and Hamlet. , -Considered the greatest English poet and dramatis

John Milton

(1608-1674) was an English poet who wrote during the Caroline Age and Commonwealth Period. Best known for his epic poem Paradise Lost. , An English poet who made a crucial contribution to the resistance theory, when, in 1649, he wrote The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates.

Voltaire

(1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church. , (1694-1778) An upper middle class Frenchman who was inspired by Bayle. He wrote Letters concerning the English Nation which attacked Catholic bigotry in France by highlighting the advantages of England. He gained extreme fame by popularizing Newton's scientific discoveries in his book "Elements of the Philosophy of Newton."

James Boswell

(1740 - 1795) Scottish lawyer and author best known for his biography of the literary figure Samuel Johnson, which is considered the greatest biography written in the English language.

Samuel Taylor Coleridge

(1772 - 1834) English Romantic poet and very good friends with William Wordsworth. The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, Kubla Khan, Biographia Literaria. Work is representative of Romantic Literary Movement which took place between 1750-1850

Lord Byron

(1788-1824) dramatized himself as the melancholy Romantic hero that he described in his work, Childe Harold's Pilgrimage. , Was an important British Romantic poet. His works include "She walks in Beauty" and the unfinished "Don Juan." Many consider him to embody the spirit of Romanticism. He died from an illness contracted while in Greece, where he was supporting their independence movement.

James Fennimore Cooper

(1789-1851) Wrote numerous sea-stories as well as the historical romances known as the Leather stocking Tales, featuring frontiersman Natty Bumppo. Among his most famous works is the romantic novel, The Last of the Mohicans, which many people consider his masterpiece.

Romantic Period

(1790-1840) poets turned inward for the inspiration to celebrate the powers of nature and the creative spirit of individualism , 1795-c. 1830 medieval narrative usually treating of supernatural elements and written in latinate language; concerned with truth. Characteristics: love/longing for past, emphasis on individual, love of nature, beauty in everything, emphasis on supernatural, emotion trumps logic, protestant beliefs, catholic sympathies. , (1820-1900); characterized by using music to tell a story or express an idea, melodies are fuller and more dramaticl; Complexity, music for oneself, virtuosity, nature, macabre, emotional, sublinme, program music. Tension builds!

English Neoclassical Period

(17th and 18th centuries) Examples: Dryden's The Conquest of Granada and "Alexander's Feast," Swift's The Battle of the Books and Gulliver's Travels, and Pope's The Rape of the Lock

French Neoclassical Period

(17th century) Examples: Racine's Andromaque and de la Fontaine's Fables choises, mises en vers

Harriet Beecher Stowe

(1811-1896) American author and daughter of Lyman Beecher, she was an abolitionist and author of the famous antislavery novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin. , A woman who was dismayed by the passage of the Fugitive Slave Law and was determined to expose its terrible inhumanity, especially the cruel splitting of families, to the North. She wrote the book "Uncle Tom's Cabin" which was a driving political force during the Civil War.

Frederick Douglass

(1817-1895) American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published his biography, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star.

Nationalist Period

(1828-1836) Examples: Cooper's Leatherstocking Tales, which included The Deerslayer, The Last of the Mohicans, The Pathfinder, The Pioneers, and The Prairie; Emerson's Nature, "The Over-Soul," "Compensation," and "Self-Reliance"; Irving's "Rip van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" in The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent; Poe's The Raven and Other Poems, Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque; and Longfellow's Evangeline, The Song of Hiawatha, The Courtship of Miles Standish, and Tales of a Wayside Inn, which included "Paul Revere's Ride"

George Bernard Shaw

(1856-1950) Born in Dublin, worked in London. Freethinker, feminist, socialist, vegetarian writer of more than 50 plays that focus on the conflict between thought and belief. "Pygmalion," "Arms and the Man," "Man and Superman," "Major Barbara," "Mrs. Warren's Profession." , 1900- English-Realist- Pygmalion,Candid,Man and Superman, Major Barbara- social issues: class prostitution, poverty, adultery, socialism,

The Mill on the Floss

(1860) George Eliot. Maggie Tulliver has to choose betweeen her each of her suitors and her duty to her family. Adores brother Tom Tulliver. Mr. Tulliver (victim of character and circumstances), Philip Wakem (Maggie's sensible lover-encourages her to give up her unnatural self-denial)

E.E. Cummings

(1864-1962)-graduate of Harvard University, uses little or no punctuation, rarely capitalizes words unless for emphasis (he also chose not to capitalize his name), became known for his concern for the individual and his ability to recognize life's ironies. Wrote "since feeling is first" and "anyone lived in a pretty how town." , 1894-1962; free verse poet; experimented w/ syntax & typography to make these part of the meaning of the poem; celebrate individualism, love, nature's beauty Works sometimes repeated a letter in such a way that it was visually interesting to see and sometimes more visually relevant to the meaning of the poem itself. He broke words and sentences in half between lines to create different sounds or emphasis, which wouldn't be as impactful if one only heard his poems Renowned for his fractured syntax

Treasure Island

(1883) Rober Louis Stevenson. Jim Hawkins (narrator), a young boy who goes on a journey to discover pirate treasure. Long John Silver, former pirate, goes to take back treasure; shifting loyalties. Dr. Livesey, steady, practical leader of the expedition.

German Neoclassical Period

(18th and 19th centuries) Examples: Lessing's Zur Gesschicte und Literatur (On History and Literature), von Schiller's Don Carlos, and Goethe's Faust

Albert Camus

(1913-1960) -French existentialist who stated that in spite of the general absurdity of human life, individuals could make rational sense out of their own existence through meaningful personal decision making.

Babbitt

(1922) novel by Sinclair Lewis, the character, an American real estate agent in NYC is portrayed as a loud, overoptimistic boor who thinks only about money and speaks in clichés A satire on the American middle class, 1922 Set in the modern Midwestern city of Zenith A self-satisfied person concerned chiefly with business and middle class ideals like material success, a member of the American working class whose unthinking attachment to its business and social ideas is such to make him a model of narrow-mindedness and self-satisfaction.

Old English Period

(450-1066 AD). Example: Beowulf. , The period between the invasion of England by the Teutonic tribes of Angles, Saxons, and Jutes, beginning around 428, and the establishment of Norman rule around 1100, following the triumphant Conquest by the Norman French under William the Conqueror. , Express religious faith and give moral instruction through literature; Early English epic poems such as Beowulf, The Wanderer and The Seafarer

The Crucible

(Arthur Miller, 1953). Miller chose the 1692 Salem witch trials as his setting, but the work is really an allegorical protest against the McCarthy anti-Communist "witch-hunts" of the early 1950s. In the story, Elizabeth Proctor fires servant Abigail Williams after she finds out Abigail had an affair with her husband. In response, Abigail accuses Elizabeth of witchcraft. She stands trial and is acquitted, but then another girl accuses her husband, John, and as he refuses to turn in others, he is killed, along with the old comic figure, Giles Corey. Also notable: Judge Hathorne is a direct ancestor of the author Nathaniel Hawthorne. Elizabeth Proctor fires servant Abigail Williams after she finds out that Abigail had an affair with her husband. In response, Abigail accuses Elizabeth of witchcraft. She stands trial and is acquitted, but then another girl accuses her husband John, and as he refuses to turn in others, he is killed, along with the old comic figure, Giles Corey. Allegorical protest against the McCarthy anti-Communist "witch hunts" of the early 1950s. Set in 1692 Salem witch trials. post modern, 1953

The Violent Bear It Away

(Flannery O'Connor) Francis Marion Tarwater has been raised by his fanatical, tyrannical grand-uncle Mason to be a prophet; when Mason dies, though, he gives up and thus suffers tortures of doubt and indecision. He briefly weighs the value of humanistic rationalism, as his uncle George exemplifies, but suddenly experiences a vision and accepts his calling.

Oedipus Rex

(Greek mythology) a tragic king of Thebes who unknowingly killed his father Laius and married his mother Jocasta , He becomes king of Thebes before the action of the play begins. He is renowned for his intelligence and his ability to solve riddles—he saved the city of Thebes and was made its king by solving the riddle of the Sphinx, the supernatural being that had held the city captive. Yet He is stubbornly blind to the truth about himself. His name's literal meaning ("swollen foot") is the clue to his identity—he was taken from the house of Laius as a baby and left in the mountains with his feet bound together. On his way to Thebes, he killed his biological father, not knowing who he was, and proceeded to marry Jocasta, his biological mother. , Athenian tragedy by Sophocles that tells the story of Oedipus, a man who becomes the king of Thebes after fleeing from Corinth, where he was adopted by that state's childless king, when he learns he is destined to kill his father and marry his mother. He becomes king by solving the riddle of the sphinx and is given the hand of Jacosta, his biological mother. Ignoring the advice of the blind prophet Tiresius Oedipus eventually learns of his true parents and gouges his eyes out and asks to be exiled.

Antigone

(Greek mythology) the daughter of King Oedipus who disobeyed her father and was condemned to death Explored what happens when an individual's moral duty conflicts with the laws of the state , A daughter of the accidentally incestuous marriage between King Oedipus of Thebes and his mother Jocasta. She attempts to secure a respectable burial for her brother Polyneices

Hasty Generalizations

(LF) - A conclusion based on insufficient or biased evidence. In other words, you are rushing to a conclusion before you have all the relevant facts. Size of the sample is too small to support the conclusion Ex. Even though it's only the first day, I can tell this will be a boring class.

Bandwagon

(LF) - A fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable.

Half-Truths

(LF) - A statement usually intended to deceive that omits some of the facts necessary for an accurate description.

Ad Populum

(LF) - Also Known as Bandwagon. An argument made saying if something is popular then it must be right. Emotional appeal that speaks to positive or negative concepts rather than the real issue at hand.

Ad Hominem

(LF) - An argument based on the failings of an adversary rather than on the merits of the case; a logical fallacy that involves a personal attack. Attack the person instead of the argument.

Circular Reasoning

(LF) - An argument in which the writer, instead of supplying evidence, simply restates the point in other language, rather than proving it. EX: students should not be allowed to park in lots now reserved for faculty b/c those lots should only be for faculty.

Appeal to Consequences

(LF) - An argument that concludes a premise (usually a belief) as either true or false based on whether the premise leads to some desirable or undesirable consequences. Ex. Some religious people believe that knowledge of evolution leads to immorality, therefore evolution proves false.

Argumentum Ad Baculum

(LF) - Appeal to Force Arguments that distract by making the audience afraid of the consequences of disagreeing with the speaker

Loaded Questions

(LF) - Asking a question that has an assumption built into it so that it can't be answered without appearing guilty.Embodies an assumption that, if answered, indicates an implied agreement Ex. Have you stopped beating your wife yet?

Composition Fallacy

(LF) - Assuming that what's true about one part of something has to be applied to all or other parts of it When the conclusion of an argument depends on an erroneous characteristic from parts of something to the whole or vice versa Ex. Daniel reasoned that atoms are invisible, and that he was made of atoms, and therefore invisible too

Appeal to Ignorance

(LF) - Assumption that whatever cannot be proven false must be true (or vice versa). "No one can prove that the Loch Ness monster doesn't exist, so therefore, it does exist."

False Dilemma

(LF) - Either/Or ; Black/White , A fallacy of oversimplification that offers a limited number of options (usually two) when in fact more options are available. Ex. We can either stop using cars or destroy the earth.

Confusion of Correlation and Causation

(LF) - Invalid assumption that correlation proves causation Presuming that a real or perceived relationship between things means that one is the cause of another Ex. More men play chess than women, therefore men make better chess players than women. Ex. Children who watch violence on TV tend to act violently when they grow up, there for TV violence is the cause of adolescent violence. Ex. Pointing to a fancy chart, Roger shows how temperatures have been rising over the past few centuries, whilst at the same time the numbers of pirates have been decreasing, thus pirates cool the world and global warming is a hoax.

Genetic Fallacy

(LF) - Judging something good or bad on the basis of where it comes from or from whom it comes. Conclusion based on the argument that the origins of a person, idea, institute, or theory determine its character, nature, or worth. Ex. The VW Beetle is an evil car because it was originally designed by the Nazis. Ex. Accused on the 6 o'clock news of corruption, the senator said that we should all be very wary of the things we hear on the media because we all know how unreliable the media can be

Non Sequitur

(LF) - Latin for "It does not follow" An inference or conclusion that does not follow from established premises or evidence. Ex. There occurred an increase of births during the full moon. Conclusion: full moons cause birthrates to rise

No True Scotsman

(LF) - Making what could be called an appeal to purity as a way to dismiss relevant criticisms or flaws of an argument An informal logical fallacy, an ad hoc attempt to retain an unreasoned assertion. When faced with an example, rather than denying it, this fallacy excludes the specific case without reference to any objective rule. Ex. Example: Many Christians in history have started wars. Reply: Well, no true Christian would ever start a war. Ex. Angus declares that Scotsmen do not put sugar on their porridge, to which Kyle points out that he is a Scotsman and puts sugar on his porridge. Furious, Angus yells that no TRUE Scotsman sugars his porridge.

Appeal to Emotion

(LF) - Occurs when emotions or emotionally-charged language is used in an attempt to persuade the reader Manipulating an emotional response in place of a valid or compelling argument.

Begging the Question

(LF) - Often called circular reasoning, occurs when the believability of the evidence depends on the believability of the claim. Circular argument in which the conclusion is included in the premise. Assuming the answer. Conclusion that the writer should prove is validated within the claim. Ex. We must encourage our youth to worship God to Instill moral behavior Ex. Filthy and polluting coal should be banned. Ex. The word of Zorbo the Great is flawless and perfect. We know this because it says so in the Great Book of Zorbo.

The Fallacy Fallacy

(LF) - Presuming that because a claim has been poorly argued, or a fallacy has been made, that it is necessarily wrong. Ex. Recognizing that Amanda had committed a fallacy in arguing that we should eat healthy food because a nutritionist said it was popular, Alise said that we should therefore eat double bacon cheeseburgers everyday

Confirmation Bias

(LF) - Refers to a form of selective thinking that focuses on evidence that supports what believers already believe while ignoring evidence that refutes their beliefs. Confirmation bias plays a stronger role when people base their beliefs upon faith, tradition, and prejudice. Pointing out favorable circumstances while ignoring the unfavorable. Ex. If someone believes in the power of prayer, the believer will notice the few answered prayers, while ignoring the majority of unanswered prayers.

Burden of Proof

(LF) - Saying that the burden of proof lies not with the person making the claim, but with someone else to disprove. Ex. Bernard declares that the teapot is, at this very moment, in orbit around the sun between the earth and mars, and that because no one can prove him wrong his claim is therefore a valid one.

Argument to Authority

(LF) - The writer whose argument is weak resorts to citing some authority whose pronouncements they assume the reader will accept as sufficient Using the opinion or position of an authority figure or institution of authority, in place of an actual argument. Using the words of an "expert" or authority as the bases of the argument instead of using the logic or evidence that supports and argument. Simply because an authority makes a claim does not necessarily mean he got it right.

Appeal to Tradition

(LF) - a proposal that something should continue because it has traditionally existed or been done that way. Just because people practice a tradition says nothing about its viability. Ex. "We've always done it this way."

Argument from Adverse Consequences

(LF) - asserting that an argument must be false/true because the implication of it being true/false would create negative results. ex. we should judge the accused as guilty, otherwise others will commit similar crimes.

Middle Ground Fallacy

(LF) - assuming that the middle position between two extremes must be correct simply because it is the middle position

Moral Equivalence

(LF) - compares minor problems with much more serious crimes (or vice versa) Ex. That parking attendant who gave me a ticket is as bad as Hitler.

Appeal to Faith

(LF) - the arguer relies on faith as the bases of his argument. Faith relies on a belief that does not rest on logic or evidence, but irrational thought, and produces intransigence

A Raisin in the Sun

(Lorraine Hansberry, 1959). Her father's 1940 court fight against racist housing laws provided the basis for Hansberry's play about the Younger family, who attempt to move into an all-white Chicago suburb but are confronted by discrimination. The first play by an African-American woman to be performed on Broadway, it also tore down the racial stereotyping found in other works of the time. The title comes from the Langston Hughes poem "Harlem" (often called "A Dream Deferred").

The Glass Menagerie

(Tennessee Williams, 1944). Partly based on Williams' own family, the drama is narrated by Tom Wingfield, who supports his mother Amanda and his crippled sister Laura (who takes refuge from reality in her glass animals). At Amanda's insistence, Tom brings his friend Jim O'Connor to the house as a gentleman caller for Laura. While O'Connor is there, the horn on Laura's glass unicorn breaks, bringing her into reality, until O'Connor tells the family that he is already engaged. Laura returns to her fantasy world, while Tom abandons the family after fighting with Amanda. , Tom Wingfield financially supports his mother Amanda and his crippled sister Laura (who takes refuge from reality in her glass animals). At Amanda's insistence, Tom brings his friend Jim O'Connor to the house as a gentleman caller for Laura. While O'Connor is there, the horn on Laura's glass unicorn breaks, bringing her into reality, until O'Connor tells the family that he is already engaged. Laura returns to her fantasy world, while Tom abandons the family after fighting with Amanda.

Amy Tan

(born in China) But an American writer. She is widely hailed for its depiction of the Chinese-American experience of the late 20th century. Her works explore mother-daughter relationships. Her most well-known work is The Joy Luck Club, which has been translated into 35 languages. In 1993, the book was adapted into a commercially successful film. , Amy is one of the most successful Asian American writers. Amy earned a degree in linguistics too. She began to create language programs for develop mentally impaired children. She published her first book in 1989 and continued since then.

Friedrich Nietzsche

- (1844-1900) German intellectua , German philosopher who said that "God is dead," that lackadaisical people killed him with their false values. Said that Christianity and all religion is a "slave morality." He also said that the only hope for mankind was to accept the meaninglessness of human life, and to then use that meaninglessness as a source of personal integrity and liberation. Also stated that from this meaninglessness people called Supermen would exert their mind on other and rise to power. he appealed to people who liked totalitarianism. , Also influenced by evolutionary philosophies, this German philosopher (1844-1900) was a forerunner of the modern existentialist movement; he stressed the role of the Ubermensch or "Superman," who would rise above the common herd of mediocrity. Saw doctrines of Christianity as slave morality concocted by weak to disarm the strong. Thought qualities of courage, love of danger, intellectual excellence and beauty superior to qualities such as humility, patience, brotherly helpfulness, hope and love. Theories of evolution, he thought, just reinforced his beliefs. As expressed, his theories were unsystematic and unclear. His work was not much thought of at time by contemporaries though would be used later, in the 20th century, to support notions of Aryan superiority.

Kate Chopin

- She was a southern writer of the 20th century. She explored the oppressive components of traditional marriage. She wrote a book called, "The Awakening," which received a lot of public abuse. The book described a young wife and mother who left her family for personal fulfillment. The book also talked about adultery, suicide, and women's aspirations

Edith Wharton

- an author - wrote "The House of Mirth" a book of short stories. She contrasted the aristocracy of America with the upper class of Europe. She personified the American dream. , A close friend of Henry James's, she shared his subject matter of wealthy Americans with too much leisure time on their hand. She wrote profusely and published over forty books. Almost like Isabel Archer in James's Portrait of a Lady Wharton remained unhappily married for twenty-eight years because of her principles until she divorced her husband on the grounds of adultery. She wrote novels and short stories and won the Pulitzer Prize for The Age of Innocence.

Oscar Wilde

-The Picture of Dorian Gray (his only novel, in which he refined his ideas about the supremacy of art in a series of dialogues and essays, and incorporated themes of decadence, duplicity, and beauty , An Irish-born author of the late 19th century, who spent most of his career in England. Wilde was famous for his flamboyant wit and style of dress. His best known works include the novel THE PICTURE OF DORIAN GRAY, the play THE IMPORTANCE OF BEING EARNEST, and the poem THE BALLAD OF READING GAOL (Jail). He urged Art for Art's Sake. Wilde was convicted of homosexual activity and spent about two years in prison. The Ballad of Reading Gaol is based on his experiences there.

Walden

..., Book written by Thoreau in which he wrote about his experiences while living alone on Walden Pond

Mark Twain

..., United States writer and humorist best known for his novels about Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn (1835-1910) , He was America's most popular author, but also renowned platform lecturer. He lived from 1835 to 1910. Used "romantic" type literature with comedy to entertain his audiences. In 1873 along with the help of Charles Dudley Warner he wrote The Gilded Age. This is why the time period is called the "Gilded Age". The greatest contribution he made to American literature was the way he captured the frontier realism and humor through the dialect his characters use. , Master of satire. A regionalist writer who gave his stories "local color" through dialects and detailed descriptions. His works include The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, "The Amazing Jumping Frog of Calaverus County," and stories about the American West.

Trochee

/u foot with two syllables, with the first stressed and the second unstressed

Dactyl

/uu a metrical foot consisting of one stressed followed by two unstressed syllables. The words "poetry" and "basketball" are both dactylic

Chomsky - Stages of Language Development

1. Prelinguistic (Cooing & Crying), 2. Holophrastic (1 word), 3. Two Word, 4. Telegraphic , 5. Intermediate development, 6. Adult

Elizabethan Period

1550-1625 , A rather vague classification applied as a rule to the second half of the 16th century and the early part of the 17th. Elizabeth actually reigned from 1558 to 1603. Among the more famous writers of the age were: Marlowe, Sir Philip Sidney, Nashe, Spenser, Sir Francis Bacon, Shakespeare, and Ben Jonson. , 1550-1603. part of tudor period. elizabeth saves england from spanish invasion. peace at home. flowering of culture, including printing press, rise of the middle class, and revival of scholarship/science. rejection of medieval form of christianity; interest in order and hierarchy, study of the cosmos. age of idealism. emphasis on central authority to unify political fragmentation. humanists discredit medieval science and engage in experimentation.

Don Quixote

1605 Spanish "novel" in part inspired by author Miguel de Cervantes's life. Obsessed with the chivalric ideals he has heard about the eponymous, middle-aged protagonist sets out on a series of adventures to defend the helpless and destroy the wicked, accompanied by a befuddled laborer named Sancho Panza who the protagonist convinces to be his squire.

Colonial Period

1607-1765 Dominated by puritan beliefs, and thus this period of literature is usually historical, religious, or didactic Most common genres were tracts, polemics, journals, narratives, sermons, and some poetry First slave narratives were written at this time Imaginative literature was rare, and in some colonies was banned for being immoral , Early America-1776 this period was at the very beginning of America and made way for the rest of the countries literature. founding of J town- stamp act diaries, letters, religious documents. Enlightenment happens in GB

The Enlightenment

1700-1800 A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700's and spread to the colonies. It emphasized reason and the scientific method. Writers of the enlightenment tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion. Many members of the Enlightenment rejected traditional religious beliefs in favor of Deism, which holds that the world is run by natural laws without the direct intervention of God. , was a movement in 18th cent., thought dedicated to the elevation of general education and welfare - French philosophers such as Voltaire and Rousseau were important figures, Democratic approach to knowledge, education, opinions, Everyone is equal in society (in principle). - How do absolute monarchs fit in?, World can be rational: Science and reasoning should explain the universe, Where does the church fit in?, Growth of modern newspaper (source for objective information and commentary), Encyclopedia, by Denis Diderot (1751-72), 72,000 articles, including many on musical topics Brings all knowledge together into one place

Revolutionary Period

1765-1790 Begins with the passing of the Stamp act in England and ends in 1790 Revolutionary period usually refers to writings that are politically motivated, either in support of British rule, in support of American patriotism, and independence or relating to the constitution , (1760-1787) The revolutionary period also contained political writings, including those by colonists Samuel Adams, Josiah Quincy, John Dickinson, and Joseph Galloway, a loyalist to the crown. Two key figures were Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Paine. Franklin's Poor Richard's Almanac and The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin are esteemed works with their wit and influence toward the formation of a budding American identity. Paine's pamphlet Common Sense and The American Crisis writings are seen as playing a key role in influencing the political tone of the period.

Charlotte Bronte

1816-1855 Bronte is most widely known for her novel, Jane Eyre, which was heavily influenced by charlotte harsh childhood. In her lifetime Charlotte experienced lack of success in career because she was a woman. One of her books, Shirley, illustrates her frustration with gender inequality. Her most profound impact on literature stems from her feminist views as demonstrated by female characters who are deviations from the 19th century norms found in Romantic novels.

Romantic Period (American)

1820-1860s A multifaceted movement in music, painting, and literature that originated in Germany and Britain during the 18th century. Generally a reaction against rationalism and materialism. Belief in the primacy of the imagination rather than in a purely rational mode of apprehending and understanding reality, and in the imagination's transformative power to invest reality with meaning , From 1828 when Alan Jackson was elected president to 1865, the Romantic Period in the US has also been called the Age of Transcendentalism. Civil War 1861-65. The limits of American unity were tested due to westward expansion and the issue of slavery. During this time, the first truly American literature was produced. The writers of this period maintained that humans were innately divine and had the ability to discover great truths. They generally emphasized emotion over intellect, inspiration, imagination, and intuition over logic, discipline and order, and the wild and natural over the tamed, individual rather than society. Literature produced during this time has been called the first truly American literature, independent of British models. Writers: Hawthorne, Melville, Poe, Dickinson, Whitman, Douglass, Emerson, and Thoreau. (pg. 450)

The Last of the Mohicans

1826 novel by James Fenimore Cooper that is based on 1757 French and Indian War in which England and France fought over control of North American colonies. The novel follows white scour Natty Bumppo (aka Hawkeye), and two Indian friends Chingachgook and his son Uncas, the last two of the famous Mohican tribe. They become entangled in the events of the French and Indian War when they rescue the daughters of English Colonel Munro, who are traveling to visit their father at a besieged fort. Eventually the fort is overrun and the daughters are again captured by Magua and his Huron tribe, and in the process of rescuing them again one of the daughters and Uncas, the last of the Mohicans, die. set in upstate ny, 1757 Romantic allegory, symbolizes Native American removal from the land

Transcendental Movement

1830-1860 , A group of new ideas in literature, religion, culture, and philosophy that emerged in New England in the early to middle 19th century (1830-1860) and evolved into a predominantly literary expression. The adherents believed that knowledge could be arrived at not just through the senses, but through intuition and contemplation of the internal spirit. As such, they professed skepticism of all established religions, believing that Divinity resided in the individual, and the mediation of a church was cumbersome to achieving enlightenment. It represented a new way of understanding truth and knowledge. The roots of the philosophy go back to Germany, specifically the writings and theories of Immanuel Kant.

The Bloomsbury Group

1830-1964 , 1. The Bloomsbury Group is the collection of artsy people which Woolf belonged. They were all intelligent people who had lively and witty conversations when they gathered at her house in Bloomsbury. These conversations were known for their frankness on anything, even sexual topics. , group began as a few recent Cambridge graudates and their closest friends would assemble on Thursday nights for drinks and conversations. members were committed to a rejection of what they felt were the strictures and taboos of Victorianism on religiousm, artistic, social and sexual matters

Victorian Period

1837-1901 , An English movement starting in 1837, when Queen Victoria was crowned, and ending in 1901, when she died. This period was marked by prose fiction and non-fiction, with common themes of loss and wistfulness. Realism and its forms were part of this era. , 1832-1901. Sentimental novels. Elizabeth Browning, Tennyson, Matthew Arnold, Robert Browning, Dickens, the Brontes, Pre-Raphaelites idealize and long for the morality of the medieval world. End of the period marked by intellectual movements of aestheticism and "the decadence" in the writings of Walter Pater and Oscar Wilde.

Self-Reliance

1841 - Emerson - Talks about genius which is to believe your own thought and what is true for you, take pride in your own thoughts/Talks about genius which is to believe your own thought and what is true for you in private heart is true for all men It contains the most thorough statement of one of Emerson's recurrent themes, the need for each individual to avoid conformity and false consistency, and to follow his or her own instincts and ideas. It is the source of one of Emerson's most famous quotations: "A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds." Some of his quotes NOT anti-society or anti-community; pre-supposes that the mind is initially the subject to an unhappy conformity; calls on individuals to value their own thoughts, opinions, experiences above those presented to them by other individuals, society and religion; "There is a time in every man's education when he arrives at the conviction," "society everywhere is in conspiracy against the mankind," and "What I must do is all that concerns me, not what people think."

Jane Eyre

1847 Gothic novel by Charlotte Bronte that is essentially a bildungsroman of the eponymous protagonist. It involves strong elements of social criticism, not to mention a strong, independent female protagonist, that challenged class, gender, and religious roles of the time. The protagonist is an orphan brought up by a cruel aunt, Mrs. Reed, who eventually sends her to the Lowood School, which is run by the hypocritical Mr. Brocklehurst. He is ousted after an epidemic that claims the life of one of the protagonist's dear friends, Helen Burns, and the protagonist goes on to enjoy the rest of her time at the school. After teaching briefly, she becomes the governess at a manor called Thornfield, which is owned by a dark man named Rochester. The protagonist falls in love with him and he proposes, but it is unveiled that he is already married to a woman who has gone mad. The protagonist leaves, but years later returns and tracks down Rochester, who has been disfigured by a fire set by the mad wife (Bertha) that burned down Thornfield. They marry and live happily ever after. Gothic Novel about an impoverished young woman as she struggles to maintain her autonomy in the face of oppression, prejudice, and love

Wuthering Heights

1847 novel by Emily Bronte influenced by gothicism. The frame story involves a man named Lockwood, who moves to an estate on the moors next to one owned by the mysterious Heathcliff, so he asks his housekeeper, Nelly Dean, to tell him about this man. As a young girl Nelly worked at the manor for the owner, Mr. Earnshaw and his family. Earnshaw one day brings home an orphan boy - Heathcliff - and raises him as his own, loving him more than his own son Hindley. However, after Earnshaw's death his real son enacts revenge on Heathcliff, treating him very poorly, and Earnshaw's daughter Catherine, who Heathcliff loves, marries another man. Heathcliff leaves and returns years later, wealthy and intent on enacting his own revenge. He drives Hindley and Catherine to despair, destitution, and death, mistreats his wife, and toys with Catherine's daughter and his own. We later learn that Heathcliff dies and the estate passes on to Catherine's daughter and her new husband. One of the most popular and highly regarded novels in English literature When first published in 1847, Victorian readers found the book shocking and inappropriate in its depiction of passionate, ungoverned love and cruelty (though the novel portrays no sex or bloodshed) Novel based partly on the Gothic tradition of the late 18th century, a style of literature that featured supernatural encounters, crumbling ruins, moonless nights, and grotesque imagery, seeking to create effects of mystery and fear Narrative centers on the all-encompassing, passionate, but ultimately doomed love between Catherine Earnshaw and Heathcliff, and how this unresolved passion eventually destroys them and the people around them

Existentialism

1850-present , A philosophy based on the idea that people give meaning to their lives through their choices and actions , A philosophical theory or approach that emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free and responsible agent determining their own development through acts of the will. , The idea that human beings simply exist, have no higher purpose, and must exist and choose their actions for themselves. Existentialism mainly influenced by Nietzsche. Existentialism sustain popularity in Germany with Martin Heidegger and Karl Jaspers who appealed to university students.

A Tale of Two Cities

1859 novel by Charles Dickens set in the late 18th century. It has a typically Dickensian plot with lots of characters and twists and turns, but it revolves around the love triangle of Charles Darnay, Lucie Manette, and Sydney Carton and takes place in London and Paris on the eve of and during the French Revolution. Lucie and Darnay marry, and in the end Carton tricks the imprisoned Darnay, switches places with him, and is executed instead of Darnay, giving Carton's life meaning and saving the lives of Lucie, Darnay, and their daughter.

Tess of the d'Urbervilles

1891 novel by Thomas Hardy that aroused controversy for its sympathy for England's lower classes, particularly for rural women victimized by the country's rigid social morality. It follows the eponymous young woman T of the title, whose family discovers they are descendants of a noble family. They send T to be raised by a wealthy family of the same last name, who are not actually related at all. That family's son Alec rapes T, and she eventually flees and gives birth to a baby, named Sorrow, that soon dies. She begins a romance with a young man named Angel and they marry, but when they confess their respective indiscretions to each other, T forgives Angel but he does not forgive her for what Alec did to her. Angel leaves for Brazil. T struggles, her father dies, and they are evicted from their home, but she refuses help from Alec, who is trying to woo her back. Eventually she becomes Alec's lover but kills him when Angel comes back and is eventually caught and executed.

American Neoclassical Period

18th century. revived interest in classical forms and ideas (order, simplicity, clarity, reason). movement from poetry to nonfiction, from religious idealism to nonfiction written in plain language. politics and religion move away from theism (god involved in everyday lives) to deism (goad as watchmaker). authors: benjamin franklin (poor richard's almanac), phillip freneau (the national gazette), alexander hamilton.

The House of Mirth

1905 novel by Edith Wharton that combines the characteristics of a novel of manners with literary naturalism. It tells the story of Lily Bart, an aristocratic woman in New York whose lavish lifestyle puts her heavily into debt, which, along with a false rumor that she is having an affair with a married man, causes her to be shunned from aristocratic society. She manages to barely pay off her debts with inheritance from an aunt's death and that very day kills herself with sleeping pills. , Forced to work as a milliner, the main character of this novel becomes addicted to a sleeping drought that had been prescribed to her previous employer, Norma Hatch. The end of the novel leaves it unclear if that protagonist intentionally overdoses after her family goes bankrupt and her ailing out writes her out of her will.

Modernism

1910-1965 A cultural movement embracing human empowerment and rejecting traditionalism as outdated. Rationality, industry, and technology were cornerstones of progress and human achievement. , An art movement characterized by the deliberate departure from tradition and the use of innovative forms of expression that distinguish many styles in the arts and literature of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. , 19-20th centuries, connected w/ enlightenment & the govt., preoccupation w/ the present ("modo" in Latin means "now") in terms of fashion, technological, and social change, industrialization, consumption, and time - viewer is subject to repetitive character of time machine; different relationships to the present for the most part not modern (ex. "Moulin de la Galette" by Renoir) The modernist Movement arrived in the early decades of the 20th century. Modernists used experimental forms and asked readers to realize that knowledge is not absolute. A loss of a sense of tradition and the dominance of technology characterize this movement's writings. Writers were influenced by Einstein, Ma Planck (quantum theory), and Freud.

A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man

1915 stream of consciousness novel by James Joyce that is largely based on the author's own adolescence. It deals with the early life of Stephen Dedalus who struggles with questions of faith and nationality before leaving Ireland to make his way as an artist and details his epiphanies along the way. In the process he slowly casts off his social, familial, and religious constraints, and leaves Ireland to escape from all these limiting pressures. , Semi-autobiographical: A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man tells the story of Stephen Dedalus, a boy growing up in Ireland at the end of the nineteenth century, as he gradually decides to cast off all his social, familial, and religious constraints to live a life devoted to the art of writing. As a young boy, Stephen's Catholic faith and Irish nationality heavily influence him. He attends a strict religious boarding school called Clongowes Wood College. At first, Stephen is lonely and homesick at the school, but as time passes he finds his place among the other boys. He enjoys his visits home, even though family tensions run high after the death of the Irish political leader Charles Stewart Parnell. This sensitive subject becomes the topic of a furious, politically charged argument over the family's Christmas dinner A novel about a young man growing up in Ireland and rebelling against family, country, and religion.

Harlem Renaissance

1920s -1940 black literacy and cultural movement that produced many works depicting the role of blacks in contemporary American society occurred during the years 1920 to 1940. The term is used to describe the flowering of African American cultural and intellectual life during these years. Notable writers associated with the Harlem Renaissance include Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston, Countee Cullen, Nella Larson

Swann's Way

1922 The first volume, published in 1913, of Marcel Proust's immense novel, Remembrance of Things Past. This volume tells two related stories, the first of which encounters a young Marcel, modeled on the author, exploring the French town of Combray and vowing to become an author. The second story jumps back in time fifteen years to tell about the romance between Charles Swann, a friend of Marcel's grandparents who appears regularly in the first story, and his wife Odette, who is presented toward the end of the first story. Swann falls in love with an idealized version of Odette he has constructed and they eventually marry; after time, Swann realizes Odette has been having numerous affairs and is not the woman he imagined her to be. French modernist Discusses social class. Swann is seen as high class, but he knows how to interact with all classes Swann seen as selfish - picks women as to who works best for his own interests. , Proust, Marcel -1922 french modernist, A Volume of À La Recherche du Temps du Perdu. The first few lines focuses on Swann's restlessness, the context of his dreams, and it makes clear that he is mentally ill. Discusses social class, Swann is seen as high class, but he knows how to interact with all classes. Swann is also seen as selfish --> picks women as to who works best for his own interests. Self interest seen again when Odette cheats on Swann. Memory also a big theme serves as learning/orienting tools. Identity and memory are fluid. The environment shapes us.

To the Lighthouse

1927 novel by Virginia Woolf that is written in fragments of stream-of-consciousness narration from various characters. The events of the novel almost entirely take place in these characters' minds over the course of a single afternoon. It follows Mr. and Mrs. Ramsay and their children at a summer vacation house near a lighthouse. They throw a party one evening, and the memories of the party slip away. The narration speeds through the next ten years, in which Mrs. Ramsay dies, and leaves the last section to detail the return of the remaining family members to the house ten years later, when they finally make a trip to the lighthouse and Lily, a resident painter who began a painting before that party ten years ago, finishes her work. Wolf commited suicide in March 1941 Transition from the Victorian age to modernism ( Industrial revolution, ideas of Marx, Freud, and Eistein, influence of religion weakened). Published shortly after ww1 Does not follow a chronological pace (the first part (one day) takes over half the book Themes: Man V Woman, Meaning of Life, Feminist v Housewife, psychological implications, true beauty, profit of art. Stream of consciousness format Semi- autobiographical Very little dialogue - not plot driven, more about how characters feel

War of the Worlds

1938 was a story on the radio directed by Orson Welles, it was so realistic people thought that aliens were actually invading , Because of the such high anxiety running around Europe and the United States over Hitler's conquest of the Rhineland and Czechoslovakia, it helped produce strange expressions of fear as the hysterical response to this famous radio broadcast in October. It was a fake radio broadcast telling citizens that aliens had invaded planet earth. , A CBS radio show broadcasted on Halloween that was so realistically presented newscast format that many listeners who turned in late missed the information that it was only a play and actually believed it. Broadcasted by Orson Welles. Many People believed that martians were taking over New York City.

The Beat Generation

1945-1965 , a group of American writers who came to prominence in the 1950s, as well as the cultural phenomena that they wrote about. Central elements of "Beat" culture include a rejection of mainstream American values, experimentation with drugs and alternate forms of sexuality, and an interest in Eastern spirituality. (the 1950's) , a group of American post-World War II writers who came to prominence in the 1950s, as well as the cultural phenomena that they both documented and inspired. Central elements of "Beat" culture included experimentation with drugs, alternative forms of sexuality, an interest in Eastern religion, a rejection of materialism, and the idealizing of exuberant, unexpurgated means of expression and being. , Jack Kerouac, Ginsburg, and Lenny Bruce were part of this generation. , refers to a group of American post-WWII writers who came together in the 1950s, as well as the cultural phenomena that they both documented and inspired. Central elements of "Beat" culture included experimentation with drugs, alternative forms of sexuality, an interest in Eastern religion, a rejection of materialism, and the idealizing of exuberant, unexpurgated means of expression and being. This movement was later incorporated into the Hippie culture 1944-1962 Devoted to anti-traditional literature, in poetry and prose, and anti-establishment politics. Rise in confessional poetry and sexuality in literature, which resulted in legal challenges and debates over censorship in America

To Kill a Mockingbird

1960 novel by Harper Lee that follows widower and father Atticus Finch, a small-town southern lawyer, and his daughter Scout as they navigate racially-charged events in a small southern town. Southern gothic novel published in 1960. Novel is renowned for its warmth and humor, despite dealing with the serious issues of rape and racial inequality. Atticus Finch, a lawyer in the Depression-era south, defends a black man against an undeserved rape charge, and his kids against prejudice.

Post-Modernism

1965-today , History: Begins after WW2 but in 1960s mainly, movement that said poetry was too stagnant , Media-influenced aesthetic sensibility of the late 20th century characterized by open-end edness and collage. Post Modernism questions the foundations of cultural and artistic forms through self-referential irony and the juxtaposition of elements from popular culture and electronic technology. , 1960s-Present: Extreme modernism. Fragmented poetry. Rejection of plot/character: meaning is illusory. fragmentation and incoherence of modern life is made fun of and nonsensical. Samuel Beckett: Waiting for Godot—absurdist tragicomedy. Two characters wait for someone who never shows. References to religion, psychology, war, philosophy. Existential: questions human existence and existence of God.

The Woman Warrior

1976 memoir by Maxine Hong Kingston known for its blending of voices and styles and for taking autobiography into the postmodern literary age. Kingston blends autobiography with ancient Chinese folk tales as she tells the stories of a long-dead aunt, "No-Name Woman"; a mythical female warrior, Fa Mu Lan; Kingston's mother, Brave Orchid; Kingston's aunt, Moon Orchid; and herself. These stories integrate her own experiences with "talk-stories" - blends of Chinese history, myths and beliefs - that her mother tells her.

Romanticism

19th century artistic movement that appealed to emotion rather than reason , A broad and general term referring to a set of beliefs, attitudes, and values associated with a shift in Western culture that was characterized by a reaction against Enlightenment rationalism and an emphasis on emotion, innovation, nature, the individual, and subjective experience. , An artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th Century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual's expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions.

Samuel Beckett

20th Century Irish novelist, playwright, poet, and essayist. Noted for common themes of "man's inability to break the cycle". "Waiting for Godot", "The Endgame". Style: Absurdist (Structure of plot goes in a circle and nothing happens;Very character driven) Existentialism (No God, futility of life)

Toni Morrison

20th century American novelist and essayist on African-American themes, won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1993 , 1931-Present Born in Ohio. Divorced with 2 sons. English professor- ended her carreer at Princeton, retired in 2006. Nobel Prize in 1993. Pulitzer for "Beloved" in 1988. "Jazz"

John Steinbeck

20th century American novelist whose stories often centered around the plight of the worker. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1962 and wrote The Grapes of Wrath and East of Eden. , -US writer 1902-1968 who chillingly captured official heartlessness/rising political anger inspired by the depression

James Baldwin

20th century author whose writings, mostly about black experience in the US, include novels such as Go Tell it on the Mountain, and essays such as The Fire Next Time.

Richard Wright

20th century writer best known for his novels dealing with the black experience in the United States. Two of his best known works are Black Boy and Native Son. The first African American writer to win a broad response from the reading public. , A major African-American novelist who wrote Native Son in 1940 that exposed the plight of residents of the urban ghetto. It was an example of literature of the 30s that told of the social injustice.

Existentialism

20th-century philosophical movement Emphasizes personal responsibility and individual existence, freedom, and choice. Existentialists argue that there is no objective, rational basis for human choice A philosophy based on the idea that people give meaning to their lives through their choices and actions

Sophocles

494-406 BCE, Greek writer of tragedy Oedipus Rex , A writer, Is one of three ancient Greek tragedians (writers) whose plays have survived. Famous play writer, dramatic competitions of the city-state of Athens. , Man's nature, his problems, and his struggles became the chief interest of Greek tragedy, rather than emphasis on religious or moral problems.

Medieval Period

500-1500 A preoccupation with death and its macrbe thoughts about rotting corpses became prsent in the: , 400 CE - 1400 CE, rhetoric no longer search for truth, used to instruct faith, write letters to/from feudal kingdoms, preachers (few educated people)

Patristic Period

70 CE-455 CE Early Christian writings appear (ie Saint Augustine, Tertullian, Saint Cyprian, Saint Ambrose, and Saint Jerome. Jerome first compiles the Bible, Christianity spreads across Europe, Roman Empire dies. , comes from the Latin word-meaning father. During this period creative thinkers hammered out most of the basic doctrines (teachings) of Christianity in response to controversies within the church persecution and threats from without, and other historical developments (Peterson 55). The Patristic Period - includes St Augustine, Tertullian, Sain Cyprian, Saint Ambrose, and Saint Jerome. This period follows the spread of Christianity across Europe from 70 CE to 455 CE

Homer

8th Century BC Greek of the Homeric/Heroic Period, poet wrote the odyssey and Iliad. Highest virtue: manliness, courage and excellence

Sonnet

: a lyric poem of fourteen lines, usually in iambic pentameter, with rhymes arranged according to certain definite patterns. It usually expresses a single, complete idea or thought with a reversal, twist, or change of direction in the concluding lines.

Leo Tolstoy

A 19th century American Romantic who wrote War and Peace , (1828-1910) wrote How Much Land Does a Man Need? - 1886 He died in an obscure railroad station Enlightenment era , (1828-1910) Promoted a simple living: he dressed like a peasant and did physical labor - Tolstoyanism. he wrote "Anna Karenina" "War and Peace" "The Two Tsars of Russia" and "Strider". "War and Peace was based on his experiences in the army during the Crimean war. , (1828-1910) A Russian realist who combined realism in description making him noticed for his famous work "War and Peace"which conveyed his central message of people accepting human love, trust, and everyday family ties.

Henrik Ibsen

A 19th-century Norwegian author who wrote many plays on social and political themes , -used ordinary life as the setting of his plays but examined i in a deeper way, looking at human aspirations and limitations , FATHER OF MODERN DRAMA, AUTHOR OF DOLL'S HOUSE

Tennessee Williams

A Streetcar Named Desire (1948 focused on themes of alcoholism and mental instability), Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1955) , A major twentieth-century American playwright who wrote The Rose Tattoo, which was then perfromed in Chicago in 1950. The Glass Menagerie, 1944

Literary Genre

A category meant to describe the writing style, techniques, tone, length, and content of certain literary forms

Elliptical Clause

A clause in which some words have been left out. Because of the pattern or logic of the entire sentence, it is clear what the missing words are. Usually an adverb clause - majority are dependent adverb clauses. Must have a subject and a verb (subject and/or verb may be implied). Has one or more implied words Ex. He likes Marge more than I [like Marge].

Nominal Clause

A clause that fills a noun phrase slot a clause which functions as a noun, e.g. What she said is awful

Analogy

A comparison of objects or ideas that appear to be different but are alike in some important way

Ray Bradbury

A contemporary American writer of science fiction short stories and novels which deal with moral dilemas, including The Martian Chronicles and Fahrenheit 451.

Closet Drama

A dialogue-based form of literature that reads as a play but is not intended to be performed.

Red Herring

A diversionary tactic that avoids the key issues, often by avoiding opposing arguments rather than addressing them An irrelevant topic is presented in order to divert attention from the original issue. The basic idea is to 'win' an argument by leading attention away from the argument and to another topic When an arguer diverts the attention by changing the subject Ex. The level of mercury in seafood may be unsafe, but what will fishers do to support their families?

Tragedy

A drama or literary work in which the main character is brought to ruin or suffers extreme sorrow, especially as a consequence of a tragic flaw, moral weakness, or inability to cope with unfavorable circumstances.

Comedy

A dramatic work that is light and often humorous or satirical in tone and that usually contains a happy resolution of the thematic conflict. A dramatic work, usually light and humorous in tone and subject matter, often involving the triumph of characters over adverse circumstances.

Ballad

A form of verse to be sung or recited and characterized by an exciting or dramatic episode in fairly short narratives; a poem written in a song-like stanza form. Ballads feature repetition and often center on themes of love and hate, lust and murder, royalty and fantasy

Gerund

A form that is derived from a verb and functions as a noun: "Watching you play baseball is fun." Verbal that ends in -ing and functions as an noun. A gerund phrase consists of a gerund plus modifier(s), object(s), and/or complement(s)

Concentric Circles

A highly effective exercise in agendas where building relationships is important. An effective way to encourage one on one communication between ss

Poetry

A kind of rhythmic, compressed language that uses figures of speech and imagery designed to appeal to our emotions and imagination. Imaginative awareness of experience expressed through meaning, sound, and rhythmic language choices so as to evoke an emotional response.

Louisa May Alcott

A leading female transcendentalist who wrote Little Women and other novels to help support her family

Trochiac Pentameter

A line with five trochaic feet or stresses

Exposition

A literary device used to introduce background information about events, settings, characters, etc. to the audience or readers. Literal meaning is "showing forth" The essential background information at the beginning of a literary work

Allegory

A literary work in which characters, objects, or actions represent abstractions

Epistle

A long formal letter that often serves to instruct or a literary work in the form of a letter.

Epic

A long narrative poem composed in an elevated style recounting the trials and adventures of a hero and his fateful exchanges with the gods or God.

RENNS

A memory device to check for specific, concret details: Reason, Examples, Names, Numbers, Senses (sight, sound, smell, taste, touch)

Stream of Consciousness

A method of narration that describes in words the flow of thoughts in the minds of the characters "Interior Monologue" where the individual thought process of a character associated to his or her actions is portrayed in the form of a monologue that addresses the character itself.

Iambic Pentameter

A metrical pattern in poetry which consists of five iambic feet per line. (an iamb, or iambic foot, consists of one unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable.) Ex. When do / I count / the clock / that tells / the time. Ex. Shall I / compare thee / to a / summer's day?

Fairy Tale

A narrative that is made up of fantastic characters and creatures, such as witches, goblins, and fairies, and usually begins with the phrase "Once upon a time..." Examples include Rapunzel, Cinderella, Sleeping Beauty, and Little Red Riding Hood. A magic story which cannot be true. Undefined time and place and place. Characters that have no need to develop. There must be a character transformation; some kind of magic has to take place.

Caesura

A natural pause or break in a line of poetry, usually near the middle of the line. A grammatical pause or break in a line of poetry, usually near the middle of the line. Usually dictated by sense or natural speech rhythm rather than by metrics In poetry scansion, a caesura is usually dictated by the symbol //.

Crime and Punishment

A novel by Dostoyevsky about the poor student Raskolnikov who kills two old women, because he believes he is beyond the bounds of good and evil. This psychological novel examines Raskolnikov's anguished mind before, during and after the crime. 1866

Candide

A novel by Voltaire that uses fiction as a method of critiquing society. , (1759) novel written by Voltaire in response to the questioning of other writers against the pessimism present in his poem regarding the deadly earthquake of Lisbon in 1755. It was a satire attacking war, religious persecution, and what he considered unwarranted optimism. , (1759); written by François-Marie Arouet (Voltaire); it was a widely read novel attacking war, religious persecution, and unwarrented optimism , "best of all possible worlds" (what book) Was primarily an attack on the popular use of optimism in Voltaire's day. Main ideal of Optimism was that everything in the world was for the best and that suffering was just so that when one person suffers it saves others from suffering in the future. Voltaire depicts this idea with Pangloss, who believes in Optimism to an absurd degree. Pangloss does not act to help people, saying how their suffering is critical to the best of all possible worlds. Another character Martin portrays the alternate belief that everything in the world is bad. He is often right. However, one act of nobility proves that his philosophy is not an absolute. Perhaps the greatest point in Candide though, is Voltaire's cry for tolerance and hard work. The characters in the story are only happy when they finally stop bickering over different beliefs and work to support themselves instead. Themes, motifs, and symbols T - The folly of optimism, the uselessness of philosophical speculation, the hypocrisy of religion, the corrupting power of money M - resurrection, rape, political oppression

The Great Gatsby

A novel depicting the picturesque idea of the self made American man and enterpreneur who rose from obscurity. was written by F. Scott Fitzgerald. Takes place from spring to autumn, 1922, during the Roaring Twenties. It's about a self-made man who woos and loses a married aristocratic woman (Daisy) he loves Modernist novel, Jazz Age. Nick's attitudes towards Gatsby and Gatsby's story are ambivalent and contradictory. At times he seems to disapprove of Gatsby's excesses and breaches of manners and ethics, but he also romanticizes and admires Gatsby, describing events of the novel in a nostalgic and elegiac tone Themes, Motifs, and Symbols: The decline of the American Dream in the 1920s, the hollowness of the upper class Important Quotes I hope she'll be a fool - that's the best thing a girl can be in this world, a beautiful fool Spoken by Daisy in Chapter 1, offers a revealing glimpse into Daisy's character. Daisy is not a fool herself but is the product of a social environment that, to a great extent, does not value intelligence in women. He had one of these rare smiles with a quality of eternal reassurance in it, that you may come across four or five times in life. It faced, or seemed to face, the whole external world for an instant and then concentrated on you with an irresistible prejudice in your favor. It understood you just as far as you wanted to be understood, believed in you just as you would like to believe in yourself. Chapter 3, Nick's first close examination of Gatsby's character and appearance. Description captures both the theatrical quality of Gatsby's character and appearance. Also, it encapsulates the manner in which Gatsby appears to the outside world, an image Fitzgerald slowly deconstructs as the novel progresses towards Gatsby's death. One of the main facets of Gatsby's persona is that he acts out a role that he defined for himself when he was 17 years old.

Epistolary Novel

A novel in letter form written by one or more of the characters. The novelist can use this technique to present varying first-person points of view and does not need a narrator. Use of documents/letters to advance plots.

Tom Jones

A novel written by Henry Fielding, 1749, England, that tells the story of an orphan who travels all over England to win the hand of his lady. , (1749) Henry Fielding. Tom Jones, a foundling, is raised by Alworthy, who also raises his nephew, Blifil, Jones' chief antagonist. Despite having multiple affairs, Tom's true love is Sophia Western, whom he eventually marries.

Of Mice and Men

A parable about what it means to be human. Steinbeck's story of George and Lennie's ambition of owning their own ranch, and the obstacles that stand in the way of that ambition, reveal the nature of dreams, dignity, loneliness, and sacrifice. Ultimately, Lennie, the mentally handicapped giant who makes George's dream of owning his own ranch worthwhile, ironically becomes the greatest obstacle to achieving that dream. The story begins and ends with Georges endless love for his brother, but unfortunately when Lennie's mental impairment grows from the need to pet animals which leads to their death, to the death of an actual human George has no other choice but to end Lennie's life. , John Steinbeck: George, a small, hardworking man, and Lenny, a tall, strong, and mentally challenged man with a fascination for soft things, travel looking for a place to work. They are hired at a farm where Lenny's fascination for soft things leads him to accidentally kill the owner's son's wife. As they flee the farm, George is forced to shoot Lenny in the back of the head, realizing their dream of owning their own farm together is over. Realism. Set during the great depression, this novel focuses on a poor family of sharecroppers driven from their home by drought, economic hardship, and changes in the agriculture industry.

The Adventures of Augie March

A picaresque novel by Saul Bellow published in 1953 that features the eponymous protagonist. It is a sort of bildungsroman that often comically explores issues of alienation and belonging, poverty and wealth, and love and loss through a series of occupations, encounters, and relationships that follow the protagonist from childhood to manhood. The protagonist is a modern Everyman whose fate is determined only by the typically American combination of luck and hard work. The novel follows him from job to job, woman to woman, and lifestyle to lifestyle, from Mexico to working with the CIO to sailing with the merchant navy to marrying Stella in Chicago. , Book written by Saul Bellow which depicted Jewish urban and literary life; published in 1953.

Theodore Dreiser

A pioneer of naturalism in American literature, Dreiser wrote novels reflecting his mechanistic view of life, a concept that held humanity as the victim of such ungovernable forces as economics, biology, society, and even chance. First Novel, Sister Carrie (1900) Dreiser believed in representing life honestly in his fiction and accomplished this through accurate detail and descriptions of the urban settings of his stories. He also portrays his characters as victims of social and economic forces

Tragic-Comedy

A play that combines elements of tragedy and comedy, either by providing a happy ending to a potentially tragic story or by some more complex blending of serious and light moods.

Arthur Miller

A playwright of the postwar period who reinforced David Riesman's image of modern American society as a "lonely crowd" of individuals without internal values, hollow at the core, groping for a sense of belonging and affection.

Pastoral

A poem set in tranquil nature or even more specifically, one about shepherds. A poem about nature or simple, country life. If the poem you're reading features babbling brooks, gently swaying trees, hidden valleys, rustic haystacks, and sweetly singing maidens, you're probably dealing with a pastoral. The oldest English pastoral poems were written about the English countryside, but there are plenty of pastorals about the American landscape, too.

Cento

A poem that has been put together from other lines of poems. The word "cento" is Latin for "patchwork"

Cyrano de Bergerac

A poet, swordsman, scientist, playwright, musician, and member of the Cadets of Gascoyne, a company of guards from Southern France. For all his prodigious talents, he is unattractive, cursed with a ridiculously long nose that makes him insecure and keeps him from revealing his love for his cousin Roxane. , 1897 historical romance play by Edmond Rostand that equally parodied and was influenced by Dumas's Three Musketeers. It is set in Paris in 1640, where the eponymous hero, a brilliant poet and swordsman, has fallen in love with his intellectual cousin, Roxane, who confesses to him that she is in love with Christian, one of C's cadets. C writes to Roxane in the name of Christian, who is a bit of a bumbler, and carries his secret for years, until right before his death Roxane realizes it was Cyrano she loved all along.

Emily Dickenson

A recluse and poet who wrote mostly about the interaction between the inner self and the outside world (a strongly transcendentalist theme). Wrote over 1700 poems, only 7 were published during her lifetime. Used slant rhyme in many of her poems (half rhyme). This device is used by poets to surprise the reader. , 1830-1886; Amherst, Mass

Antithesis

A rhetorical device in which two opposite ideas are put together in a sentence to achieve a contrasting effect. Emphasizes the idea of contrast by parallel structures of the contrasted phrases or clauses.

Mock Heroic

A satirical imitation or burlesque of the heroic manner or style Imitating the style of heroic poetry in order to satirize an unheroic subject Satirizing the heroic style of literature

Anacoluthon

A sentence that changes its grammatical structure in the middle, often to suggest disturbance or excitement a syntactic interruption or deviation: that is, an abrupt change in a sentence from one construction to another which is grammatically inconsistent with the first. Also known as a syntactic blend, it is sometimes considered a stylistic fault and sometimes a deliberate rhetorical effect.

Creole

A stable, natural language developed, with grammatical rules, from the mixing of parent languages

Rhyme Royal

A stanza of seven 10-syllable lines (iambic pentameter), rhyming ABABBCC, popularized by Chaucer.

Aphorism

A statement of truth or opinion expressed in a concise and witty manner. term is often applied to philosophical, oral, and literary principles. Concise statement stating a truth or observation. Proverbs, maxims, adages, and cliches are forms of aphoristic statements.

Drama

A story written to be performed by actors in front of an audience. Script includes stage directons that explain how characters should look, speak, move, and behave Plays often divided into acts, which might be divided into scenes, indicating a change in location or the passage of time.

Exhortation

A strong urging or pleading. An address or communication emphatically urging someone to do something.

Persona

A theatrical mask. Can be defined in a literary work as a voice or an assumed role of a character that represents the thoughts of a writer or a specific person the writer wants to present as his mouthpiece

Civil War Period

A transitional period between Romanticism and Realism. Ex: Walt Whitman (Leaves of Grass), Emily Dickinson (themes of introspection and attention to nature's details and wonders). Legendary figures such as Paul Bunyan and Pecos Bill arose in the oral tradition at this time. Mark Twain is another example (The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn)

Transitive Verb

A transitive verb is used in a sentence that names the receiver of the action. Intransitive verbs are in sentences that do not name a receiver of the action. Linking verbs join the subject and adjective or noun. The helping verb immediately comes before another verb.

Bildungsroman

A type of story which details the education, development, and maturation of a young protagonist. This can be from early childhood to adulthood or from one level of understanding to another. The development of the character is the key. , "Coming of Age"

Archetype (expand)

A typical character, an action or situation that seems to represent such universal patterns of human nature. A detail, image, or character type that occurs frequently in literature and myth and is thought to appeal in a universal way to the unconscious and to evoke a response.

Inverted pyramid

A typical newspaper article is organized as an inverted pyramid. The broad base of the pyramid, at the beginning of the story, represents the most interesting and substantial information. This approach allows the reader to quit the story at any time without missing the "big picture"

Contranym

A word that can be an antonym of itself. A word that can mean the opposite of itself. Ex. clip, dust.

Capitonym

A word that is spelled the same but has a different meaning when capitalized (ex. Turkey v turkey)

Cliche

A worn-out idea or overused expression. Refers to an expression that has been overused to the extent that it loses its original meaning or novelty. May also refer to actions and events which are predictable because of some previous events

Jack London

A young California writer and adventurer who portrayed the conflict between nature and civilization in his novels. American author, journalist, and social activist , A naturalists who achieved a degree of popular success with his adventure stories The Call of the Wild (1903) and The Sea Wolf (1904), celebrating the triumph of brute force and the will to survive.

Robert Burns

AKA the Ploughman Poet, the Bard of Ayrshire, and in Scotland as The Bard. Uses Scotich dialect and regionalism in his poetry. Wrote "Auld Lang Syne""A Red, Red Rose"; "A Man's A Man for A' That"; "To a Louse"; "To a Mouse" , (1759 - 1796) Scottish poet and lyricist regarded as the national poet of Scotland and celebrated for his use of the Scots language along with English. Pioneer of the Romantic movement, he also collected folk songs. Poems include "Auld Lang Syne", "To a Mouse", "Scots Wha Hae", and "A Man's A Man for A' That".

Alex Haley

African American author who became famous for his book Roots: The Saga of an American Family (1976). Haley combined fact and fiction in tracing his family's history to his ancestor, Kunta Kinte. , United States writer and Afro-American who wrote a fictionalized account of tracing his family roots back to Africa (1921-1992)

Zora Neale Hurston

African American writer and folklore scholar who played a key role in the Harlem Renaissance , Black writer who wanted to save African American folklore. She traveled all across the South collecting folk tales, songs & prayers of Black southerners. Her book was called Mules and Men. , (1901-1960) Novelist, essayist and playwright associated with the Harlem Renaissance movement, she also gained fame as an anthropologist of black culture and was the first black to compile a book of African American folklore , (1891-1960) provide vivid imagery of Black culture, pioneering efforts toward theorizing the African diaspora, and methodological innovations. Zora Neale Hurston was the First to write about the experiences of African-Americans. Their Eyes were Watching God was published in 1937 Alice Walker 1970s; Maya Angelou 1969; Toni Morrison, The Bluest Eye 1970

The Catcher in the Rye

After being expelled from a prep school, 16 year old Holden Caulfield goes to NYC where he reflects on the phoniness of adults and heads towards a nervous breakdown Originally published for adults, it has since become popular with adolescent readers for its themes of teenage confusion, angst, alienation, and rebellion. Caulfield is an icon for teenage rebellion Has been frequently challenged for its liberal use of profanity and portrayal of sexuality. Also deals with complex issues of identity, belonging, connection, and alienation , J. D. Salinger's sole novel, published in 1951. Based partly on Salinger's own childhood but set in post-WWII America, the novel follows Holden Caulfield, an adolescent who feels pressure from all sides to grow up and conform to the rules of the adult world. It's use of slang and profanity and its frank discussions of sexuality had caused it to be banned in many places since its publication. The novel tells of Holden's three days in Manhattan after getting expelled from boarding school but before going home to his family. , Alienation as a form of self-preservation, the pain of maturation, reality in contrast to a flawed perception of reality, our inability to protect innocence from the inevitable corruption of maturation

Brave New World

Aldous Huxley. 1932. About an outsider raised on the Reservation tries and fails to find love in the World State, a place where people are robbed of their humanity and sedated with the drug soma. , A world that is sterile, regimented, and without soul. Used frequently in regard to modern social and scientific developments. , Looks to the year 2540, where society accepts promisc sex and drug (soma) use and science has made humanity carefree, healthy, and technologically advanced. War and poverty no longer exist, and people are always happy. But these achievements have come by eliminating things from which people derive happiness —. Marx and Lenina are both from this artificial world where babies are made in factories, while John the Savage and Linda are from a Savage Reservation that still practice old ways.

Connotation

All the meanings, associations, or emotions that a word suggests a meaning that is implied by a word apart from the thing which it describes explicitly. Words carry cultural and emotional associations or meanings in addition to their literal meanings or denotations

Adjective Clause

Also called adjectival or relative clause Meets 3 requirements 1. contains a subject and a verb 2. begins with a relative pronoun 3. Functions as an adjective

Overstatement

Also called hyperbole; a type of verbal irony in which the speaker exaggerates, says more than what he or she means.

Frankenstein

Also known as The Modern Prometheus, Frankenstein is a novel written by Mary Shelley. The novel is about a scientist named Victor Frankenstein, who in his quest for knowledge, creates a monster through unorthodox means. Once the monster is brought to life, Frankenstein abandons his creation out of fear. This begins a war between man and his creation, which ends very tragically. 1818 Gothic Novel

Metaphysical Poetry

Although sometimes used in the broad sense of philosophical poetry, the term usually applies to the work of seventeenth-century poets, such as John Donne. Metaphysical poetry is characterized by the use of conceits, condensed metaphorical language, unusual comparisons between medicine, love, death, and religion, and complex imagery.

Correlative Conjunction

Always come in pairs and connect words of equal importance. Paired conjunctions that link balanced words, phrases, and clauses. both/and; either/or, just as/so; neither/nor; not only/but (also), whether/or

Eugene O'Neill

America's great playwright of tragedy; author of "The Iceman Cometh," "Long Day's Journey into Night," and "Moon for the Misbegotten' , 20th century playwright. Three of his best known plays are A Long Day's Journey into the Night, Mourning becomes Electra and Iceman Cometh. O'Neill was the first American playwright of significance and give respectability to the American drama. O'Neill won four Pulitzer Prizes and in 1936 won the Nobel Prize. , America's first major playwright. His play, Morning Becomes Electra, is based on the Oresteia cycle of the classical Greek playwright Aeschylus. He situated this story of family murder and divine retribution in Civil War America. He also wrote The Iceman Cometh (shattering the pipe dreams of the denizens of Harry Hope's bar) and Desire Under the Elms.

Edgar Allen Poe

American author, poet, editor, and literary critic, considered part of the Romantic period. Best known for tales of mystery and macabre. Considered the inventor of the detective fiction genre , (1809-1849). Orphaned at young age. Was an American poet, short-story writer, editor and literary critic, and is considered part of the American Romantic Movement. Best known for his tales of mystery and the macabre. Failing at suicide, began drinking. Died in Baltimore shortly after being found drunk in a gutter.

Nathaniel Hawthorne

American novelist and short story writer. Works belong to romanticism/dark romanticism, cautionary tales that suggest that guilt, sin, and evil are the most inherent natural qualities of humanity Many of his works are inspired by Puritan New England, combining historical romance loaded with symbolism and deep psychological themes, bordering on surrealism. His depictions of the past are a version of historical fiction used only as a vehicle to express common themes of ancestral sin, guilt, and retribution. Set in 17th century Puritan Boston, it tells the story of Hester Prynne, who gives birth after committing adultery and struggles to create a new life of repentance and dignity , Originally a transcendentalist; later rejected them and became a leading anti-transcendentalist. He was a descendant of Puritan settlers. The Scarlet Letter shows the hypocrisy and insensitivity of New England puritans by showing their cruelty to a woman who has committed adultery and is forced to wear a scarlet "A".

Walt Whitman

American poet and transcendentalist who was famous for his beliefs on nature, as demonstrated in his book, Leaves of Grass. He was therefore an important part for the buildup of American literature and breaking the traditional rhyme method in writing poetry. , American poet and transcendentalist who was famous for his beliefs on nature, as demonstrated in his book, Leaves of Grass. American Poet, essayist, and journalist. A humanist, he was part of the transition between transcendentalism and realism, incorporating both views in his works. Father of free verse LoG celebrated the freedom and dignity of the individual Whitman volunteered as a nurse in army hospitals during the Civil War

Henry David Thoreau

American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War. , A transcendentalist and friend of Emerson. He lived alone on Walden Pond with only $8 a year from 1845-1847 and wrote about it in Walden. In his essay, "On Civil Disobedience," he inspired social and political reformers because he had refused to pay a poll tax in protest of slavery and the Mexican-American War, and had spent a night in jail. He was an extreme individualist and advised people to protest by not obeying laws (passive resistance).

Ralph Waldo Emerson

American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement. , American essayist, philosopher, poet, and leader of the Transcendentalist movement. Wrote "self reliance", which was very popular.

Henry James

American writer who lived in England. Wrote numerous novels around the theme of the conflict between American innocence and European sophistication/corruption, with an emphasis on the psychological motivations of the characters. Famous for his novel Washington Square and his short story "The Turn of the Screw." , -psychological realism, "The Art of Fiction", 1884, "Be one on whom nothing is lost", Intentional ambiguity and THE TURN OF THE SCREW, well over 10 novels; literary theories James born in 1843, and raised in Manhattan

Herman Melville

American writer whose experiences at sea provided the factual basis of Moby-Dick (1851), considered among the greatest American novels , 1819-1891 an uneducated and an orphan. Melville served eighteen months as a whaler. Melville wrote Moby Dick in 1851 which was much less popular than his tales of the South seas. adventuresome years served as a major part in his writing. , An American writer in the 1800s who drew on his experiences at sea and living on South Pacific islands for material and also wrote "Moby Dick". In addition, he rejected the optimism of the transcendentalists and felt that man faced a tragic destiny.

Daniel Defoe

An English novelist of teh late 17th and early 18th who created Robinson Crusoe, an exciting tale about a sailor shipwrecked on a tropical island. This book was a commentary on what it took to survive in the 18th century: entrepreneurial ingenuity and the abilityto improvise.

The Odyssey

An ancient Greek epic by Homer that recounts the adventures of Odysseus during his return from the war in Troy to his home in the Greek island of Ithaca. , A Greek warrior undertakes an arduous journey back to his homeland and his loyal wife and son, experiencing many fantastical adventures along the way.

Paradise Lost

An epic poem by Milton. Wanted to justify the ways of God to man, but made Satan look somewhat heroic. Explains personal liberty and understanding its limits. , Angel leads an unsuccessful rebellion against God and suffers eternal damnation. He devises a plan to corrupt God's newly created beings, Adam and Eve, through deceit. "Better to reign in Hell than serve in Heaven." Grand, timeless, universal themes. , (1167) an epic poem by the 17th century English poet John Milton. The poem concerns the Christian story of the rise of Man: the temptation of Adam and Eve by Satan and their expulsion from the Garden of Eden. , (1667) First published as 10 book

The Iliad

An epic poem written by Homer which retells the Trojan War - it is about a Mycenaean king Agamemnon who kills the Trojan hero Hector , A Greek epic poem written by Homer, who is thought to have lived some time between 850 and 700 B.C.E. It tells the tale of the Mycenaean siege of Troy.

Melodrama

An exaggerated reality which lends itself to symbolism, allegory, and surrealism. It is a different kind of exaggeration whereby the meanings implicit in objects, people, or events become more luminous and accessible than meanings normally are in teh chaotic muddle of the everyday world a sensational dramatic piece with exaggerated characters and exciting events intended to appeal to the emotions.

Book Pass

An instructional method for introducing ss to a variety of works in a short period of time in order to encourage interest.

Self-Regulated Strategy Development

An instructional method that includes building background knowledge, discussing and modelling a strategy, memorizing the strategy, and supporting the practice of the strategy until ss can use it independently

Motif

An object or idea that repeats itself throughout a literary work Can be seen as an image, sound, action, or other figures that have a symbolic significance and contributes toward the development of theme. Differs from theme in that motif is a recurrent image, idea or symbol that develops or explains a theme while a theme is a central idea or message. Motifs differ from symbols in that they are recurrent throughout the work and explain or work towards the theme, where symbols are icons that that represent something else and help to understand an idea or a thing, and may only appear once or twice in a work.

Introduction-Body-Conclusion Strategy (IBC)

An organizational method of ensuring that ss have sufficient supporting details in their essays and paragraphs.

Animal Farm

Animal Farm is an anti-totalitarian novel written in 1945 Certain animals are based directly on Communist Party leaders 1. Napoleon - Stalin 2. Snowball - Leon Trotsky Used the form of the fable for a number of aesthetic and political reasons Though written as an attack on a specific government, its general themes of oppression, suffering, and injustice have far broader application; modern readers have come to see Orwell's book as a powerful attack on any political, rhetorical, or military power that seeks to control humans unjustly. Group of animals mount a successful rebellion against the farmer who rules them, but their dreams of equality are all ruined when one pig seizes power , A fable about the Bolshevik revolution written by George Orwell. "All Animals are Equal" later: "but some are more equal than others" , An allegoric and dystopian novel by George Orwell. It was published in England on August 17,1945. It reflected on the events leading up the Russian Revolution of 1917 all of the way up to the Stalin era of the Soviet Union. , a group of animals mount a successful rebellion against the farmer who rules them, but their dreams of equality for all are ruined when one pig seizes power; novella, dystopian animal fable

John Dryden

As a poet, Dryden seldom gives expression to his personal feelings, but writes about public matters and issues. His readership, in that sense, is not personal, but national. As a playwright, he produced a number of successful and popular plays, most notably All for Love, an adaptation of Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra that adheres to the three classical unities of drama. As a student of Latin and Greek literature, Dryden developed a critical eye, so much so that Johnson called him "the father of English criticism." He also wrote mock.-epic poetry and scathing political satire, most notably Absalom and Achitophel, in which he analyzes the aftermath of the supposed conspiracy to assassinate Charles II and the brouhaha surrounding the Exclusion Bill. He converted to Catholicism when James II took the throne and lost his public offices and stipends when William of Orange returned England into the hands of the Established Church. Dryden almost single-handedly established the heroic couplet as the dominant verse form as is apparent in the works of many authors that follow on his heel as, for example, Pope. English Neoclassical Period , (1631 - 1700) English poet, critic and playwright who dominated the literary life of Restoration England. Pioneered the use of the heroic couplet and tried to recreate the natural rhythm of speech while expressing his thoughts as precisely as possible. Absalom and Achitophel, MacFlecknoe.

Slippery Slope

Asserting that if we allow A to happen, the Z will consequently happen too, therefore A should not happen. Conclusion based on the premise that if A happens, then eventually through a series of small steps, Z will happen too, basically equating A and Z, so if we don't want Z to occur, then A should not be allowed to occur either. EX. Colin Closet asserts that if we allow same sex couples to marry, then the next thing we know we'll be allowing people to marry their parents, their cars, and even monkeys. Ex. If we ban Hummers because they are bad for the environment, then eventually the government will ban all cars, so we should not ban hummers.

Formative Assessment

Assessment used throughout teaching of a lesson and/or unit to gauge students' understanding and inform and guide teaching. Goal is to monitor student learning to provide ongoing feedback that can be used by instructors to improve their teaching and by ss to improve their learning. Help ss identify their strengths and weaknesses and the target areas that need work. Help faculty recognize where ss are struggling and address problems immediately. Generally low stakes, which means they have little to no point value

Tone

Attitude of the author or narrator, determined through analysis of the stylistic elements, such as diction, details, imagery, and figurative language

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight

Author: "the Gawain poet" "pearl poet",Sir Gawain, a knight of Arthurs round table, accepts a challenge by a mysterious, green warrior. He may take a swing at the green knight, so long as in a year and a day the green knight gets his chance. Gawain chops off his head, but the guy picks up his head, and reminds him of the appointment. it is a story of chivalry and loyalty. Part of the Medieval Romance Tradition - which means it focuses on the journey or quest of a single knight. Written in North West Midland Dialect of Middle English

Tu QuoQue

Avoiding having to engage with criticism by turning it back on the accuser - answering criticism with criticism

Beloved

Beloved's identity is mysterious. The novel provides evidence that she could be an ordinary woman traumatized by years of captivity, the ghost of Sethe's mother, or, most convincingly, the embodied spirit of Sethe's murdered daughter. On an allegorical level, Beloved represents the inescapable, horrible past of slavery returned to haunt the present. Her presence, which grows increasingly malevolent and parasitic as the novel progresses, ultimately serves as a catalyst for Sethe's, Paul D's, and Denver's respective processes of emotional growth. , 1988 novel by Toni Morrison that is a landmark in American and black female literature. Set during the Reconstruction era of 1873, the novel deals with the immediate legacy of slavery and with ex-slaves' attempts to recover and forget, ultimately urging readers to confront the history of slavery to heal its legacy. The story unfolds in two time period around Sethe, a former slave who is haunted by the death of her third child, who she killed herself when slave hunters found her after she had escaped. Much later she encounters a young woman named Beloved sleeping on her doorstep, which the novel suggests is the reincarnation of Sethe's dead daughter. Set during the Reconstruction era in 1873, Beloved centers on the powers of memory and history. For the former slaves in the novel, the past is a burden that they desperately and willfully try to forget. Sethe, protagonist, memories of slavery are inescapable. Haunted by murdering her daughter in order to save her from a life of slavery Part of Morrison's project in Beloved is to recuperate a history that has been lost to the ravages of forced silences and willed forgetfulness. Morrison writes Sethe's story with the voices of a people who historically have been denied the power of language. Beloved considered by many to be her best novel, won a Pulitzer prize in 1988

Doctor Zhivago

Boris Pasternak, challenge to communism, tells story of a prerevolutinoary intellectual who rejects the violence and brutality of revolution of 1917 and stalinist years, even as he is destroyed he triumphs because of his humanity and christian spirit , The title of the Pasternak novel about a medical doctor forcibly drafed into Red Army during Civil War that was made into a gorgeous, epic 4-hour film.

C.S. Lewis

British apologist for the Christian faith and one of the best-known conservative writers of the early 20th century; wrote essays that still convince skeptics of the reality of God; he also wrote "The Chronicles of Narnia", "The Screwtape Letters", and "Perelandra" , An Oxford literary scholar who specialized in Medieval literature and taught at Oxford University, he also wrote popular works on Christian apologetics. He wrote the children's novel series "The Chronicles of Narnia" and has had a significant influence on popular Christian thought since the middle of the 20th century.

H.G. Wells

British author (1866-1946), wrote mainly science fiction including "The War of the Worlds","The Time Machine", and "The Invisible Man" , was an English author, now best known for his work in the science fiction genre. He was also a prolific writer in many other genres, including contemporary novels, history, politics and social commentary, even writing textbooks and rules for war games. He has been referred to as "The Father of Science Fiction". He wrote The Invisible Man, The War of the Worlds, The Time Machine

George Eliot

British writer of novels characterized by realistic analysis of provincial Victorian society (1819-1880); pen name of Mary Anne Evans; Adam Bede (established her as a novelist), The Mill on the Floss, Silas Marner, Scenes of Clerical Life, The Spanish Gypsy (dramatic poem), Agatha (poem), Middlemarch, Daniel Deronda,

Native Son

By Richard Wright, with Bigger Thomas, Buddy, Vera, the Daltons, Mary Dalton, Gus, G.H., Jack (racism, violence, debasement, naturalism, inequality and social injustice, the effect of racism on the oppressed, the effect of racism on the oppressor, popular culture as a force of racism, religion and drinking as escapism, blindness and the inability to see things as they really are, snow and the overwhelming oppressiveness of whiteness) 1945. Violence, profanity, sexually explicit...banned for a variety of reasons Bigger Thomas, main character, lives in inner city Chicago in 1930s. Suffocates a white woman. Murders her. Sufferes from all kinds of dysfunction as a result of racism, poverty, his life growing up in inner city Chicago. Ends up confessing to his crime. Book expresses society's guilt for why his life turned out the way it did. Black oppression - one of the founding books of modern African American lit , The fear, hatred, and anger that racism has impressed upon Bigger Thomas ravages his individuality so severely that his only means of self-expression is violence. After killing Mary Dalton, Bigger must contend with the law, the hatred of society, and his own destructive inner feelings. This then leads to the murder and of his girlfriend Bessy. Wright is revolutionary in his bluntness and discussion. He also does a great job of showing oppression through the prosecuting lawyer's-Buckley-racism. It also shows how communists such as Mary's boyfriend Jan, and Max his defending lawyer.

The Sound and the Fury

By William Faulkner. A Southern family on the decline crumbles completely when one of his members has a child out of wedlock. Family falls into financial ruin, loses its religious faith and the respect of the town of Jefferson, and many of them die tragically. Title taken from Macbeth. "tale told from [different points of views], full of sound and fury , William Faulkner's 1929 novel, perhaps his most famous and important. It is written in stream of consciousness and split into four parts, narrated by four different voices out of chronological order. It centers on the Compson family, a wealthy family who over a period of years fall into financial and personal ruin. , 1929, Faulkner, four sections, different narrators. First section, mentally disabled narrator named Benjy. Second section, Quentin Compson: he is obsessed by questions of Southernness and the downfall of the American South. He is infatuated with his sister's Caddy's purity, a bit incestous. He commits suicide to escape the torments of his own thoughts. Caddy names her daughter after her brother, Quentin. Downfall of the Compsons, good family ruined by present generation - brother, Benjy was retarded, sister, Candace, had a child out of wedlock - named the Daughter Quentin after her brother that committed suicide. Another brother, Jason, steals money from his family

Don Juan

Byron 1819 , Byron -- written in ottava rima ABABABCC; DJ is Byronic hero, typical brooding "bad guy", mocks many aspects of society, poetry, politics, philosophy, etc.

KWL Chart

Can be used to document what ss know, what they want to know, and what they learned. And effective way of collecting data and activating ss prior knowledge in order to effectively plan instruction that meets curricular objectives

Transitions

Can come in all sizes

subordinate Clause

Cannot stand alone and begins with a subordinating conjunction

Capitalization Rules

Capitalize the first word of a document and the first word after a period Capitalize proper nouns, as well as adjectives derived from proper nouns Capitalize titles when they are used before names, unless the title is followed by a comma. Do not capitalize the title if it is used after a name or instead of a name. Titles are not the same as occupations. Do not capitalize occupations before full names Capitalize a formal title when it is used as a direct address Capitalize relatives' family names when they immediately precede a personal name, or when they are used in place of a personal name (e.g. Grandpa Jon, Grandpa) Capitalize nicknames in all cases Capitalize specific geographic regions, do not capitalize points of the compass In general, do not capitalize the word "the" before proper nouns DO not capitalize city, town, county... if it comes before the proper name Always capitalize the first word in a complete quotation, even mid sentence. For emphasis, writers sometimes capitalize a mid sentence independent clause or question. Capitalize the names of specific course titles, but not general academic subjects Capitalize art movements Do not capitalize "the national anthem."

Death Comes for the Archbishop

Cather Willa, 1927 Concerns the attempt of a catholic bishop and a priest to establish a diocese in New Mexico Territory.

The Blue Cat of Castle Town

Catherine Cate Coblentz Newberry Honor Book in 1950

Literary Elements

Characterization, Setting, Tone, Plot Structure, Mood.

The Yellow Wallpaper

Charlotte Perkins Gilman, 1892 About a mother decline into madness after childbirth and being placed on the "rest cure." During her stay, she becomes obsessed about the Wallpaper. Sees woman trying to escape from wallpaper only to find out that woman is herself. Satire against medical practices and conventions of marriage and gender roles. By Charlotte Perkins Gilman Short story, chonicles a woman's nervous breakdown

Maxine Hong Kingston

Chinese-American author who wrote about the early lives of Chinese immigrants , The woman warrior:Memoirs of a girlhood among ghosts tells of a shy girl protagonist who finds resolution when she breaks her female silence. China men about the prejudice the first chinese men in America faced along with the stregth they had

Chomsky - Performance of Language

Chomsky defines the performance of language as that which people actually say. This does not have to be grammatically correct but does convey meaning

Virgil

Classical Roman poet, author of Aenied , A Roman poet who lived from 70 to 19 B.C.E. His "Aeneid" describes the legendary foundation of the Roman state by the fugitive Trojan prince, Aeneas. , 1. most distinguished poet of the Augustan age 2. wrote the aenied to rival Homer 3. patroned by Augustus 4. Bringing back old roman values

Steven Krashen's theory of second language acquisition

Cognitive, expressive and receptive are the language acquisition parts of a child learning his/her first language. In Krashen's hypothesis of acquisition-learning, the acquire system and learned system are the two systems utilized in order to learn a second language.

Gabriel Garcia Marquez

Colombian who wrote a magic realism novel, One Hundred Years of Solitude. Won the Nobel Peace Prize in literature in 1982. According to Marquez, fact and fantasy depend on one's point of view. , 1982 recipient of Nobel prize for literature from his novel "100 years of Solitude" that was published in the late 60's. Attended the National University of Bogota (as a natural born Colombian) where he befriended the radical priest, Camilo Torres, who shared the same political views (see chapter 18). Exiled from Colombia, he left for Paris, Cuba (under Castro), and eventually settled in mexico city. His book was inspired by his personal experience in Alcopoco and discusses the entirety of the 19th century - including endless civil wars, the coming of modernization and the railroad, the bloody war of a thousand days, and the banana strike of 1928. Likewise, his writing focused on dictatorship, corruption,, idealism, and foreign imperialism. (P. 383)

Burlesque

Comic style that works in one of two ways: 1. Elevate something lowly and ridiculous (high burlesque) 2. Trivialize something lofty and important (low burlesque) Makes audiences laugh because of the difference between the content and the form (style and substance) Comic imitation of a literary or artistic form that relies on an extravagant incongruity between a subject and its treatment. The serious is treated lightly and the frivolous seriously; genuine emotion is sentimentalized and trivial emotions are elevated to a dignified plane. Closely related to parody, although burlesque is generally broader and coarser.

Asyndeton (nm)

Commas used (with no conjunction) to separate a series of words. The parts are emphasized equally when the conjunction is omitted; in addition, the use of commas with no intervening conjunction speeds up the flow of the sentence. Asyndeton takes the form of X, Y, Z as opposed to X, Y, and Z. Ex: "Be one of the few, the proud, the Marines." Marine Corps Ex: "We shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardships, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty." John F. Kennedy

Lyric Poem

Commonly defined as a short poem that expresses personal feelings A type of poem characterized by brevity, compression, and the expression of feeling. A poem that expresses the feelings or thoughts of a speaker rather than telling a story ex. Shakespearean sonnets

Webbing

Commonly used as a tool to help begin the writing process or a research assignment Brainstorming method that provides structure for ideas and facts. Brainstorming webs provide ss with a flexible framework for idea development, organizing and prioritizing info

The Great Vowel Shift

Completed in the 16th century, marked the transition from Middle English to Modern English. Change in pronounciation of vowels. Reasons for shift unclear

Use-Mention Error

Confusing a word or a concept with something that supposedly exists

Macbeth

Considered one of his darkest and most powerful tragedies. The last of Shakespeare's four great tragedies. Set in Scotland the play is inspired by a witch's prophesy, a man murders his way to the throne of Scotland, but his conscience plagues him and his fellow lords rise up against him A play of contradiction and ambition. Driven to become king, Macbeth will kill any and all that get in his way. He puts his faith in the words am prophesies of three witches. Lady Macbeth is instrumental in Macbeth's ambition, egging him on when he fears he has gone too far, and scheming of greatness On the level of human evil, Shakespeare's Scottish tragedy is about Macbeth's bloody rise to power, including the murder of the Scottish king, Duncan, and the guilt-ridden pathology of evil deeds which generate more evil deeds. Like her husband, Lady Macbeth's ambition for power leads her into an unnatural, phantasmagoric realm of witchcraft, insomnia and madness. But while Macbeth responds to the prophesies of the play's famous trio of witches, Lady Macbeth goes even further by figuratively transforming herself into an unnatural, desexualized evil spirit. Themes: unchecked ambition as a corrupting force, relationship between cruelty and masculinity, kingship v. tyranny

Fantasy

Contains elements that are not realistic: talking animals, magical powers, often set in a medieval universe or involving mythical beings.

Complex Sentence

Contains one independent clause and at least one dependent clause

Seamus Heaney

Contemporary Irish poet who wrote "Blackberry Picking," another materialist poem. This poem is about the loss of innocence in childhood, but it is also about the inevitability of change. All things rot.

Paradox

Contrary to expectations, existing belief, or perceived opinion. Statement that appears to be self-contradictory or silly but may include a latent truth Also used to illustrate an opinion or statement contrary to accepted traditional ideas. Often used to make a reader think over an idea in innovative ways. Statement that appears to contradict itself

Franz Kafka

Czech novelist who wrote in German about a nightmarish world of isolated and troubled individuals (1883-1924) , (1883-1924): portrayed helpless individuals destroyed by inexplicably hostile and surreal forces: The Trial (1925); The Castle (1926); The Metamorphosis (1915)

Soren Kierkegaard

Danish philosopher, founder of existentianalism, said "truth is subjectivity", religion is a personal matter, and relationships with God require suffering, wrote "Either/Or", The Sickness Unto Death" , Danish philosopher who was the founder of existentialism (1813-1855) , Christian existentialist. Resolved personal anguish over imperfect nature by making a religious commitment to a remote and majestic god. first writer to refer to himself as an existentialist

Onomatopoeia

Defined as a word which imitates the natural sounds of a thing. Creates a sound effect that mimics the thing described, making the description more expressive and interesting

Hegelian Tragedy

Defines it as a dynamic contest between two opposing forces - in effect, a collision or conflict of rights. Most tragic events are those in which two esteemed values or goals are in opposition and one of them must give way. two rights or values in fatal conflict, good against good; (morals vs. laws)

Types of clauses

Dependent, independent, subordinate, adjective, restrictive/non-restrictive, elliptical, coordinate, nominal

Grammar Types (3)

Descriptive - naming parts of speech Comparative - comparing different languages functional - the behavior of language when it is properly functioning

Spenserian Stanza

Developed by Edmund Spenser Fixed verse form Each stanza contains nine lines total: eight lines in iambic pentameter followed by a single line in iambic hexameter Rhyme scheme ABABBCBCC

Maxi-lesson

Display a draft of your own writing; ask for suggestions from the class; comment on the suggestions, select a suggestion and apply it to the piece. First, assemble your materials for the lesson. These would include a writing sample of your own. Next, display it for the class. Then, ask the class for suggestions. "What do you like about this piece?" "What improvements could you suggest?" Comment on their suggestions and choose one to apply. Finally, circulate among the students offering individual help with revising. A student's piece should not be critiqued by the whole class without permission.

Bram Stoker

Dracula--Famous for introducing the character of the vampire Count Dracula, the novel tells the story of Dracula's attempt to relocate from Transylvania to England, and the battle between Dracula and a small group of men and women led by Professor Abraham Van Helsing. , The English writer who created the famous vampire story "Dracula" in the late 1800s. , This Victorian novelist was the manager of the famous British actor Sir Henry Irving, when he was a child his mother entertained him with scary stories.

Narrative Hook

Draws the reader's attention so that they will keep reading.

Anne Frank

Dutch-Jewish girl who, with other Jews, hid from the Nazis from 1942 to 1944; she was found and sent to a concentration camp where she died. , In Amsterdam, Holland (Netherlands), born in Frankfurt, Germany in 1929, Franks leave Germany in 1933 to escape Hitlers laws, 1940 Netherlands fell to Nazis, Go into hiding on 1942, Police raid the annex on 1944

A Farewell to Arms

E. Hemingway. A love story which draws heavily on the author's experiences as a young soldier in Italy. Lieutenant Frederic Henry, a young American ambulance driver during WWI. Falls in love with nurse Catherine Barkley. The Battle of Caporetto. In Switzerland, their child is born dead, and Catherine dies due to hemorrhages. , A novel about a disaffected young soldier falls in love with a nurse and flees the war to be with her, she dies in childbirth; written by Ernest Hemingway

It's Like This, Cat

Emily Neville, Newberry Honor Book in 1964 This 1964 winner is the story of Dave Mitchell, who gets a pet cat because his dad thinks a dog could be good for him , Dave Mitchell is a fourteen-year-old growing up in New York City with his mom, dad, and his cat, Cat. Dave and his lawyer father don't see eye-to-eye very often and their fighting causes his mother's asthma to act up. After Dave meets a girl and befriends a college boy with no family and lots of troubles, he learns that maybe his dad isn't so bad after all.

Samuel Pepys

English diarist whose diary contained detailed descriptions of 17th century disasters in England (1633-1703) , Diarist of the mid-seventeenth century. His diary covers 1660-1669 and records not only his personal affairs but the major events of the time, such as the Great Fire of London. Pepys was also a frequent theatre-goer, and so his diary provides information about what plays were being performed on which dates.

Jane Austen

English novelist whose works of romantic fiction, set among the landed gentry, earned her a place as one of the most widely read writers in English Literature. Her realism and biting social commentary have given her historical importance among scholars and critics.

Joseph Conrad

English writer of Polish origin whose novels such as Heart of Darkness and Lord Jim often examined the morality of colonialism

William Golding

English/ British novelist; author of Lord of the Flies; Coral Island was one of his favorite stories; joined Royal Navy; school teacher; loved to read; received Nobel Prize post modern

All Quiet on the Western Front

Erich Maria Remarque, 1929 , (1929) a novel written by Erich Maria Remarque illustrating the horrors of World War I and the experiences of veterans and soldiers. It was extremely popular, but also caused a lot of political controversy when it was first published, and was banned in Germany in the 1930's. , A novel written by Erich Maria Remarque illustrating the horrors of World War I and the experiences of veterans and soldiers. It was extremely popular, but also caused a lot of political controversy when it was first published, and was banned in Germany in the 1930's. It was about Paul Baumer. , (1929) a novel written by Erich Maria NigNight of Broken Glass, Nov 9 1938 night when the Nazis killed or injured many jews & destroyed many jewish propertysht of Broken Glass, Nov 9 1938 night when the Nazis killed or injured many jews & destroyed many jewish propertysRemarque illustrating the horrors of World War I boots symbolizes raw realities of war

Long Day's Journey Into Night

Eugene O'Neill, 1956 Story centers on Edmund and the rest of the Tyrone family, but is really an autobiographical account of the dysfunction of O'Neill's own family, set on one day in August 1912. The father is a miserly actor, while the mother is a morphine addict, and the brother is a drunk; they argue and cut each other down throughout the play. , (Eugene O'Neill, 1956). O'Neill wrote it fifteen years earlier and presented the manuscript to his third wife with instructions that it not be produced until 25 years after his death. Actually produced three years after he died, it centers on Edmund and the rest of the Tyrone family but is really an autobiographical account of the dysfunction of O'Neill's own family, set on one day in August 1912. The father is a miserly actor, while the mother is a morphine addict, and the brother is a drunk; they argue and cut each other down throughout the play. , 1940 play by Eugene O'Neill that, based on his own childhood, is about a family that is so burdened by their past that they are not able to live in the present. It is set in the summer home of the Tyrone family in 1912. Over the course of one day the play reveals the alcoholism of the father, James Tyrone, and the two children, Jamie and Edmund; Edmund's tuberculosis; and the morphine addiction of Mary, the mother and James's wife.

Plot

Events that make up a story or the main part of a story. Events relate to each other in a pattern or a sequence. Structure of a novel depends on the organization of events in the plot of the story Exposition, conflict, climax, falling action, resolution Key elements of plot Suspense = the quality of tension or anxiety in the plot which keeps the reader's interest Foreshadowing = use of clues to hint at what will happen later in the plot Atmosphere = the overall effect created by the setting and descriptive details, to evoke an emotional response in the reader Mood = the emotional response experienced by the reader

Hyperbole

Exaggeration of ideas for the sake of emphasis. Unreal exaggeration to emphasize the real situation

This Side of Paradise

F. Scott Fitzgerald, 1920 , 1920 novel of student life at Princeton by F. Scott Fitzgerald that depicted the revolution in manners and morals during the Jazz Age, evidenced first among young people and especially on the college campuses.

accismus

Feigning a lack of interest in something while actually desiring it. A pretended, ironic refusal of something that one wants.

Gertrude Stein

Fictional biography of real life lover of Gertrude Stein is The Autobiography of Alice B Toklas. Stein wrote "Three Lives" and "the Making of Americans". Also famous for her biography of Toklas in which she writes of her life in Paris and the members of the Lost generation and her lover Alice Toklas , American writer of experimental novels, poetry, essays, operas, and plays. In Paris during the 1920s she was a central member of a group of American expatriates that included Ernest Hemingway. Her works include Three Lives (1908), Tender Buttons (1914), and The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas (1933). , A writer who coined writers who during the 1920s wrote about disillusionments with American society a "lost generation" , 1. Modernism and disillusionment , - the fragmented imagery is the point that she is trying to make, there are deeper levels, things can be broken down , -Writing in the style the cubists painted

Dracula

Fictional vampire in a gothic horror novel by Bram Stoker,1897, Victorian

Metaphor

Figure of speech - makes an implicit, implied, or hidden comparison between two things or objects that are poles apart from each other but have some characteristics in common between them A resemblance of two contradictory or different objects is made based on a single or some common characteristics Every metaphor has two parts: the thing being defined is called the tenor, the thing doing the defining is the vehicle

Personification

Figure of speech in which a thing, idea, or animal is given human attributes. Non-human objects are portrayed in such a way that we feel they have the ability to act like human beings.

Zeugma

Figure of speech in which a word, usually a verb or an adjective, applies to more than one noun, blending together grammatically and logically different ideas. Produces a unique artistic effect making the literary works more interesting and effective as it serves to adorn expressions and to add emphasis to ideas in impressive style.

Oxymoron

Figure of speech in which two opposite ideas are joined to create an effect, e.g., jumbo shrimp A figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase

Conceit

Figure of speech in which two vastly different objects are likened together with the help of similes or metaphors. Develops a comparison which is exceedingly unlikely but is still, intellectually imaginative. A comparison turns into a conceit when the writer tries to make us admit a similarity between two things whose unlikeness we are strongly conscious of and for this reason, conceits are often surprising. An extended metaphor associated with poetry that pushes the reader to imagine something indescribable

Metonymy

Figure of speech that replaces the name of a thing with the name of something else with which it is closely associated Figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it's closely associated; also, the rhetorical strategy of describing something indirectly by referring to things around it. A figure of speech in which something is referred to by using the name of something that is associated with it

Octave

First eight lines of a Shakespearean sonnet are called the octave. Shakespeare often introduces an idea in the first eight lines of a poem and then changes direction or presents the idea from a different perspectivein the concluding six lines

The Stranger

First novel by Albert Camus, published in 1942, and an illustration of his absurdist world view. The novel follows the aimless life of the narrator, Meursault, a young man living in Algiers. It opens with his mother dying and him going to the funeral, where he does not cry. He then returns to Algiers where he becomes entangled in the life of his neighbor, Raymond, who abuses his mistress, who has been cheating on him. Meursault also gets involved in an emotionless and indifferent romance with a former co-worker, Marie, who wants to marry him. One day on the beach Meursault takes Raymond's gun and shoots the brother of Raymond's mistress, who has been harassing them, and once he is taken into custody all around him are astonished at his lack of remorse for his crime and his general emotionless indifference to everything around him. His trial focuses mainly on this part of his character, and he is sentenced to be executed by beheading. By the end he abandons all hope for the future and accepts the "gentle indifference of the world", which makes him feel happy.

Moby Dick

First published in 1851, it is considered to be one of the Great American Novels and a treasure of world literature. Tells the adventures of wandering sailor Ishmael and his voyage on the whale ship Pequod, commanded by Captain Ahab. Ishmael soon learns that Ahab has one purpose on this voyage: to seek out a ferocious, enigmatic white sperm whale. In a Previous encounter, the whale destroyed Ahab's boat and bit off his leg, which now drives Ahab to take revenge. Melville employs stylized language, symbolism, and metaphor to explore numerous complex themes. , a monomaniacal captain tries and fails to kill a monstrous white whale; adventure story, quest tale, allegory; protagonist: Ishmael, Ahab; antogonist: Ahab, great white sperm whale

Surrealism

Flourished in the 20th century. Features the element of surprise, unexpected juxtapositions and non sequitur. Movement began in Paris in the 1920s with Andre Breton. Surrealists attacked false rationality and restrictive customs and structures. Many espoused communism with anarchism. , a 20th century movement of artists and writers (developing out of Dadaism) who used fantastic images and incongruous juxtapositions in order to represent unconscious thoughts and dreams , An artistic movement emphasizing the imagination and characterized by incongruous juxtapositions and lack of conscious control

Chiasmus

FoS - A statement consisting of two parallel parts in which the second part is structurally reversed ("Susan walked in, and out rushed Mary.") Repetition in which certain words, sounds, concepts, or syntactical meanings are reversed or repeated in reverse order. May heighten paradox.

Dramatic Irony

FoS - Discrepancy between a character's perception and what the reader/audience knows to be true. Irony that occurs when the meaning of the situation is understood by the audience but not by the characters in the play.

Situational Irony

FoS - Discrepancy between what the reader expects to happen and what actually happens. An outcome that turns out to be very different from what was expected

Socratic Irony (expand)

FoS - Feigned ignorance of the other's situation. Socrates pretended ignorance of a subject in order to draw knowledge out of his students by a questions and answer device.

Euphemism

FoS - Inoffensive ways of saying something offensive.

Cosmic Irony

FoS - The Irony of Fate Misfortune is the result of Fate, chance, or deity when a writer uses God, destiny, or fate to dash the hopes and expectations of a character or humankind in general

Understatement

FoS - Writer or speaker deliberately makes a situation seem less important than it is.

Verbal Irony

FoS - discrepancy between what is said and what is meant

Anaphora

FoS - repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses or verses

Irony

FoS - use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning. A statement or situation where the meaning is contradicted by the appearance or presentation of the idea.

Sprung Rhythm

Form of accentual meter Accentual meter: Strong stress meter = number of stressed syllables in a line is fixed, but no

Discourse

Foucault defines as: "Systems of thought composed of ideas, attitudes, and courses of actions, beliefs, and practices that systematically construct the subjects and the worlds of which they speak. In literature discourse means any speech or writing normally longer than a sentence which deals with a certain subject formally in the form of writing or speech. Discourse is the presentation of language in its entirety while performing an intellectual inquiry on a particular area or field.

Edmond Rostand

French dramatist wrote The Romancers and The Woman of Samaria.Most of his plays are light, with no dark themes—-he reserved that for his poetry, like Cyrano de Bergerac. His story Chantecler was brought to the United States in 1910.

Blaise Pascal

French philospher/scientist/mathematician who invented the calculator and worked with probability, conic sections. Famous in math texbooks for his "triangle" of numbers. , (1623 - 1662) He had great influence on the french enlightenment and combined philosophy, reason, and roman Catholicism. Existentialist

Jean Racine

French, 1639-1699, "The rule advocate" wrote adaptations of Greek Tragedies. Wrote "Phaedra" followed all neo classical rules. Was hot tempered and made many enemies. Phaedra was hissed off stage and Racine quit the theatre , wrote tragedies set in Greece or Rome that celebrated the new aristocratic virtues that Louis aimed to inculcate: a reverance for order and self-control, characters regal or noble, lofty language, aristocratic behavior , French NEo. knwon for tragedies, pressure on main character, highly criticised Phaedra, strict to NEO Rules character seeks to reconcile passion, stole moliere mistress , 1639-1699 French Playwright. Much of his work treated Classical or mythological events and dealt with universal themes such as patriotism as in Horace, martyrdom, seen in Polyeucte, or in the psychological state of his characters, Phedre.

Gustave Flaubert

Frenchman who perfected the Realist novel; leading novelist of the 1850s and 1860s; author of Madame Bovary , French novelist known for his sharp observations of society and careful writing. Author of Madame Bovary, a book examining the emptiness of bourgeois marriage. Contempt for bourgeois society evident in portrayal of middle-class hypocrisy and smugness

Ethan Frome

Frome Struggles to make a living as a farmer near the bleak Massachusetts town of Starkfield, while his dour wife Zeena whines and complains about her imaginary ailments. When Zeena's destitute cousin, Mattie Silver, a sweet and cheerful young woman comes to live with the couple, the growing friendship between Ethan and Mattie arouses Zeena's jealously and she evicts Mattie from the house. As they are about to part, Ethan and Mattie take a sled ride down the big hill near town. In despair and now aware of their love for each other, they decided to end their lives by crashing the sled. Instead they are both left crippled for life. At the end of the story, the original roles have changed. Ethan is deformed, hopeless, and poorer than ever, and Mattie is now the helpless invalid. Caring for them both - presiding over their wrecked lives - is Zeena , All the long misery of his baffled past, of his youth of failure, hardship and vain effort, rose up in his soul in bitterness and seemed to take shape before him in the woman who at every turn had barred his way. She had taken everything else from him , Plot: Ethan is married to Zeena who is an annoying hypochondriac. He is in love with Mattie. He and Mattie have dinner together when Zeena is gone and break Zeena's red pickle dish. Zeena tries to send Mattie away and Mattie and Ethan end up attempting suicide so as to not be apart. , Edith Wharton. Romanticism (1911). Starkfield, Western Ma. 3rd person.

Hatchet

Gary Paulsen (c) 1987 Brian Robeson, a thirteen year old boy traveling in a small airplane to Canada to spend the summer with his father, is involved in a plane crash in an uninhabited part of the Canadian woods after the pilot dies of a heart attack. Brian then must find a way to survive and in the process, discovers much about himself and becomes a man. The motif within this story is a bildungsroman, or a young boy's coming of age. Contains person v nature confict. Brian, the main character must learn to survive in the wilderness

Apocalypse

Genre of prophetical writing the developed in post-Exilic Jewish culture and was popular among millenialist early Christians. A Greek word for "revelation." It also refers to a type of highly symbolic literature that contains apparitions about the future and the Final Judgement. This form of literature was used to give hope to a persecuted people that God's goodness will triumph over evil. A type of sacred literature characterized by symbolic imagery pointing to the expectation that the powers of evil will be destroyed and the righteous will be raised to a new life of justice.

Pygmalion

George Bernard Shaw, 1912 Shaw born in Dublin in 1856 to middle class protestant family bearing pretensions to nobility. Shaw is considered by some to be the second greatest English playwright, behind only Shakespeare. Pygmalion is the most beloved and popularly received, if not the most significant in literary terms Professor of phonetics Henry Higgins makes a bet that he can train a bedraggled Cockney flower girl, Eliza Doolittle, to pass for a duchess at an ambassador's garden party by teaching her to assume a veneer of gentility, the most important element, he believes, is impeccable speech. The play is a sharp lampoon of the rigid British class system of the day and a commentary on women's independence , A king of Cyprus who carved and then fell in love with a statue of a woman, which Aphrodite brought to life as Galatea. , (Greek Mythology) A great sculptor, Pygmalion sculpted a beautiful woman whom he named Galatea and fell in love with its beauty. So, he went to the temple of Aphrodite, the goddess of love, and prayed for a wife that resembled Galatea. When Aphrodite saw that Galatea also resembled her looks, she was pleased and brought the sculpture itself to life. Pygmalion returned home to be greeted by Galatea, and soon they married. Pygmalion and Galatea continued to bring gifts of thanks to Aphrodite, and in return, Aphrodite granted them happiness.

Thomas Mann

German writer concerned about the role of the artist in bourgeois society (1875-1955) , (June 6, 1875 - August 12, 1955) was a German novelist, social critic, philanthropist, essayist, and 1929 Nobel Prize laureate, known for his series of highly symbolic and often ironic epic novels and mid-length stories, noted for their insight into the psychology of the artist and intellectual. His analysis and critique of the European and German soul use modernized German and Biblical stories, as well as the ideas of Goethe, Nietzsche, and Schopenhauer. , German novelist of the early 1900s whose themes were the constant presence of death amid life and the alienation of the writer from society. His books portrayed an atmosphere of decadence and sadness, the moods of the 1920s and 1930s. His book, the Magic Mountain, depicts this somber atmosphere.

Summative Assessments

Goal is to evaluate ss learning at the end of an instructional unit by comparing it against some standard or benchmark. Often high stakes, which means that they have a high point value Examples include a midterm exam, a final project, an essay Information from summative assessments can be used formatively when ss or faculty use it to guide their efforts and activities in subsequent courses

The Sorrows of Young Werther

Goethe, 1774 highly influential precursor to Romanticism; the mind is subject to emotion rather than to reason; a young man involved in a tragic love affair commits suicide , novel about a sensitive young man whose hopeless love for a virtuous married woman drives him to suicide; showed them of individualism and developed the idea of a romantic hero, who defies the world and sacrifices himself for some great cause spawned copycat suicides

Faust

Goethe, 1808 , Faust is the tragic hero of one of the most powerful and persistent myths about human nature - namely, man's unappeasable drive to learn more than it is, perhaps, wise for him to know and probably more than he can handle. The two best known treatments of this myth are The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus by Christopher Marlowe and Faust, a much more complex and profound drama, by Johannes Wolgang von Goethe. Johannes Faustus was a brilliant scholar and necromancer of the early 16th century who, in frustration at his failure to plumb the secrets of nature, entered into a pact with the devil. * In modern times, when physicists were delving into the nature of the atom to unleash nuclear power capable of destroying all life on this planet, they also unleashed a debate as to whether or not they were making a Faustian pact with the devil. *A Faustian bargain is a deal that endangers one's moral values. Closet Drama Faust is a scholar and alchemist who falls into despair because he feels as though he's exhausted the limits of his knowledge. He feels that he will only become complete if he can fuse his life with nature and the universe. In order to find this higher knowledge, Faust makes a wager with the devil Mephistopheles. Faust soon finds his eternal moment in his love for a young girl, Gretchen, whom he then tempts away from her religious and moral life. Faust's relationship ends in tragedy with Gretchen killing their child and falling into madness. Faust thus becomes dammed never to experience the true knowledge of love that he seeks.

Lord of the Flies

Golding (1954, novel) , A novel written by William Golding about a group of English boys (Jack, Piggy, Ralph, Roger, Sam, Eric, and Simon), marooned on an island, rapidly turn lawless and bloodthirsty Golding born in 1911 - experiences in WW2 had a profound effect on his view of humanity and the evils of which it was capable. Tells the story of a group of English schoolboys (Jack, Piggy, Ralph, Roger, Sam, Eric, and Simon) marooned on a tropical island after their plane is shot down during a war. Free from the rules and structures of civilization and society, the boys descend into savagery and splinter into factions. Some behave peacefully and work together to maintain order and achieve common goals, while others rebel and seek only anarchy and violence. In his portrayal of the small world of the island, Golding paints a broader portrait of the fundamental human struggle between the civilizing instinct - the impulse to obey rules, behave morally, and act lawfully - and the savage instinct - the impulse to seek brute power over others, act selfishly, and scorn moral rules, and indulge in violence. Although Golding's Story is confined to the microcosm of a group of boys, it resounds with implications far beyond the bounds of the small island and explore problems and questions universal to the human experience.

3 Types of Antonyms

Gradable (run on a spectrum, such as best to worst); Complementary (are absolute - there is no gradient, such as night & day, or mortal & immortal) Auto Antonyms (are the same word that has two meanings; the word "bound" means both 'headed for' and 'tied to'.)

Incluing

Gradually exposing the reader to background information about the story's world to subtly clue the readers into the world the author is building

Determiner

Grammar . a member of a subclass of English limiting adjectival words that usually precede descriptive adjectives and include the articles the, a, and an, and any words that may substitute for them, as your, their, some, and each. a special class of words that limit the nouns that follow them. Various types of words fit into this category: articles (she, a (n)), demonstratives (this, that, these, those) and possessive determiners (my, you're, his, her, its, our, home).

Graphic organizers

Guide learners' thinking as they fill in an build upon a visual map or diagram Are some of the most effective visual learning strategies for ss and are applies across the curriculum to enhance learning and understanding of subject matter content. Facilitate ss learning by helping them identify areas of focus within a broad topic, such as a novel or article Teachers can use graphic organizers to illustrate a ss knowledge about a topic or section of text showing areas for improvement

Hamlet

Hamlet is upset that, upon his father's apparently accidental death, his uncle Claudius usurped the throne and married his mother. His father's ghost appears, revealing the Claudius murdered him and seduced Gertrude; the ghost tells Hamlet to seek revenge. Hamlet feigns madness to mask his purposes. He stages a play, "The Murder of Gonzaga," recreating his father's murder and proving Claudius's guilt by his recreation. When Hamlet confronts the queen, he kills Polonius, who had hidden in her room. Hamlet survives assassination when sent with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to England. Laertes joins Claudius in a plot to kill Hamlet during a fencing match, either via a poisoned blade or drink. Ophelia, rejected by Hamlet, goes made upon the death of her father, and drowns in a stream. At the fencing match, Gertrude unknowingly drinks from the poisoned cup and Laertes wounds Hamlet. The blades get switched and Hamlet stabs Laertes fatally with the poisoned one. Gertrude now falls from her poison and dies. Laertes reveals the plot and Hamlet kills Claudius. Hamlet wills his kingdom to Fortinbras, Prince of Norway, and dies in Horatio's arms.

African-American Literature

Harlem Renaissance , began with slave poetry of Jupiter Hammon and Phillis Wheatley and developed later with SLAVE NARRATIVES, especially by Frederick Douglass. In 1853 William Wells Brown, an escaped slave, published the first novel by an African American, Clotel, or, the President's Daughter. Their contributions, notable most obviously for their power, are major forces changing the earlier American literary monolith of the white middle class.

William Thackeray

He wrote Vanity Fair: A Novel Without a Hero; where all the characters were are flawed, realistic; not heroic, romantic (by William Thackeray) , Victorian Period - He was famous for his satirical works, particularly Vanity Fair, a panoramic portrait of English society. Amelia Sedley, Becky Sharp., He wrote Vanity Fair: A Novel Without a Hero; where all the characters were are flawed, realistic; not heroic, romantic , Catherine, Vanity Fair: story opens with Miss Pinkerton's Academy for Young Ladies, where the protagonists Becky Sharp and Amelia Sedley have just completed their studies and are preparing to depart for Amelia's house in Russell Square. Becky is portrayed as a strong-willed and cunning young woman determined to make her way in society, and Amelia Sedley as a good-natured, lovable though simple-minded young girl. , author of Vanity Fair: A Novel Without A Hero. he point, of course being that things should be portrayed realistically and heroes don't really exist.

The Lost Generation

Hemingway, Gertrude Stein, F. Scott Fitzgerald and William Faulkner are American writers associated with the Lost Generation. They wrote during the Modern Period of 1914-1945. They are also connected with the Jazz Age. The music and lifestyle of the Roaring Twenties influenced many of these writers, as well as world movements and civil wars. , a group of American writers that rebelled against America's lack of cosmopolitan culture in the early 20th century. Many moved to cultural centers such as London in Paris in search for literary freedom. Prominent writers included T.S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, and Ernest Hemingway among others.

A Doll's House

Henrik Ibsen, 1879 Nora's struggle with Krogstad, who threatens to tell her husband about her past crime, incites Nora's journey of self-discovery and provides much of the play's dramatic suspense. Nora's primary struggle, however, is against the selfish, stifling, and oppressive attitudes of her husband, Torvald, and of the society he represents. , 1879 play by Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen that became a landmark in the development of dramatic realism. It revolves around Nora and Torvald Helmer, who after tough times are on the up thanks to Torvald's new position at a bank. However, Nora reveals to a friend that she illegally borrowed money to pay for a trip to Italy to help Torvald recover from a serious illness. We find out that the holder of that loan is Krogstad, a low-level employee at the bank who now tries to blackmail Nora with the remained of the loan to keep his job because Torvald is about to fire him, which he eventually does. After some twists and turns Torvald finds out about the loan through a letter and berates Nora. Krogstad forgives the loan and Torvald is overjoyed, but Nora leaves him, saying that Torvald has always treated her like a "doll".

The Portrait of a Lady

Henry James Portrait often considered to be James's greatest achievement, wherein he explored many of his most characteristic themes, including the conflict between American individualism and European social custom and the situation of Americans in Europe. A spirited young American woman, Isabel Archer, who "affronts her destiny" and finds it overwhelming. She inherits a large amount of money and subsequently becomes the victim of Machiavellian scheming by two American expatriates , Author: Henry James. This novel is considered James's masterpiece. The text depicts the life of Isabel Archer who moves from the States to England to live with her aunt after the death of her father. There she meets her cousin Ralph, her uncle Mr. Touchett, and the wealthy Lord Warburton, who proposes to her shortly after her arrival. She rejects him in favour because she fears to lose her freedom if she enters a marriage. She learns that her former suitor Caspar Goodwood has followed her. She encounters him in London. He proposes to her and she rejects him, but promises to mull the proposal over in the next two years. When her uncle grows sick and dies he leaves Isabel a seizable fortune. While she is staying at her uncle's home she befriends Mrs. Touchett's friend Madame Merle. Later Isabel, Mrs. Touchett, and Madame Merle travel to the Touchett's house in Florence where Isabel meets Gilbert Osmond through introduction by Madame Merle. She marries Osmond despite the urging of her friends that he will not make a good husband for her. She ignores the advice and learns that he is a controlling tyrant who has raised his daughter Pansy to obey his every wish. When news arrive that Ralph is dying Osmond refuses to let her visit her cousin in England. When Isabel learns that Pansy is the child of Osmond and Merle and that she has been tricked into marriage by the latter, she leaves regardless of her husbands advice. She decides to return to him, however, because she believes in the principles of marriage and because she does not want to abandon Pansy with her cruel father.

The American

Henry James, 1877 Newman is looking for a world different from the simple, harsh realities of 19th century American business. He encounters both the beauty and the ugliness of Europe, and learns not to take either for granted. The core of the novel concerns Newman's courtship of a young widow from an aristocratic Parisian family.

Elie Wiesel

Holocaust survivor and Nobel Peace Prize Laureate is the author of Night, about his experience at Auschwitz. , He and his family and the rest of the town were placed in one of the two ghettos in Sighet. deported the Jewish community in Sighet to Auschwitz-Birkenau. sent to the attached work camp Buna, a subcamp of Auschwitz III-Monowitz. one of the only concentration campers that made it out alive. author of 57 books including Night. United States writer who survived Nazi concentration camps and is dedicated to keeping alive the memory of the Holocaust (born in 1928)

Subject Writing

How to writer interviews, accounts, profiles, or descriptions to capture the meaning of the subject being written about

Holistic Scoring

Impressionistic; method based on theory that a whole piece of writing is greater than the sum of its parts; essays are read for a total impression they create, rather than individual aspects; grammar, spelling, and organization should not be considered as separate entities

E.M. Forster

In 1930s and 1940s, he became a well-known radio personality on BBC radio. He eventually was offered Knighthood but declined in 1949. Short story writer, essayist, and librettist. Wrote ironic and well-plotted novels examining class differences, hypocrisy, and the attitudes towards gender and homosexuality during the early 20th-century British society. "A Room with a View." Put FREUD into fiction. , Despite his achievements, he is better known for his novels, all but one completed before 1914--that last novel features main characters Adela Questead and Dr. Aziz.

Anne Bradstreet

In Reference to her chilren English-American writer, was the first notable American poet and was the first woman to be published in colonial America

Writer's Workshop

In a writer's workshop, ss have an opportunity to try out a variety of genres, with the hope that they will develop a love of writing. Teachers can customize their instruction based on observations of student work. Writer's workshop focuses more on the process of writing itself. Teacher's role is like that of a coach, to lead, teach, model, and encourage student writers. Students do the bulk of the work with the teacher giving mini-lessons as needed, modeling good writing, and encouraging her writers. Informal assessment might take place in conferences. Students can be assigned topics or choose their own, ss develop their skills individually

nymphs

In greek mythology, always take the form of maidens

Catharsis

In literature, is used for the cleansing of emotions of the characters. Can also be any other radical change that leads to emotional rejuvenation of a person. Greek word meaning cleansing

Madame Bovary

In this novel by Gustave Flaubert, the title character, dissatisfied with her marriage, seeks happiness in an adulterous relationship, and ultimately commits suicide. , a novel that is a fictionalized account of the life of Delphine Delamare, the adulterous wife of a country doctor who died of grief after deceiving and ruining him Straight forward description of a barren and sordid small-town life in France; focuses on Emma Bovary, a woman of some vitality, who is trapped in a marriage to a drab provincial doctor. Impelled by the images of romantic love she has read about in novels, she seeks the same thing for herself in adulterous affairs. Unfulfilled, she is ultimately driven to suicide, unrepentant to the end for her lifestyle. Realism

Order of Importance

In this pattern the information is given either from the least important feature to the most important, or from the most important feature to the least important. Also known as hierarchical or chain of command

Folklore

Includes stories, song, and dance from a particular group comprising the traditions of the culture.

Modern Era

Industrial Revolution to the mid-twentieth century. Four values came into focus across the American cultural landscape. Working efficiently, Celebrating the individual, Believing in a rational order, Rejecting tradition and embracing progress. Modernist movement arrived in the early decades of the 20th century. Modernists used experimental forms and asked readers to realize that knowledge is not absolute. A loss of a sense of tradition and the dominance of technology characterize this movement's writings. Writers were influenced by Einstein, Max Planck (quantum theory), Freud , Marx.

Concept Mapping

Instructional strategy that requires learners to identify, graphically display and link key concepts. Visually illustrates the relationships between concepts and ideas. Most concept maps represent a hierarchical structure

Royall Tyler

Invented the character of the Yankee. Exposed to "School for Scandal". Wrote Comedy of Manners with American themes. Satire of American Fascination with Europe. , The Contrast, 1787 , The Contrast - the play that capitalized on the fact that simplicity is far better than superfluous lifestyle. Looks down upon Europeans and makes Americans look better.

Pidgin Language

Is a simplified language that develops as a means of communication between two or more groups that do not share a common language. Means of communication, no native speakers

Anna Karenina

It is widely regarded as the pinnacle of realist fiction. Tolstoy considered Anna Karenina his first true novel. Anna Karenina is the tragedy of married aristocrat and socialite Anna Karenina and her affair with the affluent Count Vronsky. The story starts when she arrives in the midst of a family broken up by her brother's unbrindling womanizing. A bachelor, Vronsky is willing to marry her if she would agree to leave her husband, Karenin, a government official, but she is vulnerable to the pressures of Russian social norms. Although Vronsky eventually takes Anna to Europe where they can be together, they have trouble making friends. Back in Russia, she is shunned, becoming further isolated and anxious, while Vronsky pursues his social life. Despite Vronsky's reassurances she grows increasingly possessive and paranoid about his imagined infidelity, fears losing control, and eventually takes her own life. , (1873-1876) by count Leo Tolstoy. Anna meets and falls in love with Aleksei Vronski, she abandons her child and husband to be with him. When she thinks Vronski has tired of her, she kills herself by leaping under a train. Subplot contrasts Konstantin Levin and his wife Kitty. Levin's search for meaning in his life and his love for a natural, simple existence on his estate are reflections of Tolstoy's own thoughts.

Go Tell It On the Mountain

James Baldwin, 1953 , First novel by James Baldwin, published in 1953. In large part autobiographical, the novel, set in Harlem, focuses on John Grimes on his 14th birthday in 1935. The five sections are told from the perspective of John and three other members of his family and explore John's resentment toward his father, Gabriel, for loving his other brother, Roy, more. The reader learns that the family's history stretches back to slaves in the South and that Gabriel is not John's real father. The novel largely deals with the central father-son conflict and John's coming of age and religious crisis. Semi-autobiographical novel, examining the role of the Christian church in the lives of African Americans, both as a source of repression and moral hypocrisy and as a source of inspiration and community. Also, more subtly, examines racism in the US.

Pride and Prejudice

Jane Austen, 1813 A popular novel in the English language, it is regarded as the first "chic-lit" novel. The novel encompasses strong female protagonists and their journeys to find love, in a world centered around marriage. Austen provides a spot on view of propriety in society as well as well-rounded, believable characters. Comedy of Manners; the story follows the Main Character Elizabeth Bennet as she deals with issues of manners, upbringing, moral rightness, education, and marriage in her aristocratic society of early 19th century England Themes of moral blindness and self-knowledge. Pride and Prejudice cloud moral judgement In Pride and Prejudice, Mr. Collin's is a static character. Mr. Collins, Mr. Bennet's heir and proposed suitor of the Bennet sisters, is fully described in the story but does not change during the course of the plot. He remains unctuous and odious to Elizabeth. Mr. Darcy and Elizabeth are both round and dynamic characters who change during the course of the plot. Charles Bingley is also a dynamic character because he changes his mind about Jane when he is swayed by Mr. Darcy and then returns to his original admiration of her.

Andromaque

Jean Racine French Neoclassical period which only occurred during the 17th century

Ford Madox Ford

Joined the British military to get away from his wife. Subsequently wrote a novel called The Good Soldier which won him much acclaim. Pre-raphelite

Heart of Darkness

Joseph Conrad, Colonial Lit It was written by , Polish-born novelist, Joseph Conrad in 1902. The story reflects the physical and psychological shock Conrad himself experienced in 1890. When he worked a while in the Belgian Congo. Begins on Thames River outside London, where Marlow is telling the story that makes up Heart of Darkness. Events of the story take place in Brussels, at the Company's offices, and in the Congo, then a Belgian territory. Major Conflict: Both Marlow and Kurtz confront a conflict between their images of themselves as "civilized" Europeans and the temptation to abandon morality completely once they leave the context of European society Ambiguity. Eyes of civilization keep people in check. Humanity evil has nowhere to hide in the wilderness. Heart of Darkness is set in Africa. Novella by Joseph Conrad tells the story of a journey down the Congo River to a remote outpost operated by a man who has lost his grip on sanity after spending many years in the jungle

Catch-22

Joseph Heller, 1961 Figuratively speaking, it means any absurd arrangement that puts a person into a double bind An army regulation that a soldier's request to be relieved of active duty can be accepted on the grounds that he is mentally unfit to fight, but any solder that has any sense to be spared from war is obviously mentally sound and must stay Joseph Heller / Catch 22 / Where you're dammed if you don't / and yer dammed if you do

Slaughterhouse-Five

KV renowned for blending science fiction and satire in his novels. In Cat's Cradle, for example, he uses the discovery of a fictional material called ice-nine to satirize the arms race and the indifference of scientists to the consequences of their work. Autobiographical intro. Billy Pilgrim, Billy is in optometry school in upstate NY when he gets drafted into the army. He isn't even a fully trained soldier; his job is to be the chaplain's assistant, leading his regiment in hymns to keep their spirits up. Still, he is deployed to Luxemborg in December 1944 to fight the Germans in the Battle of the Bulge Themes T- the destructiveness of war, the illusion of free will, the importance of sight Bird at the end symbol of the senselessness of war. "Everybody is supposed to be dead, to never say anything or want anything ever again. Everything is supposed to be very quiet after a massacre, and it always is, except for the birds. And what to the birds say? All there is to say about a massacre, things like "poo-tee-weet?" - Vonnegut 24 , 1969 novel by Kurt Vonnegut that recounts the fire-bombing of Dresden with mock-serious humor and antiwar sentiment and is based on Vonnegut's own experiences in WWII. It is narrated in a non-linear, time-shifting way by the protagonist Billy Pilgrim, who has become "unstuck in time". He survives the Dresden fire-bombing as a POW in an airtight meat lock in an old slaughterhouse, but his memories of Dresden haunt him after he returns to the US to lead the epitome of a middle-class life. He is at one point taken by aliens and mated with an actress, but is later returned and predicts his own death.

Invisible Man

Kaleidoscopic novel written by Ralph Ellison that forcefully accentuated the problem of alienation by using a black narrator who is struggling to find and liberate himself in the midst of an oppressive white society. , This story depicts a black man's struggle for identity. In the end, the unnamed narrator runs for his life and falls into a cellar. He decides to remain underground and write a novel about the absurdities of his life., It told about the life of a Southern black man who could not escape racism in the North. , In 1952, this groundbreaking novel by Ralph Ellison told about the life of a Southern black man who could not escape racism in the North. The book won the National Book Award. Name the book. , Invisible Man is a 1952 novel by Ralph Ellison about an unnamed African-American protagonist in search of personal identity. The Invisible Man is an 1897 novel by H. G. Wells about a man who has turned himself invisible but is slowly being driven insane. Under NAQT rules, players are usually allowed to drop leading articles or add them where they are missing (but not use incorrect ones)--but in this case (and others, for example, Shakespeare's The Winter's Tale and Helprin's Winter's Tale), it creates ambiguity and is wrong. When others look at him they only see thier surroundings, themselves, and their imagination. The Invisible man is trying to find his true identity in a world of phonies trying to tell him who he be. Considers himself socially invisible. Freedom only attainable by defining himself "They were very much the same, each attempting to force his picture of reality upon me and neither giving a hoot in hell for how things looked to me. I was simply a material, a natural resource to be used." - Ellison 508

Leslie Marmon Silko

Laguna Pueblo poet and novelist. Key figure in the First Wave of the Native American Renaissance. Original recipient of the MacArthur Foundation Grant. , is a Native American writer of the Laguna Pueblo tribe, and one of the key figures in the second wave of what Kenneth Lincoln has called the Native American Renaissance. Ceremony - 1977 - Rave reviews - The novel tells the story of Tayo, a veteran of mixed ancestry returning from fighting against Japan in World War II. Returning to the poverty-stricken reservation at Laguna after a stint at the Los Angeles VA hospital, Tayo is recovering from "battle fatigue" (shell-shock), and is haunted by memories of his cousin, who died in the conflict when the two soldiers were forced to take part in the Bataan Death March of 1942. Seeking an escape from his pain, Tayo initially takes refuge in alcoholism. Gradually, helped by the mixed-blood shaman Betonie, he comes to a greater understanding of the world and his own place within it.

Telegraphic Stage

Lang development - Period in which the child may omit some syllables in words, substitute sounds, and use only a pivot word with other words, much like a telegram.

Post hoc, ergo propter hoc

Latin for "it happened after, so it was caused by" Similar to a non sequitur, but time dependent A conclusion that assumes that if "A" occurred after "B" then "B" must have caused "A". Ex. I drank bottled water and now I'm sick, so the water must have made me sick. Ex. She got six after she visited china, so something in china caused her sickness.

Workplace writing

Learn how to prepare resumes, cover letters, job applications, and business letters

Process Writing

Learning to write by writing; is an approach which encourages ss to communicate their own written messages while simultaneously developing their literary skills in speaking and reading rather than delaying involvement in the writing process; as advocated in the past, until students have perfected their abilities in handwriting, reading, phonetics, spelling, grammar, and punctuation.

War and Peace

Leo Tolstoy. It delineates in graphic detail events leading up to Napoleon's invasion of Russia, and the impact of the Napoleonic era on Tsarist society, as seen through the eyes of five Russian aristocratic families. Portions of an earlier version were serialized in the magazine The Russian Messenger between 1865 and 1867. The novel was first published in its entirety in 1869. Newsweek in 2009 ranked it top of its list of Top 100 Books. , by Leo Tolstoy (Russian); a long novel that tells the story of several Russian families during the Napoleonic Wars and the 1812 French invasion of Russia and occupation of Moscow

Denotation

Literal or dictionary meanings of a word in contrast to its connotative or associated meanings

Synecdoche

Literary device in which a part of something represents the whole or it may use a whole to represent a part. (Ex . "Wheels" for "Car" or "Threads" for "Clothes" May also use larger groups to refer to smaller groups or vice versa. May also call a thing by the name of the material it is made of or it may refer to a thing in a container or packaging by the name of that container or packing. Figure of speech in which a part is used to represent the whole

Foreshadowing

Literary device in which a writer gives an advance hint of what is to come later in the story. Helps readers develop expectations.

Symbol

Literary device that contains several layers of meaning, often concealed at first sight, and is a representative of several other aspects, concepts, or traits than those that are visible in the literal translation alone. Symbol is using an object or action that means something more than it's literal meaning Mean something other than literal sense Generally, an object representing another to give it an entirely different meaning that is much deeper and more significant. Meanings may shift depending on context.

Ernest Hemingway

Lost Generation writer, spent much of his life in France, Spain, and Cuba during WWI, notable works include A Farewell to Arms American writer of fiction who won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1954 (1899-1961) , Ernest Hemingway fought in Italy in 1917. He later became a famous author who wrote "The Sun Also Rises" (about American expatriates in Europe) and "A Farewell to Arms." In the 1920's he became upset with the idealism of America versus the realism he saw in World War I. He was very distraught, and in 1961 he shot himself in the head.

Little Women

Louisa May Alcott, 1868-9 four March sisters (Amy, Jo, Beth, Meg) in 19th century New England struggle with poverty, juggle their duties, and their desire to find love

Masculine & Feminine Rhyme

Masculine rhyme and feminine rhymes are terms that come down from earlier literary analysis. Masculine rhyme uses one syllable words to give the feeling of strength or to add impact. Feminine rhyme is more likely to use two or more syllables. This gives a feeling of softness and lightness

Noun genders

Masculine, Feminine, Common - if it refers to a member of species which can be male or female, Neuter - if it refers to a member of a species, or a lifeless object, which is neither male nor female

I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings

Maya Angelou, 1969 a black girl growing up in the South struggles against racism, sexism, and lack of power

Straw Man

Misrepresenting someone's argument to make it easier to attack Oversimplifies an opponent's viewpoint and then attacks that hollow argument Author attacks an argument which is different from and usually weaker than the opposition's best argument Creating a false or made up scenario then attacking it. Painting your opponent with false colors only deflects the purpose of the argument Ex. Evolutionists think that everything came about by random chance. Ex. People who don't support the proposed minimum wage increase hate the poor. Ex: After Will said that we should put more money into health and education, Warren responded by saying that he was surprised that Will hates our country so much that he wants to leave it defenseless by cutting military spending.

Special Pleading

Moving the goalposts to create exceptions when a claim is shown to be false. The assertion of a new or special matter to offset the opposing party's allegations. A presentation of an argument that emphasizes only a favorable or single aspect of the question at issue. Ex. How can God create so much suffering in the world? You have to understand that God moves in mysterious ways and we have no privilege to this knowledge. Ex. Edward claimed to be psychic, but when his 'abilities' were tested under proper scientific conditions, they magically disappeared. Edward explained this by saying that one had to have faith in his abilities for them to work.

American Poetry

Multifacited. Authors include: Edna St. Vincent Millay, Marianne Moore, Richard Wilbur, Langston Hughes, Maya Angelou, Rita Dove and Robert Frost. , Focused on landscape, celebrated and developed american political philosophy and emphasized equality of persons,incorporated american words, and befits a country founded by revolution and pushed at moral boundaries

Greek Mythology

Myths and legends of the ancient Greeks concerning their gods and heroes, the nature of the world, and the origins and significance of their own cult and ritual practices. Part of Greek religion. Athena - Wisdom, reason, peace, warfare, strategy Dionysus is god of wine

The Scarlet Letter

Nathaniel Hawthorne, 1850, Set in Colonial America A novel about Hester Prynne, a woman in seventeenth century New England who is convicted of adultery. At the beginning of the story, she is forced to wear a scarlet letter A on her dress as a sign of her guilt. Hester will not reveal the identity of her partner in adultery. Her husband comes to realize who her lover is and takes revenge on him. Eventually, her dying lover publicly admits his part in the adultery. , A book that talks about adultery in the colonies and how it was punished by printing an "A" in the garments of the guilty, this book is important due to the preservation of this type of knowledge, which let us know how society functioned and what traditions gave way to new ones when the country of the United States formed.

Clustering Organizational Tool

Nonlinear - starts with a single word idea which ss build upon. As they enlarge their word bank, patterns might become apparent which will help with organizing paragraphs. This is a good small group or class activity also

Verbal Nouns

Nouns derived from verbs, e.g., a building, an attack

Compound Nouns

Nouns made up of more than one word, e.g., court-martial, pickpocket, water bottle

Gerunds

Nouns that represent actions, e.g., running fast, guessing a number

Parts of Speech

Nouns, Verbs, Pronouns, Adverbs, Adjectives, Prepositions, Conjunctions, Interjections, Articles, Determiners

Beowulf

Often viewed as archetypical Anglo-Saxon literary work and as a cornerstone of modern literature. Orature, Anonymous, heavily Germanic World of Beowulf depicts and the heroic code of honor that defines much of the story is a relic of pre-Anglo-Saxon Culture Story Set in Scandinavia, thought to be the work of a single poet Great warrior goes to Denmark on a successful mission to kill Grendel; he returns home to Geatland, where he becomes king and slays a dragon before dying Composed 700 AD, had been an oral tradition for several years prior to that. Pagan poem told by a Christian poet. Often Christian ideas are being forced into motivation for the characters. Old English Poetry

Prose

One of the major divisions of genre, ___ refers to fiction and nonfiction, including all its forms, because they are written in ordinary language and most closely resemble everyday speech.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

One of the most widely read and deeply penetrating books of its time. Many historians have credited the novel with contributing to the outbreak of the Civil war Written with abolitionist goal, written in outraged response to Fugitive Slave Law of 1850. Story of a slave sold from Kentucky into a life of danger and uncertainty. Embolden by his abiding faith - allows him to forgive his final slave master's torture. Rescues Eva, white girl, whose father buys him and intends to emancipate him after Eva's death, but his killed before he can. Sold to evil Simon Legree eventually dies a martyr's death. , 1852 by Harriet Beecher Stowe; deep moral conviction; displayed humanity and suffering of slaves; featured agonies of slave families and mother's journey of escape; exposed Northern racism and brought out idea of slavery when before there was not much awareness; over one million copies sold by 1853; alarmed southern whites (what if slavery outlawed?)

One day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich

One result of the thaw in Soviet internal politics that followed Nikita Khruhchev's rise to power in 1956 was that some major Russian writers could finally be published. One of the more famous was Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, whose account of his time in the Soviet government's Siberian prison camps was entitled... , Short but powerful novel written by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn describing the horrors of life in a Stalinist concentration camp Story is set in a soviet labor camp in the 1950s and describes a single day of an ordinary prisoner. , novel written by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, first published in November 1962 in the Soviet literary magazine. The story is set in a Soviet labor camp in the 1950s, and describes a single day of an ordinary prisoner, Ivan Denisovich Shukhov. Its publication was an extraordinary event in Soviet literary history—never before had an account of Stalinist repression been openly distributed

1984

Orwell, 1948 , book written by George Orwell, announced an insane world of dehumanization through terror in which the individual was systematically obliterated by an all-power elite; key phrases: Big Brother, doublethink, Newspeak, the Ministry of Peace...Truth...Love

Saul Bellow

Perhaps the foremost among the American novelists who came into prominence after WWII, 1976 Nobel Prize winner Bellow is a part of the novelistic mainstream. His books have the rich flavor of his urban Jewish upbringing. Henderson the Rain King and Herzog are his two most famous works.

Types of Writing activities

Personal, workplace, subject, creative, persuasive/argumentative, scholarly

Kennings

Phrases that are an elaborative and indirect way of naming persons, places things (nouns). Ex "the pathless deep"= the sea; "soul's prison house"= the body; "wave-skimmer"=ship Kennings were figurative descriptions of people, things, and concepts that were commonly used in Anglo-Saxon and Old Norse narrative poetry. , Metaphorical phrase or compound word used instead of a person or thing, closely related to riddles

Types of conflict

Physical - Person v nature Social - Person v society Person v Person Internal/Psychological - person v self Metaphysical - Person v Fate or Deity.

The Cherry Orchard

Play by Anton Chekov first performed in 1904. The whole of the action takes place on a Russian estate of Ranevsky, who returns, with her daughter Anya and their entourage, after several years in France because the debt she has accumulated there necessitates that she sell the Russian estate. The action follows conversations about this sale with Lopakhin, a friend of the family who wants to buy the estate and build vacation cottages on the site of an enormous cherry orchard, which Ranevsky does not want to be cut down. In the midst of all this there are conversations and intrigue among the play's lesser characters, including the servents, who are involved in a love triangle with Dunyasha at the center. In the end, Lopakhin buys the estate and everyone leaves as the cherry orchard is being cut down. , Anton Chekhov. Is about a Ranesvky family the story centers around their estate and the fall from fortune

Blank Verse

Poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter Unrhyming verse written in iambic pentameter. In poetry and prose, has a consistent meter with 10 syllables in each line (pentameter). Unstressed syllables are followed by stressed ones and five of which are stressed but do not rhyme. No fixed number of lines. Has a conventional meter that is used for verse drama and long narrative poems Can be composed in any kind of meter Often used in descriptive and reflective poems and dramatic monologues - the poems where a single character delivers their thoughts in the form of a speech.

George Orwell

Political novelist and essayist whose pointed criticisms of political oppression propelled him into prominence toward the middle of the 20th century Socialist, spoke openly against the excesses of governments Works are marked by clarity, intelligence and wit, awareness of social injustice, opposition to totalitarianism, and belief in democratic socialism , 1984--The Oceanian province of Airstrip One is a world of perpetual war, omnipresent government surveillance, and public mind control. Big Brother, the quasi-divine Party leader who enjoys an intense cult of personality, but who may not even exist. Big Brother and the Party justify their rule in the name of a supposed greater good.[1] The protagonist of the novel, Winston Smith, is a member of the Outer Party who works for the Ministry of Truth (Minitrue), which is responsible for propaganda and historical revisionism. His job is to re-write past newspaper articles , - Animal Farm and 1984. "Shooting an Elephant," "Politics and the English Language"- best known essay on language in English

Grotesque

Primarily concerned about the distortion and transgression of boundaries; exaggeration plays a role Fits in between the real and the fantastic Simultaneously fits somewhere between being funny and frightening Often contains a sort of fusion of human with animal, vegetable, machine, or some combination Ex: Metamorphosis - Kafka

Conferencing

Process of discussing a piece of writing, assessing its strengths and weaknesses, and setting goals based on the evaluation of the writing piece Conferences should occur before the writing is completed. The purpose of the writing conference is to help students teach you about what they know so that you can help them more effectively in their writing. Student conferences can be planned or spontaneous. They can be teacher-directed, peer-directed, or student-led. the purpose is to provide an audience for the writing.

Fahrenheit 451

Ray Bradbury, 1953 1953 dystopian novel which presents a future American society where books are outlawed and firemen burn any house that contains them. The plot takes place in a futuristic America. Guy Montag decides to buck society, stop burning books, and start seeking knowledge. Themes of censorship, knowledge v ignorance, religion as a knowledge giver. Themes of creation of a mass culture : Guy Montag lives in a futuristic American society where he works as a fireman burning books, which are deemed to having no purpose. Montag, however, sees purpose in books and steals some from each of the fires, only to be caught by his captain. Montag escapes arrest and travels outside of the city to move on to enlighten others with books, leaving behind his old city that has been destroyed.

Consonance

Refers to repetitive sounds produced by consonants within a sentence or phrase (pitter patter). Repetition often takes place in quick succession.

Spatial Order

Relating to, occupying, or having the character of space. The words "next to, and "adjacent" are typical of the kinds of words used in descriptions of spatial relationships. Spatial organization is descriptive. The reader can be taken from one place to another or led deeper into the meaning of a single concept

Orthography

Relationship between spelling and pronunciation. a method of representing the sounds of a language by written or printed symbols

Alliteration

Repetition of initial consonant sounds. Ex. The big bad bear buried bones in the backyard.

Assonance

Repetition of vowel sounds - Rhyming the vowels

Denouement

Resolution of the issue of a complicated plot. Often in the Epilogue an outcome or solution; the unraveling of a plot

Anticlimax

Rhetorical device which can be defined as a disappointing situation or a sudden transition in discourse from an important idea to a ludicrous or trivial one.

Call It Sleep

Roth, Henry - , 1934 novel by Henry Roth that tells the story of a young boy growing up in the Jewish immigrant ghetto of NY's Lower East Side in the early 20th-century. The boy, David Schearl, is caught between the violence of his father, Albert, and the degradation of life in the streets of NY tenement slums.

Alexander Solzhenitsyn

Russian writer expelled from Russia for describing the horrors of labor camps , (1918-)-Russian author of One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, a novel detailing life in a Stalinist concentration camp. , Wrote "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denishovick" which was about the concentration/labor camps in Russia. He won the Nobel Price and Khrushchev had the book published as part of the De-Stalinization program. "Gulag Archipelago" had him exiled from Russia. , A Russian novelist who wrote many pieces including 'A Day in the Life of Ivan Denosovich', a realistic novel depicting conditions in on of the Soviet prison labor camps. In 1970, he was awarded the Nobel prize for Literature.

Boris Pasternak

Russian writer whose best known novel was banned by Soviet authorities but translated and published abroad (1890-1960) , author of Dr. Zhivago in the USSR, about the USSR, who was part of the dissident movement against Communist control/censorship (published in Italy in 1957) , (1890 - 1960): Russian author of Dr Zhivago, a novel about the human side of the Russian Revolution and its aftermath - exposed many of the brutalities of the Stalin era. Was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature. The Soviet govt under Khrushchev would not allow Pasternak to go to Stockholm to collect the prize. According to Communist ideologues, the book had put too much emphasis on individual freedom. Pasternak did, through this novel and its status as a Nobel winner, help focus more Western attention on Russia and its 20th century history.

Waiting for Godot

Samuel Beckett, 1949 Samuel Beckett's play that identified the unrealistic; two men wait for an appointment that may or may have not been made; the suspense is not what is going to happen, but what is exactly happening right now

Personal Incredulity

Saying that because one finds something difficult to understand that therefore it isn't true. Ex. Kirk drew a picture of a fish and a human and asked Richard if he really thought were stupid enough to believe that somehow the fish turned into a human through just random things happening over time.

Robert Louis Stevenson

Scottish novelist; Treasure Island, Kidnapped, The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Requiem (famous poem)

Second Language Learners

Second language learners monitor their new language skills by applying their understanding of its grammar to edit, plan, or initiate their communication. They need time to do this so that they can form and structure their sentences. This stage follows the acquiring and learning stage of a second language.

A Death in the Family

Semiautobiographical novel by James Agee, 1958

A Good Man is Hard to Find

Short story by Flannery O'Connor that epitomizes the genre of Southern Gothic. The story follows a family on vacation who get lost and whose car flips before they are found by the Misfit, an escaped convict.

Sentence Types

Simple, Compound, Complex, Compound-Complex

Miguel de Cervantes

Spanish writer best remembered for 'Don Quixote' which satirizes chivalry and influenced the development of the novel form (1547-1616)

Traditional Phonics Instruction

Ss are taught individual letter sounds first, followed by letter combination sounds and the rules of putting these combinations together to make words.

Personal Writing

Ss can express their innermost thoughts, feelings, and responses through a variety of personal writing, including journal writing, diaries, logs, personal narratives, and personal essays

Persuasive / Argumentative Writing

Ss learn rh'l strategies to persuade others, such as by writing editorials, arguments, commentaries, and advertisements

Revising Stage

Stage where you add or omit information to make your paper clearer Stage of writing that involves re-writing or re-seeing; emphasis is placed on examining sentence structure, word choice, voice, and organization of the piece

Pre-writing stage

Stage where you brainstorm to make topic lists. You can use other graphic organizers like webbing and concept mapping. You can use RAFT to role play

Editing Stage

Stage where you make sure you have corrected all of the details regarding capitalization, punctuation, grammar, sentence and paragraph structure, subject verb agreement, word usage. Clean up.

Writing / Drafting Stage

Stage where you use all the ideas and questions generated in the pre-writing stage and organize them into a rough draft or first draft Drafting is not precise. It should be free flowing and without constraint. Spelling, grammar, and punctuation are not important at this stage of writing. Drafting involves a search for meaning. A writer may begin without having any idea which way his writing will go. It develops as he writes. Pre writing and rehearsal help with drafting

Etymology

Study of the History and origin of words. Etymologists study the history of words, the beginnings of languages and the development of the language. They trace its transmission from one language to another and analyze its component parts. They note its similarities and differences from a common base.

Faulty Predication

Subject doesn't fit logically with the rest of the sentence, in other words, the subject cant "be" or "do" the verb. Examples: The purpose of the movies was invented to entertain people. A waterspout is when a tornado is over water. The reason for low sales is that prices are too high.

Fable

Succinct fictional story that features animals, mythical creatures, plants, inanimate objects or forces of nature which are anthropomorphized. Illustrates or leads to an interpretation of a moral lesson (a "moral") which may at the end be added explicitly in a pithy maxim. A brief story with a moral; often uses animals that act and speak like human beings

Marcel Proust

Swann's Way An esteemed French writer who sought to integrate psychological elements, especially regarding suppressed memories, into literature. His most famous work is the multi-volume Remembrance of Things Past (1913-1927). , 20th century French author; wrote semi-autobiographical Remembrance of things Past, which recalls bittersweet memories of childhood and youthful love and tries to discover their innermost meaning; lived like a hermit in a soundproof apartment for ten years, withdrawing form the present to live in the past. , French intelectual and writer. Satirical and introspective in his work, Proust's central theme involved the affirmation of life. His most ambitious work runs over 3000 pages and includes more than two thousand characters. It is a classic of modern literature.

Myth

Symbolic tales of the distant past (often primordial times) that concern cosmogony and cosmology (the origin and nature of the universe), and may be connected to belief systems or rituals, and may serve to direct social action and values Gods and goddesses, and usually accounts for the creation of something Myths - They were designed to explain something that the teller does not understand. The Greeks and romans used these stories to explain natural phenomena and filled them with heroes and heroines

Symbolism

Symbolism flourished in the last two decades of the 19th century. This movement began in France as a reaction to realism. Symbolism uses poetic expression to show personal emotion by use of symbols which are identified with a particular poet. Authors who used symbolism are Charles Baudelaire, Arthur Rimbaud, William Butler Yeats, James Joyce, and T.S. Eliot. William Butler Yeats and TS Eliot are associated with the literary movement known as Symbolism. Wordsworth, Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelly and Victor Hugo are writers of romantic literature which flourished during the 18th and 19th centuries. Their books emphasize the beauty and wildness of nature, the freedom and nobility of individuals, freedom of emotion, and the glories of a pastoral life.

Ceremony

Tayo, a veteran of Laguna and white ancestry returning from fighting against Japan In ww2. Upon returning to the poverty-stricken Laguna reservation after a stint at a LA VA hospital recovering from injuries sustained in war, Tayo continues to suffer from "battle fatigue" (shell shock), and is haunted by memories of his cousin Rocky who died in the conflict during the Bataan Death March of 1942. Seeking an escape from his pain, Tayo initially takes refuge in alcoholism. However, with the support of Old Grandma, he is helped by ceremonies conducted by the mixed-blood Navajo shaman Betonie. As a result, Tayo comes to a greater understanding of the world and his own place within it as a Laguna man.

Fair Use Doctrine

Teachers are allowed to make a limited number of copies of copyrighted works for use in the classroom. Allows a user to make a copy of all or part of a work within specific parameters of usage, even if permission has not been granted.

Satire

Technique employed by writers to expose and criticize foolishness and corruption of an individual or a society by using humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule. Intends to improve humanity be criticizing its follies and foibles A writer in a satire uses fictional characters which stand for real people to expose and condemn their corruption Usually a comical piece of writing which makes fun of an individual or a society to expose its stupidity and shortcomings. In addition the writer hopes that those he criticizes will improve their characters by overcoming their weaknesses. The exposure of humanity's vices, foibles, or follies, usually with the intent of change or reform

The Aeneid

Tells the legendary story of Aeneas, a Trojan who travelled to Italy, where he became the ancestor of the romans. A Trojan destined to found Rome, undergoes many trials on land and sea during his journey to Italy, finally defeating the Latin Turnus and avenging the murder of Pallas , Vergil's Latin epic poem. Story of Aeneas, a Trojan who traveled to Italy. He became the ancestor of the Romans. Aeneas is also mentioned in Iliad. First half of poem is about his journey from Troy to Italy. Second half accounts Trojan's victory against Latins.

Age of Johnson

The Age of Johnson (1750-1790) is called the colonial period of America. Writers include Ben Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Paine, and John Adams. Major writers are Samuel Johnson, James Boswell, Edward gibbon, Robert Burns, Thomas Gray, and William Cowper.

J.D. Salinger

The American novelist whose book The Catcher in the Rye, published in 1950, represented the disappointments of a post-war generation.

The Diary of a Young Girl

The Diary of a Young Girl is a book of the writings from the Dutch language diary kept by Anne Frank while she was in hiding for two years with her family during the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands. The family was apprehended in 1944 and Anne Frank ultimately died of typhus in the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. , by Anne Frank (autobiographical literature set between 1942-1944) 1st published in 1952, chronicles her life in Nazi Germany , The Frank family is arrested on Augsut 4, 1944 by the Nazis after Anne does not write for 3 days. The diary is forced to end. Otto Frank is the only one of his family who survives and publishes Anne's diary, as she always wanted to publish a book. Her diary is one of the few artifacts of the Holocaust.

Heroic/Homeric Period

The Heroic or Homeric Period dates from 1200-800 BCE. These hero legends are part of the oral tradition. Homer's Illiad and Oddesy are from this period.

T.S. Eliot

The Wasteland. American who became a British citizen; won the Nobel Peace prize in literature; wrote poetry and drama

Syntax

The arrangement - the ordering, grouping, and placement - of words within a sentence

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass

The autobiography of the abolitionist Frederick Douglas. Published in 1945 when Douglas was only 27, the book tells the story from childhood until his escape to freedom at the age of 20. Self-educated slave, abolitionist. Without his approval, became the first African American nominated for vice president of the United States.

Ancient Greece

The classical Greek Period dates from 800-200BCE. Writers would include Aesop, Plato, Socrates, Aristotle, Euripides, and Sophocles. This is called the Golden Age of Greece. These writings were often political or philosophical

Classical Roman Period

The classical Roman Period 200 BCE-500CE follows the Roman's rise to power. Writers include Ovid, Horace, Virgil, Marcus Aurelius, Lucretius, Cicero, and Quintilian.

Anastrophe

The deliberate changing of normal word order for emphasis. Ex: "Bright he was not" Form of literary device wherein the order of the noun and the adjective in the sentence is exchanged. Creates a dramatic impact and lends weight to the description offered by the adjective.

Publishing Stage

The finished, polished product. Your paper is neat, clean, and presentable. Ready to turn in to teacher. (Final stage of writing process according to Exam Edge)

Hamartia

The flaw in character which leads to the downfall of the protagonist in a tragedy (ie. Oedipus Rex) Inherent defect of shortcoming in the hero of a tragedy who is in other respects a superior being favored by fortune.

Linguistics

The formal study of the structures and processes of a language

Basque

The only surviving language of Western Europe's pre Indo-European past. Indo European refers to the geographical area from India to Western Europe with later expansion to the new world. The Basque language is spoken in a region of Spain and is linguistically very complicated.

The Wasteland

The poem, written in 1922 by TS Eliot, contrasts the spiritual bankruptcy of modern Europe with the values and unity of the past. Displayed profound despair. Considered the foundation of modernist, 20th century poetry. , The (1922) T. S. Eliot's epic poem, depicting a world devoid of purpose or meaning. Modern poem, elegiac in form which uses metaphor and allusion T.S. Elitot's The Waste Land is associated with the Modern Literary Movement which took place between 1900 -1940. The Modern Movement was characterized by open form and free verse

Revision

The revision operation of Adding Information is the easiest for introducing students to revision. For beginning writers, adding is easier than deleting. Words, phrases, or sentences can be added to make writing more complete. Deleting unncesseasary words, phrases, or sentences is the next step. Rearranging words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs can be a challenge for beginning writers, and is the most difficult revision operation to master. Substituting is simultaneously adding and deleting.

Recension

The selection of the most trustworthy evidence on which to base a text after researching all the possible material. Recently a gospel according to Judas was presented and studied for evidence of authenticity. Much of the text was missing and plausible fillers were proposed.

The Grapes of Wrath

The story follows the fortunes of a poor family as they travel from the Dust Bowl region to California. based on the great depression written by John Steinbeck , 1939 novel by John Steinbeck that follows the Joad family as they make their way from Oklahoma to California during the Dust Bowl, seeking jobs, dignity, and a future.

Semantics

The study of linguistic meaning. Focuses on the relationship between words, phrases, signs, or symbols and what they stand for

Phonetics

The study of sounds of language and their physical properties

Morphology

The study of the structure of words Free morpheme = a simple word only consisting of a single morpheme (can stand on its own as a word

Vocative

The term ______ is the linguistic term for the name or title of the person that you actually say when you address him or her. Direct address an optional element used to show the person to whom a sentence is directed or addressed. "Hey Pat, It's me, Charlie!"

Notes from Underground

The underground man:consists of the "notes" that the man writes, a confused and often contradictory set of memoirs or confessions describing and explaining his alienation from modern society. He complains that man's primary desire is to exercise his free will, whether or not it is in his best interests. In the face of utilitarianism, man will do nasty and unproductive things simply to prove that his free will is unpredictable and therefore completely free, bitter about life, utilitarianism. exercise free will even in unwanted, useless ways just to prove that we have it, are unpredictable , bitter about life, utilitarianism. exercise free will even in unwanted, useless ways just to prove that we have it, are unpredictable, 1864, from perspective of unnamed narrator, attacks Western philosophy, first existentialist novel Fyodor Dostoyevsky

The Metamorphosis

This is a novella by Franz Kafka. It is a tale of psychological terror, in which a salesman named Gregor Samsa wakes up one morning to find himself transformed into a giant insect. A family man named Gregor finds himself as a bug when he wakes up one day. He can hardly get up and he can't speak. His family is worried but can't get into his locked room and he can't even open the door. A clerk chief comes in and when the door is finally opened, he gets scared and runs away. Gregor is locked in his room. He feels bad because he can't provide for his family, and they slowly stop caring about him. They eventually think that it is not really him because if it were he would have left and not "tortured" them like this. Gregor agrees, and dies.

The Inferno

This was an epic poem about Dante's view of hell. He wrote about he went through hell with Virgil and saw the souls who committed sins. These souls are separated based on their sins. The badder the sin, the lower you go in hell. There are nine circles: Limbo, which consists of people who are good, however, were not Christian. These include prophets, great scientists, and Virgil himself. Limbo is similar to paradise, yet it's in hell. Next it is lust, people who love everything, then Gluttony, people who eat or consume too much. Then it is greed, people who are similar to gluttons, however, do not use what they collect in any way possible. Next it is anger, people who are angry all the time or depressed about everything. The angry souls are punished in water. People fight for air. The sullen just end up drowning. Then it is Heresy, people who have their own views on religion, in this case Christianity. Next it is violence, people who are violent against other unreasonably. Then it is Fraud, the largest circle. Dante included people here that lied, and hurt others such as priests and other corrupted politicians. This circle contains of 10 rings, each a different way to lie that hurts not only you, but others. Finally, there is the worst circle and the lowest of them all, Treachery. This is betrayal. The only 3 souls here is Lucifer, Judas, and Brutus. Lucifer betrayed God, Judas betrayed Jesus, and Brutus betrayed Julius Caesar. This is Dante's Inferno. True path blocked by three beasts representing the sins Dante must overcome

The Crying of Lot 49

Thomas Pynchon, , This novel turns on the rivalry between mail distributing firms Thurn und Taxis and Tristero, and features the LSD-prescribing Dr. Hilarius, a former Nazi mad scientist. Identify this novel in which Oedipa Maas investigates the connection between the fictional Courier's Tragedy and a bunch of other weird stuff after the death of Pierce Inverarity. , Pynchon, Thomas -1966 , Thomas Pynchon, possibly unearthing the centuries-old conflict between two mail distribution companies, Thurn und Taxis and the Trystero (or Tristero). The former actually existed, and was the first firm to distribute postal mail; the latter is Pynchon's invention. The novel is often classified as a notable example of postmodern fiction. , 1965 novel by Thomas Pynchon. It follows Oedipa Maas, who finds out that an ex-boyfriend, Pierce Inverarity, has died and named her executor of his estate. While executing her duty she becomes obsessed with numerous mysteries involving the symbol of a muted post horn and a mysterious word inserted into a play - mysteries that could end up being completely meaningless: the novel ends without resolving them.

Harper Lee

To Kill a Mockingbird: focuses on six-year-old Scout Finch, who lives with her older brother Jem and their widowed father Atticus, a middle-aged lawyer. Jem and Scout befriend a boy named Dill who visits Maycomb to stay with his aunt each summer. The three children are terrified of, and fascinated by, their neighbor, the reclusive "Boo" Radley.

Sarcasm

To speak bitterly Literal meaning is different from what the speaker intends to say through sarcasm Meant to mock with often satirical or ironic remarks with a purpose to amuse and hurt someone or some section of society simultaneously. Intentional derision, generally directed at another person and intended to hurt

Faulty Parallism

Two or more parts of a sentence are equivalent in meaning but not parallel, or grammatically similar, in form.

Homonyms

Two words that sound alike and are spelled alike but have different meanings. (mean = average, nasty)

Quatrain

Type of stanza, or complete poem consisting of four lines Many variations

Sinclair Lewis

United States novelist who satirized middle-class America in his novel Main Street (1885-1951) , Famous 1920s author who wrote Babbitt and Main Street - presented small town Americans as dull and narrow-minded. He was the first American to receive (1930) a Nobel Prize for literature.

Joseph Heller

United States novelist whose best known work was a black comedy inspired by his experiences in the Air Force during World War II (1923-1999) uses black humor to attack the dreadful impact of modern warfare

Parallelism (Grammar)

Use of components in a sentence that are grammatically the same, or similar in their construction, sound, meaning or meter. Adds balance and rhythm to sentences, giving ideas a smoother flow and thus can be persuasive because of the repetition it employs

Tone.

Used to describe the attitude of a writer as expressed in word choice or other rhetorical elements. The tone of a piece of writing might be light hearted, serious, ironic, or threatening.

Semicolon

Used to join independent clauses in compound sentences that do not have coordinating conjunctions and commas as connectors. Words like however, moreover, thus, and therefore are often used as connectors in these sentences

The Time Machine

Victorian 1895 Herbert Wells , a novel in which the world is depicted hundreds of thousands of years from now. In it, society had separated into the low class—the oppressed Eloi—and the high class oppressor—the Morlocks. dissatisfied with the appearance of the future. H.G. Wells , When the Time Traveler used his machine for the first time, he ended up in the year 802,700, where everything was different. The individuals there, called Eloi, seemed to live together in perfect unison. He decided to stay and study these beings of interest and bring his findings to his own time. That was the plan, until he discovered that his time machine, his only means to escape, disappeared. He figures out that it is in a nearby pedestal of a statue but he cannot pry it open. Soon after, during the night, he observes barbaric, ape-like beings which the Eloi called Marlocks. Later on, he saves an Eloi from drowning and befriends her. She accompanies him on his quest to get his Time Machine back; however, they encounter many dangers along the way. What will he do and what will he face to get back his Time Machine and return back to his own time?

Elizabeth Barrett Browning

Victorian Period - authors. One of the most prominent poets of the Victorian Era. Poetry was widely popular in England and US during her lifetime

Proving Non-Existence

When an arguer cannot provided the evidence for his claims, he may challenge his opponent to prove that it doesn't exist

Top-Down Approach (linguistic)

When analyzing a language, a linguist takes a "top down" approach. She will start with larger structures which leads to the study of the smaller components of a language. Thes, she would approach her study from sentences to clauses to words. A synthetic study would build the language up from the bottom up

Reification Fallacy

When people treat an abstract belief or hypothetical concept as if it represented a concrete event or physical entity Ex. IQ tests as an actual measure of intelligence Ex. The concept of race (even though genetic attributes exists)

Evaluating Stage

Where the author self-evaluates his/'her work and the audience evaluates the effectiveness of the piece

As I Lay Dying

William Faulkner , In the 1920s in the American South, a deceased woman's husband and children undertake a difficult journey to Jefferson to bury her corpse. , 1930 novel by William Faulkner that is much more sparse and clear than many of his works. It is composed of 59 segments narrated by 15 different characters and follows the Bundren family over a series of days as they travel from their home to the town of Jefferson to bury the family's matriarch, Addie, whose body they carry with them. Told in stream-of-consciousness fashion by fifteen different speakers in 59 chapters. In its depiction of the Bundren family's quest to Jefferson to bury their dead matriarch, Addie, amongst her "people," against the threats of flood and fire, the novel explores the nature of grieving, community, and family.

Homophones

Words that Sound the same, but spelled differently, and different meanings (steak v stake)

Homographs

Words which are spelled the same way but may have different pronunciations and have different meanings. e.g.: 'bow' (to the audience) and 'bow' (and arrow)

Latino Literature

Write to retain cultural heritage, share their people's struggle for recognition, independence, and survival, and express their hopes for the future. (De Cervantes-Starfish, Neruda-Collections of poetry)

Apostrophe

Writer detaches self from reality and addresses some abstraction or personification that is not physically present.

Traditional Ballad

Writer is oftan unknown, tells a single story (in song) and is passed on from generation to generation, reaching back to oral tradtition

Chronological order

Writing organization. In this pattern, ideas are presented in the order in which they occured in time. Words and phrases such as "weeks before", "when", "then", relate events sequentially.

Donald Graves's 6 writing principles

Writing time, Modeling, Ownership, conferencing, revising, post writing/publishing

The Three Musketeers

Written by Alexandre Dumas wrote, about three revolutionaries who bond together and save the King. Dumas, a Frenchman, also wrote the sequel-—Twenty Years Later—-and The Count of Monte Cristo, later made famous by James O'Neill. , 1844 novel (originally serialized) by Alezander Dumas that combines historical fiction with the romantic. It follows a poor young nobleman named d'Artagnan in his quest to become a Musketeer. In the process he befriends the Three Musketeers Athos, Porthos, and Aramis, and the four together try to foil a plot by the Cardinal Richelieu.

The Awakening

Written by Kate Chopin in 1899. The Awakening portrays a married woman who defies social convention first by falling in love with another man, and then by committing suicide when she finds that his views on women are as oppressive as her husband's. The novel reflects the changing role of women during the early 1900s.

The Magic Mountain

Written by Thomas Mann 1924. Competing views on politics and culture. Before the war, Mann was ultra conservative. He became more moderate after the war. His books wee burned by Nazi soldiers. This is important because we see in writing how political views changed after the war , This book starts with Hans Castorp visits his TB infected cousin at the Sanatorium Berghof for 3 weeks. However he ends up staying there 7 years when also being contracting TB. The international clientèle at the sanitarium are an allusion to Europeans frivolous delusional behavior on the brink of war. There Castrop falls in love with another patient , 1924 novel by Thomas Mann that is considered one of the greatest works of German literature in the 20th century. It takes place almost entirely in sanatorium high in the Swiss Alps, where, while visiting a cousin with tuberculosis, protagonist Hans Castorp himself develops the illness and is forced to stay seven years while he recovers. During that time he encounters a collection of people who represent all sides of pre-WWI Europe, exploring all the issues and debates surrounding modernity at the time.

Caribbean Literature

Written in Spanish, French, or English. No indigenous tradition, African expressions

Martin Heidegger

Wrote "Being and Time". nfluenced by the work of Edmund Husserl and considered a founding father of existentialism, Heidegger ultimately rejected both associations. Instead, he focused simply on "being" and examining human moods and experiences. Heidegger's work led the way for the modern study of hermeneutics. , 1889-1976 , Some of this thinker's lesser known works include "What Are Poets For?" and "The Origin of the Work of Art." He succeeded Edmund Husserl as the chair of philosophy at Freiburg University, where he delivered the speech "What is Metaphysics?" His key idea consists of a person's existentiality, fallenness and thrownness, and is called (*) dasein. For 10 points, name this Nazi-sympathizing German philosopher who never finished his magnum opus Being and Time.

Save Me the Waltz

Zelda Fitzgerald, 1932

Their Eyes Were Watching God

Zora Neale Hurston Synopsis: Janie's jettisoning of the materialistic desires of Nanny, Logan, and Jody; her attempt to balance self-assertion with her love for Tea Cake; the hurricane—this progression pushes her toward the eventual conflict between her environment (including the people around her) and her need to understand herself. Janie's decision to shoot Tea Cake demonstrates that she has the strength to save herself even though it means killing the man she loves; the white women's support of Janie points toward the importance of individuality as a means of breaking down stereotype , after two marriages to oppressive men, a woman (Janie Crawford) finds temporary happiness with a husband twelve years her junior; themes: the illusion of power, non-necessity of relationships, folkloric quality of religion Novel narrates main character Janie Crawford's "ripening from a vibrant, but voiceless, teenage girl into a woman with her finger on the trigger of her own destiny. Set in central and southern Florida in the early 20th century, the novel was initially poorly received for its rejection of racial uplift literary prescriptions.

The Screwtape Letters

__________________ is organized into a series of letters between a senior demon and a junior tempter. , In what C. S. Lewis novel does a senior devil give advice to his nephew Wormwood on how to corrupt a human soul?

The Joy Luck Club

a group of Chinese mothers and their American-born daughters struggle to communicate and understand each other; four families dipicted Woo, Jong, Hsu, and St. Clair Tan born in Oakland in 1952 Through her writing, Tan approaches issues that are universally applicable to all groups of people. She explores themes of family and memory, as well as the conflicts of culture that arise in many American Communities Tan widely hailed for depiction of the Chinese American Experience of the late 20th century. Works explore mother/daughter relationships Story is about a group of Chinese mothers and their American-born daughters struggle to communicate and understand each other. Joy Luck club. Jade pendant changes meaning to the character Jing-mei, as her relationship with her mother changes. Due to this fact, it also signifies the human power to assign new meaning to the phenomena around us. Jade pendent signifies cultural differences between mother and daughter and a symbol of a mother's love and concern , In 1949 four Chinese women, recent immigrants to San Francisco, begin meeting to eat dim sum, play mahjong, and talk. United in shared unspeakable loss and hope, they call themselves the Joy Luck Club. Rather than sink into tragedy, they choose to gather to raise their spirits and money

clause

a group of related words containing a subject and a verb, unlike a phrase, which is a group of related words that does not contain a subject-verb relationship

Apositive

a noun or pronoun- often with modifiers - set beside another noun or pronoun to explain or identify it. Appositive phrase usually follows the word it explains or identifies, but may also precede it. Usually offset with comma, brackets, or dashes.

The Call of the Wild

a pampered dog (Buck) adjusts to the harsh realities of life in the North as he struggles with his recovered wild instincts and finds a master (John Thorton) who treats him right; novel, adventure story, setting late 1890s , Jack Landon. Shows how a tame dog comes to revert to his original primitive state. When boldspirited Buck is removed from his comfortable California estate and thrust into the rugged terrain of the Klondike, we see the savage lawlessness of man and beast. Book on survival of the fittest. , 1903 short novel by Jack London that draws on London's experiences during the Klondike Gold Rush and on his ideas about nature and the struggle for existence. It is about a dog named Buck who is kidnapped from his California home and sold north to become a sled dog during the Klondike Gold Rush at the end of the 19th century. Experiencing brutality and savage conditions, he slowly turns wild, eventually leading a pack of wolves by the end.

Trancendentalism

a philosophy that requires humans to go beyond (transcend) reason in their search for truth. it assumes that an individual can arrive at the basic truths of life through spiritual insight if he/she takes the time to think seriously about them. , Philosophical and literary movement, centered in New England, that greatly influenced many American writers of the 19th century

Cinquain

a short poem consisting of five, usually unrhymed lines containing, respectively, two, four, six, eight, and two syllables. Tells a small story

Lyric Ballad

a short poem of songlike quality. Moves the reader or listener to some emotion. These poems were often accompanied by a musical instrument, such as the lyre.

Diction

a speaker or writer's choice of words. A style of speaking or writing determined by the choice of words by a speaker or writer.

Allegory

a story in which people (or things or actions) represent an idea or generalization about life a story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one

Read-Share-Write

a technique used for writing in the content areas. Ss read for comprehension. They read a passage, tell what it means, record their understanding in a journal, and then discuss the information they have gleaned again with a partner. This helps ss internalize information. It also helps ss transfer information from one area to another and apply info in new ways.

Fyodor Dostoyevsky

a troubled Russian author who wrote Crime and Punishment and The Brothers Karamazov and War and Peace in the later half of the 19th century, portrayed troubled, not-rational characters Fyodor renowned as one of the world's greatest novelists and literary psychologists. Works grapple with deep political, social, and religious issues while delving into the often tortured psychology of characters whose lives are shaped by these issues. Active in socialist circles, largely because of his opposition to the institution of serfdom. After prison, became conservative, with concern for traditional values

Miracle Play

a type of religious drama in the Middle Ages based on stories about saints

Present Tense

a verb tense that expresses actions or states at the time of speaking , verb that tells something that is happening now; example: Dena LAUGHS at the jokes.

Diary of Samuel Pepys

about the coronation of King Charles II; not written for people to read, but became historical account; happy about the restoration of the kingdom to power; wrote about the London Fire and the people who were affected, and also was the king's connection Diary provides much insight into the Restoration Period of English Literature. He kept a diary for ten years from 1660 to 1669 in which he detailed his daily life and the events of the day, which included the great plague in London and the Great Fire. He also wrote with candor about his health and sexual life.

James Agee

an American author, journalist, poet, screenwriter and film critic. In the 1940s, he was one of the most influential film critics in the U.S. His autobiographical novel, A Death in the Family1958), won the author a posthumous Pulitzer Prize.

Argument from Omniscience

an arguer would need omniscience to know about everyone's beliefs or disbeliefs or about their knowledge ie All people believe in something. Everyone knowns that

Erich Maria Remarque

author who based his best-selling novel, "All Quiet on the Western Front," off of real-life experiences attained while in the German army , born Erich Paul Remark, he was a German author, his most famous work being All Quiet on the Western Front (1929.) At the age of 18 he was conscripted into the German Army and sent to the Western Front, where he was wounded. After the war he began writing. , German. his view was the same as owen, sassoon and graves. refuses to present the actions of the soldier as heroic, and focuses on the role that random chance plays in determining who lives and who dies. explores the idea that the world they once knew hs changed and ones country is no longer the most important thing. "and we saw that there was nothing of their world left. We were all at once terribly alone and alone we must see it through." the idea of the LOST GENERATION. he was a german patriot who left germany.

Thomas Pynchon

b.1937, American novelist. V., The Crying of Lot 49, Gravity's Rainbow, and Mason & Dixon , dense and complex works of fiction; history, science, sexuality, math; avoided public publicity; The Crying Lot 49 , This author wrote about Learned English Dog in a work that sees the title characters travel to the Horn of Africa and predict a solar eclipse. DEA agent Hector Zuniga pursues Zoyd Wheeler in another book by this author, who wrote about the Paranoids in a work centering on an organization overcome by Thurn und Taxis. This author of (*) Mason and Dixon wrote a work in which a muted post-horn symbolizes the Trystero organization, which bids on stamps and is investigated by Oedipa Maas. This author of V. also created the character Tyrone Slothrop, whose erections predict V-2 rocket strikes. For 10 points, name this author of The Crying of Lot 49 and Gravity's Rainbow, a reclusive American novelist. Postmodern fiction, considered to be Pynchon's most accessible novel "Crying" refers to the actual auctioning of items to the bidders Readers are presented with historical mysteries and symbols that the protagonist cannot decipher, Nor can she even be sure whether the symbols mean anything of significance, or if they are in fact a part of a greater conspiracy. W.A.S.T.E. is an underground postal system linked to the historical group Tristero which is represented by a picture of a muted horn. Focusing on the sign of Tristero, Pynchon uses it to largely show the failure of communication today Mid sixties - west coast US, age of paranoia - cold war, new developments in politics, technologies, Vietnam war - conspiracy theories

Broadside Ballad

ballads prepared for circulation on folio sheets, printed on one side only, two pages to the sheet, and two columns to the page. Because of their manner of publication, these were called broadsides. In the 16th century they were called a "people's yellow journal" A broadside ballad was printed on the back of cheap paper and often included lurid illustrations. They could also be folden into chapbooks

Simple Sentence

contains only one independent clause

Compound-Complex Sentence

contains two or more independent clauses and at least one dependent clause

Future Progressive Tense

describe an ongoing action that takes place in the future. The tense is formed by using the future form of the helping verb to be, plus the -ing form of a verb

Jean-Paul Sarte

existentialism- philosophical movemnt that takes as its starting point reflection on hthe concrete existence of humans and what is means to be a human being living in the sort of world in which we actually love , A major French existential writer. He authored "Nausea" and "Being and Nothingness". His beliefs included that human beings are compelled to formulate their own ethical values and cannot depend on tradition for that. There is no hope, and no religion could alp with that. The sole purpose was to exist , 1905-1980

Realistic Fiction

fictional story where people and events are realistic and could happen in real life

Past Perfect Tense

for an earlier action that is mentioned in a later action. (Ex: Cindy ate the apple that she HAD PICKED. - First she picked it, then she ate it.)

Donald Graves

his book Writing: Teachers and Children at Work (1983) described six principles of the writing process. He's known as the Father of the Writer's Workshop. He was most influential in focusing writing instruction on process over product focuses on the writing process rather than the final product of writing. He also advises that revision is crucial to effective writing and that the publishing stage provides a reason for writing; having an audience motivates the writer Beginning in first grade, ss should write for 35-40 minutes a day, at least 4 days a week. Graves describes a "rhythm of writing" which involves thinking about writing, writing rehearsal, and actual writing which must be inculcated very early in students

James Joyce

influential Irish writer noted for his many innovations (such as stream of consciousness writing) (1882-1941)

Indirect Quote

information from a source that is reworded or paraphrased by the writer of the research paper

Lois Lowry

is a Female American author of children's literature She has explored such complex issues as racism, terminal illness, murder, and the Holocaust among other challenging topics. She has also explored very controversial issues of questioning authority such as in The Giver Trilogy. She wrote The Giver, The Giver, winner of the 1994 Newbery Medal, and Number the Stars

Carl Hiaason

is an American journalist, columnist, and novelist. He wrote Hoot Young adult novel, 2002 Story takes place in coconut Cove, Florida, where new arrival Roy makes a bad enemy, two oddball friends, and joins an effort to stop the construction of a pancake house which would destroy a colony of burrowing owls who live on the site Book won a Newberry honor award in 2003

Gary Paulson

is an American writer who writes many young adult coming of age stories about the wilderness. He is the author of more than 200 books, 200 magazine articles many short stories, and several plays, all primarily for young adults and teens. "Hatchet" is a 1987 three-time Newbery Honor-winning wilderness survival novel.

Fishbone Organizer

is helpful for illustrating cause and effect. The result or effect is written along a straight line and the causes are listed on lines which slant up or down from it. These can be further detailed individually.

Christina Rossetti

is included with the Pre-raphaelite writers who used sensuous images to depict the world. Known for her poems, such as "In the Bleak Midwinter", "Love Came Down at Christmas", (which have been set to music as carols), as well as her long poem, "Goblin Market" , Born in London, England; a devout Christian; many of her poems are about her devotion to God; became an invalid, but in those last years she wrote her best poetry

The Giver

it is set in a future society which is at first presented as a utopian society and gradually appears more and more dystopian; therefore, it could be considered anti-utopian; the novel follows a boy named Jonas through the twelfth year of his life; book allegedly glorified Communism

Frame Story

one in which the main story organizes a series of shorter stories it's the big overarching story that contains all of the little stories within it. It provides the background story that gives the real story an excuse to be told. (Canterbury tales)

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

perhaps the greatest of German Romantic authors , (1749-1832) A German author who wrote near the end of the Aufklärung, the German Enlightenment. Goethe's morose The Sorrows of Young Werther (1774) helped fuel the Sturm und Drang movement, and his two-part Faust (1808, 1832) is seen as one of the landmarks of Western literature , German poet and novelist and dramatist, influenced Walter Scott

In Reference to her Children

poem written in forty-eight tetrameter couplets by English-American author, Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672) during Colonial American period; maintains the bird reference throughout poem; "I had eight birds hatch in one nest..."

Infodumping

putting a concentrated amount of background information into a story all at once. This can occur in a conversation which all at once explains things that are necessary to expand the plot.

Twentieth Century Literature

questions accepted valued and morals, alienation from middle class materialism, complexity of human mind, unconscious techniques to explore human psyche.

written retellings

reading a text, then writing down all they can remember from the text. WRs help ss organize and analyze data. After ss have practiced this technique, it can be used to asses ss' understanding of a text. After reading strategy

Medieval Literature

rhyme scheme replaced Old English alliterative pattern, courtly romance, poetry, Arthur legends, Robin Hood, Canterbury Tales , began with the barbarian tribes entering Britain after the Roman empire withdrew, culminating in the Anglo-Saxon dominance from fifth century to 1066 with the Norman invasion when French language and culture gained precedence and started mixing with local cultures. The oldest tales (like Beowulf) are oral, later transcribed into Old English. With the dominance of the Normans, the language shifted into Middle English in twelfth century. Medieval values—Anglo Saxons: comitatus (group-oriented, loyalty to lord, importance of largesse of the lord, boasting to cement individual goals in communal compact), no psychological mindset, purely mythical expressed as the forces of society warring against the forces of anarchy. Middle English—a melding of Christian and pagan beliefs, unwittingly mixed, but the dominance of the church is clear. A mythical mindset is still in evidence with Gawain, but it moves into a more political mindset with Wife of Bath. Complexity of social relations increases as shown in the complexity of the tests through which Gawain must proceed and in the complexity of the punishment and redemption of the knight in Chaucer.

Ivan Turgenev

russian realist. critical of russia's backwardness. peasants are unrevolutionary. idea of nihilism

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

summary: At the beginning of the novel, Huck struggles against society and its attempts to civilize him, represented by the Widow Douglas & Miss Watson Later, this conflict gains greater focus in Huck's dealings with Jim, as Huck must decide whether to turn Jim in · Miss Watson & the Widow Douglas attempt to civilize Huck until Pap reappears in town, demands Huck's money, and kidnaps Huck. Huck escapes society by faking his own death and retreating to Jackson's Island, where he meets Jim and sets out on the river with him. Although Huck and Jim live a relatively peaceful life on the raft, they are ultimately unable to escape the evils and hypocrisies of the outside world. these outside evils are the con men the duke and the dauphin. Instead, Tom and Huck try to free Jim, and Tom is shot in the leg during the attempt.When Aunt Polly arrives at the Phelps farm and correctly identifies Tom and Huck, Tom reveals that Miss Watson died two months earlier and freed Jim in her will. Afterward, Tom makes plans to travel to the West First time American Vernacular dialect in a book. Mock epic tale of American Democracy

Portfolios

teachers can monitor progress over time. Students get a sense of ownership when they pick pieces to include. Authentic evidence of progress can be shared with parents. Also support accountability and can help maintain the focus of assessment

Naturalism

term used to discribe the literary movement based on the belief that human beings do not have a soul or any life apart from their physical existence. Naturalistic works tend to emphasize the darker side of life, including such things as poverty, disease, and injustice. In the United States, naturalism reached its height in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, particularly in the works of Stephen Crane, Frank Norris, and Theodore Dreiser.

Non Fiction

the branch of literature comprising works of narrative prose dealing with or offering opinions or conjectures upon facts and reality, including biography, history, and the essay

Menippean Satire

the reader sees the world through the eyes of another and may change his outlook after reading of the character's experiences a form of storytelling that uses a narrative and dialogues showing different points of view a form of satire that is indirect and nonrealistic in approach that consists typically of a loosely organized narrative incorporating a series of dialogues between representatives of various points of view. MS is a term employed broadly to refer to prose satires that are complex in nature, which combines many different targets of ridicule into a fragmented satiric narrative. reader sees the world through the eyes of another - experiences the character's life developed by the Greek cynic Menippus; uses plot freely and loosely to present the world in sharply controlled intellectual patterns (Gulliver's Travels by Swift, Alice in Wonderland by Carroll)

Reinassance

the revival of art and literature under the 1500-1670 influence of classical models in the 14th-16th centuries, means "rebirth" The Reinassance literary movement was characterized by order, humanism, and imitation. It took place during the late 14th-16th centuries and included the works of Shakespeare.

Roman a' clef

these novels use characters based on real people and events based on real world events in fictional guise. Authors may use this form for a satire or to comment on social issues or scandals

Fathers and Sons

two generations of people become estranged; Bazarov is a revolutionary medical doctor who turns to nihilism, spurns father who is just "enlightened" and not "revolutionary"; by Turgenev , 1862 novel by Ivan Turgenev that is considered the first modern novel in Russian literature. It primarily follows two young friends Arkady Kirsanov and Bazarov, who are nihilists, and their interactions with their families and others of the older generation. It explores the generational split at that time in Russia between old-order liberals and young nihilists. First Russian Novel to gain international prominence

Coordinate Clause

two or more clauses with equal grammatical importance one of two or more clauses of equal status in a sentence (Ex: The sun came out AND the ice started to melt.)

Anapest

uu/ A metrical foot consisting of two unaccented syllables followed by one accented syllable. usually used in a light or whimsical poetry, such as a limerick

Native American Literature

viewed mainly as folklore; often poetic and moving; tribal language can be found , First American literature; functional and oral, myths and tales that were educational and taught to the younger generation the beliefs, morals, and history of the people; to memorize, they were put to music, narrative, included heroic memorable characters, and included repetition; , type of literature that emphasizes humans' relationship with the world around them; stories shared orally

Charles Perrault

was a French author who laid the foundations for a new literary genre, the fairy tale, with his works derived from pre-existing folk tales. Recorded French fairy tales in the 1600s. The Brothers Grimm recorded German fairy tales in the 18—s. Joseph Jacobs recorded English fairy tales in the 1800s. Little Red Riding hood is a French fairy tale

collective

words to describe groups, e.g., team, choir

Kurt Vonnegut Jr.

writes with dark humor, writes satires-famous for them, prisoner in WWII, prophet of the future , His works such as Cat's Cradle (1963), Slaughterhouse-Five (1969) and Breakfast of Champions (1973) blend satire, gallows humor and science fiction. As a citizen he was a lifelong supporter of the American Civil Liberties Union and a critical liberal intellectual

Virginia Woolf

wrote Mrs. Dalloway, Night and Day, The Voyage Out, and Jacob's Room; English novelist and essayist; one of the foremost modernist literary figures of 20th century , British novelist who showed how women in the past had suffered from the absence of tradition of writing by women

Stephen Crane

wrote Red Badge of Courage; American novelist, short story writer, poet, journalist, raised in NY and NJ; style and technique: naturalism, realism, impressionism; themes: ideals v. realities, spiritual crisis, fears

Alice Walker

wrote The Color Purple; American author, self-declared feminist and womanist; won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction , (1944-today) african american writer who writes about race and gender. born and raised in Georgia and the youngest of 8 children. her familys had problems with the Jim Crow Laws. she is blind in the right eye because her brother accidently shot her in the eye with a BB gun.