Praxis Flashcards (VOCAB)

location, place, human-environment interaction, movement, region

5 themes of geography`

Mayflower Compact

1620 document which guaranteed government by the consent of the governed

Lord Baltimore

1694- He was the founder of Maryland, a colony that offered religious freedom, and a refuge for the persecuted Roman Catholics. He had been charged by Charles I to found a part of VA as a Catholic haven which helped Charles maintain power

New Jersey Plan

A constitutional proposal that would have given each state one vote in a new congress

Constitutional Convention

A convention of the states called in 1787 to address the problems in the young American country; it had 5 main goals for the Constitution: 1. the protection of property 2. granting increased, but limited, power to the federal government 3. the protection of and limitations on majority rule 4. the protection of individual rights 5. the creation of a flexible framework for government

primate city

A core is located here when the city has all of a state's resources concentrated here with smaller cities serving as support. It serves as the political center for the country and holds greater economic power than any other city in the state.

Roman Senate

A council whose members were the heads of wealthy, landowning families. Originally an advisory body to the early kings, in the era of the Roman Republic the Senate effectively governed the Roman state and the growing empire.

Less Developed Country (LDC)

A country that is at a relatively early stage in the process of economic development/on the poorer side

circular flow model

A diagram that traces the flow of resources, products, income, and revenue among economic decision-makers; it shows where money goes in any given economy

Tea Act

1773 act which eliminated import tariffs on tea entering England and allowed the British East India Company to sell directly to consumers rather than through merchants. Led to the Boston Tea Party.

Declaration of Independence

1776 statement, issued by the Second Continental Congress, explaining why the colonies wanted independence from Britain/declared that independence; drafted by Jefferson and influenced by Locke

concentric zone plot

A geographic model that shows urban social structures

Aristocracy

A government in which power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class or nobility. The right to rule is based on wealth, social status, military position, or some level of achievement.

cotton gin

A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793 allowed exponential increases in cotton and therefore, more people were enslaved than ever before, bringing more urgency to the issue of slavery

Battle of Gettysburg

A major Union victory, led by General George Meade; it was the bloodiest battle in American history up to this point; the Confederate army would not recover

Upanishads

A major book in Hinduism that is often in the form of dialogues that explored the Vedas and the religious issues that they raised.

city

A major hub of human settlement with a high population density and a concentration of resource creation or allocation; half of the world's population lives in one.

Heinz dilemma

A man must decide if he should steal a drug he cannot afford to save a wife's life (Kohlberg's theory); based on the responses, there are three levels of moral development.

compromise map

A map that distorts all four properties to some degree in order to minimize distortion overall. The most popular include the Robinson projection and the Winkel projection.

Visigoths

A member of the western Goths that invaded the Roman Empire in the fourth century A.D. and settled in France and Spain, establishing a monarchy that lasted until the early eighth century.

Marine climate

A middle latitude climate consisting of areas near or surrounded by water. This climate has very temperate weather, with winters that rarely go below freezing and summers that stay below 70. They are warm and raining, resulting in part from the warm ocean winds.

steppes

A middle latitude climate consisting of areas of continents far from the oceans. AKA prairies. They are dry flatlands with minimal rainfall. They can even become deserts if rainfall consistently dips below 10 inches per year. Summers are hot and winters are very cold.

Mediterranean climate

A middle latitude climate that can be found in lands between 30 and 40 degrees north and south AND lie along the western coast. They feature hot summers and mild winters. The winters receive the most rain and summers are generally dry. This climate allows for a year-round growing season.

Pax Romana

A period of peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire, lasting from 27 B.C. to A.D. 180.

status

A social position that a person holds

hominids

A species on the human branch of the evolutionary tree; a member of the family Hominidae, including Homo sapiens and our ancestors

landlocked

A state that does not have a direct outlet to the sea. States that exist in this fashion face economic challenges because they have no access to oceans for trade and have a greater potential for boundary disputes.

fragmented states

A state that includes several discontinuous pieces of territory. i.e. Indonesia; political administration is more challenging because it is difficult to maintain control over the areas that are far from the center of power.

multicore state

A state that possesses more than one core or dominant region, be it economic, political, or cultural.

nullification

A state's refusal to recognize an act of Congress that it considers unconstitutional/if it is harmful to that state

amicus brief

A submission to the court from an amicus curiae, or "friend of the court," an interested individual or organization who is not party in the case. POSITION PAPERS SUPPORTING A PARTICULAR SIDE OR ARGUMENT

salutary neglect

An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies which allowed them great autonomy BUT stability in England and an emerging culture of independence caught the Crown's attention and they moved away from this after the English Civil War

Sugar Act of 1764

An act that expanded the Molasses Act and raised tax revenue in the colonies for the crown. It also increased the duty on foreign sugar/molasses imported from the West Indies.

International Organization

An alliance of two or more countries seeking cooperation with each other without giving up either's autonomy or self-determination. Can be intergovernmental or nongovernmental.

Babylonia

An ancient Mesopotamian empire that extended throughout the Fertile Crescent in the 1700s B.C. they took over the Southern part of Mesopotamia after the Akkadians. They inherited the Akkadian language and used the Sumerian language in religious settings; it also inherited other elements of Sumerian civilization and developed them further. King Hammurabi created a codified rule of law; they continued settled, urban development supported by organized agriculture, warfare, administration, and justice; Babylon became a major ancient city and developed more advanced astronomy, medicine, mathematics, philosophy and art. Featured literature. Would control Mesopotamia until its fall to the Persians n 539 BC.

State of the Union

An annual speech in which the president addresses Congress to report on the condition of the country and recommend policies.

functional region

An area defined by common movement or function; they have a focal point, called a node, around which they are organized related to their function. Ex: a school district is organized around a set of schools

Formal region

An area within which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics. These characteristics define the region. Ex: the Middle East

Abolitionist Movement

An international movement that between approximately 1780 and 1890 succeeded in condemning slavery as morally repugnant and abolishing it in much of the world; the movement was especially prominent in Britain and the United States.

concurring opinion

An opinion that agrees with the majority in a Supreme Court ruling but differs on the reasoning.

Elastic Clause

Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution, which allows Congress to make all laws that are "necessary and proper" to carry out the powers of the Constitution. Like the creation of the national bank (McCulloch v Maryland)

direct investment

Entering a foreign market by developing foreign-based assembly or manufacturing facilities; when MNCs invest directly into a country as a part of their activities there

buffer states

Independent states that are sandwiched between two (usually larger) conflicting countries; i.e. Jordan in between Israel and Iraq

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

Involved in the American Civil Rights Movement formed by students whose purpose was coordinate a nonviolent attack on segregation and other forms of racism. They led peaceful protests and boycotts to protest segregation at lunch counters, in stores, at public pools, etc.

Nativist theory of language development

Chomsky's theory that every person is born with a language acquisition device inside them which allows for language acquisition unless it is interrupted or damaged during a critical period

Zapotecs

Civilization that flourished in southern Mexico's Oaxaca Valley (c. 500 B.C.E. to C.E. 600) -- developed own writing system, calendar, architecture modified

Establishment Clause

Clause in the First Amendment that says the government may not establish an official religion nor may it favor one religion over another

Equal Protection Clause

Clause in the Fourteenth Amendment that forbids any state to deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. By interpretation, the Fifth Amendment imposes the same limitation on the national government. This clause is the major constitutional restraint on the power of governments to discriminate against persons because of race, national origin, or sex.

Reason

Clear and ordered thinking; simple and straightforward; leads to a limited government with separation of church and state

Agricultural Location Theory

Johann Heinrich von Thünen's spatial economic theory that says distance impacts human location decisions. ///a city would be surrounded by rings of agricultural activity, where distance would determine which activities would be closest to the central city market (i.e. dairy requires less land and higher risk of spoilage, and thus will be closest the city)

Second Treatise

John Locke's work arguing that true political authority comes not through God or precedent but from the people. It was critical of absolute monarchy and was popular in the Colonies.

Zelinsky's Model of Migration Transition

Migration trend follow demographic transition stages. People become increasingly mobile as industrialization develops. More international migration is seen in stage 2 as migrants search for more space and opportunities already in stages 3 and 4. Stage- 4 countries show less emigration and more intraregional migration.

Guantanamo Bay

Military base granted to the US in Cuba which is now used as a prison; its use is controversial because it initially did not offer any protections afforded to prisoners of war under the Geneva Conventions.

arms race

Cold war competition between the U.S. and Soviet Union to build up their respective armed forces and weapons

contagious diffusion

The rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population; multiple places near the hearth become adopters; ex: flu epidemic

Federalism

a system in which both the state government and federal government retain sovereignty by dividing up the areas for which they are responsible. The federal government is charged with matters that concern the population at large and matters of regional concern are settled by state or local governments.

Political parties

The rise of the changed the political landscape of the US because certain aspects of American politics come from this - like how the Speaker of the House is chosen and nomination conventions for president

tertiary sector

The sector of the economy that moves, sells, and trades the products created by the 2nd sector. it is also known as the service economy. Transportation companies, merchants, and stores are all parts of this sector.

Economy

The system by which an area/country produces, consumes, and distributes resources and goods. There are 5 sectors.

private property and freedom of choice

These 2 things create the 2 primary driving forces of the market: self-interest and competition

acculturation

When a weaker culture takes on the qualities of a more powerful culture. Ex: colonization

secure attachment

When babies are very secure in their relationships to their attachment figures; a baby will use them as a base for exploration, and its soothed easily by them when upset; the baby is unhappy to see them go but calms quickly when they return; results from a caring and attuned caregiver

Diverge

When cultures change from being one culture complex into two if they begin to develop differing traits, ex: Amish America

cultural diffusion

When cultures move outward from their hearths in a variety of ways

reinforcement

a consequence that makes behavior more likely in operant conditioning

Long Run Average curve

a curve that shows the lowest cost at which a firm is able to produce a given quantity of output in the long run, when no inputs are fixed; it would show a decrease in price with increasing quantity, followed by leveling out, and then an increase in price with increasing quantity

levels of processing model

Model of memory which examines how deeply a memory was processed or considered; deeply or shallowly rather than short or longterm

Great Awakening

Religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were established. People became devoted to God beyond the confines of traditional Christianity, attracted to traveling preachers and convinced that they must publicly confess sins to avoid hell. many schools were founded at this time to train ministers; helped DEVELOP A MORE SINGULARLY NORTHERN AMERICAN RELIGIOUS CULTURE AND CREATED A DIVIDE BETWEEN EUROPEAN AND AMERICAN CHRISTIANITY

superpowers

Name for the US and Soviet Union after World War II because they were the two strongest countries in the world.

Non-Intercourse Act of 1809

Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so Macon's Bill No. 2 replaced it.

geographic models

Representations of reality or theories about reality, to help see the general spatial patterns in the world.

Navajo Code Talkers

Native Americans from the Navajo tribe used their own language to make a code for the U.S. military that the Japanese could not decipher

Noam Chomsky

Nativist theory of language

greenhouse effect

Natural situation in which heat is retained in Earth's atmosphere by carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and other gases; caused by industrialization

operant conditioning

a learning process in which consequences are associated with behavior not reflexive behaviors (Skinner)

renewable resource

Resources that are virtually unlimited or can be grown and regrown; ex: sun, wind, plants

Max Weber and George Mead

Responsible for popularizing symbolic interactionism

Wounded Knee

Resulting from the military forcing the Sioux to stop Ghost Dances, this was a massive massacre (the 7th Cavalry rounded up Sioux at this place in South Dakota and 300 Natives were murdered and only a baby survived) and Sitting Bull was murdered.

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Second stage of Erikson's theory (1-3); toddlers attempt to exert their will over their own body. If toddlers are able to develop a level of independence, as adults they will have a strong sense of autonomy. If not, they will be plagued by feelings of shame and self-doubt.

production possibilities frontier

a line on a production possibilities curve that shows the maximum possible output an economy can produce/ that represents the maximum level of production

Golden Age of Athens

a period of growth in ancient Athens in intellectual & and artistic learning, including drama, sculpture, poetry, philosophy, architecture, & science (most of the stuff we know today started here)

Tories

a person who supported the British cause in the American Revolution; a loyalist

superego

a person's conscience, determining right from wrong. it can influence the ego to account for moral considerations.

self-concept

a person's overall feeling about themselves

stagflation

a phenomenon when both unemployment and inflation are high at the same time; led Nixon to lift the gold standard (which reduced the value of the dollar)

Antifederalists

Opponents of ratification of the Constitution and of a strong central government, generally. They called for even more limitations on the power of the federal government as well as a Bill of Rights. Men like Thomas Jefferson

short-term memory

Or working memory; consists of the memories of which people are aware in their consciousness at any given moment; on average people can hold up to 7 but they fade if not used in 10-30 seconds

Immigration Act of 1965

Overturned the provisions of the Emergency Quota Act, ending the racist limitations on immigrants to the US

John Quincy Adams

Secretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work. He won the election of 1824 because of a tie.

1. recruiting and nominating candidates for office 2. running political campaigns 3. articulating positions on various issues 4. connecting individuals and the government

Political Parties serve an important role in the American political system, fulfilling functions that aid government operations. These include:

cultural political boundaries

Political boundaries formed by differences in culture, such as religion or language i.e. Pakistan

socialism

a philosophy developed in Europe that stated the workers should own the means of production and that wealth should be distributed equally, taking into account strong economic planning.

Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus

Politician, member of the First Triumvirate, ultimately the leader of the Optimate forces against Caesar. Died 48 B.C.E.

irredentism

a policy of cultural extension and potential political expansion by a country aimed at a group of its nationals living in a neighboring country perhaps striving to reunite various parts (ex: Hitler's goal in occupying Czechoslovakia)

Iran Contra

a political scandal in the United States which came to light in November 1986, during the Reagan administration, in which senior US figures agreed to facilitate the sale of arms to Iran, the subject of an arms embargo, to secure the release of hostages and to fund Nicaraguan contras.

one-party system

a political system in which one political party controls the government and clearly dominates political activity

Cult of Domesticity

a popular cultural movement that encouraged women to become homemakers and focus on domestic skills

culture region

a portion of the earth's surface occupied by populations sharing recognizable and distinctive cultural characteristics; ex: Scandinavia

traditional economy

a pre-industrialized economy, guided by tradition, and often using bartering rather than currency

Head Start

a preschool program for children from low-income families that also provides healthcare, nutrition services, and social services

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

a projective test in which the subject describes what is happening on different cards featuring people in ambiguous situations

Al Qaeda

a radical Islamic group organized by Osama bin Laden in the 1990s to engage in terrorist activities.Hijacked airplanes on 9/11.

fixed-interval

a set amount of time must pass before a successful response receives a reward; FI-# (number of minutes)

export processing zones

aka free trade zones, in which duties and tariffs are waived, and restrictions on labor prices are significantly loosened. The goal is to attract the factories of MNC.

negative punishment

aka omission training; removes something pleasant from a subject

Assimilation

almost forced acculturation; When a culture loses all aspects in its own original culture, i.e. indigenous Americans

Cyrillic Alphabet

an alphabet derived from the Greek alphabet and used for writing Slavic languages; created by missionaries/Saints Cyril and Methodius

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience; it may be caused by maintaining the resistance phase of GAS for too long.

positive deviance

an approach to social or behavioral changes and transformation based on the observation that in a given community, those with uncommon but successful behaviors or strategies may be able to make use of those differences to better themselves and potentially the world around them (i.e. subcultures, counterculture)

market economy

an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services

direct primaries

an election in which voters choose candidates to represent each party in a general election

attitude

an evaluative set of beliefs and feelings; they are applied to everything: people, places, objects and ideas

precedent

an example that may serve as a basis for imitation or later action; rulings that guide future court decisions at all levels of the judicial system

line-item veto

an executive's ability to block a particular provision in a bill passed by the legislature; declared unconstitutional in 1966

role

an identity within the group

anterograde amnesia

an inability to form new memories; happens if the hippocampus is damaged; people can still learn knew skills

fixed input

any production inputs that cannot be changed in the short run; these are the costs that do not change and must be paid monthly or bimonthly such as wages, rent, or material costs; they appear as the stable bottom line of a graph

stress

any situation that taxes one's coping abilities by threatening a person's wellbeing

Swamps

any wetland primarily covered in woody plants

Metacognition

awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes.

average costs

business costs that include all of the costs to produce items divided by the number of items produced. this is the cost PER item that a business must consider and hope to lower. (because that would mean higher profit)

fixed costs

business costs that remain stable (rent, wages, insurance)

City Upon a Hill

name for Mass. Bay Colony coined by Winthrop to describe how their colony should serve as a model of excellence for future generations

Nature vs. Nurture

name for a controversy in which it is debated whether genetics or environment is responsible for driving behavior although both play a significant role

suburban

near a city but not in it

push factors

negative aspects of the home region that make someone want to leave it/migrate - ex: high taxes, high crime rates, resource depletion, corrupt governments

grid system

pattern formed as the lines of latitude and longitude cross one another; used by both maps and globes; each line is measured as a degree with a minute and a second

physical boundaries

political boundaries based on natural features like rivers or mountains

moderates

political orientation that falls between the two camps of liberal and conservative; they hold some views from each side of the spectrum

Liberals

political orientation which generally has a more expansive view of government; believe in the power and responsibility of government to effect positive change.

Carl Rogers

posited that people need blanket acceptance from other people in order to self-actualize

expressed powers

powers directly stated in the constitution aka enumerated powers; specifically granted to the federal government only (i.e. the power to make treaties with foreign nations)

implied powers

powers the federal government has that are not specifically stated in the constitution. they derive from the elastic clause.

framing

presenting a problem in a way that is detrimental to research

George H.W. Bush

president during the Gulf War, ability to quickly bring the war to a conclusion while suffering relatively few casualties resulted in the second-highest approval rating of any president, 89%; Signed the START treaty

nationalism

pride in and identification with one's country; a huge theme before/during WWI

Principle B

principle of social stratification that argues that social stratification is generational

Principle D

principle of social stratification that argues that social stratifications involve not just the quantitative but also the qualitative

Principle C

principle of social stratification that posits that social stratification is universal and variable all at once

Principle A

principle of social stratification that says that social stratification is a property of society rather than of individuals in that society

frontal lobe

processes short term memories and organizes information, helping to maintain long term memories

variable input

production inputs that can be changed in the short term such as the cost of labor; they appear as an ever-changing line going up on a graph

capital intensive

production process requiring large amounts of capital in relation to labor (ex: dairy farms)

public goods

products that an individual can consume without reducing their availability to other individuals; also equally available to all

private property

property owned by individuals or companies, not by the government or the people as a whole; the market favors private ownership of most economic resources because it leads to innovation and investment, which in turn lead to growth.

three-box model

proposes the three stages that information passes through before it is stored/ memory is conceived as having 3 storage areas: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory

Patrick Henry

protested the Stamp Act in the House of Burgesses; saw the tax as a violation of colonists' rights, given that they did not have direct representation in Parliament.

Medicare Act

provide medical care to elderly Americans

death rate

ratio of deaths per thousands in a given population per year

Focus on the Family

religious organization that promotes socially conservative views on public policy; lobbied against civil rights reform for women and advocated for traditional, two-parent, heterosexual families.

great circle

represents the shortest distance between any two points on earth; used in gnomonic projection of maps

Albert Bandura

researcher famous for work in observational or social learning including the famous Bobo doll experiment; reciprocal determinism

norms

rules determining how members of the group should act

heuristics

rules that are generally, but not always, true that may be used to solve problems; they are helpful shortcuts but they are not infallible

algorithms

rules that use formulas or other foolproof methods that may be used to solve problems

John Bolby and Mary Ainsworth

says infants who develop one or more good attachments have a sense of security and safety (attachment theory)

culture system

sharing enough cultural traits and complexes to be recognized as a distinctive cultural entity; created when culture complexes have many overlapping traits

supply curve of labor

shows the number of hours labor workers are willing to work at a given wage rate/////A curve showing the different quantities of labor workers are willing to offer employers at different wage rates in a given time period, ceteris paribus.

supply curve

shows the relationship between what something costs and how much a business is willing to supply for sale

counterculture

similar to subculture, but differs in that while a subculture may run against societal norms, this is explicitly designed to oppose society's norms, to challenge the status quo and promote a new, different way of life

estate system

system of social stratification similar to feudalism; it represents a broad division of labor; three different estates exist in this system: clergy, nobility, and commoners; this was the basis of French society before the French Revolution but it is still in use today in developing countries

progressive taxes

tax the income of the wealthy more than other groups in society; they increase gradually as income rises for an individual, but, in a free market economy, taxes are adjusted to account for income losses, charitable contributions, etc

proportional taxes

taxes similar to flat rate taxes in that all taxpayers are taxed at the same rate or at the same proportion of their incomes

karma

that one creates one's own destiny; the soul is reincarnated until it resolves all of these

conflict, cooperation, and exchange

the 3 primary forms of social interaction

eidetic memory

the ability to remember with great accuracy visual information on the basis of short-term exposure (photographic memory)

quantity supplied

the amount a supplier is willing and able to supply at a certain price; shown on a supply curve

Columbian Exchange

the intersection of goods, people, disease, etc. throughout the Atlantic World

self-esteem

the level of confidence they have in their own abilities

Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests

birth rate

the number of births in a year for every 1,000 people in a population

carrying capacity

the number of people an area can support on a sustained basis given the prevailing technology

inflation

the percent change from year to year when looking at the CPI

avoidance learning

the process by which one learns to perform a behavior in order to ensure that a negative or aversive stimulus will not be present/avoiding an unpleasant stimulus

learning

the process by which the mind acquires new knowledge, skills, and habits (classic and operant conditioning are the 2 types)

gender socialization

the process individuals undergo when learning and conditioning themselves to the expectations and attitudes of their own genders; ever-expanding and changing

conflict

the process of disagreement; it occurs when at least 2 groups or individuals with opposing views, needs, or interests come into contact over a shared desire; typically over property/land; usually ended when one of the two parties receives either the entirety of their desired goal or at least a substantial enough component of their goal to be satisfactory

gender

the single most prominent example of the basic differences between humans; it is unavoidable

Confederacy

the southern states that seceded from the United States in 1861 after Lincoln was elected. Under the leadership of Jefferson Davis

migration streams

the specific spatial movement from the starting location to the destination that geographers examine

spatial diffusion

the spread, or movement, of people, things, and ideas across space; ex: cultural diffusion

social psychology

the study of how people relate to each other; it examines how individuals perceive, label, and categorize others and studies how they interact with each other based on those labels and categorizations; based on social cognition

geopolitics

the study of the interaction between states - politically and territorially

political theory

the study of the principles and ideas used to describe, explain, and analyze political events and institutions. It explores the purpose of government and its two reasons for existing: providing law and order and protecting people from conflicts

bystander effect

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

Homestead Act of 1862

this allowed a settler to acquire 160 acres by living on it for five years, improving it and paying about $30; frontier life was very difficult.

new imperialism

expanded US markets and increased US presence and prestige on a global stage

antitrust laws

used to promote a competitive market environment; they exist to protect consumers from illegal mergers and other unfair business practices; they emerged out of the Progressive movement in response to monopolies

preoperational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic. The most important development during this stage is language; children learn to use symbols to represent real-world objects; memories are still developing and children learn to use their imaginations; they still cannot understand more complex ideas like cause and effect, time and comparison. children are also completely egocentric

sensorimotor stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities. Behavior is mostly governed by senses and schemata are based on reflexes. This is when babies develop object permanence.

freedom of choice

in a market economy, all individuals are free to acquire, use, and sell resources without restriction or regulation; this allows market forces to function properly

conditioned response

in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)

reinforcer

in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

deviance

in sociology it applies to any actions or behaviors that violate the established social norms; often considered a negative trait and deviants are often victims of stigma

urban

in, relating to, or characteristic of a city or town.

Mixtec

indigenous Mesoamerican people living in Oaxaca, Guerrero and Puebla

social facilitation

individual behavior is strongly influenced by the presence or actions of other people in a number of ways/stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others UNLESS someone is trying to do a particularly difficult task

Christian fundamentalism

individual who believes in a strict, literal interpretation of the Bible as the foundation of the Christian faith; return to "traditional" values

cultural compromise

individuals of different cultures can change their direct behavior, cooperating to meet each other's differing values half way (not common)

GDP (gross domestic product)

is the total value of domestic production: the market value of all the final goods and services within a nation in one year (ONLY those goods ready for consumption); focuses on what was actually produced WITHIN a country, regardless of where it is headquartered

Cleopatra

last pharaoh of Egypt; had relationships with Julius Caesar and Marc Antony; Octavian's enemy

Julian Rotter

locus of control theory

Great Migration

movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern (and West) cities between 1914 and 1920

sucking

moving the mouth to draw milk from a nipple

Ronald Reagan

President who championed domestic tax cuts and an aggressive foreign policy against the Soviet Union. His "Revolution" revamped the economic system, cutting taxes and government spending.

Bartolome de Las Casas

Priest who was appalled at the oppression of colonization and argued for the rights and humanity of Native Americans; he lived in the Americas and had first-hand experience with the brutalities

Bank of the United States (BUS)

Proposed by Alexander Hamilton as the basis of his economic plan. He proposed a powerful private institution, in which the government was the major stockholder. This would be a way to collect and amass the various taxes collected. It would also provide a strong and stable national currency. Jefferson vehemently opposed the bank; he thought it was un-constitutional. nevertheless, it was created. This issue brought about the issue of implied powers. It also helped start political parties, this being one of the major issues of the day.

Popé

Pueblo religious leader who led an uprising against the Spanish

John Winthrop

Puritan governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony. Speaker of "City upon a hill" aka a city rooted in unity, peace and a free, democratic spirit

National Nominating Convention

Quadrennial gathering of party officials and delegates that selects presidential and vice presidential nominees and adopts party platforms. Extension of the direct primary to the presidential level after 1968 has greatly reduced the importance of the conventions

4 year term, 2 term limit (22nd Amendment), 35 years old, natural born citizen, live in the US for 14 years

Qualifications for president

Third Agricultural Revolution (Green Revolution)

Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers. This revolution centered on a dramatic increase in crop yields based on biotechnology in response to the burgeoning global population.

Ruled by man

When government decisions are arbitrary and absolute. Examples include autocracies, dictatorships, monarchies, oligarchies, aristocracies, theocracies

additional

marginal often means this in economics

centripetal forces

pull a state and the people together to create a unified identity; often occurs because of a well-integrated core

Emergency Quota Act of 1921

This law restricted immigration to 3% of each nationality that was in the United States in 1910. Really targeted Asians, Eastern Europeans and Southern Europeans.

Miranda v. Arizona

This ruling established that defendants must be read their due process rights before questioning

First Hundred Days

This term refers to March 4 to June 16, 1933. During this period of dramatic legislative productivity, FDR laid out the programs that constituted the New Deal. Today, presidents are often measured by their actions in the same period of time. During this time a series of emergency acts (ABC Soup) was passed for the immediate repair of the banking system.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)

Treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, Utah, and CA in exchange for $15 million

Cherokee

Tribe who spoke their own language (of the Iroquois family). It is thought that they migrated south to their homeland in present-day Georgia sometime long before European contact and stayed until they were forcibly removed in 1832. Organized into 7 clans , they were hunters and farmers and would also come into contact/conflict with the European colonizers and US.

Coast Salish

Tribe whose language was widely spoken throughout the PNW; dominated the Puget Sound and Olympic Peninsula area

Primaries and Caucuses

Two ways delegates to the national convention are chosen; two kinds of elections that determine who the presidential nominees will be

intelligence quotient (IQ)

defined originally as the ratio of mental age to chronological age multiplied by 100; developed by Louis Terman using Binet's mental age system

primary deviance

the first stage in the formation of the deviant identity, generally the initial act or behavior that is considered a violation

continuous reinforcement

the reinforcement of each and every correct response/getting a reward for behavior every time because timing is important to operant conditioning

territorial morphology

the relationship between a state's size, shape, and location and its political situation

Short Run Aggregate Supply

this curve fluctuates without impacting employment; however if it shifts there must be a change in the output level at full employment

perceive

to interpret sensory information one receives

mental set

using old strategies to solve new problems

equilibrium wage rate

wage rate leaving neither a surplus nor a shortage of workers in the market

knights

warriors who fought for lords and were rewarded with land and could become minor lords in their own rights.

People of the Book

what Muslims called Christians and Jews which means that they too only believe in one god; were accepted by Muslims which allowed later conquest of Southeast Asia and facilitating relationships.

kamikaze

when Japanese fighter pilots intentionally crashed their planes into US ships

appealed

when a decision from a lower court is reviewed by a higher court; most cases can only move up to the state supreme court

discrimination

occurs when one acts on their prejudices

surplus

occurs when revenue exceeds spending

Second Triumvirate

Octavian, Mark Antony, Lepidus

moksha

The Hindu concept of the spirit's 'liberation' from the endless cycle of rebirths.

labor, land, capital, entrepreneurship

What are the 4 factors of production?

Harold Garfinkel

ethnomethodology

interval

passage of time

tabled

put aside a bill temporarily

intergenerational mobility

Changes in social status between different generations within the same family.

Malcolm X

Charismatic Black Muslim leader who promoted separatism in the early 1960s

Major southern tribes

Chickasaw and Choctaw; Creek and Cherokee

Azimuthal Equidistant Projection

A map that maintains accuracy in scale for distances from one single point on the map to all other points on the map. It is most often used in showing airplane routes from one city to multiple other cities

equal area map

A map that shows the correct size of landmasses, but usually distorts their shapes. Ex: Gall-Peters projection

CPI equation

100 x (cost of basket in current year/cost of basket in base year)

War on Poverty

President Lyndon B. Johnson's program in the 1960's to provide greater social services for the poor and elderly

John F. Kennedy

President of the US during the Bay of Pigs Invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis

Pueblo Revolt

1680, the revolt of indigenous laborers led by Pope'. killed colonists and priests and got Spanish out of modern-day New Mexico for 12 years but Spain did eventually reconquer the area and subjugated the peoples living there to colonial rule.

Palmer Raids

A 1920 operation coordinated by Attorney General Mitchel Palmer and FBI director J. Edgar Hoover in which federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals/communists and the headquarters of radical organization in 32 cities.

Lusitania

A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.

Free Exercise Clause

A First Amendment provision that prohibits government from interfering with the belief or practice of a religion unless it engages in illegal activity (then the practice can be banned)

Pontiac's Rebellion

1763 - A Native uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottawa chief named Pontiac. Natives opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley after they gained territory following the Treaty of Paris and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed.

cultural landscape

This is the impact a culture has on its environment

Quartering Act

1765 - Required the colonials to provide food, lodging, and supplies for the British troops stationed in the colonies.

Seneca Falls Convention

(1848) the first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written

Stamp Act

1765; the first direct tax on the colonists which triggered more tensions; any document required a costly stamp, the revenue reverting to the British government; seen as a violation of colonists' rights

Second Battle of Bull Run

(1862) a Civil War battle in which the Confederate army forced most of the Union army out of Virginia; tactical CFA victory led by Stonewall Jackson and General Lee; the Union army remained intact but the loss was a heavy blow to morale

Confucius

Chinese philosopher (circa 551-478 BC) whose teachings would be the basis of Confucianism, the foundational Chinese philosophy emphasizing harmony and respect for hierarchy.

Ecosytems

Created by climates, these are communities of living organisms and nonliving elements of an area.

Alexander Hamilton

1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt. He prioritized currency stabilization and repayment of debts

Farewell Address

1796 speech by Washington urging US to maintain neutrality and avoid permanent alliances with European nations as well as political parties

Gerald Ford

(1974-1977), Solely elected by a vote from Congress. He pardoned Nixon of all crimes that he may have committed. Evacuated nearly 500,000 Americans and South Vietnamese from Vietnam, closing the war. We are heading toward rapid inflation. He runs again and debates Jimmy Carter. At the debate he is asked how he would handle the communists in eastern Europe and he said there were none and this apparently sealed his fate.

UN Security Council

A 15-member panel which bears the UN's major responsibility for keeping international peace.

Rule of law

/principle that the law applies to everyone, even those who govern/the restriction of the arbitrary exercise of power by subordinating it to well-defined and established laws. When a nation is ruled this way, governance is based on a body of written or otherwise codified law so that no individual can make a governing decision in conflict with those laws.

information-processing model

Follows the same development path as Piaget but in a continuous manner, rather than in stages

Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)

(1819) Spain ceded Florida to the United States and gave up its claims to the Oregon Territory

Partnership

A joint venture between two individuals or two business entities.

utopianism

Adherents conceptualized establishing utopian settlements with egalitarian societies.

Plebeians

All non-land-owning, free men in Ancient Rome

Muhammad

Arab prophet; founder of religion of Islam.

Karl Marx

Conflict theorist

New Deal

FDR's plan to bring the country out of the Depression using relief, recovery, and reform.

agricultural settlements

Goal of English colonization

nation

a group of people who identify as a group and share a culture

unconditional response

a response that does not have to be learned, such as a reflex

stable

attribution that is constant/consistent

variable

changing reinforcement

fixed

constant reinforcement

Lucius Junius Brutus

founder of Roman Republic in 509 BC

ratio

number of responses made

immigrants

people moving into a place

recency effect

states that people are also more likely to recall items at the end of a list

Vatican

the palace in Rome in which the Pope lives; the control center of the Roman Catholic Church

Missouri Compromise

"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.

Virginia Plan

"Large state" proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress. The plan favored larger states and thus prompted smaller states to come back with their own plan for apportioning representation.

Compromise of 1850

(1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas

Niccolo Machiavelli

(1469-1527) Wrote The Prince which contained a secular method of ruling a country. "End justifies the means." He argued that public morality and private/personal morality are two very different things and that sometimes immoral acts must be done to ensure the public good; argued that power was the most important priority for any leader.

French and Indian War

(1754-1763) War fought in the colonies between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio Valley area. The English won. (Also going on in Europe at the time) These war efforts in North America accelerated under William Pitt the Elder; Britain gained French and Spanish territories

Progressive Movement

(1901 -1917Formed by Midwestern Farmers, Socialists, and Labor Organizers -attacked monopolies, and wanted other reforms, such as bimetallism, transportation regulation, the 8-hour work day, and income tax aimed to restore economic opportunities and correct injustices in American life

Qin Dynasty

(221-207 BCE) The first centralized dynasty of China that used Legalism as its base of belief. Followed the Zhou/Warring States period. Unified disparate Chinese civilizations and regions under the first emperor Qin Shihuangdi. Characterized by a centralized administration, expanded infrastructure, standardization in weights and measures, standardized writing, a standardized currency, and strict imperial control. The administrative bureaucracy established by the emperor was the foundation of Chinese administration until the twentieth century. Short-lived but longlasting impact.

Gupta Empire

(320-550 CE) The decentralized empire that emerged after the Mauryan Empire, and whose founder is Chandra Gupta. It was concurrent with the Roman Empire. During this period, known as the Golden Age of India, the region was economically strong; there was active trade by sea with China, East Africa, and the Middle East in spices, ivory, silk, cotton, and iron, which was highly profitable as an export. Encouraged music, art, architecture, and Sanskrit literature and philosophy. Practicers of Hinduism but tolerant of Buddhists and Jains. By 550, invasions from the north by the Huns and internal conflict led to imperial decline.

Byzantine Empire

(330-1453) The eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived after the fall of the Western Empire at the end of the 5th century C.E. Its capital was Constantinople, named after the Emperor Constantine. Its emperor Justinian reconquered parts of North Africa, Egypt, and Greece, established rule of law, reinvigorated trade with China, and built the Hagia Sophia. Would control more and more land until falling to the Ottoman Turks in 1453.

Plato

(430-347 BCE) Was a disciple of Socrates whose cornerstone of thought was his theory of Forms, in which there was another world of perfection. Created the Academy.

Peloponnesian War

(431-404 BCE) The war between Athens and Sparta that in which Sparta won, but left Greece as a whole weak and ready to fall to its neighbors to the north. Instability caused by this war (5th c. BC) led to the rise of Macedon.

Socrates

(470-399 BCE) An Athenian philosopher who thought that human beings could lead honest lives and that honor was far more important than wealth, fame, or other superficial attributes. Influenced later philosophers.

Emancipation Proclamation

(AL) , Issued by Abraham Lincoln on September 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free if they did not re-join the union by January 1, 1863

Hans Selye

(Accidently) described General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Moses

(Old Testament) the Hebrew prophet who led the Israelites from Egypt across the Red sea on a journey known as the Exodus after leading them out of slavery; was given the Ten Commandments by God.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

(level 1) Physiological Needs, (level 2) Safety and Security, (level 3) Relationships, Love and Affection, (level 4) Self Esteem, (level 5) Self Actualization; motivation is based on needs but not all needs are equal

Qin Shihuangdi

(r.221-210 BCE) The first emperor of the Qin Dynasty who believed strongly in Legalism and sought to strengthen centralized China through public works. He constructed the Great Wall of China and his tomb is guarded by the famous terracotta figures.

Meriwether Lewis and William Clark

*Captains of the Corps of Discovery sent by President Jefferson to explore the newly acquired Louisiana Territory. Jefferson had hoped to find an all-water route to the Pacific Ocean but while this route didn't exist, Lewis and Clark returned with a deeper knowledge of the territory the US had come to control.

September 11, 2001

*Day of attacks by terrorist cells connected to the Al Qaeda network, which was led by Osama bin Laden, a Saudi dissident *Al Qaeda operatives hijacked two airliners and crashed them into NY's World Trade Center, destroying the buildings and killing thousands *Another hijacked plane hit the Pentagon in Washington, D.C. *A final hijacked plane was diverted from its mission, crashing in Pennsylvania *As a result of the attacks, Congress passed the USA Patriot Act, which broadened government authority to gather intelligence and further defined crimes that were punishable as terrorism *Attacks led to the invasion of Afghanistan

Lome Letter

- NY journal published this private letter written by Enrique Dupuy de Lôme, the Spanish minister to the US - letter criticized McKinley saying he was, "weak and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd" - Spanish government was embarrassed and apologized, but Americans were still angry

Sub Saharan Africa, North Africa and Southwest Asia, Europe, Russia, South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, North America, Middle America, South America, the Austral Realm, Pacific Realms

12 accepted realms

Embargo Act

1807 act which limited all of America's importation and exportation. Jefferson hoped the act would pressure the French and British to recognize U.S. neutrality rights in exchange for U.S. goods. Really, however, just hurt Americans and its economy further and got repealed in 1809.

Mexican-American War

1846 - 1848 - President Polk declared war on Mexico over the dispute of land in Texas (TX joined the union because Mexico abolished slavery). At the end, American ended up with 55% of Mexico's land.

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

1858 Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported pop-sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate; these debates showed the deep divides in the nation over slavery and states' rights

Theodore Roosevelt

1858-1919. 26th President. Increased size of Navy, "Great White Fleet". Added Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine. "Big Stick" policy. Received Nobel Peace Prize for mediation of end of Russo-Japanese war. Later arbitrated split of Morocco between Germany and France. HELPED THE PROGRESSIVE ERA REACH ITS APEX; enforced the Sherman Antitrust Act; developed the Square Deal; acts passed to protect workers, health, farmers, and children

Siege of Vicksburg

1863 Union army's blockade of Vicksburg, Mississippi, that led the city to surrender during the Civil War

Reconstruction Acts

1867 - Pushed through the Republican congress over Johnson's veto, it gave radical Republicans complete military control over the South and divided the South into five military zones, each headed by a general with absolute power over his district. (effectively declaring martial law)

Gilded Age

1870s - 1890s; time period looked good on the outside, despite the corrupt politics & growing gap between the rich & poor; it saw an era of rapidly growing income inequality, justified by theories like Social Darwinism and the Gospel of wealth, which argued that the wealthy had been made rich by God and were socially more deserving of it.

American Federation of Labor

1886; founded by Samuel Gompers; sought better wages, hrs, working conditions; skilled laborers, arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor, rejected socialist and communist ideas, non-violent.

Dawes Act

1887 law that distributed reservation land to individual Native American owners; it ended the federal recognition of tribes, withdrew tribal land rights, and forced the sale of reservations; dissolved Native families and forced children to be sent to schools to assimilate

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901)

1901 - Great Britain recognized U.S. Sphere of Influence over the Panama canal zone provided the canal itself remained neutral. U.S. given full control over construction and management of the canal. - led to Panama Revolution from Colombia

Stimson Doctrine

1932, Hoover's Secretary of State said the US would not recognize territorial changes resulting from Japan's invasion of Manchuria; determined US neutrality in Asia

Homeowners Loan Corporation (HOLC)

1933 -- lowered mortgages to stop foreclosures. (refinanced mortgages to protect homeowners from losing their homes)

Lend-Lease Act

1941 law that authorized the president to aid any nation whose defense he believed was vital to American security; FDR convinced Congress to directly supply the British with military aid, in place of cash-and-carry

Ho Chi Minh

1950s and 60s; communist leader of North Vietnam; used guerrilla warfare to fight anti-communist, American-funded attacks under the Truman Doctrine; brilliant strategy drew out war and made it un-winnable; after the US pulled out he took over the entire country

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

1957 group founded by Martin Luther King Jr. to fight against segregation using nonviolent means like protests and civil disobedience

Counterculture Movement

1960s *Began at Berkeley with free speech movement *Beliefs included women's liberation, anti-materialism, and opposition to the war in Vietnam *Experimented with drugs and sex *Young people who favored the counterculture were called "hippies" *The Woodstock Music and Art Festival in NY State (1969) marked the culmination of the counterculture movement

Elementary and Secondary Education Act

1965 - Provided federal funding for primary and secondary education and was meant to improve the education of poor people. This was the first federal program to fund education.

Richard Nixon

1968 and 1972; Republican; Vietnam: advocated "Vietnamization" (replace US troops with Vietnamese), but also bombed Cambodia/Laos, created a "credibility gap," Paris Peace Accords ended direct US involvement; economy-took US off gold standard (currency valued by strength of economy); created the Environmental Protection Agency, was president during first moon landing; SALT I and new policy of detente between US and Soviet Union; Watergate scandal: became first and only president to resign

Tet Offensive

1968; National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment

working class

19th century Industrial societies developed the idea that there were only really two social classes: property-owning middle class and then the _____ _____. Before industrialization, poorer people had more varied ideas about social ranks. These were often poor European and Chinese immigrants working in factories and building infrastructure/suffered from dangerous working conditions and other abuses.

Knights of Labor

1st effort to create National union. Open to everyone (unskilled workers) but lawyers and bankers. Vague program, no clear goals, weak leadership and organization. Failed

Spring and Autumn Period

1st phase of Eastern Zhou try to regain political authority by connecting with ethnic groups; this was the unstable period toward the end of the Zhou Dynasty; during this time Confucius lived.

three-box model and levels of processing model

2 models of memory

Barack Obama

2008; Democrat; first African American president of the US; helped end the Great Recession, passed the Affordable Care Act, ended US occupations of Iraq and Afghanistan, and legalized gay marriage; also oversaw the passage of consumer protection acts, increased support for students, and safety nets for homeowners.

Grover Cleveland

22nd and 24th president, Democrat, Honest and hardworking, fought corruption, vetoed hundreds of wasteful bills, achieved the Interstate Commerce Commission and civil service reform, violent suppression of strikes Asked Congress to repeal the Sherman Silver Purchase Act.

self-sufficiency approach, international trade approach, structural adjustments

3 main approaches for improving the economic development of LDCs

symbolic interactionism, functionalism, conflict theory

3 major categories of social perspective which are the basic paradigms that sociologists seek to understand and explain the world through

external causes, internal causes, technological advancements, social movements

4 factors of social change

regional studies, topical studies, physical studies, human studies

4 main categories/subdisciplines of geography

physical capital, human capital, natural resources, technology

4 main determinants of productivity

environmental determinism, possibilism, cultural determinism, political economy

4 theories of human-environment interaction

primary, secondary, anticipatory, resocialization

4 types of socialization

Bill Clinton

42nd President advocated economic and healthcare reform; second president to be impeached; took an active role in international diplomacy, helping broker peace deals in the former Yugoslavia, Northern Ireland, and the Middle East; indicated a more liberal era.

George W. Bush

43rd president of the US who began a campaign toward energy self-sufficiency and against terrorism in 2001. Launched the War on Terror.

Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic, Southern (Antarctic)

5 Oceans

1. the protection of property 2. granting increased, but limited, power to the federal government 3. the protection of and limitations on majority rule 4. the protection of individual rights 5. the creation of a flexible framework for government

5 main goals for the Constitution in order to balance authority and liberty

Andean America, Mesoamerica, West Africa, Nile River Valley, Mesopotamia, Indus River Valley, Ganges River Delta, Wei and Huang Rivers

8 Culture Hearths where culture (similar cultures) developed independently

to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger, to achieve universal education, to promote gender inequality, to reduce infant mortality, to improve maternal health, to combat highly infectious diseases like HIV/AIDs and malaria, to ensure environmental sustainability, to develop a global partnership for development

8 primary goals of the World Bank

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy. He believed that government was a natural extension of the individual's desire to protect and best enjoy their natural rights and argued for a government built on the RULE OF LAW.

Ostrogoths

A Germanic tribe that attacked Rome in 476 AD. The Leader was Odoacar, who kicked out the last Roman Emperor.

caste system

A Hindu hierarchical social class system that controlled every aspect of daily life

Jesus

A Jewish carpenter from Galilee in northern Israel who sought to reform Jewish beliefs and practices. He was executed as a revolutionary by the Romans. He is the basis of the world's largest religion.

Mayas

A Native American people, living in what is now Mexico and northern Central America (Yucatan), who had a flourishing until around 1600, when they were conquered by the Spanish. They are known for their astronomical observations, accurate calendars sophisticated hieroglyphics, and pyramids.

William Penn

A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution. (colony based on tolerance)

Gulf War

A War (1990-1991) that took place between Iraq and the U.S./Kuwait started by Iraq invading Kuwait; First non-containment based war since WWII; Often referred to as Operation Desert Storm; Primarily an aerial war (huge amounts of missiles and bombs) in the first stages, followed by an infantry march that pushed Iraqi forces back into Iraq; this cemented the US as the world's sole superpower after Saddam Hussein's forces were driven from Kuwait and Iraq was restrained by sanctions and no-fly zones

Liberalism

A belief that government can and should achieve justice and equality of opportunity.//the belief that the government should fight poverty at home

Conservatism

A belief that limited government insures order competitive markets and personal opportunity. This ideology strengthened in response to the heavy role of government in public life throughout the 1960s, high rates of government spending, and social changes to traditional values

Popular Sovereignty

A belief that ultimate power resides in the people. States decided if they wanted slavery or not.

schisms

A breach of the unity of the visible Church; the refusal to submit to the Pope or be united with the Church.

Watergate Scandal

A break-in at the Democratic National Committee offices in the Watergate complex in Washington was carried out under the direction of White House employees. Disclosure of the White House involvement in the break-in and subsequent cover-up forced President Nixon to resign in 1974 to avoid impeachment. Led to Americans' having no faith in their government.

Sole Proprietorship

A business belonging to a single individual; either as a sole owner or inventor, this is dependent on the skills and income of one person

Unitary Government

A centralized government in which all government powers belong to a single, central agency. Most countries use this.

polis

A city-state in ancient Greece.

Code of Hammurabi

A collection of 282 laws. One of the first (but not THE first) examples of written law in the ancient world written by a Babylonian king. Justice was meted out on an equal basis: "an eye for an eye..."

culture realm

A collective of culture regions sharing related culture systems; a major world area having sufficient distinctiveness to be perceived as a set apart from other realms in terms of cultural characteristics and complexes. Ex: Europe

League of Nations

A collective security organization founded in 1919 after World War I. A divided US Congress refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles so America wasn't involved. It was largely ineffective and ended in 1946 and was replaced by the UN.

Geographic Information System (GIS)

A computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data.

Sixth Amendment

A constitutional amendment designed to protect individuals accused of crimes. It includes the right to counsel, the right to confront witnesses, and the right to a speedy and public trial. (public defenders)

Fifth Amendment

A constitutional amendment designed to protect the rights of persons accused of crimes, including protection against double jeopardy, self-incrimination, and punishment without due process of law. Miranda rights must be stated.

Fourteenth Amendment

A constitutional amendment giving full rights of citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the United States, except for American Indians.

international relations

A field in political science which concentrates on relations between countries, such as foreign policy, war, trade, and foreign aid. It is based around the idea that states always act in their own national interest... but which foreign policy goal is most important dictates the school of thought.

Subprime Mortgage Crisis

A financial crisis that began as a result of the lending practices made to subprime borrowers. Mortgage delinquencies, home foreclosures, and a decline in home prices added to the crisis.

Intensive Subsistence Farming

A form of farming that uses a small amount of land as efficiently as possible to feed a family. It can be found in areas with high populations and very fertile soil. Marked by innovative farming techniques like terrace-farming pyramids. Also uses double-cropping sometimes. Common when growing rice, wheat, corn and millet.

cuneiform

A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge shaped stylus and clay tablets. It is the earliest known example of writing to use characters to form words; helped the Sumerians write things like the Epic of Gilgamesh. Also aided in more advanced governance and administration.

writ of certiorari

A formal writ used to bring a case before the Supreme Court/an order to the lower court to send up their decision for review that an appellant must request

g factor

A general ability, proposed by Spearman as the main factor underlying all intelligent mental activity

Federal System

A government that divides the powers of government between the national government and state or provincial governments

Black Panther Party

A group formed in 1966, inspired by the idea of Black Power, that provided aid to black neighborhoods; often thought of as radical or violent. They believed that African Americans should stay separate from whites to develop stronger communities; fought for self-determination and against police brutality.

United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)

A group founded by Marcus Garvey to promote the settlement of American blacks in their own "African homeland"

Puritans

A group of Protestants who had been persecuted in England by King Charles I, whom many suspected of weakening the church and plotting to restore Catholicism; they wanted to Purify the Church.

Corporation

A group of individuals or businesses working together to share the business risk and the business profit; it is authorized to act as a single entity (legally a person) and recognized as such in law.

Electoral College

A group of people named by each state legislature to select the president and vice president

Region

A group of places that share common characteristics, whether human or physical. They can be large - incorporating multiple continents - or quite small.

exhaustion

A harmful third phase of the stress response, in which stress exceeds the body's ability to recover OR in which the body returns to normal state. Chronic stress can lead to arthritis, ulcers, asthma, migraines, headaches, heart disease, and depression; 3rd stage of GAS

tundra

A high latitude climate that features extremely cold and long winters. It means "marshy plains" in Russian; while the ground is frozen for most of the year, during the short summer the ground becomes mushy. The tundra has low precipitation and actually receives less snow than the Eastern US. With no arable land, it is home to few people but much plant life and animal life.

Taiga

A high latitude climate that means "northern forest." It is south of the tundra and is home to the world's largest forestlands. It also contains many swamps and marshes. It has extreme temperatures because it is farther from the oceans. While there is a growing season, it is so short that meaningful agriculture is impossible, so it is sparsely populated. However, it features distinctive and extreme mineral wealth.

Great Wall of China

A huge wall that is over 6000 miles, which was built to keep the Mongolians in the north out of China. Built during the Qin dynasty.

apportionment of power within the legislature

A key structural factor affecting the development of a party system is this.

Parthenon

A large temple dedicated to the goddess Athena on the Acropolis in Athens, Greece. It was built in the 5th century BCE, during the Athenian golden age.

National Origins Act of 1924

A law that severely restricted immigration by establishing a system of national quotas that blatantly discriminated against immigrants from southern and eastern Europe and virtually excluded Asians. The policy stayed in effect until the 1960s.

Miranda Rights

A list of rights that police in the United States must read to suspects in custody before questioning them, pursuant to the Supreme Court decision in Miranda v. Arizona.

Ramesses II

A long-lived ruler of New Kingdom Egypt (r. 1290-1224 B.C.E.). He reached an accommodation with the Hittites of Anatolia after a military standoff in the Levant (reached a stalemate). He built on a grand scale throughout Egypt.

Humid subtropical climate

A middle latitude climate that is located on coastal areas north and south of the tropics. This climate receives warm ocean currents and warm winds year round, leading to a climate that is warm and moist. The summers are long and wet and the winters are short and mild. This creates a long growing season. It supports the greatest percentage of the world's population.

island hopping

A military strategy used during World War II that involved selectively attacking specific enemy-held islands and bypassing others; this allowed the US to take control of Japanese-controlled islands and move closer to mainland Japan

closed economy model

A model in which households provide factors of production to firms, which the firms then transform into goods and services

Core-Periphery Model

A model that describes how economic, political, and/or cultural power is spatially distributed between dominant core regions, and more marginal or dependent semi-peripheral and peripheral regions. The core consists of industrialized countries with high GDPs and standards of living; the semi-periphery is newly industrialized with significant inequities; the periphery has low levels of industrialization, infrastructure, and per capita income/standards of living

Social Gospel

A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s which emphasized charity and social responsibility as a means of salvation. THE NOTION THAT IT WAS SOCIETY'S OBLIGATION TO ENSURE BETTER TREATMENT FOR WORKERS AND IMMIGRANTS.

Era of Good Feelings

A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism/public identity, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts. Religious revival also became popular. Art and culture/romanticism and reform movements elevated the common man

social welfare

A nation's system of programs, benefits, and services that help people meet those social, economic, educational, and health needs that are fundamental to the maintenance of society.

internationalism

A national policy of actively trading with foreign countries to foster peace and prosperity/more engagement in global affairs; US policy after WWII

Etruscans

A native people who inhabited early Italy

Commodore Matthew Perry

A navy commander who, on July 8, 1853, became the first foreigner to break through the barriers that had kept Japan isolated from the rest of the world for 250 years. He used gunboat diplomacy to force these trade agreements.

Winston Churchill

A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West.

Manifest Destiny

A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific/it was their fate to expand westward and settle the continent.

Common Sense

A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation; took Locke's concepts of natural rights and the obligation of a people to rebel against an oppressive government and popularized the notion of rebellion against Britain.

political exclave

A part of a state almost completely separated from the rest of the country, ex: Alaska

Camp David Accords

A peace treaty between Israel and Egypt where Egypt agreed to recognize the nation state of Israel (under Carter)

Slavs

A people from the forests north of the Black Sea, ancestors of many peoples in Eastern Europe today. They fought for supremacy north of Byzantium during the Dark Ages.

Stone Age

A period of time during which early humans made lasting tools and weapons mainly from stone; the earliest known period of human culture; before metalworking

lords

A person of high rank who owned land but owed loyalty to his king; could be vassals of other lords

Thutmose III

A pharaoh during the Middle Kingdom that was one of the greatest conquerers and many new lands were brought under control under his reign; He expanded Egypt into the Levant; very warlike ruler

Confucianism

A philosophy that adheres to the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It shows the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society in the present world and stresses a moral code of conduct; stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct.

isolationism

A policy of nonparticipation in international economic and political relations; believed in focusing on development at home.

laissex-faire

A policy that government should interfere as little as possible in the nation's economy. i.e. 1920s Republicans

feudalism

A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land. Basically, protection for loyalty. It was the dominant social, economic, and political hierarchy of the European middle ages from the time of Charlemagne.

Sparta

A powerful Greek military polis/state that was often at war with Athens. Used slaves known as helots to provide agricultural labor.

interest group

A private organization made up of individuals who share policy views on one or more issues; the group tries to influence public opinion to its own benefit; play an important role in American politics and connect citizens to the governments. They speak for many, raise money to influence policy makers, and influence policy.

filibuster

A procedural practice in the Senate whereby a senator refuses to relinquish the floor and thereby delays proceedings and prevents a vote on a controversial issue. They can debate indefinitely to delay passage of the bill; has to be broken by 60 votes.

Proclamation of 1763

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east. An effort to maintain peace but much settlement continued in practice

Vietnam War

A prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States.

Northern Securities Company

A railroad monopoly formed by J.P. Morgan and James J. Hill which violated Sherman Antitrust Act; they had a railroad monopoly under the Interstate commerce act and were broken up by trust-busting

Whiskey Rebellion

A rebellion against the excise tax on whiskey; indicated unrest in the young country and was put down by militia

interdependence

A relationship between countries in which they rely on one another for resources, goods, or services (US foreign policy now)

Islam

A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran. Followers are called Muslims. It is also based on Judaism and Christianity; it presented as the final version of these two religions, evolving its own set of laws and philosophical teachings.

Judaism

A religion with a belief in one god. It originated with Abraham and the Hebrew people. Yahweh was responsible for the world and everything within it. They preserved their early history in the Old Testament. Believe that the Hebrews/Jews were God's chosen people.

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

projection

A representation of the Earth's rounded surface on a flat piece of paper. Each has 4 major properties: the size of areas, the shape of areas, consistency of scales, and straight line directions (no map can accurately show all four)

Theravada

A sect of Buddhism focusing on the strict spiritual discipline originally advocated by the Buddha. It is dominant in Southeast Asia and Indian Ocean regions.

Roaring Twenties

A seemingly trouble-free period of isolation from chaotic world events and full of prosperity and excitement

Bleeding Kansas

A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.

Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods. Started with the textile production boom in Britain thanks to southern cotton

Strategic Arms Limitation Treaties (SALT I and II)

A series of negotiations between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. on the issue of nuclear arms reduction. The talks helped lower the total number of missiles each side would have and eased the tension between the two.

Second Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.

Punic Wars

A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage (264-146 B.C.); resulted in the destruction of Carthage and Rome's dominance over the western Mediterranean.

Napoleonic Wars

A series of wars fought between France (led by Napoleon Bonaparte) and alliances involving England and Prussia and Russia and Austria at different times (1799-1812). Both BR and FR were attempting to blockade each other's international trade, threatening US ships, as the US did business with both; led to the Embargo Act

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

A set of 11 "laws" that can be organized into three groups: the reasons why migrants move, the distance they typically move, and their characteristics created in the 1880s because migration patterns are predictable.

Rules Committee

A standing committee of the House of Representatives that provides special rules under which specific bills can be debated, amended, and considered by the house. Also sets a time limit.

elongated states

A state with a long, narrow shape. (Example. Chile); political administration is more challenging because it is difficult to maintain control over the areas that are far from the center of power.

political enclave

A state, or part of a state, that is completely surrounded by another state, i.e. West Berlin

federal

A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments; implemented because complete state sovereignty doesn't work

multi-party system

A system in which three or more political parties have the capacity to gain control of government separately or in coalition. They often represent very different and more radical ideologies that work together. They seek a plurality in elections.

Parliamentary System

A system of government in which the legislative and executive functions of government are combined, with the judicial acting as a separate body. IN this system the head executive, or prime minister, and their cabinet are chosen from the legislature.

Autocracy

A system of government in which the power to rule is in the hands of a single individual - dictatorship or monarchy

spoils system

A system of public employment/appointments based on rewarding party loyalists and friends. Done by Andrew Jackson.

checks and balances

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power

sharecropping

A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops. Freedmen worked essentially the same land for the same landowners, leasing equipment at unreasonable rates and were basically trapped in the same conditions that they had been in.

Tariff of 1832

A tariff imposed by Jackson which was unpopular in the South; South Carolina nullified it, but Jackson pushed through the Force Act, which enabled him to make South Carolina comply through force; Henry Clay reworked the tariff so that South Carolina would accept it, but after accepting it, South Carolina also nullified the Force Act; Made Calhoun say SC would secede if their economic interests were not protected.

Townshend Acts

A tax/restriction that the British Parliament/Chancellor of the Exchequer passed in 1767 that was placed on leads, glass, paint and tea. Customs offers were also allowed to search colonists' homes with writs of assistance.

Zimmerman Telegram

A telegram Germany sent to Mexico to convince Mexico to attack the U.S. by promising them help as well as US territory at the end of the War

psychoanalytic theory

A theory developed by Freud that attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior

domino theory

A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control.

Mercator Projection

A true conformal cylindrical map projection, the Mercator projection is particularly useful for navigation because it maintains accurate direction. Mercator projections are famous for their distortion in area that makes landmasses at the poles appear oversized. It uses straight lines for latitude and longitude rather than curving them to indicate to curve of the earth. The scale is only accurate at the equator or the two parallels equidistant from the equator.

monarchy

A type of autocracy in which the ruler derives power from a divine right to rule given by God

dicatorship

A type of autocracy in which the ruler derives power from political control, military power, or cult of personality

gnomonic projection

A type of map that preserves the property of accuracy of distance. Every straight line on this projection is the arc of a great circle. It is particularly useful for navigating by air or sea where direction is important. It is also often used to map the poles which are usually highly distorted in other map projections.

Mahabharata

A vast epic chronicling the events leading up to a cataclysmic battle between related kinship groups in early India. It includes the Bhagavad-Gita, the most important work of Indian sacred literature. Mahayana Buddhism,Branch of Buddhism followed in China, Japan, and Central Asia. The focus is on reverence for Buddha and for bodhisattvas, enlightened persons who have postponed nirvana to help others attain enlightenment.

pocket veto

A veto taking place when Congress adjourns within 10 days of submitting a bill to the president, who simply lets it die by neither signing nor vetoing it.

Social Contract

A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.

Social contract

A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.

geographic distribution of authority

A way to organize government in which government is categorized by how their authority is distributed across the territory of the state or nation.

separation of powers

A way to organize government in which government is categorized depending on the way power is divided within the government itself

Articles of Confederation

A weak constitution that governed America during the Revolutionary War. It provided for a weak central government, a unicameral central government that had the power to wage war, negotiate treaties and borrow money BUT could not tax citizens but could tax states. Set parameters for westward expansion/statehood. Government was in debt/had weak currency and couldn't tax.

Sovereignty

Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states. THE RIGHT OF A GROUP TO BE FREE OF OUTSIDE INTERFERENCE; RECOGNITION OF AUTHORITY BY EXTERNAL GOVERNMENTS.

John Brown

Abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia (1800-1858)

Maryland Toleration Act

Act that was passed in Maryland that ensured toleration to all Christians, regardless of sect but not to those who did not believe in the divinity of Jesus. Though it did not sanction much tolerance, the act was the first seed that would sprout into the first amendment, granting religious freedom to all. the first law of its kind in the colony

individual psychology

Adler's view that people are all ultimately striving for success or superiority. if a person enjoys success - meaning that he contributes to the community benefit while maintaining his personal identity - his personality is unified and if not he will be unfulfilled.

Marcus Garvey

African American leader during the 1920s who founded the United Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. He believed in self-sufficiency for blacks, who were settling in urban areas and facing discrimination. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927.

Booker T. Washington

African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality. He believed in gradual desegregation and vocational education for African Americans, providing it at his Tuskegee Institute

Battle of Appomattox Courthouse

After a crushing defeat, General Lee and the Confederacy surrender to General Grant in Central Virginia. This marks the unofficial end of the war (even though several battles occurred after). April 9, 1865

National Republicans

After the 1824 election, part of the Democratic - Republican party joined John Q. Adams, Clay, and Daniel Webster to oppose Andrew Jackson. They favored nationalistic measures like recharter of the Bank of the United States, high tariffs, and internal improvements at national expense. They were supported mainly by Northwesterners and were not very successful. They were conservatives alarmed by Jackson's radicalness; they joined with the Whigs in the 1830's. Later known as Whigs; supported business and urbanization/federalist leanings

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Agreement that created a free-trade area among the United States, Canada, and Mexico.

Jay's Treaty (1794)

Agreement that provided England would evacuate a series of forts in U.S. territory along the Great Lakes; in return, the United States agreed to pay pre-Revolutionary War debts owed to Britain. The British also partially opened the West Indies to American shipping. The treaty was barely ratified in the face of strong Republican opposition. It really was trying to reinstate neutrality because of impressments in the Atlantic during the 1790s but was unsuccessful and unpopular. Made Spain worried about changes in the balance of power in North America.

Convention of 1800

Agreement which freed America from its alliance with France, forgave French $20 million in damages and resulted in Adams' losing a second term as president

Recognition of authority

All formal governments require THIS in order to exist; it has to come from internal and external forces.

Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890

Allowed Treasury notes to be backed in both gold and silver.

Fugitive Slave Act

Allowed slave owners to pursue escaped slaves to free states and recapture them; after the Compromise of 1850, it was a federal crime to assist escaped slaves, an unacceptable provision to many abolitionists.

pure market economy

Also known as capitalism, is governed by the laws of supply and demand with no outside interference.

Andrew Jackson

Although the War of 1812 led to no real gains or losses for anyone, this man became a popular war hero following the Battle of New Orleans

Fourth Amendment

Amendment that restricts unlawful searches and seizures; it restricts the admittance of evidence obtained illegally

24th Amendment

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1964) eliminated the poll tax as a prerequisite to vote in national elections.

Thomas Paine

American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence and supported the French Revolution (1737-1809)

Samuel Adams

American Revolutionary leader and patriot, Founder and leader of the Sons of Liberty and one of the most vocal patriots for independence; signed the Declaration of Independence

clipper ships

American boats, built during the 1840's in Boston, that were sleek and fast but inefficient in carrying a lot of cargo or passengers. They allowed for trade to open up with East Asia because they made journeys across the pacific ocean faster and easier.

Patriots

American colonists who were determined to fight the British until American independence was won

Robert Merton

American functionalist who theorized two types of human functions: manifest and latent

Gloria Steinem

An American feminist, journalist, and social and political activist who became nationally recognized as a leader of, and media spokeswoman for, the women's liberation movement in the late 1960s and 1970s.

credit

An arrangement to receive cash, goods, or services now and pay for them in the future.

market clearing

An assumption that prices are flexible, adjust to equate supply and demand.

capitalism

An economic system based on private ownership of capital/free market system

proportional representation

An election system in which each party running receives the proportion of legislative seats corresponding to its proportion of the vote (every one who gets votes gets a number of seats). Ex: Italy

single-member district

An electoral district from which one person is chosen by the voters for each elected office. This type of electoral system typically leads to legislatures dominated by two political parties. Usually have some sort of winner-take-all model.

two-party system

An electoral system with two dominant parties that compete in national elections. Each party trends toward the middle in order to try to gain as much support as possible.

Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)

An exchange rate that determines how much currency it would take to buy equal amounts of goods in 2 different countries. The amount of money needed in one country to purchase the same goods and services in another country

humanistic theory

An explanation of behavior that emphasizes the entirety of life rather than individual components of behavior and focuses on human dignity, individual choice, and self-worth// challenge the determinism innate in other personality theories and instead argue that people are able to exercise free will to determine their own destinies; personality is determined by a person's overall feeling about themselves and the level of confidence they have in their own abilities

expansionary fiscal policy

An increase in government purchases of goods and services, a decrease in net taxes, or some combination of the two for the purpose of increasing aggregate demand and expanding real output done to increase the Aggregate Demand curve or to counteract a recession

casta system

An individual's place in societal hierarchy was determined by his or her race, with white people most privileged

unstable

An inference that an event or behavior/attribution is due to unstable, temporary factors.

mental map

An internal representation of a portion of Earth's surface based on what an individual knows about a place, containing personal impressions of what is in a place and where places are located. They are gateways into understanding perspectives not only of individuals, but of entire cultures.

United Nations

An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation. It was modeled after the LoN. It included a Security Council comprised of major world powers, with the power to militarily intervene for peacekeeping purposes in unstable global situations.

Speaker of the House

An office mandated by the Constitution. The Speaker is chosen in practice by the majority party, has both formal and informal powers, and is second in line to succeed to the presidency should that office become vacant.

dissenting opinions

An opinion written by a Supreme Court justice who is in the minority that presents the logic and thinking of the justices who opposed the majority opinion.

World Bank

An organization created after WWII to provide loans to developing nations for capital projects. Its primary purpose is to eliminate poverty but it is also designed to support and encourage the growth of Capitalism. It has 8 primary goals: to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger, to achieve universal education, to promote gender inequality, to reduce infant mortality, to improve maternal health, to combat highly infectious diseases like HIV/AIDs and malaria, to ensure environmental sustainability, to develop a global partnership for development. It also works closely with the UN.

OPEC

An organization of countries formed in 1961 to agree on a common policy for the production and sale of petroleum. (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) In 1970s, it was led by Saudi Arabia and other allies of Arabs foes of Israel, to boycott the US as a result, and caused oil prices to rise.

Temperance Movement

An organized campaign to eliminate alcohol consumption; mostly led by women

Jacksonian Democrats

Andrew Jackson's party generally championed the principles of equal opportunity, absolute political freedom (for white males), glorification of the "common man," and limited government.; favored by small farmers and inhabitants of rural areas/ states' rights

Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development

Answers the question how does the ability to reason in ethical situations change? Developing children progress through a predictable sequence of stages of moral reasoning (preconventional, conventional, postconventional).

Wilmot Proviso (1846)

Anti-slavery factions in Congress had attempted to halt the extension of slavery to the new territories obtained from Mexico in 1846 though this... but the efforts were unsuccessful. Essentially it sought to ban slavery in any territories or new states acquired from Mexico. Basically the argument was over whether there would be slavery in Texas, New Mexico, California, and other new western states. The debate is considered a crucial part of the lead-up to the Civil War.

firm

Any organization that uses factors of production to produce a good or service which it intends to sell for profit

George Washington

Appointed head of the Continental Army and led a largely unpaid and unprofessional army; despite early losses, he gained ground due to strong leadership, superior knowledge of the land, and support from France

self-sufficiency approach

Approach to improving economic development by building a country's independence from foreign economies and fostering its ability to provide for its own people. It is is based on the idea that a country can only develop if the country provides for the people itself, rather than relying on outside aid and support. Countries MUST not concentrate on just one industry but promote development across all sectors and regions.

First Agricultural Revolution

Approximately 12,000 years ago, humans began to collect and plants seeds and to raise animals for their own use; diffused from several hearths; humans in turn became stationary and self-supporting/// ADVENT OF SEED AGRICULTURE AND DOMESTICATION and then eventually the increased carrying capacity of earth, advanced tools like the plow, and specialized skills which could support larger societies

transition zones

Area where the characteristics of one region gradually change into those of another; The area between regions that are not sharply defined by gradually shifting between realms that are marked by greater diversity of cultural traits as well as more conflict.

technopoles

Areas of high-tech production like Silicon Valley in California

frontiers

Areas where boundaries are either not well-established or not maintained well. Disputes often arise here.

Liberalism

Argue that realism is outdated. Globalization and the growth of international trade have created too many ties among nations to allow for each to truly have a national interest separate from that of other nations. Argue that the world is now a system of complex interdependence, greatly decreasing the usefulness of military power (consequences>benefits); instead, economic and social power are more effective tools.

Realism

Argues that a state's primary interest is self-preservation, which can only be achieved by maximizing power. As a result, nations are always working to acquire more power relative to the power of other states. Connected to Machiavelli's political theory. Guided Cold War politics.

Hittites

Around 1200 BC, during a time of instability in Mesopotamia, the region became vulnerable to these people from Anatolia. They had developed during the Bronze Age but flourished in the Iron Age, developing expertise in metallurgy to create strong weapons; they also mastered horsemanship and invented chariots. This made them a strong military power and a threat to the Assyrians and the Egyptians (their land and control of trade). Assyria eventually overcame their threats.

Saxons

Around 600 AD, these peoples conquered Britain while the Celts were pushed to Ireland, Scotland, and Brittany in NW France.

supremacy clause

Article VI of the Constitution, which makes the Constitution, national laws, and treaties supreme over state laws when the national government is acting within its constitutional limits. The Constitution is "the supreme law of the land" so in cases of conflict between the state and federal government, the federal government's authority generally supersedes the states'

industrialization

As areas develop and economies grow, this occurs as manufacturing becomes increasingly important to the functioning of the economy; it requires a shift in the labor force so it is paired with a decline in subsistence farming

Stage Three (DTM)

As countries move from only subsistence farming into industrialization, CBR begins to slow. Women have more choices in work and this, in conjunction with urbanization - and the reduced living space that foes along with it - leads to a decline in the birth rate. Many Latin American and Asian countries today are at this Demographic Transition Model stage.

middle class

As the market economy and early industry developed, so did this.

substitution effect of labor

As wages increase, workers are willing to forgo leisure activities in order to increase their labor and thereby increase their earnings

Freedman's Bureau, 1865

Assisted freed slaves and poor whites in the South.... Set up to help freedmen and white refugees after Civil War. Provided food, clothing, medical care, and education. First to establish schools for blacks to learn to read as thousands of teachers from the north came south to help. Lasted from 1865-72. Attacked by KKK and other southerners as "carpetbaggers" Encouraged former plantation owners to rebuild their plantations, urged freed Blacks to gain employment, kept an eye on contracts between labor and management, etc

Pericles

Athenian leader noted for advancing democracy in Athens and for ordering the construction of the Parthenon. Helped organize Athens into a revolutionary democracy controlled by the poor and working class.

Battle of Tippecanoe

Battle between Americans and the Northwest Confederacy. Tecumseh and the Prophet attempted to oppress white settlement in the West, but defeated by General William Henry Harrison. Led to talk of Canadian invasion and served as a cause to the War of 1812. Natives wanted to maintain independent territory at the NW of the US and followed Tecumseh and his brother Tenskwatawa; despite their alliance with Britain the US prevailed

Salamis

Battle location in the Persian Wars where Persian ships were too large to maneuver and were defeated by the Athenian navy.480 BC; Naval battle; 2nd Persian War; Greeks win despite great odds

Stage Two (DTM)

Because CDR has declined, but CBR remains high, this is a high growth stage in the Demographic Transition Model. Medical advances can have an immediate impact on CDR, but CBR tends to be a deeply-rooted cultural tradition and is much more difficult to change. In countries of this stage, the majority of the population still engages in subsistence farming. Many developing countries are part of this stage today.

Federalists

Believed in separation of powers, republicanism, and a strong federal government. A term used to describe supporters of the Constitution during ratification debates in state legislatures.

Indus Valley Civilizations

Between 3000 and 1500 BC, the civilization flourished over the region that extended hundreds of miles from the Himalaya Mountains to the coast of the Arabian Sea. At the heart of the civilization were Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. Both cities had populations of about 35,000 and had walled defensive fortifications. These early civilizations flourished in the Indian Subcontinent and the Indus ad Gangus River Basins.

weapons of mass destruction

Biological, chemical, or nuclear weapons that can cause a massive number of deaths in a single use.

seas

Bodies of salinated water which are smaller than oceans and are surrounded by land

subsequent boundaries

Boundaries that are established as a result of negotiation between states, or human settlement or interaction

relict boundaries

Boundaries that no longer exist/are no longer functioning, but which may still be felt. i.e. Great Wall of China

Judicial branch

Branch of government that decides if laws are carried out fairly. It is the least detailed and most passive branch of the US government; it can only weigh in when a case is presented to it but it has grown to be very influential.

virtual representation

British governmental theory that Parliament spoke for all British subjects, including Americans, even if they did not vote for its members (justified the Stamp Act)

Impressment

British/French practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service

American Indian Movement

Brought attention to injustices and discrimination suffered by native Americans nationwide. Ultimately it was able to achieve more tribal autonomy and address problems facing Native American communities.

Looking Glass Self

C. H. Cooley's theory that emerged from the theories of William James; it states that other people's views build, change, and maintain the self-image; that people develop their own images of themselves through the images other present to them; individuals develop self-image based on their actual treatment by others in social interactions and through their assumptions about others' perspectives; it is a continuous process

1. Secretary of State 2. Secretary of the Treasury 3. Secretary of Defense 4. Attorney General 5. Department of Interior 6. Department of Agriculture 7. Department of Commerce 8. Department of Labor 9. Department of Energy 10. Department of Education 11. Department of Housing and Urban Development 12. Department of Transportation 13. Department of Veterans Affairs 14. Department of Health and Human Services 15. Department of Homeland Security

Cabinet positions (15)

Alexander Hamilton and James Madison

Called for a Constitutional Convention to write a Constitution as the foundation of a stronger federal government.

Demographic Transition Model

Can show a change in a population from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates; these is a geographic model that explains population paterns

dispute between two states, a case involving federal employees or agencies, a violation of federal law

Cases that are heard in federal courts/cases that state courts don't have jurisdiction over

plains and valleys

Categorize land that dips into the earth

mountains, hills, foothills, plateaus

Categorize land that rises above the earth

panic of 1907

Caused by banks restricting credit and over-speculating on the value of land and interests, coupled with a conservative gold standard; led to the passing of the Federal Reserve Act to protect the banking system

use of credit, overspeculation, weak banking protections, overproduction

Causes of the Great Depression

Carthage

City located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by the expanding Roman Republic in the third century B.C.E. during the punic wars.

savannah

Climate zone north and south of the rainforest; it is dry in winter and wet in summer, experiencing an average of 10 to 30 inches of rain; temperatures usually remain below 90 degrees with lower temperatures in winter.

desert

Climate zone that lies beyond the savannah to the north and the south. They are the hottest and driest parts of the Earth. They receive fewer than 10" of rainfall a year. Temperatures swing widely from the extreme heat during the day to extreme cold at night; the most well known include Sahara, the Outback, and the Arabian.

low latitudes

Climates from the equator to the latitudes 23.5 degrees north and south. They have 3 distinct climes - tropical rainforests, savannahs, deserts.

Pacific Northwestern tribes

Coast Salish and Chinook.Fishing was their major source of sustenance; created and used canoes to engage in the practice; totem poles depicted histories.

trade (fur and beaver pelts)

Colonial France was most focused on this

Indentured Servants

Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years; Virginia needed these because the colony required plantation farming. Some were from African.

agribusiness

Commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations.

Conference Committee

Committee appointed by the presiding officers of each chamber of Congress to adjust differences on a particular bill passed by each in different form. A bill is transformed into one draft to then be given for a final vote and then to the president.

Political Action Committee (PAC)

Committees that interest groups form with the purpose of raising money to support the campaigns of specific candidates who can further their interests. Limited to contributions of $5000 per candidate per elections.

Monasteries

Communities of monks which retained and protected classical documentation in the wake of the fall of Rome and insecurity in Italy.

Great Compromise

Compromise made by Constitutional Convention in which states would have equal representation in one house of the legislature and representation based on population in the other house (bicameral).

Mandate of Heaven

Concept in ancient Chinese (Zhou) history that states the emperor had a divine mandate to rule, emerged from the understanding that land was divinely inherited.

English Civil War

Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

Congress never formally declared war in Vietnam but gave the president (Johnson) authority to intervene militarily through this.

Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

Congress passed this act which allowed Kansas and Nebraska territories to decide slavery by popular sovereignty, effectively repealing the Missouri Compromise.

explicit (or declarative) memory

Conscious memories of facts or events intentionally remembered

separation of powers

Constitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, with the legislative branch making law, the executive applying and enforcing the law, and the judiciary interpreting the law

Committees of Correspondence

Continuously stirring up rebellion, Samuel Adams used these to distribute anti-British propaganda; a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies. They provided the organization necessary to unite the colonies in opposition to Parliament. The committees sent delegates to the First Continental Congress.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Created after WWII, a treaty was signed by 10 Western European nations, the US, and Canada. The treaty created an organization of countries that pledged to come to each other's defense in case of external aggression; this was mainly in response to the USSR. It is for purposes of collective security.

United Nations

Created after WWII, this was the 2nd attempt at an IGO dedicated to promoting world peace. It addresses economic, health, social, cultural, and humanitarian issues throughout the world. It currently has 193 members; it is a significant player in world politics but its effectiveness is often questioned as it has very limited military power.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for self-government and statehood, included a Bill of Rights, and permanently prohibited slavery there.

hostage crisis

Crisis that began in 1979 after the deposed shah of Iran was allowed into the United States following the Iranian revolution. Iranians broke into the U.S. embassy in Teheran and took sixty-six Americans hostage. The hostage crisis lasted 444 days and contributed to President Carter's reelection defeat. AFTER THIS, WHEN THE US EMBASSY IN TEHRAN WAS TAKEN OVER BY ANTI-AMERICAN ACTIVISTS, THE ECONOMY SUFFERED FROM AN OIL SHOCK

Lee Vygotsky

Cultural Historical theory of cognitive development

pop culture

Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics.

folk culture

Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups.

Archaemenid Empire

Cyrus first built an empire that spread past the borders of Iraq, then Darius took over and made it bigger having one of the largest empires of his time

Treaty of Ghent

December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border. Patriotism ran high though as the US reinforced its independence.

Battle of the Bulge

December, 1944-January, 1945 - After recapturing France, the Allied advance became stalled along the German border. In the winter of 1944, Germany staged a massive counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg which pushed a 30 mile "bulge" into the Allied lines. The Allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across the Rhine with heavy losses.

Neutrality Proclamation of 1793

Declared that the U.S. would remain neutral in the conflict between France and Great Britain and threatened legal proceedings against any American providing assistance to any country at war. Despite this action, British and French ships accosted American ships and forced American sailors into naval service.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR)

Democratic candidate who won the 1932 election by a landslide. He refused to uphold any of Hoover's policies with the intent on enacting his own. He pledged a present a "New Deal" (its specific meaning ambiguous at the time to the American people) to the American public.

Chickasaw and Choctaw

Descendants of the Mississippi Mound builders who built societies with mounds from around 2100 to 1800 years ago as burial tombs or the bases for temples; both were organized in clans along matrilineal lines, and both spoke languages of the Muskogean family; Would form an alliance with the British and French, fighting proxy wars on their behalf

Creek (or Muscogee)

Descendants of the Mississippian peoples, originated in modern Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, and Florida. Spoke a similar language to Chickasaw/Choctaw; would form an alliance with other Moscogee-speaking tribes to engage the US, which threatened tribal superiority

Sherman Antitrust Act

Despite its intended purpose to prosecute and dissolve large trusts and create a fairer market place, it actually had been used against union and farmers' alliances

production possibilities curve

Determines if an individual, company, or nation is producing at its most efficient level and what product will likely make the highest profit; it assumes there are two choices for production; it demonstrates opportunity costs, economic efficiency, economic growth, and scarcity. HELPS FIND THE MOST EFFECTIVE COMBO OF PRODUCTION

George Herbert Mead

Developed Symbolic Interactionism. Believed development of the individual was a social process as were the meanings individuals assigned to things; he also developed the DEVELOPMENT AND ASSUMPTIONS OF THE SELF

Alfred Binet

Developed a test that would measure student intelligence in order to better meet the needs of individual students; assumed that intelligence increases with age and devised a mental age measurement.////pioneer in intelligence (IQ) tests, designed a test to identify slow learners in need of help-not applicable in the U.S. because it was too culture-bound (French)

C.H. Cooley

Developed the looking glass self

Structural Adjustment

Development strategy that stresses integration into global markets, privatization, and so on. Supported by the World Bank, IMF, and other major northern financial institutions. Organizations may offer loans in exchange for changes to a country's economic structure. These usually involve increasing privatization, which negatively impacts families reliant on resources previously provided by the government. Deemed necessary for long-term gain.

City States of Greece

Different sections of land owned by the same country but ruled by different rulers; Athens and Sparta

interventionism

Direct involvement by one country in another country's affairs; belief in spreading US-style democracy

Nativist Movement

Discrimination against immigrants (notably Irish and Germans), heavily anti-Catholic, sought to limit power of immigrants (Know-Nothing Party); they feared the influx of non-Anglo Europeans and discrimination was widespread

Stability vs. Change

Do our early personality traits persist through life, or do we become different persons as we age? It is unpredictable to know which aspects of us stay the same and which change.

organic solidarity

Durkheim's term for social cohesion that appears in a society when people are interdependent on a broad level (they may share security, education, transportation) but independent on a specific level (personal belief systems, moral values, etc.); exist in industrialized societies but productivity is motivated by the individual not the society

mechanical solidarity

Durkheim's term for the unity (a shared consciousness) that people feel as a result of performing the same or similar tasks; social cohesion is exhibited when a society maintains near-identical beliefs and values & people actively work together to maintain that society.

Tax Reform Act of 1986

ENDED PROGRESSIVE INCOME TAXATION; restricted the federal income tax exemption of interest for municipal bonds to public purpose bonds, which are bonds issued to finance projects that benefit citizens in general rather than particular private interests

culture traits

Each culture is made of countless ____, single aspects of a culture, like shaking hands when greeting someone or eating with a fork. It is not necessarily unique to just one culture not does it define that culture.

manors

Economic and social organization during the Dark Ages consisted of these self-sustaining areas possessed by lords but worked by peasants/serfs.

Panic of 1819

Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of European demand for American goods along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States. Often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings. The government had cut credit following over-speculation on western lands; the BUS wanted payment from state banks in hard currency/specie; western banks foreclosed on western farmers and they lost their land

square deal

Economic policy by Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers; involvement in negotiations between unions and industrial powers

Integrity vs. Despair

Eighth/final stage of Erikson's theory (65-death); As individuals near the end of life, they will reflect to determine whether they are satisfied with their life choices. If they are, they will develop wisdom. If they are not, they will experience despair.

House of Burgesses

Elected assembly that governed in colonial Virginia, created in 1618. Declared that all blacks would be lifelong slaves.

Constantine

Emperor of the Roman Empire who moved the capital to Constantinople. He eventually converted to Christianity as well. He originally took over the eastern half of the emperor (with Diocletian in the west) and established Constantinople and Christianity. He was very ambitious and reconquered the Western Roman Empire and reunited the empire in 324 AD, the capital remained in Constantinople, and the balance of power and stability shifted east. (allowed the church to gain power in the west)

War Powers Resolution of 1973

Enacted to give Congress a greater voice in presidential decisions committing military forces to hostile situations overseas. Requires that the president notify Congress within 48 hours of deploying troops. Requires the president to bring troops home from hostilities within 60-90 days unless Congress extends the time. a federal law intended to check the president's power to commit the United States to an armed conflict without the consent of the U.S. Congress.

Chandragupta II

Encouraged aesthetic traditions, and started the Golden Age - advances in art, literature, medicine, math, and science (India). Organized administration and rule of law made it possible for him to govern large territory throughout the subcontinent.

Treaty of Paris 1763

Ended French and Indian War, France lost Canada, land east of the Mississippi, to British, New Orleans and west of Mississippi to Spain; US gained Florida as well

Compromise of 1877

Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river

geography, population size, economic strength, industrial development, cultural diversity

Environmental factors that influence a government's structure

missions

Established by the Spanish to bring Catholicism to Native Americans in the West and Southwest throughout Mexico, NM, TX, AZ, and CA who were required to learn the Spanish language, as well as Catholic teachings.

17th Amendment

Established the direct election of senators (instead of being chosen by state legislatures)

Anglo-Saxons, Franks, Visigoths, Ostrogoths, Slavs

European clans with which Rome created security alliances with as they weakened in order to protect its western and northern borders. But eventually they rebelled and Rome fell in 476.

transatlantic slave trade

European-driven (started by Portugal) kidnapping of African people or purchasing them on the West African coast, bringing them to the Americas, and forcing them into slavery in mines/plantations in the Western Hemisphere.

Sand Creek Massacre (1864)

Event at which *Colonel John Chivington* and his troops ambushed and destroyed a village of friendly Cheyenne and Arapaho encamped in southeastern Colorado Territory; killed over 150 inhabitants, about two-thirds of whom were women and children. This triggered even more violence and led to the creation of reservations.

Ten Commandments (Decalogue)

Exodus 20, Deut 5 - Given to Moses at Sinai Revealed again after Golden Calf "I am the Lord your God" 1. No other gods 2. No idols 3. No misuse of God's name 4. Keep the Sabbath 5. Honor your parents 6. No murder 7. No adultery 8. No Stealing 9. No False-Witness 10. No Coveting The basis of what would become Judeo-Christian and Islamic moral codes.

Appointment powers of federal officials like cabinet members, heads of independent agencies, ambassadors and federal judges; commander in chief of the army and navy so he or she can deploy troops; diplomat-in-chief so he or she has the power to recognize other nations, receive ambassadors, and negotiate treaties; judicial powers so the president can check their power by appointing justice and pardoning; legislative powers through the veto and pocket veto as well as convening congress

Expressed powers of the President

determinants of demand

Factors other than price that determine the quantities demanded of a good or service; examples include consumer income, price of a substitute good, price of a complementary good, consumer preferences, consumer expectations about future pricing, number of buyers in the market

extensive subsistence farming

Farming that uses a large amount of land to farm food for a family. It is found mostly in areas with low populations, but a great deal of land. It often involves land with a thin layer of topsoil, and is therefore limited in production capacity. Large tracts of land needed for shifting cultivation. Sometimes farmers use slash and burn techniques and intertillage. Has severe environmental ramifications like permanent soil damage and destruction of rainforests

Norman Borlaug

Father of the Green Revolution who made disease resistant rice to feed the masses in India and disease resistant wheat to feed the masses in Mexico (won a Nobel Prize too)

W.E.B. duBois

Favored immediate desegregation and believed African Americans should aim for higher education and leadership positions in society; his stance was supported by the NAACP

Red Scare of 1919

Fear of homegrown radicals (anarchists and communists) as well as xenophobia against immigrants led to this as well as a series of anti-immigration laws. Led to the FBI leading Palmer raids and a sentiment of isolationism. It was spurred by Bolshevik Revolution in Russia.

Public Works Administration (PWA)

Federal government distributed funding to the states through this for the purpose of developing infrastructure and to provide construction jobs for the unemployed.

Hamilton, Madison, Adams

Federalists

Hartford Convention (1814)

Federalists developed an Anti-Republican platform re: the War of 1812; however by the time they completed their discussions and were ready to head to Washington, the War of 1812 was over; Federalist Party collapsed

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Fifth stage of Erikson's theory (12-18); during adolescence, the primary social task is to discover one's most comfortable social identity. All teenagers, then, try on different roles. if they find their identity, they will have a stable sense of self. If not, they will encounter an identity crisis.

First Battle of Bull Run

First "real" battle of the Civil War, it was expected by Union officials to be short but ended up a Confederate victory; showed the war was not going to end quickly

Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)

First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions. allows the government to break up companies with control of a market; prevents monopolies

Battle of Fort Sumter

First fired shots of the Civil War where Confederate forces attacked Union troops in Charleston harbor. Confederate Victory, fought in South Carolina.

Pilgrims

First group of Separatists who arrived on the Mayflower in 1620, drew up the Mayflower Compact

Tariff of 1816

First protective tariff in American history, created primarily to shield New England manufacturers from the inflow of British goods after the War of 1812. Disagreements divided Industrialists, who believed in nurturing American industry, and southern landowners, who depended on exporting cotton and tobacco

Trust vs. Mistrust

First stage of Erikson's theory (0-1); babies determine if they can trust their caregivers. If they can, as adults they will appreciate the value of relationships and interdependence. if they cannot, they will remain untrusting and disconnected.

alarm reaction

First stage of the GAS, during which the body initially mobilizes its resources to cope with a stressor. heart rate increases, blood is diverted away from other functions to prepare the individual for action; aka fight or flight response.

Diocletian

Following a series of unstable administrations after Roman decline by 300 BC, this man took over as Roman emperor and effectively divided the empire into a West and an East section. He reestablished some stability and more effective administration, creating a loose power-sharing agreement throughout the empire (with Constantine).

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Forbade restrictions impeding the ability of African Americans to vote, including literacy tests

- protecting and increasing a nation's independence - improving national security - furthering economic advancement - spreading political values to other nations - gaining respect and prestige from other nations - promoting stability and international peace

Foreign policy goals - achieved by military, economic, or political tools- include:

Securities an Exchange Commission (SEC)

Formed to monitor stock trading; has the power to punish violators.

Frederick Douglass

Former slave who advocated for abolition; he was an activist leader and writer and publicized the movement along with the American Anti-Slavery Society and publications like Uncle Tom's Cabin.

Standard Oil Company

Founded by John D. Rockefeller. Largest unit in the American oil industry in 1881. Known as A.D. Trust, it was outlawed by the Supreme Court of Ohio in 1899. Replaced by the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey.

National Organization for Women (NOW)

Founded in 1966, it called for equal employment opportunity and equal pay for women. It also championed the legalization of abortion and passage of an equal rights amendment to the Constitution.

Cyrus

Founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire. Between 550 and 530 B.C.E. He conquered Media, Lydia, and Babylon in the sixth century BC. Revered in the traditions of both Iran and the subject peoples.

Gaius Julius Caesar

Founder of the First Triumvirate whose victories in Gallia Comata and against the Pompeys gave him sole power in Rome until his assassination in 44 BCE. He had proved himself in the widely chronicled conquest of Gaul and was respected and beloved by the military for his personal devotion to his troops.

Industry vs. Inferiority

Fourth stage of Erikson's theory (6-11); this is the beginning of a child's formal education. If they feel they are as good academically and socially as their peers, they will develop confidence. If not, they will develop and inferiority complex.

XYZ Affair 1797

France continued to seize American ships after Pickney's treaty so President Adams tried to negotiate; Americans were asked for bribes in order to even meet with French officials; the insulted Americans began an undeclared conflict in the Caribbean until the Convention of 1800 negotiated a cessation of hostilities

Four Freedoms

Freedom of Speech, Religion, Want, from Fear; used by FDR to justify a loan for Britain, if the loan was made, the protection of these freedoms would be ensured

Baron de Montesquieu

French aristocrat who wanted to limit royal absolutism; Wrote The Spirit of Laws, urging that power be separated between executive, legislative, and judicial branches, each balancing out the others, thus preventing despotism and preserving freedom. This greatly influenced writers of the US Constitution. He greatly admired British form of government. ADVOCATED FOR DIVIDED GOVERNMENT: THE SEPARATION OF POWERS into 3 bodies with equal but different powers.

Samuel de Champlain

French explorer in Nova Scotia who established a settlement on the site of modern Quebec; reached Quebec, Vermont, upstate NY, and the eastern Great Lakes; the Father of New France; founded Quebec City and consolidated control of France's colonies in North America in 1608

Jacques Cartier

French explorer who explored the St. Lawrence river and laid claim to the region New France (or Quebec) for France

Alexis de Tocqueville

French political writer noted for his analysis of American institutions (1805-1859); He wrote a two-volume Democracy in America that contained insights and pinpointed the general equality among people. He wrote that inequalities were less visible in America than France. He believed that inequality drove economic growth and that "radical equality" led to mediocrity.

id, ego, superego

Freudian terms to describe the three parts of the self and the basis of human behavior, which Freud saw as basically irrational

organic theory

Friedrich Ratzel's geopolitical theory that states (countries) are living organisms that hunger for land an, like organisms, want to grow larger by acquiring more nourishment in the form of land. Hitler used this to justify his aggressive actions toward neighboring countries. This theory argues that this process is the root of all state decision-making and conflict.

middle latitudes

From latitudes 23.5 to 66.5 degrees north and south, these areas have a greater variety of climates, determined more by proximity to water than by the exact latitudes. They receive the most rain and are the most fertile.

nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)

Funded primarily by individuals or foundations, they provide services or advocate for certain policy positions within a particular nation or across national borders... vary widely in their missions, their ideologies, and their practices; however, they all work outside of national governments. Can be political or religious or not; deal with healthcare, the environment, human rights, and development.

Nineteenth Amendment

Gave all women the right to vote; ratified in 1920.

exclusive economic zone

Generally a state's ___ extends to a distance of 200 nautical miles (370 km) out from its coast. The exception to this rule occurs when ___ would overlap; that is, state coastal baselines are less than 400 nautical miles apart. When an overlap occurs, it is up to the states to delineate the actual boundary. Generally, any point within an overlapping area defaults to the most proximate state

labor movement

Generally, the economic and political expression of working-class interests; politically, the organization of working-class interests. Emerged in the late 19th c. to support mistreated industrial workers in urban areas.

supranational scale

Geographers study organizations that include many countries such as the European Union/when cooperation exists between many multi-national organization

secondary geographic data

Geographic data that comes from sources that have already collected and aggregated useful data (ex: World Factbook, Census)

primary geographic data

Geographic data that comes from the researcher's own observations in the field

Universal Manhood Suffrage

Giving all adult men the right to vote, whether they owned property or not. Once this occurred in the early 19th c. elected officials would increasingly come to better reflect the electorate and led to the election of Andrew Jackson

intermediate goods

Goods that still require more processing; not included in GDP

Ruled by law

Governments ruled by a code of law; republics and democracies

Gaius and Tiberius

Gracchi Brothers/tribunes led protest movements against the powerful, wealthy Patricians which led to legislative reform and republican stabilization which strengthened the Roman republic in 1st c. BC.

Persian Empire

Greatest empire in the world up to 500 BCE. Spoke an Indo-European language. A multi-ethnic and multi-religious empire. Fell to Alexander the Great.

Aristotle

Greek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system, which led him to criticize what he saw as Plato's metaphysical excesses, theory follows empirical observation and logic, based on the syllogism, is the essential method of rational inquiry. created basis of modern philosophy

Know-Nothing Party

Group of prejudice people who formed a political party during the time when the KKK grew. Anti-Catholics and anti-foreign. They were also known as the American Party.

Heartland Theory

Halford John Mackinder's geopolitical theory that stated that the world was made up of a World-Island, outlying islands, and offshore islands. Therefore, in order to control the world, one needed to control Eurasia and specifically Eastern Europe. USSR used this to create their foreign policy and the US's attempts to stop it (basis of Domino Theory).

Federalist Papers

Hamilton, Madison, and Jay wrote these in order to convince the states to ratify the Constitution; they articulated the benefits of federalism

John Rolfe

He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.

Samuel Gompers

He was the creator of the American Federation of Labor. He provided a stable and unified union for skilled workers. They used strikes and collective bargaining to gain protections for the workers who had come to cities seeking industrial jobs.

Pope

Head of the Roman Catholic Church; the first was Peter who was executed in 67.

Benjamin Franklin

Helped organize the defensive Albany plan of the Union against the French and English conflict in the Ohio Valley around 1754 and argued for this plan in his newspaper (Penn. Gazette) with his Join or Die cartoon. The crown worried his plan allowed for too much colonial independence.

Focus on a core issue or a set of issues and draw their membership from that OR focus on a specific group and determine their interests based on them

How are interest groups formed/focused?

executive branch has the power to veto laws passed by the legislature

How does the executive branch check the legislature?

the judicial branch can determine the constitutionality of laws

How does the judicial branch check the legislative?

the legislative branch can override the president's veto and pass the law anyway

How does the legislative branch check the executive?

1. Campaigns have become more candidate-centered than issue-centered 2. Candidates' lives and pasts are more visible to the public as journalists research their backgrounds even more 3. Show the importance of crafting a public image

How has mass media reshaped American political campaigns?

calculating the slope of the curve

How is opportunity cost determined?

relative (real) price

How much of your income that product takes or what else you could've bought with that money AKA the value of a good in relation to other items of similar value.

pyramids

Huge stone tombs with four triangle-shaped walls that met in a point on top; the most famous exist in Giza for Khufu, Khaufre, and Menkaure

human territoriality

Human desire to establish ownership of their own specific, personal space; it has manifested over time from tribes, clans, and villages to kingdoms and empires.

perfectly elastic

If any change in price will lead to unlimited demand, demand is ___ ___. This usually occurs in cases where there are many substitutes of a product. The curve is horizontal

unit elastic

If the change in price equals the change in demand (Ed=1), demand is ___ ___.

shallowly (or maintenance) processed

If you simply repeat a fact to yourself several times and then write it on your test as quickly as you can, you have only shallowly processed that fact and you will forget it quickly.

Deeply (or elaboratively) processed

If you study the context and research the reasons behind the fact, you have deeply processed it and will likely recall it later

The Chickasaw Wars (1721-1763)

In 1736, French forces allied with the Choctaw attacked the English-allied Chickasaw as part of France's attempts to strengthen its hold on the southeastern part of North America

Judiciary Act of 1789

In 1789 Congress passed this Act which created the federal-court system. The act managed to quiet popular apprehensions by establishing in each state a federal district court that operated according to local procedures. Three levels of courts.

Battle of Little Bighorn

In 1876, Indian leaders Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse defeated Custer's troops who tried to force them back on to the reservation, Custer and all his men died; "last stand"; although the US was defeated here, reinforcements would later defeat the Sioux and cause the reservation system to continue

Spanish American War

In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence; the US gained control over Spanish territory in the Caribbean, Asia and the South Pacific. The first time the US had engaged in overseas military occupation and conquest beyond North America; caused by Spanish abuses in Cuba, yellow journalism, the de Lome letter, and the sinking of the USS Maine

Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955)

In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. People walked or carpooled. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.

elect

In Calvinist doctrine, those who have been chosen/privileged by God for salvation.

reincarnation

In Hinduism and Buddhism, the process by which a soul is reborn continuously until it achieves perfect understanding; the universe and its beings undergo endless cycles of rebirth

acquisition

In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response. Indicates learning has occurred.

substitution principle

In industry, the tendency to substitute one factor of production for another in order to achieve optimum plant location USUALLY this is a higher transportation cost for a lower cost in labor

Geography

In its most basic for it is the study of space; more specifically, it studies the physical space of the earth and the ways in which it interacts with, shapes, and is shaped by its inhabitants. The most crucial question it answers is WHERE does an interaction, event, development occur?

1. definition (legally described) 2. delimitation (drawn on a map) 3. demarcation (marked on the landscape) 4. administration (policed and enforced)

In order to create a legal political boundary, 4 steps must be followed

First Continental Congress

In response to the Intolerable Acts, colonial leaders met in Philadelphia here to issue the Declaration of Rights and Grievances in which colonists presented their concerns to the King (who ignored them).

Francisco Vasquez de Coronado

In search of the fabled Seven Cities of Cibola, he led an expedition into the present southwestern United States and across northern Texas, 1540-42.

Great Sioux Reservation

In the 1860s, the federal government herded the Indians into smaller confines;in Dakota Territory; Black Hills where gold was eventually found and caused Americans to renege on their agreement

Department of Housing and Urban Development

Increased the federal role in housing and urban issues

positive reinforcement

Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. It is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.

negative reinforcement

Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. It is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: it is not punishment.)

super PACs

Independent expenditure-only PACs are known as Super PACs because they may accept donations of any size and can endorse candidates. Their contributions and expenditures must be periodically reported to the FEC.

implicit costs

Indirect, non-purchased, or opportunity costs of resources provided by the entrepreneur (such as time)

Alfred Adler

Individual Psychology, Psychodynamics Similar to Freud: Importance of childhood events Different from Freud: Agreed with Jung that Freud overemphasized sexual conflicts Striving for Superiority

Stage Four (DTM)

Industrialization leads to modernization. Once countries become fully industrialized and begin to develop more complex service economies, as well as advanced healthcare and education systems, CBR and CDR are once again equal but at a much lower rate, leading to a low RNI. This stage of the Demographic Transition Model is considered to be the ideal stage for population growth as the country is stable and prosperous, and population growth is slow and steady. Ex: Argentina, the US, Singapore

cognitive dissonance

Inner tension that a one experiences after recognizing an inconsistency between behavior and values or opinions or schema

Federal Housing Administration (FHA)

Insured loans for building and repairing homes; created for the long term to insure low-cost mortgages

lobby

Interest groups do this to lawmakers to try to affect the change they wish to see; this means they attempt to persuade policymakers to make a certain decision. A fulltime job

President Woodrow Wilson

Interventionist president who played an important role in negotiating the peace after WWI and introduced his Fourteen Points

Twenty-fourth Amendment (1964)

It outlawed taxing voters, i.e. poll taxes, at presidential or congressional elections, as an effort to remove barriers to Black voters.

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

James Monroe's policy that the Western Hemisphere was "closed" to any further European colonization or exploration, asserted US hegemony in the region

attachment theory

John Bolby's idea that in infancy, babies form attachment to a primary caregiver and that attachment is evolutionary in nature, developed for survival. Its not about food but about care and responsiveness to needs.///the idea that early attachments with parents and other caregivers can shape relationships for a person's whole life

McCarthy Era

Joseph McCarthy (a senator) started a scare that there were 205 State Department employees who were communist members; got a lot of people in businesses questioned and fired; time when MANY were being accused.

Yellow Journalism

Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers; crucial in the Spanish American war because it aroused popular concern and interest in intervention in Cuba

First Triumvirate

Julius Caesar, Pompey, Crassus; military leaders/wealthy who consolidated their rule of the Roman Republic

Battle of Bunker Hill

June 17, 1775; Americans fought the British and despite American losses, the number of casualties the rebels inflicted caused the king to declare that the colonies were in rebellion; led to troops being deployed to the colonies and the Siege of Boston; It showed that the Americans could hold their own, but the British were also not easy to defeat. Ultimately, the Americans were forced to withdraw after running out of ammunition, and Bunker Hill was in British hands. However, the British suffered more deaths.

Henry Clay

KY senator responsible for the Missouri Compromise between free and slave states

Iroquois

Known for innovative agricultural and architectural techniques including the construction of longhouses and the farming of maize; farmed according to the 3 sisters tradition; British "ally"; consisted of 5 tribes

Mother Jones

Labor activist who was a member of the Knights of Labor union and who used publicity techniques to create awareness of the plight of mine workers and child laborers. She revolutionized labor by including women, children, and African Americans into labor actions

Atlantic Charter

Laid out the anti-fascist agenda of free trade and self determination; signed by FDR and Churchill BEFORE the US was officially involved in WWII; British and American statement of goals for fighting World War II

Louisiana Territory

Land from the Ohio Valley area through the Mississippi Valley, down the Miss. River and to the Arkansas River controlled by the French

Civil Rights Act of 1866

Law that granted citizenship to African Americans and guaranteeing African American men the same rights as white men (later reaffirmed by the Fourteenth Amendment).

Navigation Acts

Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries. TRYING TO PREVENT COLONIAL TRADE WITH OTHER COUNTRIES AFTER 1651

Brutus and Cassius

Leaders of assassination plot against Julius Caesar

Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Leaders of the women's suffrage movement

Democratic-Republicans

Led by Thomas Jefferson, believed people should have political power, favored strong STATE governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank

Teller Amendment

Legislation that promised the US would not annex Cuba after winning the Spanish-American war/Cuba would revert to independence (but the US got PR and Guam and the Philippines)

Platt Amendment

Legislation that severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty and gave the US the right to intervene if Cuba got into trouble, despite previous promises of independence

Idealists

Liberal foreign policy, but those who say that U.S. foreign policy should be guided primarily by democratic principles - the spread of liberty, equality, human rights, and respect for international law throughout the world. Think Wilson's 14 Points.

Jim Crow laws

Limited rights of blacks. Literacy tests, grandfather clauses and poll taxes limited black voting rights; segregation laws

limited sovereignty

Limits entered upon willingly, or imposed from outside, by an organization; it is subject to state and federal laws and oversight.

Ten Percent Plan

Lincoln's plan that allowed readmission into the Union if 10% of a Southern state's population swore allegiance to the Union

Rostow Modernization Model

Linear theory of development that developed countries go through a common pattern of structural changes. Stage 1: Traditional society, Stage 2: Transitional stage, Stage 3: Take off, Stage 4: Drive to maturity, Stage 5: High mass consumption. It explains the development of experience of Western countries and is a general model for others.

global equations

Look at the total population of the Earth, including the number of births and deaths that occur.

tropical rainforests

Low latitude climates found in the equatorial lowlands. They experiences intense sun and rain every day. Although temperatures in the rainforest rarely go above 90 degrees, the combination of sun and rain creates high humidity, leading to extreme heat.

26th Amendment

Lowered the voting age from 21 to 18

War of 1812

MADISON ADMINISTRATION; A war between the U.S. and Great Britain caused by American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the British, the British seizure of American ships, and British aid to the Indians attacking the Americans on the western frontier. Also, a war against Britain gave the U.S. an excuse to seize the British northwest posts and to annex Florida from Britain's ally Spain, and possibly even to seize Canada from Britain. The War Hawks (young westerners led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun) argued for war in Congress. The war involved several sea battles and frontier skirmishes. U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson seized Florida and at one point the British managed to invade and burn Washington, D.C. The Treaty of Ghent (December 1814) restored the status quo and required the U.S. to give back Florida. Two weeks later, Andrew Jackson's troops defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans, not knowing that a peace treaty had already been signed. The war strengthened American nationalism and encouraged the growth of industry. THE GOAL OF THIS WAR WAS TO DEFEND THE US, END CHAOTIC TRADE PRACTICES AND TREATMENT OF AMERICANS ON THE HIGH SEAS, AND PENETRATE BRITISH CANADA.

Chinese immigrants

Many came to America with the 1849 California Gold Rush and grew in population; arrived to racial discrimination instead of gold

Gall-Peters Projection

Map created by a geographer to show the relative sizes of the earth's continents accurately (equal area/accurate sizes). However, it distorts shape, so it is not conformal.

relief maps

Maps that depict elevation but through shading to create a 3D effect rather than the drawing of lines

isothermal maps

Maps that illustrate ranges of temperatures; lines are used to show areas of equal of constant temperature

contour maps

Maps that illustrate varying levels of elevation in an area. Rather than having the standard markings of latitude and longitude lines, the lines on the map connect points of equal elevation, with the provided scale indicating the distance between the lines.

conformal maps

Maps that maintain the shape of areas at the expense of accuracy in size; ex: Mercator projection which uses straight lines for latitude and longitude rather than curving them to indicate to curve of the earth

self-interest

Market theory assumes that people are motivated by this when using their own resources because sellers and buyers want to maximize their own happiness.

development and assumptions of the self

Mead's theory that argues that social interaction generates personality, which itself is made up of self-awareness and self-image; this led to 3 major assumptions- that social interaction alone generates the self, that interchange of symbols comprises social interaction, and that empathy allows the individual to understand symbols

price elasticity of demand

Measures the extent to which changes in price alter demand. In a perfect world, the elasticity of price would find equilibrium between price and demand. ////the percentage change in quantity demanded relative to a percentage change in price (equation is Ed= percent of change in quantity demanded / percent of change in price)

implicit (or nondeclarative) memory

Memories that are stored unconsciously

immigration

Migration to a new location; during the early 19th century it was mostly Irish Catholics and Germans

Six Nations

Mohawk Cayuga Oneida Onondaga Seneca Tuscarora

grant-in-aid

Money provided by one level of government to another to be spent for a given purpose; it can attach stipulations to this funding and is a way for the government to influence law that was technically beyond their purview

Colored Farmers' Alliance

More than 1 million southern black farmers organized and shared complaints with poor white farmers. By 1890 membership numbered more than 250,000. The history of racial division in the South, made it hard for white and black farmers to work together in the same org. THEY FORMED TO SUPPORT SHARECROPPERS AND OTHER AFRICAN AMERICAN FARMERS IN THE SOUTH.

Sunni-Shia Split

Muhammad left no successor so this occurred based on who people thought should succeed him/Sunni = rightly guided person/Shi'a = blood relative of Muhammad / Still split today!

Moors

Muslims from North Africa that penetrated Iberia and were a threat to Christian Europe

money market funds

Mutual funds that invest in short-term, low-risk securities and allow investors to write checks against their accounts; ex: treasury bonds; they are considered safe and solid investments like bank deposits but encompass a broader scope for large scale investors.

Kickapoo

Native American tribe that sometimes crossed the border. Women built houses. Conducted raids. Another Algonquin-speaking group who were originally from the Great Lakes region but would move throughout present day Indiana and Wisconsin.

Lenape

Native American tribe who lived throughout New Jersey and in parts of Delaware, Pennsylvania, and New York; Also matrilineal; considered by the Shawnee to be their "grandfathers" and thus accorded resect

Algonquin

Native Americans found living over a large area from the Atlantic coast to the Great Lakes, concentrated most in the GL region and near Quebec. Active in fur trade; "Allied" with the French/rivalry with Iroquois; many converted to Christianity

Chinook

Native Americans living in the Pacific Northwest of the present- day united States and controlled the coast of the Colombia River

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

New Deal agency that helped create jobs for those that needed them. It created around 9 million jobs working on bridges, roads, and buildings. Infrustructure construction jobs as well as employed artists and writers

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

New Deal program that hired unemployed men to work on natural conservation and management projects

Contract with America (1994)

Newt Gingrich (Republican congressman) planned for success of Republican party in upcoming election by pledging tax cuts, congressional term limits, tougher crime laws, balanced budget amendment, popular reforms &c. AND traditional values; faced by Clinton

Rimland Theory

Nicholas Spykman's theory that the domination of the coastal fringes of Eurasia would provided the base for world conquest. It argued for a balance of power in the periphery of Eurasia in order to prevent the emergence of a global power there. The US created CONTAINMENT based on this.

trust-buster

Nickname for Teddy Roosevelt because of his actions against monopolies including the breaking up of Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company.

Germanic tribes

Nomadic groups that invaded the Roman Empire from the North and East. They caused the fall of Rome.

Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

Nonviolent leader of the civil rights movement and founder of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference

General Ulysses S. Grant

Northern commanding general who brought an end to the Civil war after the Siege of Vicksburg and the completion of the Anaconda Plan

Optimates and Populares

O_____: are the old senatorial aristocrats who gained ranks by ancestors. P______: are the new money populists who gain their official titles with money they earned, favored more democratization. (military too)

Stonewall Riots

Occurred in NYC in 1969 in response to police repression of the gay community; these riots and subsequent organized activism led to the LGBT movement.

absolute advantage

Occurs when a company (or nation) can produce a good more efficiently than all competitors.

Black Tuesday

October 29, 1929; date of the worst stock-market crash in American history and beginning of the Great Depression.

amendments

Official changes, corrections, or additions to the Constitution which make it a living document; 2/3 of each house has to vote in favor; can be introduced by either Congress or the state legislatures.

Olive Branch petition

On July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies). It was rejected by Parliament, which in December 1775 passed the American Prohibitory Act forbidding all further trade with the colonies.

economics

On the macro level, class deals with ___.

Gross National Product (GNP)

One measure for development that focuses on the value of goods and services owned and produced by citizens of a country, regardless of where those goods and services are produced. Does not take into account the distribution of wealth in a country or non-monetary factors of life.

Gross Domestic Product

One measure for development that focuses on the value of total outputs of goods and services produced in a country in a given period of time, typically a year. It is usually calculated per capita. Does not take into account the distribution of wealth in a country or non-monetary factors of life.

public opinion

One of the biggest influences on the American political system; it is the public's attitude toward institutions, leaders, political issues, and events

William Pitt the Elder

One of the key reasons England won the Seven Year's War. Served as prime minister under George I. He invested heavily in defeating the French beyond Europe. As secretary of state in charge of the Seven Years' War, this British official sent tons of troops to confront the French in Canada. Proved instrumental in helping Great Britain emerge as a world power from the war.

John Locke

One of the most influential men of the Enlightenment; argued that by nature, all men are endowed with certain natural rights: life, liberty, and property. He argued that government was a natural outgrowth of the desire of individuals to protect their natural rights so people will give sovereignty to a neutrality party. As a result, a government's legitimacy derives from the consent of the people and when people are unhappy with their government revolution is an appropriate response. This is the idea of the social contract.

United Farm Workers (UFW)

Organization formed in 1962 to represent the interests of Mexican American migrant workers. It organized Hispanic and migrant farm workers in California and the Southwest to advocate for unionizing and collective bargaining. Farm workers were underpaid and faced discrimination so they used boycotts and non-violent tacts to raise awareness.

Intergovernmental Organizations

Organizations comprised of individual sovereign nations (they can also be made up of other IGOs). They are official governing bodies that must adhere to international legal guidelines. For one to be created, all participating members must sign and ratify a treaty establishing the organization's existence and outlining its mission and functioning (but not all treaties create IGOs).

Sons and Daughters of Liberty

Organizations that led protests, helped American soldiers, instated a boycott, and generally resisted the British. And violent acts against tax collectors

Cesar Chavez

Organized Union Farm Workers (UFW); help migratory farm workers gain better pay & working conditions

métis

People of mixed Native American and French Canadian descent (because French colonists were more likely to intermarry)

libertarians

People who wish to maximize a personal liberty on both economic and social issues. The prefer a small, weak government, that has little control over either the economy or the personal lives of citizens.

Celts

Peoples sharing a common language and culture that originated in Central Europe in the first half of the first millennium B.C.E.. After 500 B.C.E. they spread as far as Anatolia in the east, Spain and the British Isles in the west. Conquered by Romans and displaced by Germans and other groups, today they are found in some corners of the British Isles. Controlled Britain and Ireland until the invasion of the Saxons.

Bronze Age

Period of time in which humans began working with copper and tin, creating stronger tools and weapons.

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

Piaget's 4 states of cognitive development

concrete operations

Piaget's stage in which children learn such concepts as conservation and mathematical transformations; about 8 - 12 years of age; during this stage, children begin to develop logical thinking; they understand the passage of time and can comprehend that an action causes a certain reaction; Conservation is the biggest developmental leap; children can understand that the properties of an object stay the same even when its shape changes

Valley Forge

Place where Washington's army spent the bitterly cold winter of 1777-1778, 1/4 of troops died here from disease and malnutrition, BUT his army overcame British military forces

geometric political boundaries

Political boundaries that are draw as straight lines without regard to natural or cultural features. i.e. North and South Korea

People's (Populist) Party, 1891

Political party created by farmers (primarily in the South and Midwest) who had been hurt by debt, low prices for their crops, and railroad monopolies. It formed in response to corruption and industrialization injurious to farmers (and would later support reform in favor of the working class, women, and children)

Greenback Labor Party

Political party devoted to improving the lives of laborers and raising inflation, reaching its high point in 1878 when it polled over a million votes and elected fourteen members of Congress. Its goal was to introduce a silver standard and debate would continue until the Sherman Silver Purchase Act.

Agglomeration

Population settlements grow around energy sources so related industries are often developed near each other in order to share resource costs.

George Herbert Mead and C.H. Cooley

Postulated the major theories of socialization

Toltec

Powerful postclassic empire in central Mexico (900-1168 C.E.). It influenced much of Mesoamerica. Aztecs claimed ties to this earlier civilization. (p. 305)

reserved powers

Powers that are held by the states through the Tenth Amendment, which states that all powers not expressly given to the federal government belong to the states (i.e. the management of public education)

vertical integration

Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from obtaining raw materials to distribution of the final product. Ex: Carnegie

Great Society

President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program this. In 1965, Congress passed many measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education. He embraced liberalism.

Boston Massacre (March 5, 1770)

Protests against the Quartering Acts led to this event when British troops fired on a crowd of protesters

19th Amendment (1920)

Ratified on August 18, 1920 (drafted by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton), prohibits any United States citizen from being denied the right to vote on the basis of sex. The Constitution allows the states to determine the qualifications for voting, and until the 1910's most states disenfranchised women. The amendment was the culmination of the women's suffrage movement in the U.S.

Shays' Rebellion

Rebellion led by Daniel Shays of farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting mortgage foreclosures/seizure of property in Mass. and protesting debtors' prisons. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out. Showed how bad the debt and disorganization was.

Babinski reflex

Reflex when a baby extends its big toe when the bottom of the foot is touched

Dust Bowl

Region of the Great Plains that experienced a drought in 1930 lasting for a decade, leaving many farmers without work or substantial wages.

Second Agricultural Revolution

Revolution beginning around 500 AD which was centered in Europe and was marked by an increase in agricultural technology. It occurred in 2 major bursts (after the fall of Rome and then the Industrial Revolution). ////tools and equipment were modified, methods of soil preparation, fertilization, crop care, and harvesting improved the general organization of agriculture made more efficient

Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force (total US domination over Latin America)

Vladimir I

Ruler of Russian kingdom of Kiev from 980 to 1015; converted kingdom to Christianity; influenced by the Byzantine doctrine

Declaration of Causes and Necessities of Taking up Arms

SCC; asked the King to once again consider the colonies' objections

Viking civilization

Scandinavian civilization from the end of the 8th c. until around 1100. They expanded their influence from Scandinavia from the Baltic Sea to the East to the North Sea through the North Atlantic thanks to their extraordinary seafaring skills and technology. They traded with the Byzantine Empire and European powers. They traveled to and sometimes raided parts of Britain, Ireland, France and Russia. In addition to military prowess and advanced shipbuilding technology, the Vikings had a complex religion with a pantheon of gods and mythology. Literary canon of sagas

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases—alarm, resistance, exhaustion.

Panic of 1893

Serious economic depression beginning in 1893. Began due to railroad companies over-extending themselves and the silver standard, causing bank failures. Was the worst economic collapse in the history of the country until that point, and, some say, as bad as the Great Depression of the 1930s.

Midwestern tribes

Shawnee, Lenape, Kickapoo, Miami

USS Maine

Ship that explodes off the coast of Cuba in Havana harbor and helps contribute to the start of the Spanish-American War

Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937

Short-sighted acts passed in 1935, 1936, and 1937 in order to prevent American participation in a European War. Among other restrictions, they prevented Americans from selling munitions to foreign belligerents.

Treaty of Wanghia (1844)

Signed by the U.S. and China, it assured the United States the same trading concessions granted to other powers, greatly expanding America's trade with the Chinese. (Qing Dynasty)

Sitting Bull

Sioux chief who led the attack on Custer at the Battle of the Little Bighorn

Great Plains tribes

Sioux, Cheyenne, Apache, Comanche, Arapaho; would later come into conflict with American settlers as westward expansion continued; they were traditionally nomadic or semi-nomadic and depended on the buffalo for food and materials to create clothes, tools, and domestic items (so they followed the herds); after European contact used horses to facilitate the hunt

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Sixth stage of Erikson's theory (19-40); Young adults must develop loving relationship with others while balancing their work needs. Success leads to strong, lasting relationships; failure leads to isolation and loneliness.

functionalism

Sociological perspective that argues every aspect of modern society is connected, and that they rely on one another so that society can function; society exists in a cycle which continues to sustain the system people belong to; if the process does not work, society either crumbles or adapts to a newer order that ensures productivity and stability; STABILITY and PRODUCTIVITY work together; social consensus holds society together

conflict perspective

Sociological perspective that argues that entrenched political leadership and aristocracy actively repress the poor and working classes; it promotes social change; argues there is no true status quo as different groups have different values and competing agendas, and that constant societal competition among those agendas requires a constant shift in the status quo.

Symbolic Interactionism

Sociological perspective that seeks to understand society through the symbols and details of our everyday lives; it argues that both surface-level and subconscious meanings of symbols affect how we interact with one another because people attach meanings to symbols.

World Systems Analysis theory

Sociologist Immanuel Wallerstein posited that the global system is a capitalist system interlocked by competition, both political and economic. This competition made the exploitation of some countries by others inevitable. Exploiters=core, exploited=periphery and semi

Nazca

South American civilization famous for its massive aerial-viewable formations (Nazca lines), enormous sketches in the ground (a mystery still)

Moche Civilization

South American civilization which rose to power following the collapse of the Chavin in the Andes; they were known for their complicated (sexual) ceramics comparable to Hellenic artifacts.

John C. Calhoun

South Carolina Senator - advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification

Nullification Crisis

Southerners favored freedom of trade & believed in the authority of states over the fed. gov.--> declared federal protective tariffs null and void; South believed individual state cannot defy fed. gov. alone; led to increased sense among Southerners as "minority" & threat of secession rather than nullification was the South's ultimate weapon SO Jackson managed this by protecting the federal government at the expense of states' rights, working out a compromise in 1833 that was more favorable to the south

Navajo

Southwestern tribe that controlled territory in present-day Arizona, New Mexico and Utah; descendants of the Ancestral Pueblo or Anasazi who had settled in the Four Corners area, engaging in 3 sisters agriculture and stone construction, including cliff dwellings; they also practiced pastoralism and lived in semi-permanent wooden homes called hogans; had a less hierarchical structure than other tribes and engaged in less raids than the Apache.

Juan de Sepulveda

Spaniard who never left Spain and argued that the Native Americans needed the rule and "civilization" brought by Spain, essentially justifying the mistreatment done by colonizers.

Conquistadors

Spanish conquerors of the Americas explored what is today the Southwestern US, Mexico, and parts of South and Central America; claiming the land for Spain despite the presence of Southwestern tribes. Colonization included not only the control and settlement of land but also the mission to spread Christianity.

Hernando de Soto

Spanish explorer who discovered and claimed the Mississippi River for Spain

all revenue bills must start in the House; the House may bring charges of impeachment against the president or a Supreme Court justice; the House must choose the president if there is no majority in the Electoral College

Specific powers of the House of Representatives

Acts as the jury in impeachment cases, approves executive appointments and appointments to federal positions, approves/ratifies all treaties signed by the president

Specific powers of the Senate

Traditional Society

Stage 1 of the Rostow Modernization Model. This is when an economy consists mostly of subsistence farming with little trade or industry.

Preconditions for Takeoff

Stage 2 of the Rostow Modernization Model. In this stage, small groups of individuals initiate "takeoff" economic activities. They begin to develop small industries in certain pockets of a country.

Takeoff

Stage 3 of the Rostow Modernization Model. In this stage, small industries from Stage 2 begin to grow very quickly and become an increasingly significant part of the economy. This is when the shift from subsistence farming to industry begins.

Drive to Maturity

Stage 4 of the Rostow Modernization Model. During the phase, advanced technology and development spread beyond the takeoff areas to the rest of the country. A skilled and educated workforce emerges and becomes sustainable. Other industries begin to grow rapidly.

High Mass Consumption

Stage 5 of the Rostow Modernization Model. In this stage, the majority of the population is employed in service, rather than factory, jobs. The level of education of the populace is higher overall as a result. Economic develop reaches new levels, leading to increased consumption.

King Akhenaten

Started monotheism with Aten, the Sun God, by abolishing traditional Egyptian religion and establishing the cult of the sun, which he linked to himself. Was a pharaoh. Built a new capital - Ahketaten. Pharaohs, particularly Ramesses I and Ramesses II, destroyed it after his death and went back to old ways

Truman Doctrine

Stated that the U.S. would support any nation threatened by Authoritarianism (Communism). Led to the Berlin Airlift, Korean War.

Obergefell v. Hodges

States obligated to recognize same-sex marriage from other states

perforated states

States that make a hole in the middle of another country i.e. Lesotho

Three-Fifths Compromise

States with large slave populations were able to count slaves as 3/5 of a person when determining representation even if slaves couldn't vote.

Second Industrial Revolution

Steel, chemicals, electricity. This is the name for the new wave of more heavy industrialization starting around the 1860s.

Freedom Riders

Students and other activists who rode buses from around the country to join the movement in the Deep South. They challenged racial laws in the American South in the 1960s, originally by refusing to abide by the laws designating that seating in buses be segregated by race.

High Latitude Climates

Subarctic, Tundra, Ice Cap; climates from latitudes 66.5 degrees north and south to the poles.

mercantislism

Supported by the exploitation of colonial resources and the dynamics of the Columbian Exchange this was the prevailing economic system during the colonial period: European powers controlled their economies in order to increase global power; ensuring a beneficial balance of trade is essential; the country must export more than it imports

Dred Scott v. Sanford

Supreme Court case that decided US Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in federal territories and slaves, as private property, could not be taken away without due process - basically slaves would remain slaves in non-slave states and slaves could not sue because they were not citizens. Basically African Americans were not entitled to rights under US citizenship.

McCulloch v. Maryland

Supreme Court ruling (1819) confirming the supremacy of national over state government after Maryland refused to pay the tax on their branch of the national bank

open-lot system

System of agricultural land distribution in which all villagers worked on one large plot of community farmland to produce a crop to eat./one plot of land form the community was common in the feudal village structure

dual court system

System under which US citizens are subject to the jurisdiction of both national and state courts; each state has its own multi-part judicial system in addition to the federal one.

Tariff of 1828 (Tariff of Abominations)

Tariff passed by Congress that imposed very high duties on imports ( 62% tariff on 92% of imported goods). Southerners protested because it increased the cost of the manufactured good they bought. It was said to have been passed not to raise money but to protect the interests of Northern manufacturers at the expense of Southern farmers. BENEFITTED NORTHERN INDUSTRY BUT HEAVILY AFFECTED SOUTHERN EXPORTS; LED TO NULLIFICATION ARGUMENT

Confucianism

Teaches obedience and adherence to tradition in order to maintain a harmonious society. Ideally, practicing integrity and respecting wisdom would ensure that authority would be used for beneficial purposes. Very influential on Chinese culture.

Buddhism

Teaches that desire (ego, self) is the root of suffering and that giving up/transcending material obsession will lead to freedom/nirvana - enlightenment. Originated in India but is practiced throughout Asia and the world.

mass media

Television, radio, newspapers, magazines, the Internet, and other means of popular communication. It has reshaped American political campaigns

Invasion of Iraq

The 2003 invasion by the United States, Britain, Australia and Poland officially began on March 20, 2003. U.S. President George W. Bush stated that the objective of the invasion was "to disarm Iraq of weapons of mass destruction, to end Saddam Hussein's support for terrorism, and to free the Iraqi people". In preparation, 100,000 U.S. troops were assembled in Kuwait by February 18. The United States supplied the majority of the invading forces. Supporters of the invasion included a coalition force of more than 40 countries, and Kurds in northern Iraq. The invasion of Iraq encountered immense popular opposition. Between January 3 and April 12, 2003, 36 million people across the globe took part in almost 3,000 protests against the Iraq war. The 2003 invasion began the Iraq War. OVER WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION (false assumption)

Federal Emergency Relief Act

The Act was the first direct-relief operation under the New Deal, and was headed by Harry L. Hopkins, a New York social worker who was one of Franklin D. Roosevelt's most influential advisers *, law provided money for food and other necessities for the unemployed *Affected the people in trying to aid people feeling the effects of the depression, still in effect today (ESPECIALLY helpful for poor)

Fealty Oath

The Bond that A lord had with his serfs. It stated that if a serf agreed to be bound to his land and gave a portion of his crops to his lord. The lord, in return, would offer the serf land and protection from raids

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)

The Cherokee unsuccessfully argued for the right to their land. The Supreme Court ruled that Natives were not independent nations but dependent domestic nations which could be regulated by the federal government. From then until 1871, treaties were formalities with the terms dictated by the federal government.

Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha)

The Indian prince turned ascetic (ca. 566-ca. 486 B.C.E.) who founded Buddhism. It is said he renounced worldly goods and lived as an ascetic in what is today northern India, seeking enlightenment around the 3rd c. BC.

Specie Circular (1836)

The Specie Circular, issued by President Jackson July 11, 1836, was meant to stop land speculation caused by States printing paper money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it. The Circular required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in specie. It stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply. Devalued paper money and the panic of 1837 followed.

Brown v. Board of Education

The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

Dred Scott v. Sanford

The Supreme Court ruled that enslaved persons were not citizens; it also found the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional, meaning Congress could not forbid expanding slavery into US territories

Gideon v. Wainwright

The Supreme Court ruled that the Court must provide legal counsel to poor defendants in felony cases

Vajrayana

The Vehicle of the Diamond - Named for the vajra, the Buddha's diamond scepter; prevalent form of Buddhism in Tibet; emphasizes the harnessing of sensual energies to attain nirvana.

Leif Ericson

The Viking explorer believed to be the first European to reach the New World (in about 1000 AD). Landed in Newfoundland which was called Vinland.

explicit costs

The actual payments a firm makes to its factors of production and other suppliers such as ingredients

zero economic profit

The amount of income that a business needs to break even in the marketplace

absolute price

The amount of money that must be spent to acquire one unit of a commodity. Also called money price. It does NOT impact demand

variable-interval

The amount of time that must pass before you get reinforced varies from trial to trial. VI-# (average number of minutes)

Social Darwinism

The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion. The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

International Trade Approach

The approach to development that requires a country to identify its distinctive or unique economic resources and develop by concentrating on the export that resource, eventually expanding industry and relying on export income to finance further development. By doing this, that country will have a comparative advantage in that industry (which may or may not be possible).

popular sovereignty

The belief that government is a social contract legitimized only by the consent of the people;

Basins

The bowl-like land that catches water and directs it toward a river

Memphis

The capital of Old Kingdom Egypt, near the head of the Nile Delta. Early rulers were interred in the nearby pyramids.

Talmud

The collection of Jewish rabbinic discussion pertaining to law, ethics, and tradition consisting of the Mishnah and the Gemara.

Korean War

The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea and the USSR helped North Korea. It ended in a stalemate and the creation of the 38th parallel.

Thirteenth Amendment

The constitutional amendment ratified after the Civil War that forbade slavery and involuntary servitude.

First Amendment

The constitutional amendment that establishes the four great liberties: freedom of the press, of speech, of religion, and of assembly.

Roe v. Wade (1973)

The court legalized abortion by ruling that state laws could not restrict it during the first three months of pregnancy. Based on 4th Amendment rights of a person to be secure in their persons.

Citizens United v. FEC

The court ruled that restricting corporate donations to political campaigns was tantamount to restricting free speech; this ruling allowed the formation of influential SuperPACs, which can provide unlimited funding to candidates running for office

McCulloch v Maryland

The court ruled that states could not tax the Bank of the United States; this ruling supported the implied powers of Congress

Settlements

The cradles of culture; required for cultures to grow; they allow for the development of political structures, the management of resources, and the transfer of information to future generations; all of these differ from each other but share some commonalities like beginning near a body of water and a reliable food source

Continuity vs. Stages

The debate to determine whether developmental is a gradual, continuous process or a sequence of separate stages. Does development happen steadily from birth to death or does it happen in leaps?

Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794)

The decisive battle of the Northwest Indian War between the Miami confederacy and the U.S. Army. British forces refused to shelter the routed Indians, forcing the latter to attain a peace settlement with the United States.

Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)

The difference in births and deaths in a population usually expressed as a percentage; does not take into account migration into or out of an area.

distance decay

The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin.

J. Edgar Hoover

The director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation who investigated and harassed alleged radicals. Led the Palmer Raids.

deglomeration

The dispersal of an industry that formerly existed in an established agglomeration. Happens when areas become over-agglomerated and pollution, traffic, restricted labor pools, and over-taxed resources can lead to the spreading out of industries

transculturation

The expansion of cultural traits through diffusion, adoption, and other related processes when cultures come in contact with each other.

Black Empowerment

The extent to which a group of African Americans have achieved significant influence in political decision-making. This is what all of the blacks aimed to gain in office to influence mass participation.

public efficacy

The extent to which individuals believe they can effect change in the political system; used by analysts to measure the health of a political system

Reaganomics

The federal economic polices of the Reagan administration, elected in 1981. These policies combined a monetarist fiscal policy, supply-side tax cuts, and domestic budget cutting. Their goal was to reduce the size of the federal government and stimulate economic growth. Thought that cutting taxes on the wealthy and providing investment incentives would cause wealth to trickle down but these tax cuts actually forced Congress to cut/eliminate social programs that benefitted millions of those same Americans.

formal operations

The final stage of Piaget's theory which says humans develop abstract reasoning and consider ideas and objects in their minds without physically seeing them; they can formulate a hypothesis about what will happen in an experiment before running it; people are also able to engage in metacognition (thinking about how they thing); not everyone reaches this stage

Harappan

The first Indian civilization; also known as the Indus Valley civilization; based in Punjab from around 3000 BC. The major cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro featured grid systems indicative of detailed urban planning; they may be the earliest planned cities in the world. Objects of this civilization found in Mesopotamia reveal trade links.

Olmec

The first Mesoamerican civilization. Between ca. 1200 and 400 B.C.E., these people of the Mexican Gulf Foast created a vibrant civilization that included intensive agriculture, wide-ranging trade, ceremonial centers, and monumental construction. Its massive sculptures reflect complex religious and spiritual reliefs.

Battle of Antietam

The first battle fought on Union soil; General McClellan halted General Lee's invasion of Maryland but failed to defeat Confederate forces; led to the Emancipation proclamation Civil War battle in which the North succeeded in halting Lee's Confederate forces in Maryland. Was the bloodiest battle of the war resulting in 25,000 casualties

Torah

The first five books of Jewish Scripture, which they believe are by Moses, are called this

Shang Dynasty

The first known Chinese dynasty which ruled the Huang He or Yellow River era around the second millennium BC and developed the earliest known Chinese writing, which helped unite Chinese-speaking people throughout the region; featured the use of bronze technology, horses, wheeled technology, walled cities, and other advances beyond the Neolithic societies.

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

The first large-scale attempt at regional public planning; it was a long-term project which not only created jobs and brought electricity to rural inhabitants of the Tennessee Valley but it also attempted to accurately measure the cost of power; first public power company

Dark Ages

The first part of the Middle Ages from around 500-1000 A.D. from the Fall of Rome to the tenth c. Chaotic, unstable, and unsafe. What protection and stability existed were represented and maintained by the Catholic Church and the feudal system. Society and economics were decentralized, local governance (feudalism)

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia; became so profitable that the Crown took it over as a colony in 1624

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution; concession to the anti-federalists

deltas

The flat plains created by deposits from diverging branches of a river

common welfare

The good of the community as a whole.

original jurisdiction

The jurisdiction of courts that hear a case first, usually in a trial. These are the courts that determine the facts about a case.

Caspian Sea

The largest fully enclosed sea (or salted lake) located between Iran and Russia fed by the Volga River

Mediterranean Sea

The largest sea/ an almost landlocked arm of the Atlantic Ocean touching Europe, Asia, and Africa

Ghost Dance Movement

The last effort of Native Americans to resist US domination and drive whites from their ancestral lands, came through as a religious movement. United the Plains tribes in a spiritual movement and in the belief that whites would eventually be driven from the land

Stage Five (DTM)

The last stage of the Demographic Transition Model is mostly a theoretical one, although several countries are moving towards it. In this stage, medical advances not only succeed in limiting early deaths, but also in extending the life of the elderly. The decline in CBR continues, leading eventually to a negative RNI. Many countries in W. Europe and Japan are facing such graying populations.

Long Run Aggregate Supply (LRAS)

The level of output to which an economy will always return in the long run. It intersects the horizontal axis at the full employment or potential level of output. Assumes that input prices have had enough time to adjust to changes in the various product markets

longitude

The lines on a grid system that run north and south from pole to pole; aka meridians; 0 degrees is set at the prime meridian; important for determining time zones

soil

The loose, weathered material on Earth's surface in which plants can grow. It is important to geography because of its varying fertility, what it can support, and how easily it is shaped by wind and water

Federal District Courts

The lowest tier of the federal court system and similar to the trial courts that exist in each state; hear over 300,000 cases a year; the courts of the national government that deal with problems between states, with the constitution, and with laws made by congress

Executive Actions

The manner in which presidents use their powers can create informal amendments and expand presidential authority. The use of executive agreements rather than treaties allows the president to bypass the Senate.

gravitational model

The model of migration that estimates the size and direction of migration between 2 places. It is based on the assumption that the migrational "gravity" of a place is determined by its size and difference; it only considers location.

Rivers

The most important bodies of water because of their importance to civilization; these are bodies of water that flow toward the ocean.

Bhagavad Gita

The most important work of Indian sacred literature, a dialogue between the great warrior Arjuna and the god Krishna on duty and the fate of the spirit.

Security Council

The most powerful component of the UN; it is tasked with the maintenance of international security and peace. It must also approve the application of any country seeking admission of the UN before it can be voted on by the General Assembly. It consists of the US, Great Britain, Russia, China, and France as well as 10 elected members.

Howard Garner

The most well-known psychologist who holds to a multiple factor theory of intelligence; he argues that different people have different types of intelligence which are discrete from one another; essentially defines intelligences that cover the breadth of human experiences (ex: linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, etc.)

Clovis people

The name of early residents of North America whose spear points were found near what is now New Mexico, in 1929.

Mahayana

The name of the more mystical and larger of the two main Buddhist sects. This one originated in India in the 400s CE and gradually found its way north to the Silk road and into Central and East Asia.

overpopulation

The number of people in an area exceeds the carrying capacity of an environment to support life at a decent standard of living.

smallpox

The overall deadliest known disease in the history of the world. In the 20th century alone there were approximately 500,000,000 people who died of this disease. Helped wipe out nearly all Natives

Sumerians

The people who dominated southern Mesopotamia/ the Near East through the end of the third millennium B.C.E. They were responsible for the creation of many fundamental elements of Mesopotamian culture-such as irrigation technology, cuneiform, and religious conceptions. They were able to support settled areas that developed into city-states and eventually major cities like Uruk. Known for writing poems, having early education, creating ziggurats, using the potter's wheel, and learning astronomy, math, and religion. Overcome by the Akkadians.

Roman Republic

The period from 507 to 31 B.C.E., during which Rome was largely governed by the aristocratic Roman Senate. Rome elected lawmakers (senators), developed highly advanced infrastructure, including aqueducts and roads. Economically powerful, began conquering areas around the Mediterranean with its increasingly powerful military and expanded into North Africa. Conquest and expansion of trade led to increased slavery and the displacement of working class Romans. The wealthy were also becoming more powerful and corrupt which led to protests and legislative reform/republican stabilization. Increasingly diversified, divided, yet economically and militarily strong.

state

The physical place/the area with defined borders, a permanent population, and a relatively effective government and economy

Judicial review

The power of the courts to declare laws unconstitutional thanks to the precedent established by Marbury v Madison

unicameral legislation

The practice of having only one legislative or parliamentary chamber; ex: Articles of Confederation's Congress (very weak)

President Harry Truman

The president who presided over the end of World War II (ordered droppings of atomic bombs); "New Deal liberal" -> favored direct government intervention into economy; "Fair Deal"; National Housing Act; ended racism in government hiring and armed forces; Taft-Hartley Act; NATO; NSC-68

multinational corporations/transnational corporations

The primary driving force of globalization these are often made up of several smaller companies that all contribute to the same production process, these are companies whose headquarters are located in one country and whose production is located in one or more other countries.

outsourcing

The process of moving production to a different country; it allows for several financial advantages for the MNC including reduced labor costs, lower tax rates, and cheaper land prices as well as more lax safety and labor standards.

space-time compression

The reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place, as a result of improved communications and transportation systems/ THE FEELING THAT THE WORLD IS GETTING SMALLER

targeted response

The response targeted for the learner to acquire

right to privacy

The right to a private personal life free from the intrusion of government. Protected by the 4th, 5th, and 14th amendment (led to Roe V Wade)

quaternary sector

The sector of the economy that does not deal in physical products, but instead creates and transfers information. University researchers, journalists, and information technology specialists are members of this sector. This sector only exists in highly developed countries with well-established, complex industrial economies.

quinary sector

The sector of the economy that involves those that at the highest levels of decision-making and focuses on managing the overall functioning of the economy. In most countries, this sector is made up almost exclusively of government agencies and officials.

secondary sector

The sector of the economy the processes the raw materials extracted by the first sector. This sector is made up primarily of factories. Things like steel, canned tuna, and rubber are all this sector's products.

oral arguments

The stage in Supreme Court proceedings in which attorneys for both sides appear before the Court to present their positions and answer questions posed by the justices. 30 minutes each.

reservation system

The system that allotted land with designated boundaries to Native American tribes in the west, beginning in the 1850s and ending with the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887. Within these reservations, most land was used communally, rather than owned individually. The U.S. government encouraged and sometimes violently coerced Native Americans to stay on the reservations at all times.

cultural convergence

The tendency for cultures to become more alike as they increasingly share technology and organizational structures in a modern world united by improved transportation and communication. OR When 2 cultures adopt traits of each other and become increasingly similar. Ex: a neutral American accent

Navajo Wars

The term covers at least three distinct periods of conflict in the American West: the Navajo against the Spanish; the Navajo against the Mexican government; and the Navajo against the United States.

Place

The theme of geography that is directly related to location - it describes all of the human and physical characteristics of a location.

Darius

The third king of the Persian Achaemenid Empire. He ruled the empire at its peak. He organized the empire by dividing it into provinces and placing satraps to govern it. He organized a new uniform money system, along with making Aramaic the official language of the empire. He also worked on construction projects throughout the empire. Extended Persian rule from the Indus Valley to Egypt and north to Anatolia by 400BC where they encountered the Greeks.

Sophocles, Euripides, Aeschylus

The three well-known Greek tragedy playwrights

opportunity cost

The value of the option not selected. \\\the most desirable alternative given up as the result of a decision

social-cognitive theory

The view of psychologists who emphasize behavior, environment, and cognition as the key factors in development.

Northwest Indian War

The war between the Confederacy of Indians and White settlers continued as Americans gained more territory in Ohio

Patricians

The wealthy, hereditary aristocrats during the Roman era.

Nile, Tigris and Euphrates, Indus, Ganges, Huang He and Yangtze, Amazon, Mississippi

The world's major river systems which all gave birth to early and complex civilizations.

political ecology

Theory that argues that the government of a region affects the environment which, in turn, affects the choices available to the people. ex: transcontinental railroad's effects

cultural determinism

Theory that the environment places no restrictions on humans whatsoever (differs from environmental determinism and possibilism) and that the only restrictions on the development of culture come from human limitations. Ex: Japan not limited by its environment and chose to create trade agreements and colonize

prohibited powers

These are powers denied to the federal government, the states or both (i.e. passing bills of attainder)

concurrent powers

These are powers that are shared equally by both the national and state governments (i.e. the power to tax and the power to establish courts)

inherent powers

These are powers that derive specifically from US sovereignty and are inherent to its existence as a nation (i.e. the powers to make treaties and to wage war)

United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development

They define several criteria for global sustainable development: caring for the soil, avoiding overfishing, preserving the forest, protecting species from extinction, and reducing air pollution

Charismatic leadership

Third parties that are dominated by an engaging and forceful leader.

Ideological

Third parties that are organized around a particular non-mainstream ideology

Single-issue

Third parties that are organized around one defining issue

Initiative vs. Guilt

Third stage of Erikson's theory (3-5); also known as the "why?" stage. Children develop curiosity and a desire to exert control over their environment as well (because they feel they have some control over themselves and trust in the adults around them). If this initiative is encouraged, they will have a strong sense of curiosity and purpose going forward. If not, they feel guilt and avoid future curiosity.

START treaty

This arms-control treaty signed by Bush and Gorbachev was the first genuine reduction of the nuclear warheads of the Cold War

Korematsu v. US

This case determined that internment of Japanese Americans during WWII was lawful

Tinker v. Des Moines

This case established "symbolic speech" as a form of speech protected by the First Amendment

Marbury v. Madison

This case established judicial review

Plessy v. Ferguson

This case established the precedent of separate but equal (segregation)

Marbury v Madison

This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review and broadened the power of the Supreme Court

Roe v. Wade

This case legalized abortion in the first trimester throughout the US

Bakke v. Regents of the University of California

This case ruled that while affirmative action was constitutional, the university's quota system was not

Foreign Policy

This describes how and why one nation interacts with the other nations of the world. It has been increasingly important.

Egypt

This early empire has its home along Africa's longest river, with a detailed form of writing. It was known for pyramids, art, and pictorial writing (hieroglyphs), and these people emerged as early as 5000 BC. Evidence of unity under one monarch (pharaoh) dates to the first dynasty (3000 BC). Despite the surrounding Sahara Desert, the fertile land on the banks of the Nile lent itself to agriculture and the early people were able to developed settled communities thanks to agriculture and irrigation. Civilizations developed on the Upper and Lower Nile, unifying under the early dynasties, and establishing a capital at Memphis. By the Fourth Dynasty, this civilizational institutions, written language, art and architecture were well-developed as well as the erection of famous pyramids at Giza. The religious framework had became well-established. Would eventually fall into decline.

Bacon's Rebellion (1676)

This embodied the growing resentment of landowners, who wanted to increase their own profit rather than redirect revenue to Britain. Armed rebellion in Virginia against Governor William Berkeley, who had the support of the British government. Forces from England came to Virginia to suppress the resistance and reform the colonial government to one that was more directly under royal control.

Stage One (DTM)

This is a low growth stage in the Demographic Transition Model. Both CBR and CDR are high, making the RNI low or stationary. Some fluctuation will occur at this stage based on disease, war, and famine, all of which are somewhat common in this stage of economic development. Most of the population consists of subsistence farmers. Today, no countries are part of this sage because of advances in medical technology.

Treaty of Paris 1783

This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River. America agreed to repay debts of British merchants and provide safety to Loyalists who wished to remain in North America; in part thanks to Whigs who voted out Tories in Parliament

Gospel of Wealth

This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy.

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

This was passed to address the effects of overspeculation on land. It reduced farm prices by subsidizing farmers to reduce production of commodities. It was later deemed unconstitutional. //// a law enacted in 1933 to raise crop prices by paying farmers to leave a certain amount of their land unplanted, thus lowering production

Pickney's Treaty (1795)

Thomas Pickney negotiated a new treaty with Spain providing for US rights on the Mississippi River and in the Port of New Orleans; a diplomatic success ratified by all 13 states.

1. type of rule 2. geographic distribution of authority 3. separation of powers

Three ways governments can be divided up

Afghanistan War

Time in which the US occupied Afghanistan because they suspected al Qaeda bases were there; suspected terrorists captured there were held in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.

critical periods

Times in development when certain skills must be acquired or they will never appear

realms

To analyze global phenomena, geographers divide the world into these, the largest logical regions possible. They are based on clusters of human population, economic, political, cultural and physical traits.

Average Product of Labor (APL)

Total product divided by amount of labor employed which gives the average productivity of a market's labor. APL = TPL/MPL

triangular trade

Trade/economy between the Americas, Africa, and Europe where slaves were exchanged in the Americas for raw materials shipped to Europe to be processed into goods for the benefit of the colonial powers and sometimes exchanged for slaves in Africa

Hadith

Traditional records of the deeds of Muhammad, and his quotations; these are legal teachings

Ephialtes

Traitor that showed the Persians the goat path that led to the Greeks' defeat at Thermopylae ALSO helped organize Athens into a revolutionary democracy controlled by the poor and working class.

New International Division of Labor

Transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid less skilled workers, from more developed to less developed countries. When different parts of a product are manufactured in different places of the world, then sent to yet another location to be assembled. Makes LDCs very dependent on MNCs.

Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania (John Dickinson) and Massachusetts Circular Letter (Sam Adams)

Two writings that argued for the repeal of the Townshend Acts and demanded no taxation without representation

Horizontal Integration

Type of monopoly where a company buys out all of its competition and monopolizes the market. Ex. Rockefeller

1. Charismatic leadership 2. Single-issue 3. Ideological

Types of third parties

15th Amendment (1870)

U.S. cannot prevent a person from voting because of race, color, or creed

Marshall Plan

US-led program to rebuild Europe by providing $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe.

Anaconda Plan

Union war plan by Winfield Scott, called for a naval blockade of southern coast, capture of Richmond, capture Mississippi River, and to take an army through heart of south; the idea was to squeeze the confederacy since the South depended on international trade in cotton for its income, a naval blockade would have serious economic ramifications

Rosa Parks

United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913)

population equations

Used by demographers to analyze changes in population

submarine warfare

Used during World War I mainly between German U-Boats and Atlantic supply convoys for Great Britain

Clarifying legislation

Using the elastic clause, much legislation has been passed whose purpose is to clarify or expand the powers of the federal government (i.e. Judiciary Act of 1789)

Erik the Red

Viking who found and settled Greenland

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

Vygotsky's concept of the difference between what a child can do alone and what that child can do with the help of a teacher

Iraq War

War in which US successfully took down a dominating dictator, Saddam Hussein, and is currently helping them "get back on their feet". They withdrew in 2011 leaving the country in a state of chaos.

Saddam Hussein

Was a dictator in Iraq who tried to take over Iran and oil-rich Kuwait violently in order to gain the land and the resources. He also refused to let the UN into Iraq in order to check if the country was secretly holding weapons of mass destruction.

enclosure farming

Wealthy landowners section off land to experiment with new farming technologies during the Agricultural Revolution

marshes

Wetlands that are frequently inundated with water

1. migrants travel short distances (step migration) 2. people living in rural areas are more likely to migrate 3. migrants who travel further go to large cities 4. large towns grow by migration not natural growth 5. mostly adults migrate 6. young adults are more likely to cross international borders than families 7. every migration stream has a counterstream

What are Ravenstein's Laws of Migration?

interpretation of the Constitution

What must a decision's issues involve to reach the Supreme Court of the US?

economic equality

What right to equality does the constitution/14th amendment NOT protect?

1. Laws had to be passed with 2/3 votes 2. Changes had to be unanimous 3. Weak, unicameral Congress couldn't levy taxes or raise an army

What were the 3 main problems with the Articles of Confederation?

Panic of 1837

When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.

Cuban Missile Crisis

When Soviet missiles had been discovered in Cuba and military crisis was narrowly averted. The missiles were removed and so were US missiles in Turkey.

ambivalent attachment

When a baby exhibits extreme fussiness and clinginess. A baby will be unhappy when left alone with the stranger, but was not easily soothed by the caregiver. This results from an inconsistent level of responsiveness from the caregiver.

avoidant attachment

When a baby is completely detached from their caregiver; The baby will explore the room without any orientation toward the attachment figure and responds equally to caregivers and strangers

forced migration

When a group of people is forcibly removed from their home and brought yo. new region

net in-migration

When a location attracts more immigrants than it has emigrants; it has high place desirability

net out-migration

When a location has more emigrants than it has immigrants.

situation

When a location is described by its characteristics relative to other things around it

site

When a location is described by its internal physical and cultural characteristics

Hierarchical Diffusion

When a phenomenon spreads to a new area, it starts with a person or place in a position of power or influence and then spreads to others in a leveled pattern

forward capital

When a state attempts to disperse the concentration of power and resources/remove political power from a primate city it forms this to better serve national goals.

long run equilibrium

When an industry is perfectly competitive it reaches this point, when price is the same as the average total cost

accommodation

When children encounter new information or have a new experience and adjust their schemata based on that new information

assimilation

When children encounter new information or have a new experience and incorporate it into their existing schemata

1. if a case involves 2 or more states 2. if a case involves the US government and state government 3. if a case involves the US government and foreign diplomats

When does the Supreme Court have original jurisdiction?

slash and burn

When farmers cut down plants, then burn the remaining stalks, stumps, and roots to create new farmland (making it swidden)

Industrial Revolution

When industrialization began in Britain in the 1760s and moved to Western Europe and North America by 1825. The discovery of new energy sources like coal and technological advancements which allowed machine labor to replace human labor led to the emergence of manufacturing centers and a shift in the functioning of the economy. It had significant spatial implications on the environment because of the extraction of resources and building of factories.

ethnonationalistic

When members of a stateless nation maintain allegiance for their nation over the state

monopoly

When one corporation or business controls one entire area or product of a given market (imperfect competition); marked by a lack of close substitutes for a product, barriers to entry for new firms, and market power; function best in a new market where competition is either too expensive or not possible because of legal roadblocks like patents

sequent occupancy

When one culture left an imprint on a place that was then used by the next culture to inhabit the same place; ex: New Orleans' hybrid culture

migration diffusion

When original adopters of a phenomena move but the idea or trait lasts only a short while while in a new palce

relocation diffusion

When original adopters of a phenomena move from the hearth to a new place and take their ideas with them

gerrymandering

When political parties attempt to draw the lines of congressional districts to ensure the maximum number of seats for their parties

price elastic

When the change in demand is greater than the change in price (Ed > 1)

relative location

When the location of an object is positioned in relation to something else; most often used in an informal setting

absolute location

When the location of something is described by its position on Earth without reference to other landmarks; used in formal geography

Equilibrium

When the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied at a given price, the market is in this state. On a graph, it is located where the supply and demand curves intersect.

shortage (excess demand)

When the quantity demanded exceeds the quantity supplied, this exists. It occurs when prices are low because low prices lead to high demand but low supply.

surplus (excess supply)

When the quantity supplied exceeds the quantity demanded, this occurs. This is caused by the supply and demand's opposing relationships to price.

income effect

When wages reach a certain amount, the number of hours workers are willing to work decreases as they increasingly choose leisure over labor; as a result, labor supply curves that extend to these high wages can take a backwards bending shape

fair trade

Where governments oversee and regulate outsourcing to ensure all workers receive a living wage

symbolic interactionist

Which perspective argues that there are no behaviors that are intrinsically deviant rather deviance is in the eye of the beholder?

functionalist

Which perspective considers deviance to have a role in the stability of society and argues that deviants help determine where the lines between normal and abnormal behaviors are drawn?

conflict theorists

Which perspective is mixed on the issue of deviance because it may be used as an excuse by those in power to enforce the differences between those in power and those out of power?

functionalist

Which perspective is often criticized for not taking social change into account as it tends to enforce the social order/social change is its own function?

conflict theorists

Which perspective is really defined by social change because it relies on constant evolution and encourages a shakeup of the status quo?

symbolic interactionist

Which perspective would argue that social change is represented by imagery?

symbolic interactionist

Which perspective's take on social stratification argues that stratification is something people inflict upon themselves and that people group themselves together based on the symbols of the world around them?

conflict theorists

Which perspective's take on social stratification criticizes stratification, arguing that it benefits only the higher end of society and creates barriers rather than lines of delineation?

functionalist

Which perspective's take on social stratification draws from the Davis-More thesis that argues social stratification represents the differing value of work?

Ku Klux Klan

White supremacy organization that intimidated blacks out of their newly found liberties; they emerged to intimidate and kill black people in the South

development gap

Widening difference between development levels in more-developed and less-developed countries.

Holy Experiment

William Penn's term for the government of Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delaware founded in the Quaker spirit which was supposed to serve everyone and provide freedom for all.

Fourteen Points (1918)

Wilson's list of post-war goals, with some of them being the creation of the League of Nations, the recognition of freedom of the seas, and a reduction of national armaments/ it included a very idealistic international security organization but it was replaced by Europe's harsher Treaty of Versailles

Plessy v. Ferguson

a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal (separate but equal)

Federal Reserve Act

a 1913 law that set up a system of federal banks and gave government the power to control the money supply; Federal Reserve Banks were established to cover 12 regions of the country; commercial banks had to take part in the system allowing the "Fed" to control interest rates and avoid a similar crisis.

Anglo-Saxons

a Germanic inhabitant of England between the 5th century and the Norman Conquest.

Franks

a Germanic tribe that conquered Gaul and neighboring lands in the 400s

Marathon

a battle in 490 BC in which the Athenians and their allies defeated the Persians

the Strange Situations

a behavioral test developed by Mary Ainsworth that is used to determine a child's attachment style and that there are 3 types of attachment: secure, ambivalent, and avoidant

just-world bias

a belief that bad things happen to bad people; victim blaming is common

normal distribution

a bell-shaped curve, describing the spread of a characteristic throughout a population

antecedent boundary

a boundary that existed before the cultural landscape emerged and stayed in place while people moved in to occupy the surrounding area/ pre-dated human cultures

culture hearths

a center where early formal cultures (agriculture, government, urbanization) developed and from which ideas and traditions spread outward

Hellenic Civilization

a civilization after the dark ages with the Dorian with Mycenaean elements emerged. Their impacts include political, philosophical, and mathematical thought; art and architecture; and poetry theater

newly industrialized country

a country that has begun transitioning from primarily agricultural to primarily manufacturing and industrial activity. they experience unprecedented growth after being sources of production for MNCs.

achievement motivation

a desire for significant accomplishment: for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for attaining a high standard

instrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to be effective; motivation that comes from INSIDE one's self

extrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment; motivation that comes from OUTSIDE one's self

constructive memory

a false memory created if someone is repeatedly asking leading questions about an event

centrifugal force

a force that divides people and states; often occurs in a multicore state

Confederate Government

a form of government in which several states join together for a common purpose (think Articles)

demographic transition model

a geographic tool that predicts changes in population using the crude birth rate, crude death rate, and the rate of natural increase; it ties the changes in population to economic development by making 2 major assumptions: all population growth is based on economic status and all countries pass through thee same economic stages

demand curve

a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded; it shows how demand changes as price increases and measures quantity demanded in relation to price

scatter plots

a graphic that shows how two different variables are related/they show the relationship between two sets of data to allow for broader comparison

Iroquois Confederacy

a group of Native American nations in eastern North America joined together under one general government and brought stability to the eastern Great Lakes region

political party

a group of citizens who work together in order to: 1) win elections, 2) hold public office, 3) operate the government, 4) determine public policy// they serve an important role in the American political system, fulfilling functions that aid government operations. Also integral to the organization of Congress.

majority opinion

a judicial opinion agreed to by more than half of the members of a court/a detailed explanation of the majority's decision and reasoning after oral arguments in the Supreme Court

March on Washington (1963)

a large political rally that took place in Washington, D.C. on August 28, 1963. Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his historic "I Have a Dream" speech advocating racial harmony at the Lincoln Memorial during the march. Trying to make it impossible for JFK to ignore their calls to action. Widely credited as helping lead to the Civil Rights Act (1964) and the National Voting Rights Act (1965). 80% of the marchers were black. Organized by union leader A. Philip Randolph.

stigma

a mark of disgrace associated with a particular circumstance, quality, or person. deviants are often the victim of these as they discredit groups and beliefs; (Goffman)

relearn

a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time

visualization

a method to improve memory because visual images are better retained than abstract ideas. creating a mental image increases retention. ex: loci

mnemonic devices

a method to improve memory by associating an idea with a common item, song, joke, acronym. context is thus created for that idea, leading to deeper processing.

chunking

a method to improve memory by grouping information into similar groups or concepts to increase retention and long-term memory (creating stronger connections between ideas)

elaborative rehearsal

a method to improve memory. basic rehearsal can hold information in s-t memory but it does not aid in the transition to l-t memory. this method, then, involves not only repeating the information, but learning more about it, relating it to previously acquired information, or teaching it to someone else; this creates the context needed for deep processing.

dependency theory

a model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor nations by rich ones; it critiques the development gap by arguing that the root of the problem can be traced back to colonization and imperialism. The decisions & actions of one country directly impact those of others. This means LDCs are kept in a cycle of underdevelopment,

iconic memory

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

national sovereignty

a nation's right to establish its own form of government and laws without external influence

Second Bank of the United States

a national bank overseen by the federal government. Congress had established the bank in 1816, giving it a 20 year charter. The purpose of the bank was to regulate state banks, which had grown rapidly since the First Bank of the US went out of existence in 1811. Went out of existence during Jackson's presidency. Following its establishment, the Panic of 1819 erupted.

social policy

a national government's course of action designed to promote the welfare of its citizens

stereotype

a pre-formed idea - positive or negative - about the characteristic of a group of people; leads to prejudice then discrimination then inequality

perceptual region

a region defined by popular feelings and images rather than by objective data; it is not organized by actual commonalities, but perceived ones. Ex: Africa is often called a single region even though the continent is full of different cultures and physical characteristics

cerebral cortex

a sheet of neural tissue that covers the brains; has 2 parts involved in memory

Oligarchy

a small group of people having control of a country, organization, or institution. The right to rule is based on wealth, social status, military position, or some level of achievement.

National Grange

a social and educational organization which advocated for farmers

Civil Rights Movement

a social movement in the United States during the 1950s and 1960s, in which people organized to demand equal rights for African Americans and other minorities. People worked together to change unfair laws. They gave speeches, marched in the streets, and participated in boycotts.

Assyria

a southwest Asian kingdom that controlled a large empire from about 850 to 612 B.C. They controlled the northern part of Mesopotamia after Akkadia. Would also be conquered by Babylon when their capital Nineveh fell. Before this, they had developed as a powerful city-state that based much of their culture on the Sumerian and Akkadian legacies, contributing unique sculpture and jewelry, establishing military dominance, and playing an important role in regional trade. Their identity exists today.

histogram

a specific type of graph that illustrates the distribution of data and shows how frequently various phenomena occur

post-conventional stage

a stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is determined by a set of general principles that reflect core values. Either 5. Social contract or 6. Universal Principles (only achieved by some)

pre-conventional stage

a stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by its consequences for the actor. Either 1: obedience/punishment or 2. self-interest/reward////(Kohlberg) a stage of moral development in which moral reasoning is based on reward and punishment from those in authority.

conventional stage

a stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by the extent to which it conforms to social rules; Either 3. Interpersonal accord or 4. Law and order////a stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by the extent to which it conforms to social rules

Moro reflex

a startle reflex in which a baby throws its arms out and pulls them back in

compact state

a state which is relatively small and nearly square or circular in shape; the politically ideal state; the center of power is always close, no matter where a group or individual is within the state. I.e. Switzerland

Theocracy

a system of government in which priests rule in the name of God or a god. Also divine right

currency

a system of money in general use in a particular country. changes in these are caused by and impact the strength of a nation's economy

Authoritarian Government

a system of rule in which the government recognizes no formal limits but may nevertheless be restrained by the power of other social institutions THERE IS NO DIVISION OF POWER

tariff

a tax or duty paid on anything imported or exported into or from a given country; low ones encourage foreign goods to enter the market and high ones protect domestic industry by making foreign goods expensive and risk slowing trade

pastoralism

a type of farming that emerged with the domestication of animals. farmers breed and herd animals for food, clothing, and shelter. dominant in areas with limited growing capabilities like grasslands, deserts, and steppes.

concepts

a type of thought consisting of organizational rules

images

a type of thought consisting of sensory mental "pictures" - does not have a visual

prototypes

a type of thought consisting of typical examples

megalopolis

a very large, heavily populated city or urban complex in which multiple urban areas have merged into one

semantic network

a web of interconnected memories (context matters)

hopper

a wooden box that sits on a desk at the front of the House of Representatives, into which House members place bills they want to introduce

self-actualization

according to Maslow, the ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential or maximizing of that potential

unconditional positive regard

according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person

attribution theory

addresses the way in which people determine the cause of what they observe; the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition

socialists

advocate state ownership of the basic means of production, distribution, and exchange manage to benefit society as a whole, rather than individual capitalists; they also advocate for complete overhaul of the American economic and political system because the free market causes inequality.

23rd Amendment (1961)

allowed citizens of Washington, D.C. to vote in presidential elections

Miami

also Algonquin-speaking; moved from Wisconsin to the Ohio Valley region forming settled societies and farming maize. Took part in the fur trade as it developed during European colonial times.

Shawnee

an Algonquin-speaking people based in the Ohio Valley; Shawnee leader Tecumseh led the Northwest Confederacy against the United States in 1812; socially organized under under a matrilineal system but the Shawnee had male kings and only males could inherit property

Movement

an act of changing physical location or position or of having this changed.

forgetting

an active process of the mind, it is the inability to retrieve memory from long-term storage

median line principle

an approach to dividing and creating boundaries at the mid-point between two places, specifically in oceans when there is not 200 miles off the shore for two places

fiscal policy

an approach to economic management in which the government is deeply involved in managing the economy/Government policy that attempts to manage the economy by controlling taxing and spending.////A government policy for dealing with the budget (especially with taxation and borrowing)

productive inefficiency

an economy is working inefficiently if it is producing below the production possibility curve; The condition where less than the maximum output is produced with given resources and technology. Productive inefficiency implies that more of one good can be produced without any less of another good being produced.

long-term potentiation (LTP)

an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.

United Nations Human Development Index (HDI)

an index that calculates a country's level of well-being, based on a formula of factors that considers income adjusted to PPP, data on life expectancy at birth, and data on educational attainment// it is based on the idea that development is actually best measured by the choices available to the population of a general welfare. it focuses on QUALITY OF LIFE measures like healthcare, education, and general welfare. It uses GDP alongside many other factors. It then creates a ranking system of the world's countries with the highest score being 1.000 and the lowest 0.000.

War on Terror

an open-ended global conflict against terror organizations and their supporters; aimed at defeating international terrorist organizations, destroying terrorist training camps, and bringing terrorists themselves to justice.

shaping

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

prorupted states

an otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension/piece that protrudes ex: Thailand; political administration is more challenging because it is difficult to maintain control over the areas that are far from the center of power.

global warming

an overall rise in the earth's temperature (leading to permanent issues like rising sea levels and changes in oceanic patterns)

demokratia

ancient Greek word meaning "people power"; it was participatory rather than representative; officials were chosen by groups rather than elected.

constructive coping mechanisms

anxiety treated as warning signal, individual accepts it as challenge to resolve problem, uses past experiences to meet future threats// break stress down into manageable pieces to deal with it

ideographic theorists

argue that one set of traits cannot be used to describe everybody; instead, people should be defined by the few traits that best define them, which vary from person to person

nomothetic theorists

argue that the same set of traits can be used to describe all personalities (Eyesenck, Jung)

Abraham Maslow

argued that people strive to reach self-actualization. also believed in hierarchy of needs

dramaturgical sociology

argues that elements of human interactions are based on where and when those actions take place as well as who is watching it take place; pioneered by Erving Goffman, the presentational concerns of this sociology are why it takes its name from the world of theater - it argues that individuals do not necessarily have to be present during interactions but rather play a part in a scene; it has three stages of behavior: front stage, back stage, off-stage

symbolic interactionism

argues that individuals understand society and communicate through symbols in daily life; inspired by Max Weber and George H. Mead, it focuses on the intentional decisions people make to use symbols to interact with fellow members of society.

increasing marginal costs

as suppliers increase the amount they are supplying, the marginal costs of production increase as well, therefore they will only increase supply if price is high enough to offset the cost.

projective tests

assessments in which the subject must interpret some type of ambiguous stimuli; primarily used by psychoanalysts to assess personality, ex: inkblots; they are unreliable because they rely heavily on the interpretations of the therapist

situational attribution

attribution to factors external to an actor, such as the task, other people, or luck

Akkadian Empire

began in 2350 BCE when Sargon - King of Akkad - began conquering Sumerian cities. The empire was the first to unite city-states under a single ruler and ruled for 200 years. They were Semitic-speaking nomads and their Semitic-Akkadian language adopted parts of cuneiform. Fell to the Babylonians.

Federal Reserve

behaves as a central bank of the US and ensures the safety of the American monetary system; its primary role is to maximize employment and stabilize prices in the US; it was created to stabilize the US money supply and to moderate interest rates and also monitors and maintains reserves for US banks; it is the arbiter of interest rates for mortgages, the stock market, and any other monetary policy involving interest

B. F. Skinner

behaviorism; pioneer in operant conditioning; behavior is based on an organism's reinforcement history; worked with pigeons

monotheistic

believing in one god; religions like Judaism, Christianity, and Islam

Total Product of Labor (TPL)

best defined as the total amount of product at each quantity of labor

maturation

biological process of aging

tabula rasa

blank slate; the idea that babies did not have any innate motor skills because their brain was a blank slate (not entirely accurate because babies are born with certain reflexes that eventually go away)

political boundaries

border of a state that can be drawn in many ways

superimposed boundaries

boundaries that has been forced upon the inhabitants of an area to solve an issue/conflict by outside forces

36th parallel

boundary between free and slave territories in the Louisiana Purchase

variable costs

business costs that change with the markets (items for production, utilities)

total costs

business costs that include all of the costs to reach a certain level of production; they are the bottom line in a new business and will include both fixed and variable costs with hope of profit at the end of the fiscal year

perfect competition

characterized by 4 things: there are many small and independent buyers and sellers, everybody produces the same product, there are no barriers to entry of new or exit of old firms, and all firms must accept the price where it is and produce as much as they want at that price; simply put, it occurs when there is no one business that controls the entire marketplace because no one business is big enough to do so

underpopulation

circumstances of too few people to sufficiently develop the resources of a country or region to improve the level of living of its inhabitants. places often have greater carrying capacity than their population uses.

Culture complexes

clusters of interrelated culture traits

schemata

cognitive rules for interpreting the world which are developed based on experiences

Boston Tea Party

colonists protested taxes on tea levied by the Tea Act by dressing as Native Americans and tossing tea off a ship in Boston Harbor (led to Intolerable Acts)

roles

combination of those statuses assigned to the individual through employment or life choices, but also result from individual behavior and choices

Mixed crop and livestock farming

commercial farming that involves both crops and animals; the first type of commercial farming to emerge in the Second Industrial Revolution and evolved from subsistence farming

interference

competition between newer and older information in memory; may be a cause of forgetting

rural

completely away from a city

status

concerns how individuals are viewed in the world; it is demonstrated not only by income or education but also by attitude and behavior

primary reinforcers

consequences that are, in and of themselves, rewarding - food, sleep, water; used in operant conditioning.

secondary reinforcers

consequences we have come to value (money, praise) may also be used in operant conditioning

Emile Durkheim

considered the father of sociology and a major proponent of functionalism, he was the pioneer of modern social research and established the field of sociology as separate and distinct from psychology and political philosophy

law of demand

consumers buy more of a good when its price decreases and less when its price increases, if all other factors are held constant

trust

control over the entire industrial process

More Developed Countries (MDC)

countries with greater overall wealth. These countries tend to be more industrialized, bringing in money from manufacturing more goods

state courts

courts that deal with issues of law relating to those matters that the U.S. Constitution did not give to the federal government and are included in a state's constitution; usually have jurisdiction over most cases.

Circuit courts of appeal

courts with appellate jurisdiction that hear appeals from the decisions of lower courts; 12 of them; they review district court decisions and the decisions of federal regulatory agencies

Federal Writers Project and Federal Art Project

created jobs during the Depression for writers and artists who wrote histories, created guidebooks, developed public art for public buildings, etc.

assumes personalities are stable

criticism of trait theory

environmental determinism

dating back to ancient Greece, this argues that human development is controlled by the physical environment. ///A doctrine that claims that cultural traits are formed and controlled by environmental conditions. ex: colonizers thinking Hawaii's ideal climate created a lazy populace

forced labor and disease

decimated native populations

short term

decision period in economics in which at least one production input is fixed and cannot be changed; loss of profit during this time may be unimportant

long term

decision period in economics that refers to a period of time in which all production inputs are changeable

at the margin

decisions are often made this way, meaning they are made as an addition to the status quo ///the difference between the value that an activity generates and the cost of the activity

Marcus Licinius Crassus

defeated Spartacus and the slave revot in 71 B.C.; member of the First Triumvirate with Pompey and Caesar; killed in battle at Carrhae in 54 B.C. (Parthian War); his son, by the same name, served as a quaestor with Caesar; he was the wealthiest man in Rome, controlling most of the political class; despite his wealth, he was not popular among the populare. Successful in conquering territory in Syria and the Levant.

Marginal Product of Labor (MPL)

defined as the change in amount of product resulting from a change of labor

productivity

defined as the quantity of output that can be produced per worker in a prescribed amount of time (4 main determinants: physical capital, human capital, natural resources, technology)

trait theories

describe personalities by identifying main traits or characteristics. characteristics of an individual's personality are considered stable and motivate their behavior.

New Imperialism

described the US approach to 19th and early 20th century imperialism as practiced by European powers. Rather than controlling territory, the US sought economic connections with countries around the world. //////Historians' term for the late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century wave of conquests by European powers, the United States, and Japan, which were followed by the development and exploitation of the newly conquered territories.

Disequilibrium

describes any price or quantity not at equilibrium; when quantity supplied is not equal to quantity demanded in a market//On a graph, it is located where the supply and demand curves do not meet.

Stimulus Expansion Diffusion

describes the pattern by which a concept is diffused but not in the same form as in original contact/often modified ideas

expansion diffusion

describes the process of a phenomenon remaining strong at its hearth while expanding outward to new places; as it spread, new adopters may modify ideas

S-curve

diffusion follows this pattern

Erving Goffman

dramaturgical theory

self-interest and competition

driving forces of the market

telegraphic speech

early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram—"go car"—using mostly nouns and verbs.

multipliers

economic decisions that impact the economy as a whole

mixed economy

economy system governed both by the market and the government; the people may decide what is produced by what they are willing to buy, but the government regulate different aspects of the economy with regards to the safety of the population; most modern economies are these

pure command economy

economy usually found in communist societies. in this style economy, the government - rather than the market - determines all aspects of production; today they are very rare

monetary stabilization

efforts to keep prices, unemployment, and money supply, relatively stable. it helps to prevent the economy from oscillating between inflation and recession

National Labor Relations Board

enforces procedures whereby employees may vote to have a union and for collective bargaining and protecting workers

Wagner Act

ensured the right to unionize and established the NLRB.//// 1935; established National Labor Relations Board; protected the rights of most workers in the private sector to organize labor unions, to engage in collective bargaining, and to take part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands.

number of electors

equal to the number of seats in Congress; proportional to the population of the states; every state has at least 3

stocks

essentially these are shares of any given company or corporation that has "gone public" or offered its stock for sale to the highest bidder, whomever that may be

David Weschler

established an intelligence test especially for adults (WAIS); also WISC and WPPSI; the resulting number os not a quotient but the test is standardized so the mean is 100 and the standard deviation is 15 with a normal distribution (bell curve); score based on number of standard deviations the percentile is from the mean

Glass-Steagall Act

established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) and included banking reforms, some of which were designed to control speculation

NAFTA, UN, World Bank

examples of IGOs

Doctors without Borders, Red Cross

examples of NGOs

1. No suspension of habeas corpus 2. No bills of attainder 3. No ex post facto laws 4. No titles of nobility

examples of prohibited powers

individual roles and statuses

exist at the very micro level; they describe how individuals contribute to society and treat each other; vary based on what part of society they interact with

ego

existing partly in the unconscious mind and partly in the conscious mind, it follows the reality principle, and it negotiates between the id and the limitations of the environment

weather, climate, natural disasters, relationships with other societies

external causes of social change

determinants of supply

factors other than price that determine the quantities supplied of a good or service; dictate if the curve moves to the right or left; include the following: the cost of an input, technology and productivity, taxes or subsidies, producer expectations about future prices, the price of alternative goods that could be produced, and the number of similar companies in the industry

population growth or increased immigration, changing worker attitudes, changes in alternative opportunities

facts that may shift a labor supply curve

Bay of Pigs Invasion

failed invasion of Cuba in 1961 when a force of 1,200 Cuban exiles, backed by the United States, landed at the Bay of Pigs. Failed to topple the communist government of Fidel Castro.

Due Process

fair treatment through the normal judicial system, especially as a citizen's entitlement, typically the processes of the accused and their certain implied rights

subsistence farming

farming in which only enough food to feed one's family is produced; caused by success in seed agriculture. three main forms: extensive, intensive, pastoralism

dairying

farming which focuses solely on bringing milk-based products to market; very perishable

Athens

first city-state to have democracy, only men could vote. Known for its wealth, arts and love of learning

land, water, climate, vegetation, animal life

five main categories of the physical characteristics of a place

maps

flat representation of the earth that can range in what they illustrate, from a single park to the whole planet; the more specific area it covers, the more detailed it can be; but there is often much room for some distortion depending on the style.

1830 Indian Removal Act

forced the resettlement of Cherokee, Creek, Chickasaw, and Choctaw peoples; thousands were forced to travel with all of their belongings to Indian Territory on the Trail of Tears to make way for white settlers

manufacturing

form of production in which raw and semi finished materials are processed, assembled, or converted into finished products; flooding the market with cheap consumer goods.

institutions

formally structured groups that comprise our society; at the macro level they include government, private enterprise, religious and/academic organizations & at the microlevel they include local communities and the family unit; normally have some sort of formal structure with a governing body in charge;

psychoanalytic, trait, social-cognitive, humanistic

four general approaches to answering the question of personality

George Washington

gained military experience in the 7 Years' War in the US

conflict interaction

generally occurs between 2 different societies, but can occur within a society, even leading to a realignment of society's goals and values

positive punishment

gives the subject an unpleasant consequence

final goods and services

goods and services sold to the final, or end, user

Fifteenth Amendment

granted African American men the right to vote

creative class

group of workers in multiple industries united by the fact that creativity is central to their productive work

commercial farming

growing food to be sold on the market rather than to feed to one's own family

exposure effect

helps form positive attitudes; it says that the more someone is exposed to something, the more they will like it

Atlantic World

history of the interactions among the peoples and empires bordering the Atlantic Ocean rim from the 1450s at the beginning of the Age of Exploration to the early 21st century.

resistance

hormones are released to maintain the state of readiness. in chronic stress, this state is maintained for too long a period of time, leading to a depletion of the bodies resources. 2nd stage of GAS

temporal lobe

houses the hippocampus and helps to form long-term memories

consensus

how others responded to the same situation/determined by general agreement among various groups on fundamental matters; broad agreement on public questions

distribution

how people are spread across the earth

allocation of resources

how resources are distributed across an economy; this falls to either the government or the market depending on the economy; determined by profit maximization

consistency

how similarly the individual acts in the same situation over time

standard deviation

how spread out score/numbers are

loci

imagining a familiar place and then associating memories with physical objects in that space

Han Dynasty

imperial dynasty that ruled China (most of the time) from 206 BC to 221 and expanded its boundaries and developed its bureaucracy. It retained Qin administrative organization and added Confucian ideals of hierarchy and harmony. They prized education in the Confucian tradition and the idea that educated men should control administrative government began to take root in China. Women were not included in politics or administration.

exclusionary rule

improperly gathered evidence may not be introduced in a criminal trial (very controversial)

global culture

improved quality and global distribution of communications and media

unconditioned stimulus

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response. It elicits a reflexive reaction.

conditioned stimulus

in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant, once-neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

reinforcement schedules

in operant conditioning, these are rules that determine how and when certain responses will be reinforced and are determined by 2 factors: when reinforcement is delivered and the pattern of enforcement

Black Power Movement

influence of Malcolm X ---> Stokely Carmichael & more militant SNCC ---. Black Panthers: Huey Newton, Bobby Seale, Eldridge Cleaver; African American movement that focused on gaining control of economic and political power to achieve equal rights by force in necessary.

infrastructure

institutions that support the needs of the people

Stanford-Binet Test

intelligence test based on the measure developed by Binet and Simon, adapted by Lewis Terman of Stanford University; asks test-takers a variety of questions, the answers of which determine a single score (mental age x 100)

shifting economy, advancement of differing individuals or groups, political overhaul of leadership from one philosophy to another

internal causes of social change

legitimacy

internal recognition of a government's authority/the extent to which the people accept their government's authority; the MOST necessary for a government to succeed. It can be derived from many places.

submarine warfare, the sinking of the Lusitania, the Zimmerman telegram, nationalism

key factors that pulled the US into WWI

factors of production

labor, land, capital, entrepreneurship; all are needed to produce anything

Encomiendas

land grants to individuals to establish settlements, allowing the holder to ranch or mine the land; allowed colonists to demand tribute and forced labor from the local Native peoples, essentially enslaving them, to profit from the land.

Huns

large nomadic group from northern Asia who invaded territories extending from China to Eastern Europe. They virtually lived on their horses, herding cattle, sheep, and horses as well as hunting. They threatened German tribes who threatened Rome. Caused increasing instability in central and eastern parts of Europe.

plantation farms

large-scale labor intensive farms that focus on producing one or two crops; reveal a power structure as they are often located in less developed countries but are owned by and produce crops for more developed countries; they monopolize high-quality land and leave little for local farmers

Sioux Wars

lasted from 1876-1877. These were spectacular clashes between the Sioux Indians and white men. They were spurred by gold-greedy miners rushing into Sioux land. The white men were breaking their treaty with the Indians. The Sioux Indians were led by Sitting Bull and they were pushed by Custer's forces. Custer led these forces until he was killed at the battle at Little Bighorn. Many of the Indian were finally forced into Canada, where they were forced by starvation to surrender.

USA Patriot Act

law passed due to 9/11 attacks; sought to prevent further terrorist attacks by allowing greater, unprecedented government access to electronic communications and other information; criticized by some as violating civil liberties (powers of surveillance)

law of increasing costs

law that states that as we shift factors of production from making one good or service to another, the cost of producing the second item increases/this is why the PPF is curved, because opportunity costs increase as the quantity produced increases

competition

leads to lower prices and higher quality because buyers want to buy from sellers whose products maximize their happiness so sellers are always trying to outdo one another

writs of assistance

legal document that enabled officers to search homes and warehouses for goods that might be smuggled

vassals

lesser lords who pledged their service and loyalty to a greater lord -- in a military capacity. Pledged fealty to lords

latitude

lines in the grid system that run horizontally around the earth, parallel to the equator; numbered 0 to 90 running north and south from the equator; about 69 miles between each degree; important for determining climates

sagas

long stories, written in the early 1200s, about great Icelandic heroes and events; written in Old Norse

Sub-global equations

look at total population in a given area and also include immigration and emigration as factors

confirmation bias

looking for evidence that confirms beliefs while ignoring evidence that contradicts them

Clarifying legislation, executive actions, judicial decisions, political parties

loopholes to change the Constitution without amendments

belief bias or perseverance

making illogical conclusions in order to confirm our preexisting beliefs sometimes using heuristics

recognition

matching new facts or events to those already in memory

Yalta Conference (February 1945)

meeting of Roosevelt, Stalin, and Winston Churchill to discuss postwar plans and Soviet entry into the war against Japan near the end of World War II; disagreements over the future of Poland surfaced. the Allies had agreed on free elections for European countries following the fall of fascist regimes but the USSR continued to prevent these in Eastern Europe. (A betrayal?)

Second Continental Congress (May 1775)

meeting that authorized the creation of a Continental Army; many delegates still hoped that conflict could be avoided with the British. Debate between the wisdom of continued efforts at compromise and negotiations and declaring independence continued. The King ignored the Congress' Declaration of Causes and Necessities of Taking up Arms and the Olive Branch petition. Agreed in Summer 1776 that the colonies had to break away.

Separatists

members of the Church of England who believed it had strayed too far from its theological roots; came to North America seeking more religious freedom.

humid continental climate

middle-latitude climate occurring between 35 degrees and 50 degrees north latitude, with warm, humid summers and cold winters; it is best for farming and has the true four-season climate. Average temperatures vary based on an area's distance from the ocean, but regions with this climate all feature fertile land. Summers are warm and hot and usually humid. Winters range from the cold to extremely cold, and precipitation is evenly distributed.

refugees

migrants who cross international borders fleeing persecution, governmental abuse, war, or natural disaster

chain migration

migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there (a pull factor)

attributional biases

mistakes in determining cause /cognitive shortcuts for determining attributions that occur outside our awareness

American Women Suffrage Association (AWSA)

moderate & led by Lucy Stone & Frederick Douglas - "negro hour" - women take action @ a state level

securities

monetary units that can be exchanged; aka stocks and bonds

Carol Gilligan

moral development studies to follow up Kohlberg. She studied girls and women and found that they did not score as high on his six stage scale because they focused more on relationships rather than laws and principles. Their reasoning was merely different, not better or worse. Kohlberg only looked at male morality so she critiqued that.

Las Gorras Blancas (The White Caps)

more radical group of Mexican Americans living in New Mexico who attempted to protect their land and way of life from encroachment by white landowners; they disrupted the construction of railroads altogether in efforts to protect land from corporate interests.

Carl Jung

neo-Freudian who created the concept of "collective unconscious" and wrote books on dream interpretation; a trait theorist

toxic stress

non-normative stress that is prolonged and intense, resulting in negative developmental outcomes; like growing up in poverty; it may disrupt attention and inhibit memories

Serfs

not slaves but not entirely free peasants who were tied to the land and worked that land for the lord in exchange for protection BUT were not obligated to fight. usually they were also granted some land for their own use. while not true slaves, their lives were effectively controlled by the lord.

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

nuclear attacks during World War II against the Empire of Japan by the United States of America at the order of U.S. President Harry S. Truman; only time nuclear weapons have been used in conflict

Stanley Milgram

obedience to authority; had participants administer what they believed were dangerous electrical shocks to other participants; wanted to see if Germans were an aberration or if all people were capable of committing evil actions

primary socialization

occurs when a child learns the values, actions, and attitudes that are appropriate for members of their particular culture; impacted by people closest to the child such as family and friends

currency appreciation

occurs when a country's money gains value in national and international markets; it increases foreign investment; also makes that country's exports more expensive which can affect trade

currency depreciation

occurs when a country's money loses value in national and international markets; may point to instabilities in the nation's economy but can also increase competitiveness by lowering the cost of exports when done orderly and intentionally.

Oligopoly

occurs when a few businesses control one market; as a result, they become interdependent and the action of one affects another

specialization

occurs when an individual, company, or nation focuses on producing one thing, typically because it has a comparative advantage; it leads to increased profits and lower prices for consumers ////the concentration of the productive efforts of individuals and firms on a limited number of activities

deficit

occurs when government spends more money than it receives in taxes in the fiscal year.

retroactive interferce

occurs when new information interferes with the recall of old information

proactive interference

occurs when older information interferes with the recall of more recently learned information

secondary socialization

occurs when the individual learns the appropriate values, actions, attitudes, and behaviors as a member of a small group within a larger society; influenced outside of the home usually in schools or places of employment

inflationary gap

occurs when the intersection point between aggregate demand and short-run aggregate supply is at a higher output level than the long-run aggregate supply curve.

possibilism

opposing theory to environmental determinism that states that while the environment does replace restrictions on the options available to a group of people, it is still ultimately the people who make the choice; ex: Hawaiian colonizers built large plantations despite the ideal climate

Black codes

oppressive laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War

Republican Party (1854)

organized in 1854 by antislavery Whigs, Democrats, and Free Soilers in response to the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act; nominated John C. Frémont for president in 1856 and Abraham Lincoln in 1860.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin as well as segregation

silver standard

paper money used to be backed up by gold, but to help farmers and the working class they wanted the currency to be based on silver; thought it would inflate crop prices by putting more money into national circulation.

interdependence

part of a larger global or regional economy; occurs when countries or businesses need goods from another to function best. globalization and specialization lead to this.

Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)

passed by Federalists, signed by President Adams;; increased waiting period for an immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years, empowered president to arrest and deport dangerous aliens, & made it illegal to publish defamatory statements about the federal government or its officials. ALLOWED THE PRESIDENT TO DEPORT ENEMY ALIENS AND INCREASED THE RESIDENCY REQUIREMENT FOR CITIZENS/FORBADE THE CRITICISM OF THE PRESIDENT OR CONGRESS

responsibility diffusion

people in groups feel less individual responsibility for the outcome of their decisions

emigrants

people moving out of a place

mestizo

people of mixed white European and Native America, who were more privileged than the Native American peoples.

educated class

people possessing advanced degrees of education and potentially employed in academia who may be aware of upper class events/social circles but financially belong to the middle class

stateless nations

people who exist as a nation but do not have their own territory

internally displaced person

people who migrate intra-nationally by moving from one part of a country to another

vertical social mobility

pertains to moving from one social level to another; more drastic and requires a major change in economic status or academic accomplishment

fiefs

pieces of land given to vassals by their lord after they payed homage/pledged fealty to them.

intertillage

planting different crops in the same area to reduce the risk of crop failure and promote a healthier diet

Conservatives

political orientation which generally has a more restrictive view of government; they believe in the individual's (and private sector's) power and responsibility to effect positive change. they see the government as essentially ineffective at solving society's problems and believe its reach should be limited.

pull factors

positive aspects of a new region that make someone want to move there - ex: better-paying jobs, schools, abundant resources, and greater protection of individual rights

locus of control theory

posits that personality is determined by whether one feels in control of what happens to them; those who have an internal locus of control tend to be healthier and more engaged while those with external locus of control tend to be less successful

reciprocal determinism

posits that personality results from the interaction between the person (their traits), the environment, and the person's behavior

structure

provides boundaries, rules, and stability to a society

Eleanor Gibson

psychologist who performed study that depth perception is innate and shows up during infancy but older babies have more complex perception. known for the visual cliff experiment

perfectly inelastic

quantity does not respond at all to changes in price (Ed=0)/If there is no change in quantity demanded based on a change in price. The curve is vertical

self-report inventories

questionnaires in which people provide information about themselves in response to various prompts; used by trait, social-cognitive, and humanist psychologists; ex: MMPI-2; considered objective because the scores assigned to each response are predetermined but people are often dishonest which diminishes reliability

Justinian

reconquered parts of North Africa, Egypt, and Greece, established rule of law, reinvigorated trade with China, and built the Hagia Sophia, eliminated the last vestiges of the Greco-Roman religion and competing Christian sects. Byzantine emperor in the 6th century A.D. who reconquered much of the territory previously ruler by Rome, initiated an ambitious building program , including Hagia Sofia, as well as a new legal code

contractionary fiscal policy

reducing government spending or increasing taxes to combat inflation

manifest functions

refer to obvious functions or the recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern

latent functions

refer to the unintentional or not obvious functions - the deeper reasons for a behavior OR the unrecognized and unintended consequences of any social pattern

technology

refers to a nation's knowledge and ability to efficiently produce goods; innovation

ethnomethodology

refers to an individual's interpretation of his or her actions in the everyday world; developed by American sociologist Harold Garfinkel, this perspective argues that all people are rational actors who employ practical reasoning rather than formal logic in order to function in society; the mechanics of daily routine; it doesn't require as much performance but it does take appearance into account often employed to improve communications in professional organizations

social class

refers to how we arrange our positive within society; early sociologists based this generally on wealth and income, but in recent years education, occupation, lifestyle, and personal interests have begun to factor into how individuals and groups are assigned their "places" in the world.

horizontal social mobility

refers to the notion of moving within one's social level; generally superficial and reflect subtle changes

prejudice

refers to the pre-judgments of an individual or group based on stereotypes; generally date back to a society that is either closed off or natural combative and conflict-oriented; longterm effects are an increasingly polarized society: groups that choose to remain static

equilibrium interest rate

regulated by the Fed, these occur only when interest rates and the money supply are roughly equivalent ; the interest rate at which the quantity of loanable funds supplied equals the quantity of loanable funds demanded; it is set by a number of factors like the federal funds rate

variable-ratio

reinforcement is given after a number of responses but the number varies; VR-# (average number of responses)

fixed-ratio

reinforcement is given after a set number of responses; FR-# (number of response)

partial reinforcement

reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement; done after behavior is learned

nonrenewable resource

resources that cannot be replaced once they are used; ex: iron ore, coal, petroleum

recall

retrieving a stored memory; order matters

civil liberties

rights - provided for either directly by the Constitution or through its historical interpretations - which protect individuals from arbitrary acts of the government; some are protected explicitly in the Constitution via the prohibited powers and expanded them in the Bill of Rights

milkshed

ring surrounding a city from which milk can be supplied without spoiling

biotechnology

scientific modifications to seeds and fertilizers to improve grain production capabilities to support a burgeoning human population

Beaver Wars

series of bloody conflicts, occurring between 1640s and 1680s, during which the Iroquois and English fought the French/Dutch and Algonquin for control of the fur trade in the east and the Great Lakes region; resulted in British control over the Northwest Territories

Intolerable Acts

series of laws passed in 1774 to punish Boston for the Tea Party; closed the Boston Harbor and brought Massachusetts back under direct royal control.

Generativity vs. Stagnation

seventh stage of Erikson's theory (40-65); Individuals in middle adulthood strive to create something that will outlast them - through raising children of engaging in meaningful work. Those who succeed feel fulfilled and accomplished. Those who do not become disengaged with the world or try to change the direction of their lives; they may change their identities or attempt to exert more control over those around them.

Great Recession

severe economic downturn that lasted from late 2007 through mid-2009 due to tax cuts and heavy reliance on credit; the US emerged from it thanks to Obama.

Lyndon B. Johnson

signed the civil rights act of 1964 into law and the voting rights act of 1965. he had a war on poverty in his agenda. in an attempt to win, he set a few goals, including the great society, the economic opportunity act, and other programs that provided food stamps and welfare to needy families. he also created a department of housing and urban development. his most important legislation was probably medicare and medicaid.

Charles Spearman

single-factor theory of intelligence; he used statistical analysis to argue that at the base of all the different abilities that make up intelligence is the same general intelligence factor (g factor); So, people who perform well on one time of measurement of mental ability generally do well on all measurements.

networks

slightly less formal; they are the relationships built between individuals or organizations based on common interests and purpose; they usually emerge from common professional interests.////informal groups of people with common interests who interact for mutual assistance

elections, protests, educational advancements

social movements of social change which often spring from intellectual or philosophical debates

Xerxes

son of Darius; became Persian king. He vowed revenge on the Athenians. He invaded Greece with 180,000 troops in 480 B.C. Athens and Sparta came together to hold the Persians at bay and then uniting under Athens following the war.

Alexander the Great

son of Philip II; received military training in Macedonian army and was a student of Aristotle; great leader; conquered much land in Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, and Mesopotamia; goal was to conquer the known world and spread Greek idea throughout (which was pretty successful)

joint-stock companies

sought royal charters to privately develop colonies on the North American Atlantic Coast; these were companies whose stock is owned jointly by the shareholders.

special economic zones (SEZ)

specific area within a country in which tax incentives and less stringent environmental regulations are implemented to attract foreign business and investment. They encourage outsourcing. In these zones, companies are held to lower environmental and labor standards and can receive special tax breaks and other incentives. They encourage companies to invest directly in the economy of the hosting country to help maintain the government that is supporting their business.

globes

spherical representations of the Earth/parts of the Earth that show the correct size, shape, and location of land masses, and the accurate distance between those places; hard to provide much detail

Schism of 1054

split between the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church that happened after theological disagreement

satellite states

states that are technically independent, but are heavily controlled by another, more powerful state i.e. Belarus

law of supply

states that as the price of a good increases, suppliers will increase the quantity of the good they supply, if all other factors are held constant because of increasing marginal costs.

primacy effect

states that people are more likely to recall items that are at the beginning of a list

descriptive statistics

statistics that summarize the data collected in a study; these are developed from tables and graphs and include things like mean, mode, and range

Zimbardo Stanford Prison experiment

students randomly selected to be guards and prisoners; guards got drunk with power and prisoners were either subservient or resilient to them. another form of conformity or obedience; shows that people show less self-restraint when acting as members of a group

cognitive development

study of how children acquire the ability to learn, think, reason, communicate, and remember

cultural geographers

study the ways in which each characteristic of a culture is shaped by the physical characteristics of a place; they look at material and non-material components as well as the cultural landscape; these human geographers use a variety of tools to help them analyze their findings

subcultures

subsets within a greater culture, often with beliefs or interests at variance with their greater culture; can be religious or socioeconomic or personal

regressive taxes

taxes that affect everyone at the same rate without a sliding proportional scale, making life more expensive for the lower class

railroads and steamships

technological advancements during the early 19th century which sped up westward expansion and improved trade throughout the continent; allowed for a large-scale market economy was emerging

advancement of computer hardware, infrastructure development

technological advances of social change

migration selectivity

tendency for certain types of people to move (personal, social, or economic factors - the most important is age and then education)

reality principle

tendency of the ego to postpone gratification until it can find an appropriate outlet

Louisiana Purchase

territory in western United States purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million; the purchase of the Louisiana territory from France, made by Jefferson, doubled the size of the US.

republicanism

that the people must come together to create a government for the protection of themselves and their property, thereby giving up some of their natural rights. But, if the government oversteps, the people have the right of revolution

Title, scale, directional indicator, and legend or key

the 4 main tools all maps have to aid the reader in understanding

Hagia Sophia

the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom in Constantinople, built by order of the Byzantine emperor Justinian, which became the center of orthodox Christianity.

Vedic Scriptures

the Hindu religion is based in these; Rig-Veda stories of the gods

Congress

the Legislative branch of the US federal government which is endowed with the most power; it consists of 2 houses (bicameral) - upper and lower

Five Nations

the Mohawk, the Oneidas, the Onondaga, the Cayuga, and the Seneca

judicial review

the Supreme Court's power to determine the constitutionality of laws. It is the most significant function of the court and allows it to shape public policy

D-Day

the US-led invasion of Normandy, invading German-controlled Europe ;(FDR) , June 6, 1944, 160,000 Allied troops landed along a 50-mile stretch of heavily-fortified French coastline to fight Nazi Germany on the beaches of Normandy, France. General Dwight D. Eisenhower called the operation a crusade in which "we will accept nothing less than full victory." More than 5,000 Ships and 13,000 aircraft supported the D-Day invasion, and by day's end on June 6, the Allies gained a foot- hold in Normandy.

comparative advantage

the ability of an individual, a firm, or a country to produce a good or service at a lower opportunity cost than competitors OR to become better than the rest of the world in that industry

comparative advantage

the ability of an individual, a firm, or a country to produce a good or service at a lower opportunity cost than competitors; it compares the opportunity cost of producing an item between companies

economic growth

the ability of the economy to increase the production of goods and services/the frontier expanding over time; it results from one of the following: an increase in quantity of resources, an increase in the quality of existing resources, or technological advancements in production

intelligence

the ability to gather and use information in productive ways; 2 forms, fluid and crystallized

fluid intelligence

the ability to learn new skills and information to solve abstract problems; decreases over time

wealth

the accumulation of goods

secondary deviance

the act of integrating deviancy into one's behavior

marginal benefit

the additional benefit to a consumer from consuming one more unit of a good or service

quantity demanded

the amount of a good or service that a consumer is willing and able to purchase at a given price

social cognition

the application of cognition concepts to individuals' conceptions of themselves as others

Fertile Crescent

the area in North Africa and Southwest Asia stretching from Egypt through the Levant and into Mesopotamia.//// an area of rich farmland where the first civilizations began

scarcity

the assumption that all people have unlimited wants; however, there are limited resources to satisfy those wants so people are forced to make choices to maximize utility

Climate

the average weather for a specific location or region based on monthly and yearly temperatures, as well as the length of the growing season; it is shaped by latitude of location, the amount of moisture it receives, and temperatures of both land and water

ethnocentrism

the belief that one's culture is superior to others, judging those other cultures by the former's values and assumptions, ex: western news covering issues in the Middle East

social progress

the belief that society will continually improve through human initiative; the Constitution can be amended for this reason - to allow it to progress with the nation it governs

delayed conditioning

the best method of classical conditioning due to timing and order; it begins with presenting the conditioned stimulus, then introduces the unconditioned stimulus while the CS is still present. frequency is also important.

Executive Branch

the branch of government that carries out laws; the President, VP, and the cabinet (bureaucracies too)

power

the capacity to exert influence over others and often relates to the relationship between social classes but also to the relationships within those classes

Rome

the capital city of the Roman civilization, founded about 700 B.C.E. which was founded as a trade route for Greeks and other Mediterranean peoples. Early culture drew from the Etruscans and the Greek. Originally a kingdom but then a republic and then an Empire.

dispositional (person) attribution

the cause is due to the person's innate qualities; ex: Charley did well on a math test because he is good at math

substitution effect

the change in the quantity demanded of a good that results from a change in price, making the good more or less expensive relative to other goods that are substitutes// when consumers react to an increase in a good's price by consuming less of that good and more of other goods //

income effect

the change in the quantity demanded of a good that results from the effect of a change in the good's price on consumers' purchasing power/determined by the percentage of one's income a price demands (people look at how much of their paycheck is going towards a good or service)

intragenerational social mobility

the changes of an individual's social mobility during the course of their lifetime

culture

the collective behaviors and beliefs characteristic of a particular group, be they ethnic social, or religious in nature; shared traits include norms of behavior, values, and language. it affects human behavior both directly and indirectly.

ranching

the commercial grazing of animals

Fourteenth Amendment

the constitutional amendment adopted after the Civil War that states, "no state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws."

marginal cost

the cost of producing one more unit of a good; the difference in price when production is increased by one unit

marginal costs

the costs of producing one more unit of output/the cost added by producing one extra item of a product.

Harlem Renaissance

the development and popularity of African American-dominated music (like jazz), literature, and art; extremely popular nationwide and contributed to the development of American pop culture.

balance of trade

the difference in value between a country's imports and exports.

balkanization

the disintegration of a state into smaller pieces

preemption

the doctrine (held by Bush) that said if the US was aware of a threat it should preemptively attack the source of that threat... drove the invasion of Iraq in 2003

Overspeculation

the excessive and risky investment in stocks, in the hopes of making money quickly. A major cause of the Great Depression. It also includes over-guessing on the worth of crops and farmland

monopolies and trusts

the exclusive possession or control of the supply or trade in a commodity or service which allowed industrial leaders to consolidate their control over the entire economy and let a small elite grow to hold a huge percentage of income.

rehearsal

the extension of short-term memory by repeating information over and over (still only short-term)

friction of distance

the extent to which distance interferes with spacial interaction; the level of energy required to overcome distance increases with the distance itself. it has been lessened by globalization

globalization

the facilitation of global commerce and communication; Clinton prioritized free trade.

decay

the fading of memories from a lack of use

perceived control

the feeling that one is in control of a stressor; it reduces the overall stress level

Nile Valley

the fertile land on the banks of the Nile River conducive to agriculture and irrigation

Neolithic Period

the final era of prehistory, which began about 9000 B.C.; also called the New Stone Age; humans started settled communities, developed agricultural practices, and began domesticating animals; notable technological advances occurred as humans began to create tools, weapons and other metal objects. Only homo sapiens existed. Characterized by behavioral and technological changes like the invention of the wheel.

Battle of Atlanta

the final major battle of the Civil War; following the Union victory led by General William T. Sherman, the Union proceeded into the South, and the Confederacy fell

Lexington and Concord

the first battle of the American Revolution (April 19, 1775); violent conflict began here when minutemen/militiamen had gathered to resist British efforts to seize weapons and arrest rebels in Concord.

Chavin

the first major South American civilization, which flourished in the highlands of what is now Peru from about 900 to 200 B.C. This empire focused on animals, which went on to influence Andean art

economies of scale

the first part of a LRAC (in which price decreases) and shows the advantages of greater production and expansion. /factors that cause a producer's average cost per unit to fall as output rises

selective attention

the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus/ holding only to what we consciously try to or what is important to use; once encoded it becomes short-term memory

Augustus Caesar (Octavian)

the founder of the Roman Empire and its first Emperor, ruling from 27 BC until his death in 14 AD after the Senate gave him supreme power. During this time Rome would reach the height of its power and a period of stability.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

the government agency that insures customer deposits if a bank fails

memory consolidation

the gradual, physical process of converting new long-term memories to stable, enduring memory codes; happens because memories are spread throughout the brain and neuron connections create a neural map

cabinet

the heads of the executive departments and may advise the president on a variety of matters; established immediately under George Washington; 15 positions today; 2/3 of all federal employees

Supreme Court

the highest federal court in the United States; the "court of last resort" that reviews cases from the circuit court and from state supreme courts; the final arbiter of constitutionality; they establish precedents and check the legislative branch using judicial review

price ceiling

the highest price allowed by government; often the one dictated is higher than the market actually allows; if it is set below market price a shortage will occur

echoic memory

the human ability to perfectly remember sounds for 3-4 seconds

Culture

the human characteristics of a place make up this. this includes shared values, language, and religion of the people living in a location or region. it also includes the way in which they feed, clothe, and shelter themselves; they can be specific or regional or diffuse and widespread.

social motivation

the human need to interact with other humans and to be accepted by them as well as the need for validation from internal, external and environmental pressures

physical capital

the human-made objects used to create other goods and services

social mobility

the idea that an individual or group can move out of their place and into a new place in society; can be vertical or horizontal

group polarization

the idea that groups tend to make more extreme decisions than individuals would because responsibility for the individual is diffused

conditioning

the idea that language is acquired and improved as children receive praise and positive feedback from their parents or caregivers which encourages them to use the language in the same way again

determinism

the idea that personality is determined by past events

law of diminishing marginal utility

the idea that the more units of a product one has, the less one needs

sensory memory

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system//processes all external events; is a split second holding area for sensory information/memories

marginal utility

the increase in happiness one gains from a product

human capital

the knowledge and skills of the labor force

core

the location of the concentration of power/where states are organized around; it is essential in determining the functionality of a state

Zhou Dynasty

the longest lasting Chinese dynasty, during which the use of iron was introduced. Beginning in 1056 BC, this dynasty emerged (succeeding the Shang) and expanded Chinese civilization to the Chiang Jiang (Yangtze River) region. China developed a social and political infrastructure in which family and aristocracies controlled the country, with the capital at Hao (near Xi'an). Ancestral cults controlled tracts of land throughout the country in a hierarchy similar to later European feudalism, settling the foundation for hierarchical rule and social stratification. The concept of the Mandate of Heaven was important; unstable period known as Spring and Autumn period was when Confucius lived.

House of Representatives

the lower legislative house of the United States Congress which was designed to directly represent the people; it is the larger of the houses with the number of representatives from each state based on population/Census; there are 435 members; they have the power of the purse; 2-years, 25 years old, citizen for 7 years

District courts

the lowest federal courts; federal trials can be held only here; there are 94 in the country, served by 700 judges; handle 80% of federal cases

price floor

the lowest price established by the government; they are used to aid producers in unfair markets with depressed prices; can lead to surplus if set above market price

elasticity

the measure of sensitivity to change; a measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded or quantity supplied to a change in one of its determinants

overgeneralization

the misapplication or overuse of grammatical rules by children

double counting

the mistake of including both the value of intermediate products and the value of final products in calculating gross domestic product; counting the same production more than once; leads to GDP count taking place at final sale

groupthink

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives; groups make bad decisions because people doesn't share their reservations with ideas in order to conform (Irving Janis)

large-scale grain production farm

the most common type of commercial farm; farms that focus solely on the production of one or two key grain crops; capital-intensive but farms are much bigger than dairy farms

marginal analysis

the most helpful tool in company decision-making in regards to production; it is used to look at the extra costs of producing a good or service in regard to the benefit of producing a good.

Jean Piaget

the most significant figure in cognitive development; he theorized that children view the world through schemata and when they encounter new info or experiences they incorporate it or adjust it.

Location

the most specific and concrete theme of geography; it simply describes where something can be found on earth whether that is relevant, absolute, described by site or situation

Erikson's Psychosocial Development Theory

the most well-known lifespan developmental theory; based more on psychoanalysis than evidence-based research; theorizes that development occurs in 8 stages with each stage centered on a specific social conflict; the manner in which the conflict is resolved impacts who the person ultimately becomes ///emphasizes the social nature of our development rather than its sexual nature 0-1: trust v mistrust 1-3: autonomy v shame/doubt 3-6: initiative v guilt 7-11: industry v inferiority 12-18: identity v confusion 19-29: intimacy v isolation 30-64: generativity v stagnation 65- : integrity v despair Personality development =based on a series of crises that derive from conflicts between needs and social demands Master of each stage not required to move on to the next.

Sigmund Freud

the most well-known psychoanalytic psychologist. he believed that personality was set in early childhood and if children progressed through the stages of development they would be well-adjusted

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes. it is a type of self-report inventory

Rorschach inkblot test

the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots/describing what they see

urbanization

the movement of people from rural areas to urban settings and their immediate suburbs in order to live and work

density

the number of people in a particular area

punishment

the opposite of reinforcement; it decreases the likelihood of a behavior by providing unpleasant consequences for a response; must be immediate and harsh

economic growth

the outward movement of the production possibility frontier over time, which results from an increase in productivity

Reconstruction

the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union

Paleolithic Era

the period before agricultural development and settled communities in which early human history begins and when early hominids exhibited the use of tools (homo sapiens and neanderthals coexisted)

migration

the permanent relocation of an individual or group from one home region to another region

President Pro Tempore

the person who presides over the Senate when the Vice President is not present; generally the longest-serving member

material component

the physical manifestation of culture; the objects people make and use in a society i.e. a bowl or religious icon

law of diminishing returns

the point at which adding more workers will bring fewer and fewer advantages to a business (there won't be as many benefits per new employee)

diseconomies of scale

the point at which expansion hurts a firm's profit rather than helping it; an increase in production would be more costly

utility

the point of greatest happiness

Caliphate

the political embodiment of the society envisioned in Islam; would eventually control SW Asia and N. Africa

gold rush

the population of CA would grow due to this as prospectors headed west to try their luck at striking rich

price

the primary communication tool of the market; these communicate the relative value of products in the market and deliver to both sellers and buyers what they seek through their own self-interest: profit and happiness; it is the result of the interplay of supply and demand

conservation

the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

classical conditioning

the process by which an animal (including humans) learns to respond to a neutral stimulus in the same way they respond to a reflexive stimulus by associating the two (ex: Pavlov)

retrieval

the process by which information is pulled from memory (two types; recognition and recalled)

schemata

the process of acquiring and understanding information uses rules called ____ that help to organize categories of information and the relationships among them

anticipatory socialization

the process of analyzing the behaviors from the previous 2 forms of socialization and rehearsing for future relationships, both professional and personal.

globalization

the process of businesses, technologies, and belief systems spreading across the globe

resocialization

the process of discarding previous behaviors, values,, and attitudes and learning new ones as part of a transition to a new place in life; this occurs constantly in the human life cycle and is usually a difficult process

exchange

the process of giving one thing and receiving another (usually with similar value) in return; it occurs when at least 2 groups or individuals potentially different views and often likely different goals agree to work together in order to achieve their own separate goals; commercial level or noncommercial common; allows for the expansion of commerce and friendly relations between nations; commonly used in conflict resolution

cooperation

the process of working together to achieve similar goals; it occurs when at least 2 groups or individuals with shared views, needs, or interests come into contact over a shared desire; typically in the establishment or expansion of a society; the end result is usually that of a larger established society or group

sovereignty

the public recognition of an individual or group's control over a place, its people, and its institutions

demography

the quantitative study of a social change, involving statistical review (BR, DR, and migration)

motivation

the reason for an individual's behavior; can be conscious and obvious or unconscious and subtle

Aggregate supply

the relationship between the total of all domestic output produced and the average price level; the sum of all of the microeconomic supply curves in an economy////the sum of all the supply in the economy

long-term memory

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences. there is no limit on the amount of info stored however, memories that are not used do eventually decay or fade; encoded in three formats: episodic, semantic, procedural

inequality

the result of discrimination

migration counter-streams

the return of migrants to their original location

robber barons

the richest businessmen of the 19th c. called this because they controlled vast amounts of money and property ///Refers to the industrialists or big business owners who gained huge profits by paying their employees extremely low wages. They also drove their competitors out of business by selling their products cheaper than it cost to produce it. Then when they controlled the market, they hiked prices high above original price.

sociology

the scientific study if a society's behaviors and its origins, development, networks, and institutions; primary goal is to conduct research applicable to social policy and social welfare

primary sector

the sector of an economy making direct use of natural resources AKA the extraction of raw materials. This includes mining, farming, and fishing. In an industrialized economy, this is the smallest part of the economy.

constant returns to scale

the situation in which a firm's long-run average costs remain unchanged as it increases output

demography

the study of human population; it is a major branch of human geography, as the distribution of people, and the density are closely tied to other factors in both human and physical geography.

pyschology

the study of the human mind and how it functions, with particular attention paid to human behavior; applies theoretical interpretations, explanations, and predictions to observations, measurements, and analysis based on objective and systematic procedures

political geography

the subdivision of human geography focused on the nature and implications of the evolving spatial organization of political governance and formal political practice on the Earth's surface; looks at how political structures emerged over time in response to ongoing competition for control over territory, resources, trade routes, and people.

aggregate demand

the sum of all demand curves in an economy

total utility

the sum of an individual's happiness or the extent to which an individual's needs are met

cognition

the sum of the mental processes involved in acquiring and understanding knowledge, specifically problem solving, memory, and thinking.

social stratification

the system by which a society ranks categories of people within the society's hierarchical order; defined by 4 principles

fundamental attribution error

the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition OR providing undue credit to the person rather than the situation

social loafing

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable; it occurs because people feel less pressure to impress because their individual work stands out less

self-serving bias

the tendency for people to take personal credit for success but blame failure on external factors

social impairment

the tendency for the presence of other people to have a negative impact on the performance of a difficult task

non-material component

the thoughts, ideas, and beliefs of a people, like their code of law or their religion

Treaty of Versailles

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which blamed the War entirely on Germany and demanded crippling reparations from the Germans (which would lead to WWII)

Globalization

the trend of increasing interdependence and spatial interaction between disparate areas of the world economically, politically, and culturally.

id

the unconscious or unknown mind that operates on instinct. emotions reside here as these are instinctive and not actively created by the individual.

object permanence

the understanding that even if an object is outside of perceptual range, it still exists

extinction

the unlearning of behaviors often by repeatedly presenting the Conditioned Stimulus without the Unconditioned Stimulus

Senate

the upper house of Congress, consisting of two representatives from each state; it was designed to be the house of the states and to show all states were equally important; used to be elected by state legislatures but that led to corruption (17th amendment); 6-year terms, 30 years old, citizen for 9 years

crystallized intelligence

the use of knowledge that has been accumulated over time; it remains steady or may increase over time

sustainable development

the use of natural resources and the growth of new ones at a rate that can be maintained from one generation to the next

development

the use of technology and knowledge to improve the living conditions of people in a country; it is economic in its foundation but also focuses on a range of quality of life issues like access to basic goods and services, education, and healthcare.

Popular Vote

the votes cast by individual voters in a presidential election, as opposed to the electoral vote; happens in November every 4 years

social organization

the way that society is arranged; the three major building blocks are institutions, networks, and individual roles as they pertain to status

spatial interaction

the ways in which different places interact with one another through the flow of people, goods, or ideas

group dynamic

the ways in which individuals affect groups and the ways in which groups influence individuals/the way people function within a group, impacts the behavior of individual members

prestige

the widespread admiration of an individual or group based on the appearance of success or achievement; it is thrust upon the individual but can also be individually controlled to help them advance to a different position

dramaturgical, ethnomethodological, symbolic interactionism

theories of interaction in sociology

Cultural-Historical Theory

theory of cognitive development posited by Lee Vygotsky that says society and culture are critical in a child's cognitive development; based on the assumption that children learn about their culture through their formal and informal interactions with adults; also assumes that for cognitive growth to take place, children need both challenging tasks and room to play; they need an adult to scaffold them

trees

these are both renewable and nonrenewable resources based on how they are managed.

semantic memory

these are memories of general knowledge which are stored as discrete facts, meanings, or categories without and sequential order

procedural memory

these are memories of how to perform special skills. they are stored sequentially, but are not easily articulated in words.

episodic memory

these are memories of specific events that are stored sequentially

acute stressors

these are threatening events that have a relatively short duration and a clear endpoint

proportion of income, number of good substitutes, time

these factors impact elasticity

chronic stressors

threatening events that have a relatively long duration and no readily apparent time limit; they may have significant psychological and physiological consequences

escape learning

through operant conditioning, this is the process of learning to engage in a particular behavior in order to get away from a negative or aversive stimulus/terminating an unpleasant condition

Warring States Period

time of warfare between regional lords following the decline of the Zhou dynasty in the 8th century B.C.E.

containment

to contain communist expansion; defined US foreign policy until the Nixon-era

Expressed powers of Congress

to establish and collect taxes, duties, and excises; to borrow money; to regulate foreign and interstate commerce; to create naturalization law; to create bankruptcy laws; to coin money and regulate its value; to regulate weights and measures; to punish counterfeiters of federal money; to establish post offices and roads; to grant patents and copyrights; to create federal courts below the Supreme Court; to define and punish crimes at sea; define violations of international law; to declare war; to make laws regarding people captured on land and water; to raise and support armies; to provide and maintain a navy; to make laws governing land and naval forces; to provide for summoning militia; to provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining militia; to exercise exclusive jurisdiction over DC and other federal properties; to make all laws necessary and proper to the execution of the other expressed powers

economic profit

total revenue minus total cost, including both explicit and implicit costs (non-priced costs)

rooting

turning the head and opening the mouth in search of food when the cheek is touched

House of Representatives and Senate

two houses of congress adopted by the states to most fairly represent the large and small states at the federal level.

concepts, images, prototypes

types of memories

caste system

used primarily in India, this is a type of social stratification based on birth; it has 5 tiers: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, Shudras, Dalits

Consumer Price Index (CPI)

used to measure the health of an economy based on consumer spending; it measures prices of goods and services as they change over time

recessionary gap

when aggregate output is below potential output; If the equilibrium point is lower than long run aggregate supply; indicates the nation is experiencing high levels of unemployment

price inelastic

when change in price is greater than the change in demand (Ed<1)

conforming

when in a group, people tend to follow the views and actions of the rest of the group. this is called ___

judicial activism

when judges expand the meaning of the Constitution or laws instead of simply interpreting it

lynchings

when small vigilante mobs or elaborately organized community events where an individual (typically black) was publicly hung due to a crime (true or perceived). Resulted from white supremacy or fear of black sexuality.

allocative efficiency

when the mix of goods being produced represents the mix that society most desires; when an economy is effective it is allocating the most beneficial resources to its society

macroeconomic equilibrium

when the quantity of output demanded in an economy is equal to the quantity of output supplied; it doesn't always occur at full employment ( if it doesn't there's either a recession or inflation)

critics of global culture

who says this: this has robbed individual cultures of their own identities, while others argue that there is no one identity; rather, that only one identity is given top priority and influence in global culture

critics of the conflict theory

who says this: this perspective is perhaps gratuitous in its negative view of society and that it discourages positive behaviors such as altruism by arguing that they are motivated by controlling the masses rather than preserving and benefitting a society

critics of functionalism

who says this: this perspective neglects negative functions and encourages complacency; it discourages dissent; any change leads to destabilization; it tries to keep the lower classes under control

critics of symbolic interactionism

who says this: this perspective neglects the macro perspective of sociology and instead focuses on the day-to-day; it ignores the big picture so it doesn't allow for wholesale change; it ignores personal responsibility

bipolar world

world co-domination of two superpowers with opposing ideologies (ex: Cold War)

Weschler test

yields deviation IQ scores, mean is 100, standard deviation is 15, scores form a normal distribution also has subscores for verbal and performance; 3 different forms