Praxis Practice Test 3

Delay is a treatment procedure in which the clinician A. requires specific responses from the child by giving such commands as "Tell me what is this" B. waits for the child to initiate a response, prompts or models if there is no response, and gives the desired object if there is no response after three models C. repeatedly models target responses but does not require the child to imitate them D. waits for 30 seconds to deliver reinforcement for correct responses E. delays the delivery of corrective feedback for 20 seconds

B

During an informal conversation with an adolescent who has come to you for assessment, you notice the following problems: difficulty in using figurative language, difficulty in using words with multiple meanings, and difficulty using synonyms appropriately. What kinds of language skills do you need to especially target during your assessment? A. Pragmatic language skills B. Semantic language skills C. Syntactic structures D. Morphologic features E. Phonological skills

B

On completion of an oral mechanism examination, the attending orthodontist notices that her patient has a protruding maxilla and a receded mandible. The orthodontist asks the student speech-language pathologist for a diagnosis of the condition. The student should diagnose the condition as A. class I malocclusion B. class II malocclusion C. class III malocclusion D. myofunctional disorder E. ankyloglossia

B

Patients who have damage to their nerve fibers along the ascending auditory pathways from the internal auditory meatus to the cortex have a A. cochlear disorder B. retrocochlear disorder C. recruitment disorder D. middle ear disorder E. external auditory pathway disorder

B

Waves that repeat themselves at regular intervals are known as A. aperiodic waves B. periodic waves C. sinusoidal motion/wave D. octave E. compression

B

A patient with ataxia complains of difficulties maintaining balance and posture. The physician explains to the patient that the structure that regulates equilibrium, body posture,and coordinated fine-motor movements may be damaged. Therefore, the damaged structure is the A. cerebrum B. pons C. cerebellum D. temporal lobe E. frontal lobe

C

A person who deciphers speech by looking at the face of the speaker and using visual cues to understand what the speaker is saying is using a technique known as A. cued speech B. visual speech C. speech reading D. audiovisual speech E. deaf speech

C

After suffering from a severe stroke, Robert has difficulty with auditory comprehension and speaks fluently, though he does not make much sense. Which area of Robert's brain was affected by the stroke? A. The frontal lobe B. The occipital lobe C. Wernicke's area D. Broca's area E. The angular gyrus

C

Which one of the following is not a feature of norm-referenced, standardized tests? A. They prescribe systematic procedures for administration and scoring of the test. B. They allow for a comparison of a client's score to that of a normative sample. C. They allow for consistency of administration and scoring across examiners. D. They generate information that can be used to create treatment goals and assess treatment progress. E. They help eliminate the examiner's personal or subjective biases in assessment.

D

Which one of the following statements is false? A. Noniconic symbols are geometric, abstract, and arbitrary and must be specifically taught. B. The picture exchange communication system (PECS) is effective. C. A hieroglyphic picture of a house is an iconic symbol indicating the word house. D. The facilitated communication approach is supported by evidence. E. The whole-language approach has been discredited.

D

You are seeing a 12-year-old girl at the local junior high school. Her scores on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-4 and the Expressive Vocabulary Test-2 were both 2 years below age level. She has many friends and is well liked by her peers. Academically, she struggles with the vocabulary in her textbooks. Therapy should focus primarily on remediation of A. pragmatic skills B. discourse C. morphologic skills D. semantic skills E. syntactic skills

D

You are working with a 9-year-old girl who has been diagnosed with high-functioning autism. She has an excellent vocabulary as well as good morphological and syntactic skills. However, her pragmatic skills are reportedly delayed and her parents wish her to gain"better social skills." Which one of the following would not be an appropriate treatment goal for her? A. Initiate and maintain conversation in small groups B. Sustain a topic through a number of conversational turns C. Announce topic shifts D. Make sure conversations with peers focus on her interests and hobbies so that she can maintain control of the topic E. Make eye contact with those to whom she is speaking

D

You work in a school district where increasing numbers of parents are coming to you with issues experienced by their internationally adopted children. Which one of the following would you not expect to be an issue experienced by these children? A. The younger the children are at the time of adoption, the greater their progress in language development is after living in the United States for some time. B. Some of the children show delays in their first or primary languages as well as English. C. Children who show language delays when they first arrive in the United States are likely to continue to show delays in language development over time. D. They maintain their first language skills and become fully bilingual, speaking both their first languages and English fluently. E. They may have experienced very little cognitive and linguistic stimulation in the orphanage in their home country.

D

A child with a language delay is in Brown's Stage V of morpheme mastery. Which of the following would not be appropriate to target in intervention? A. Regular plural inflection -s B. Irregular third person C. Contractible auxiliary D. Contractible copula E. Uncontractible auxiliary

A

A clinician measured the dysfluency rates of a client from a speech sample. She then asked another clinician to measure dysfluencies using the same method she had used. The first clinician calculated a reliability index based on her measure and that of the second clinician. This index is a measure of A. interobserver agreement (or interobserver reliability) B. concurrent validity of measures C. intraobserver agreement D. test-retest reliability E. split-half reliability

A

A researcher is describing the speech of a group of children who have been diagnosed as clutterers. She finds that the faster the children speak, the less intelligible they are. The researcher obtains a Pearson r correlational relationship of -.89. This shows that there is ___________________ between rate of speech and intelligibility. A. a strong negative correlational (or inverse) relationship B. a positive correlational relationship C. a moderate cause-and-effect relationship D. a canonical correlational relationship E. virtually no correlational relationship

A

A semi-vowel that can be categorized as a voiced bilabial glide that is + anterior and + continuant is the A. /w/ B. /j/ C. /l/ D. /h/ E. /r/

A

A special educator tells a disruptive boy in her class that he cannot have tokens (which can later be exchanged for a small gift) if he leaves his chair and wanders around the classroom. He is reinforced for many acceptable behaviors. This is an example of A. differential reinforcement of other behavior B. differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior C. negative reinforcement D. punishment E. differential reinforcement of alternative behaviors

A

A treatment efficacy study on phonological disorders proposed that the treatment to be investigated will not make a difference. This means that the investigator A. proposed a null hypothesis B. proposed an alternative hypothesis C. proposed a neutral hypothesis D. proposed no hypothesis E. proposed an acceptable hypothesis

A

Acoustical, mechanical, or electrical resistance to motion or sound transmission is called A. impedance B. admittance C. immittance D. velocity E. reflection

A

An 81-year-old bilingual man from Thailand has had a stroke, and you are seeing him for therapy. He is recovering both his primary language and his English skills, but you are working only in English. No interpreters are available, unfortunately, and the family has indicated that they would prefer treatment to be conducted in English anyway because many of the patient's grandchildren speak English fluently. Which one of the following productions would be an example, on the patient's part, of English influenced by his primary language of Thailand and not the stroke? A. "They going over there today." B. "I done got to get dressed now." C. "She not have no money in the bank." D. "We be havin' most fun." E. "I see the brown horse in picture there over."

A

Baselines A. help establish the initial level of clients' behaviors for later comparison B. are a duplication of standardized tests C. are not necessary for each response mode D. require the clinician to give corrective feedback for incorrect responses but not reinforce correct responses E. require the clinician to reinforce correct responses but not give corrective feedback for incorrect responses

A

Bloodstein suggested that stuttering is A. a response of tension and speech fragmentation B. an avoidance behavior C. due to parental diagnosis D. an operant behavior E. due to genetic factors

A

In selecting the fluency-shaping technique, clinicians should consider that it A. often leads to relapse of stuttering B. is known to promote long-term maintenance of fluency C. does not induce unnatural prosodic features D. requires only a single target skill to be taught E. is the most effective treatment available for preschoolers

A

Procedures in which stuttering is directly reduced without teaching fluency skills (e.g., slow speech) are known as A. direct stuttering reduction methods B. fluent stuttering C. fluency shaping D. parent counseling E. desensitization to stuttering

A

Select the statement that applies to ethnographic studies. A. They are mostly descriptive. B. They are suitable for evaluating treatment effects. C. They are well-established in speech-language pathology. D. They are very inexpensive to conduct. E. They are not appropriate for studying patterns of cultures.

A

Select the true statement or statements of Van Riper's approach to stuttering treatment. A. Its goal is fluent stuttering. B. It seeks to establish normal sounding fluency by slowing down the speech rate. C. It seeks to reduce stuttering by using operant contingencies. D. It does not involve counseling. E. It does not involve any procedures to modify the topography of stuttering.

A

Select the true statement. A. T-units contain an independent clause and one or more subordinate clauses. B. T-units are types of linguistic units. C. C-units may never contain incomplete sentences produced in response to questions. D. C-units do not contain one or more independent clauses. E. T-units may never contain one or more independent clauses.

A

Stuttering may be diagnosed on the basis of A. a total dysfluency rate that exceeds an objective criterion (e.g., 5% of the words) B. eye blinks and other facial grimaces C. avoidance of speaking situations D. dysfluencies that occur only on words E. only the part-word repetitions

A

The disorders of the pharyngeal phase of swallow include A. delayed or absent swallowing reflex B. anterior instead of posterior movement of the tongue C. reduced range of lateral and vertical tongue movement D. difficulty in forming and holding the bolus E. premature swallow and aspiration before swallow

A

The theory that asserts that each child is born with an innate language acquisition device (LAD) is the A. nativist theory of Chomsky B. cognitive theory of Piaget C. information processing theory D. behavioral theory of Skinner E. social interactionist theory of Vygotsky

A

To assess a child's pragmatic skills, a clinician may observe, among others, which of the following behaviors? A. turn taking and discourse skills B. production of past-tense inflections C. production of is + verb -ing structures D. production of prepositions E. production of pronouns

A

When acoustic immittance is measured with an electroacoustic instrument, it is called A. tympanometry B. immittanceometry C. impedanometry D. admittanceometry E. acoustic reflex

A

When sound waves move from one medium (e.g., air) to another (e.g., water), it causes a bending of the sound wave due to change in its speed of propagation. This phenomenon is known as A. refraction B. reflection C. compression D. rarefaction E. sinusoidal motion

A

Which of the following would be true of a clinician who used Skinner's behaviorism as a foundation for her/his intervention with children with language delays? A. She or he would teach the child to use mands, tacts, and echoics. B. She or he would target auditory sequencing skills. C. She or he would ensure that the child had cognitive precursors such as object permanence. D. She or he would teach the child to scaffold utterances. E. She or he would target grammatical transformations.

A

You are asked to develop a management plan for a patient with right hemisphere syndrome. Your treatment targets would include A. pragmatic language impairments B. production of morphologic features C. syntactic skills D. phonological skills E. sluggish (slow) reaction time

A

You are evaluating a basketball coach, Susan, who tells you, "I am having problems with my voice." You notice intermittent, involuntary, fleeting vocal fold abduction when she tries to phonate. This is known as A. abductor spasmodic dysphonia B. adductor spasmodic dysphonia C. bilateral paralysis D. unilateral paralysis E. glottal incompetence

A

You have been asked to assess the language skills of 6-year-old Julia, who has been referred by her classroom teacher. The teacher says that Julia "talks in these really short sentences. I don't know if she is just shy, or if there is more going on." The teacher is concerned because she has worked on oral language skills daily with her first-grade class. The end of the year is coming soon, and the teacher is concerned about how Julia will perform in second grade. You decide to conduct an informal language screening to decide whether you need to formally evaluate Julia's expressive language skills. You find that Julia uses many sentences such as "He has a shoe" and "I like Dora the Explorer." Julia uses few compound or complex sentences. You talk with her parents and find that this performance is also typical at home. What is your next step? A. You would tell the teacher and parents that you would like to formally evaluate Julia's language skills because at 6 years of age she should have an average mean length of utterance (MLU) of 6.0-8.0 and her language should approximate the adult model. B. You would inform the teacher and parents that Julia may have autistic-like tendencies and that she needs to be formally evaluated by a team of special educators. C. You would tell the teacher and parents that you will take a "wait and see" approach. If the second-grade teacher has concerns similar to those of the first-grade teacher, you will follow up with a formal evaluation of Julia's language skills. D. You would immediately place Julia into therapy based upon these screening results because she clearly has a language delay and you want to begin therapy immediately. E. You would tell the teacher and parents that Julia is within normal limits for her age and that a formal language evaluation is unnecessary.

A

You move to a new elementary school and begin seeing children on the caseload. Johnny, a 7-year-old child, is receiving intervention to "increase semantic skills." Five goals are listed on his IEP. Which one of these goals is inappropriate? A. Increase use of appropriate discourse skills B. Increase numbers and types of words he uses in the classroom C. Increase knowledge of antonyms D. Decrease use of overextensions of words E. Decrease use of nonspecific words such as this, that, and stuff

A

A 75-year-old man visits your office and complains that he constantly turns the volume of his television set too high and is unable to listen to programs at a lower volume. After conducting hearing tests, you explain to him that his hearing loss is due to aging. This condition is referred to as A. tinnitus B. presbycusis C. Ménière's disease D. vertigo E. dizziness

B

A child who calls all tall and brown-haired men "Daddy" is exhibiting the phenomenon of A. underextension B. overextension C. joint reference D. denial E. overabstraction

B

A child who regularly says "He the small one" instead of "He is the smallest one" or "She is tall than her" instead of "She is taller than her" has specific problems with A. adjectives B. comparatives and superlatives C. irregular past-tense forms D. word retrieval E. syntactic transformations

B

Impaired facial recognition is more common in patients with A. anterior right hemisphere damage B. posterior right hemisphere damage C. left temporal lobe damage D. damage to the perisylvian region E. occipital lobe damage

B

In a voice evaluation, air pressure can be measured with a A. thermometer B. manometer C. airmometer D. altimeter E. meter

B

In assessing a patient with swallowing disorders, you would A. not be concerned about screening the patient for concrete and abstract language comprehension because it would provide irrelevant information B. consider the correct positioning of the patient for certain procedures C. restrict the patient's foods choices to limit potential aspiration D. not consider literacy skills because they are irrelevant to swallowing assessment E. not consider the possibility of an ultrasound examination because you want to limit cost

B

In standardizing a test of language skills in children, the investigator asked two experts to judge each item on the test to make sure that all items were relevant to children's language skills. This is a method of establishing the A. concurrent validity B. content validity C. construct validity D. predictive validity E. test reliability

B

Jamal is an 8-year old boy who transfers to your school district. The report from the previous speech-language pathologist is missing from his cumulative file, but you see a note that says, "Jamal has childhood apraxia of speech (CAS)." Which one of the following characteristics will you not expect Jamal to present with? A. Repetition of sounds and syllables B. Rapid speech that becomes faster as Jamal gets more deeply involved in a conversation C. Unusual errors of articulation, such as metathesis (e.g., axe/ask) D. Deviations in prosody E. The most difficulty with consonant clusters

B

John has cerebral palsy that has resulted in a motor speech disorder caused by central nervous system damage. This damage has caused John to have weakness and incoordination of the muscles of speech. John's speech is classified as A. paraphasic B. dysarthric C. apraxic D. aphasic E. agrammatic

B

Melissa says "clink" instead of "blink"; she produces an incorrect sound in place of a correct sound. This articulation error is known as A. omission B. substitution C. accommodation D. adaptation E. reduplication

B

Select the correct statement. A. Probes and baselines are the same. B. Baselines are pretreatment measures, and probes measure generalized productions. C. Probes are conducted only in naturalistic settings (e.g., homes). D. Baselines are measures of generalized productions. E. Probes are conducted before starting the treatment.

B

Select the statement that is correct. A. Apraxia of speech (AOS) is a language disorder. B. AOS is a neurogenic speech disorder. C. AOS is caused by weakness in speech muscles. D. AOS does not coexist with aphasia. E. AOS may not be associated with prosodic impairments.

B

Speech samples of persons who clutter may contain such productions as "many thinkle peep so." This phenomenon is a A. festinating articulation B. spoonerism C. dactylology D. disassimilation E. tachylalia

B

Two or more sounds of different frequencies are called A. pure tones B. complex tones C. multiple tones D. harmonic tones E. duplex tones

B

Which one of the following statements is false regarding providing rehabilitative services to adult culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) patients with neurological impairments? A. Some families may be offended by the rehabilitation team's encouragement of the patient's independence. B. Most standardized aphasia tests are appropriate for use with these patients because the tests have been carefully normed using samples that include CLD individuals. C. Socioeconomic status may affect the person's ability to receive adequate rehabilitative services. D. Clinicians need to remember that some elderly CLD patients have little money and possibly no health insurance. E. It is important to assess premorbid educational levels and vocational attainments of patients because these affect assessment and intervention.

B

You are about to begin intervention with a 7-year-old child with developmental delays who reportedly has the language skills of a typically developing 4-year-old child. Which of the following skills would not be appropriate to work in treatment? A. Use of future tense B. Production of gerunds C. Definition of common words D. Topic maintenance over successive utterances E. Use of complete sentences

B

You are asked to assess a 20-year-old man with traumatic brain injury. Select the following statement that gives you a correct orientation to your assessment of this patient. A. Pure linguistic skills, including grammatical skills, need to be assessed in depth. B. Pragmatic language skills, production of speech sounds, and comprehension of spoken language skills should be among the main targets of assessment. C. Impaired morphologic skills should be the main concerns in assessment. D. There is no need to spend time on assessing dysarthria. E. Assessment of reading and writing skills is not a concern.

B

You plan to write a treatment program for an adult who stutters. You wish to use the fluency-shaping procedure. Among the following choices, what would you include in your program? A. Auditory masking with white noise B. Airflow management, gentle onset of phonation, slower speech, and normal prosodic features C. Cancellations, pullouts, and preparatory sets D. Fluent stuttering with desensitization to stuttering E. Pause after each stutter, and speak again fluently

B

Before a surgeon performs a glossectomy, she informs the patient that the cranial nerves that innervate the tongue muscles will probably be damaged. Which of the following cranial nerves that innervate the tongue muscles will be affected by the operation? A. Cranial Nerve X, vagus nerve B. Cranial Nerve IX, glossopharyngeal nerve C. Cranial Nerve XII, hypoglossal nerve D. Cranial Nerve VII, facial nerve E. Cranial Nerve VIII, vestibulocochlear nerve

C

Contact ulcers may be caused by all of the following except A. chronic throat clearing B. hard-glottal attack C. psychogenic problems D. intubation for surgery E. gastric reflux

C

Hearing loss that occurs when the middle ear and the inner ear are not functioning properly is known as A. sensorineural hearing loss B. middle ear hearing loss C. mixed hearing loss D. conductive hearing loss E. inner ear hearing loss

C

If an African American adult patient in a hospital setting says, "I been had the measles when I was a kid," this is an example of A. circumlocution B. semantic paraphasia C. a perfective construction D. the use of an additional auxiliary E. lack of noun-verb agreement

C

In your private practice, you receive a referral of a sixth-grade girl, Christina M. She is not speaking, and the pediatrician thinks that she might have functional aphonia. A diagnoses of functional aphonia means that A. there is evidence of neurological damage B. the condition is not psychogenic C. there is no voice D. the larynx is damaged E. the epiglottis prevents phonation from occurring

C

Select the false statement. A. When a typically developing child is learning a second language, it usually takes her approximately 2 years to develop basic interpersonal communication skills that are commensurate with those of native speakers. B. This same child will take approximately 5 to 7 years to develop cognitive-language academic proficiency skills that are commensurate with those of native speakers. C. It is generally best for children to be monolingual, not bilingual, because learning two languages is confusing and overtaxes children's cognitive-linguistic skills. D. Codeswitching, or alternating between two languages, is a part of natural bilingual development and is used by normal bilingual speakers worldwide. E. Simultaneous bilingual acquisition is ideal for children.

C

Tanya, a 22-year-old student, is diagnosed with a unilateral polyp. When Tanya speaks, it appears that she is producing two different pitches simultaneously. You explain to Tanya that she has a condition called A. aphonia B. dysphonia C. diplophonia D. monophonia E. spasmodic dysphonia

C

The diadochokinetic rate is used to evaluate A. myofunctional disorders B. dental deviations C. oral-motor coordination D. neuropathologies E. ankyloglossia

C

The lowest frequency of a periodic wave is A. natural frequency B. formant frequency C. fundamental frequency D. displacement frequency E. compression frequency

C

The lowest intensity of a sound that will stimulate the auditory system is called A. sound pressure level B. decibel C. hearing level D. pitch E. amplitude

C

The softest level of hearing at which a person can understand 50% of the words presented is known as A. pure tone threshold B. speech discrimination threshold C. speech reception threshold D. word discrimination threshold E. conversational speech threshold

C

Which area of the brain connects Broca's area with Wernicke's area? A. Corpus callosum B. Choroid plexus C. Arcuate fasciculus D. Corona radiata E. Third ventricle

C

Which model contends that a child who is unable to cope with the expectations of fluent speech production may begin to stutter? A. The diagnosogenic model B. The expectancy deconfirmation model C. The demands and capacities model D. The neurophysiological model E. The approach-avoidance model

C

Which one of the following statements is false? A. A multicultural student whose background does not match the school's expectations might be inaccurately labeled as having a language-learning disability. B. If a student has normal abilities in her primary language but is somewhat slow to learn English, she needs to be placed on the speech pathologist's caseload for intervention. C. While learning a second language, children often go through a silent period where they concentrate on comprehension of the new language. D. A child who said "Me gustaria manejar; I'll take the car!" is manifesting the process of codeswitching.

C

Which one of the following statements is false? A. Speech pathologists should incorporate literacy materials into therapy when appropriate. B. It is important to collaborate with the classroom teacher when working with school-age children with language disorders. C. A child's chronological age, not developmental level, is the most reliable indicator of what treatment goals will be appropriate. D. Through use of the discrete trial procedure, the incidental teaching method teaches functional communication skills to children with language disorders. E. Playing peek-a-boo with a child is an example of a joint routine.

C

While evaluating the efficacy of a treatment procedure for aphasia, an investigator made sure that the clients in the experimental and control groups did not receive any other form of therapy during the course of the experimental study. This was done to A. increase the amount of improvement in the clients B. eliminate scheduling conflicts C. rule out the influence of confounding variables D. ensure that the Hawthorne effect was not operating E. increase the amount of generalization that the clients would experience

C

You are a new clinician in a hospital that has a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Your job title is that of newborn development specialist (NDS). Which one of the following would be false regarding your role as an NDS? A. You would support the families and infants with issues involving infant development and behavior. B. You would support the families and infants with issues involving hearing conservation and aural habilitation. C. You would not serve as primary care coordinator or case manager for the infants and families because a medical doctor usually fills this role. D. You would advocate oral feeding for the babies as soon as it is medically possible. E. You would create individualized assessment and intervention strategies to support infants and their caregivers.

C

You are asked to design a treatment program for young children who stutter, including preschoolers. Among the following choices, which would you most likely select? A. Delayed auditory feedback B. Masking noise C. Fluency reinforcement or response cost D. Fluent stuttering E. Only parent counseling

C

You are asked to prepare a clinical management plan for family members of a patient with dementia. Among other skills, you would teach the family members to A. socially and consistently reinforce correct syntactic constructions B. avoid asking yes or no types of questions C. restate important information D. not use gestures because they are confusing to patients with dementia E. reinforce improved use of morphologic features

C

You are assessing an African American elementary-age child, Takissha. The fourth-grade teacher has referred Takissha to you because "Takissha often talks when other children are talking, and when she tells a story, she is not very structured." At this point, before you see Takissha, you suspect that A. she is developmentally delayed B. she has clinically significant problems with pragmatic skills C. she is demonstrating verbal behavior that is consistent with that of many members of the African American community D. she has a language-learning disability E. she needs to work on her morphosyntactic skills

C

You are treating a 4-year-old boy with specific language impairment (SLI) for intervention. You notice that he omits all grammatical morphemes in his speech. Which one of the following morphemes would you target first in therapy with him? A. Articles a, an, the B. Regular plural -s C. Present progressive -ing D. Regular past tense -ed E. Prepositions in, on

C

You are working in an early intervention program with infants who are at risk for language disorders. You need to assess, among other things, the infants' relationships and interactions with their caregivers. Which of the following instruments would be most appropriate to use? A. Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals-4 B. Woodcock Language Proficiency Battery-Revised C. Observation of Communication Interaction D. Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test E. Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals-Revised Screening

C

A 43-year-old high school football coach comes to you for an evaluation. He states that he has been hoarse for approximately 10 months. A subsequent medical evaluation reveals that he has bilateral lesions on the anterior third of the vocal fold. A naso-endoscopic evaluation confirms that the patient has developed A. polyps B. traumatic laryngitis C. contact ulcers D. vocal nodules E. cysts

D

A U-shaped bone that suspends the larynx is the A. cricoid B. thyroid C. arytenoid D. hyoid E. all of the above

D

A child is referred to you by his preschool teacher. This child, Jaden, is 4 years 5 months old and has transferred from out of state. In his previous state, Jaden was reportedly assessed by a speech-language pathologist who recommended that Jaden receive intervention before kindergarten. According to the report from the previous clinician, Jaden uses the phonological processes of gliding, consonant cluster reduction, stopping, reduplication, and final consonant deletion. Your assessment confirms the presence of these phonological processes. You would begin treatment by addressing A. final-consonant deletion B. gliding C. consonant-cluster reduction D. reduplication E. stopping

D

Beth has central nervous system damage with no weakness or paralysis of her facial muscles; however, her central nervous system damage makes it difficult for her to program the precise movements necessary for smoothly articulated speech. Beth's motor programming disorder is A. dysarthria B. aphasia C. anomia D. apraxia E. agrammatism

D

Kyle, a 27-year-old man, speaks with a pitch that is perpetually too high, despite complete laryngeal maturation. You believe that Kyle has A. hormonal changes B. conversational dysphonia C. spasmodic dysphonia D. mutational falsetto E. intentional dysphonia

D

Patients with right hemisphere damage tend to demonstrate A. severe naming problems B. profound auditory comprehension problems C. severe oral expression problems D. impaired comprehension of implied meanings E. impaired syntactic skills

D

Peter has suffered a cerebrovascular accident (CVA); the neurologist reports lesions in the third convolution of the left cerebral hemisphere. Based on this, you conclude that the damaged area is A. the occipital lobe B. the basal ganglia C. Wernicke's area D. Broca's area E. the primary auditory area

D

Sara has arterial damage that causes her to have cognitive deficits such as impaired judgment, problems concentrating, and difficulties with reasoning. According to the surgeon,damage to this artery can also cause a person to have paralysis of the feet and legs. Damage to which artery produces these effects? A. Internal carotid B. External carotid C. Middle cerebral D. Anterior cerebral E. Posterior cerebral

D

The primary muscle of the lips is the A. buccinator B. risorius C. depressor labii inferioris D. orbicularis oris E. depressor anguli oris

D

The public elementary school where you work has asked you to give an in-service to their teachers on appropriate referrals of bilingual children with possible communication disorders. Which of the following would be appropriate to tell these teachers? A. It is legal to place these children into special education to work on improving their English skills. B. A child who has typical skills and development in the primary language has an underlying language-learning disability if he has low English test scores. C. A bilingual child who has a true communication disorder can never be served in the general education classroom; this child must always receive pullout special education services. D. Some bilingual children attain low scores when tested in their first language due to language loss in that language. E. Codeswitching is generally an abnormal communication behavior that is not used by typically developing bilingual children.

D

A Cambodian child is referred to you because the teacher "can't understand a word he says."In the course of your speech-language screening, you record the following utterances. Which might be typical of an articulation disorder, not a difference? A. "The funny circus crown had red nose." B. "I won't ste- on your toes." C. "Please hand me the block (black) one." D. "I see little gull (girl) with pink dress on." E. "I am derry (very) -appy (happy) to meet your tids (kids)."

E

A clinician who concentrated on syntax during therapy with children with language delays and did not believe in external reinforcement would probably subscribe to the A. Behaviorist theory B. Social interactionist theory C. Cognitive theory D. Information processing theory E. Nativist theory

E

Among other functions, the right hemisphere specializes in A. understanding of syntax B. production of grammatical morphemes C. more focally organized functions than the left hemisphere does D. production of grammatically complex sentences E. visual and spatial information

E

Nick has a short lingual frenum (tongue-tie). Because the frenum is attached too close to the tip of the tongue, it causes a reduction in tongue mobility. Nick is, therefore, unable to produce lingua-alveolar sounds (e.g., /t/, /d/). Which is the most appropriate diagnosis for Nick? A. Class I malocclusion B. Class II malocclusion C. Tongue thrust D. Myofunctional disorder E. Ankyloglossia

E

Select the statement that is correct about group designs. A. They are effective in establishing internal validity. B. They can help establish cause-effect relationships. C. Their requirement of randomization may be difficult to meet. D. Their results cannot be extended (generalized) to individual clients. E. All of the above.

E

The back-and-forth movement of particles when the movement is symmetrical and periodic is called A. an aperiodic wave B. a sinusoidal wave C. compression D. rarefaction E. simple harmonic motion

E

The impedance meter can measure a simple reflex response of the muscles attached to the stapes bone. This reflex is called the A. stapes reflex B. tympanic reflex C. oval window reflex D. basilar membrane reflex E. acoustic reflex

E

To evaluate the effects of a phonological treatment procedure, an investigator started by establishing the baselines of target phoneme productions, offered treatment to all children base-rated, withdrew treatment for a period of time, and finally offered the treatment again. This is an example of A. a pretest-posttest control group design B. multiple-baseline design C. a case study D. a descriptive study E. ABAB design

E

Which of the following is not a semantic relation expressed by two-word utterances? A. Notice (e.g., "hi" + noun) B. Attribute + entity (e.g., "brown horse") C. Agent-action (e.g., "kitty meow") D. Nomination (e.g., "that chair") E. Affirmation (e.g., "yes cereal")

E

Which statement about the cranial nerves is correct? A. Cranial Nerve XII is not concerned with speech. B. Cranial Nerve VIII is concerned with the sense of smell. C. Cranial Nerve I is concerned with labial sound articulation. D. Cranial Nerve II is important for hearing. E. Damage to Cranial Nerve VII causes a mask-like appearance.

E

You are assessing an Ibo-speaking child from Nigeria who learned Ibo first (from birth) and then was exposed to English in preschool when he was 3 years of age. His parents continue to speak Ibo at home, and he is often cared for by his Ibo-speaking grandparents while his parents are at work. Unfortunately, his Ibo skills were not well-developed when he was exposed to English. Which of the following would you not expect to be true for this child? A. He has experienced sequential bilingual acquisition. B. His development in Ibo may be arrested or may regress while he is focusing on English language skill development. C. He may score low on tests in Ibo and English for a while and consequently appear to have a language-learning disability. D. He might undergo a silent period while he focuses on learning English. E. He will not be interested in maintaining his skills in Ibo, and he will become a monolingual English speaker.

E