Praxis:Principles of Learning and Teaching (PLT): Grades K-6 (5622)

18) Which of the following is an appropriate goal for administering a criterion-referenced test? Assessing student mastery of specific concepts Discriminating between low and high achievers Comparing individuals' performances to those of a peer group Measuring broad skill performance in a controlled environment

Assessing student mastery of specific concepts

Which of the following examples best represents analytical scoring on an essay? Giving a numerical grade of 87% Rating the work as 4 out of 5 using a rubric Assigning a B for content and an A for mechanics Providing general comments such as "insightful"

Assigning a B for content and an A for mechanics

Process information more slowly than older children

Children under the age of eight

To help with classroom management, a teacher teaches students to associate certain clapping sequences and light signals with desired behaviors. The teacher's classroom management technique is an application of which of the following learning theories? Classical conditioning Moral development Schema theory Stage theory

Classical conditioning

Which of the following teacher strategies is most effective for motivating elementary students to read recreationally? Reminding students that reading is crucial to getting a good job in the future Offering incentives, such as rewards for the number of pages read Creating a class library that includes a variety of topics and a range of reading levels Using a progress-monitoring assessment program that awards points for books read

Creating a class library that includes a variety of topics and a range of reading levels

An elementary school teacher has developed a series of centers at which students can practice literacy skills and create learning logs. Which of the following teaching strategies is the teacher most likely utilizing?

Independent study

Which of the following best describes a characteristic of a summative assessment? It includes observations accumulated over a period of time. It occurs frequently during a unit of study. It provides scores that can be used to determine program effectiveness. It gives teachers opportunities to adjust strategies during instruction.

It provides scores that can be used to determine program effectiveness.

Rigid-inhibited, undo splined, acceptance- anxious, and creative

Marshall Rosenberg categorized learners as

norm referenced or criterion referenced:A multiple-choice test that evaluates basic mathematics skills for the purpose of determining the students need for academic support

Norm-referenced

Should tailored to students at all levels

Objectives give to a class for student mastery

Which of the following strategies is most likely to increase students' self-motivation during a unit? Planning project-based, hands-on activities Organizing a culminating performance for parents Providing students with extrinsic rewards for finishing activities Offering students a menu of activities to choose from

Offering students a menu of activities to choose from

behavioral theorist's: Students are assessed and encouraged to work at their own pace as they are introduced to new information one step at a time.

Thorndike

Least restrictive environment

Which IDEA regulation is meant to prevent segregating special needs students away from their peers?

Which of the following questions during a reading lesson best fosters metacognition in elementary students? Which reading strategies did you try using? How does the character solve the problem? Why does the main character get upset? What might happen next in the story?

Which reading strategies did you try using?

Silently acknowledge the student's response, and then address the response after the question has been answered by someone else

While waiting for students to formulate their responses to a question, a student blurts out an answer. The teacher should

At the end of a unit of study, students refer back to a KWL chart they started to fill out at the beginning of the unit. By reflecting on what they have learned, students can

determine actual progress to see if they reached their goals

A teacher sets up an interactive Web site that allows students to post comments about the book that the class is currently reading and to read one another's posts. The teacher is most likely using technology in this way to

encourage students' expression of ideas

Mr. Larson is teaching his third graders how to "read between the lines." He will later explain that the skill they are practicing is an example of

inferring

Aria is learning to write her first and last name in cursive. After each correct attempt, Aria is rewarded with a sticker on her paper. After Aria masters the skill, her teacher stops giving her stickers for correct responses, which causes Aria to become upset. According to Edward Thorndike, this reaction is due to the law of

readiness

According to social learning theory, students working within the zone of proximal development are most likely to learn because they are

receiving support from a knowledgeable helper

Constructivist teaching is based on the belief that the teacher's role is to encourage students to

seek answers by making connections to prior knowledge

Mnemnics

A learning technique to help you remember information. Devices used to aid memorization using rhymes, acronyms, songs, or stories are called

Discovery-learning lesson

A lesson where students are given a tankful of water and various objects by weight would be considered a(n)

Which of the following best describes an example of differentiated instruction? A teacher demonstrates how to complete a task and then has students work independently A teacher maximizes each student's growth by meeting his or her level of readiness A teacher has students work collaboratively to complete learning tasks A teacher extends students' thinking by requiring them to organize new ideas

A teacher maximizes each student's growth by meeting his or her level of readiness

Which of the following scenarios best describes a teacher's use of holistic scoring? A teacher reads a student paper and places it into the high, middle, or low scoring group. The teacher then rereads each group of papers to assign a letter grade. A teacher reads a student paper and looks for the criteria on the scoring rubric. The teacher adds up the points for each criterion and assigns a single number grade to each paper. A teacher reads a student paper using a rubric that addresses the scoring criteria. The teacher balances the strengths and weaknesses and assigns an overall score. A teacher reads a student paper and assigns a score to each criterion. The teacher writes feedback on the paper about the score for each criterion.

A teacher reads a student paper using a rubric that addresses the scoring criteria. The teacher balances the strengths and weaknesses and assigns an overall score.

Which of the following assessments can a teacher use to best determine whether a student is reading on grade level?

Achievement test

Cooperative Learning

Activities that require students to work together to solve a problem or achieve a goal. What is the best method for introducing anti-bias curriculum?

Domain Associated:Students will be able to solve classroom conflicts through discussions and role play.

Affective & Psychomotor

Domain Associated:Students will create an original piece of art using their favorite colors and share it with the class.

Affective & Psychomotor

Mr. Irwin encourages his elementary students to be active participants during his lessons. A few weeks into the new school year, Mr. Irwin notices Aiko, an Asian Pacific student, does not participate in discussions or ask any questions. What should Mr. Irwin consider first about Aiko?

Aiko may have grown up in a culture that encouraged him to be quiet and obedient without questioning his superiors.

Is the action is allowed or prohibited under copyright laws: A teacher copies a poem to be displayed in class. Students discuss the poem in small groups.

Allowed

Is the action is allowed or prohibited under copyright laws: A teacher makes 25 copies of a short story from a book to be distributed to each student in the class

Allowed

A third-grade teacher observes that a student has trouble remembering information and following directions that are presented orally. The student also has difficulty focusing in loud environments. Which of the following best describes the probable area of exceptionality this student demonstrates?

Auditory

Which of the following findings about bullying is best supported by research? No gender difference exists between bullying by girls and bullying by boys. Boys are more likely than girls to bully others and use physical aggression. Girls are more likely than boys to bully others and use physical aggression. Boys and girls are equally likely to bully others and use physical aggression

Boys are more likely than girls to bully others and use physical aggression.

Domain Associated:Students will label the states and their capitals on a map of the United States.

Cognitive

Student Centered Strategies

Collaborative learning and discovery learning are examples of which of the following?

A teacher observes that a student is able to do the following: •Solve problems with hands-on manipulatives in a logical fashion •Understand laws of conservation and is able to classify and seriate •Understand reversibility According to Piaget, which of the following stages of cognitive development has the student reached?

Concrete operational

A teacher asks her class, "How did people measure length before they had rulers?" Students work in groups to brainstorm ideas, such as using their hands and feet. The teacher's question best exemplifies which of the following theories?

Constructivism

Which of the following instructional approach will best allow a teacher to increase student interdependence? Independent grouping One-to-one instruction Whole-class instruction Cooperative learning groups

Cooperative learning groups

norm referenced or criterion referenced:A mathematics test provided by the district twice each year that determines student mastery of state performance standards

Criterion-referenced

norm referenced or criterion referenced:A pretest and posttest that evaluate teaching effectiveness and students' learning progress in mathematics

Criterion-referenced

A teacher notices that some students learn best by discussing subject matter content with peers, while others prefer a quiet place to read and practice on their own. In response, the teacher decides to adjust lesson expectations and create space in the classroom to meet the needs of both sets of students. By taking this action, the teacher demonstrates an understanding of the importance of which of the following? Scaffolding Constructivism Divergent thinking Differentiated instruction

Differentiated instruction

behavioral theorist's: Students are given assignments on the basis of their ability levels and provided with frequent opportunities for success.

Erikson

Ms. Smith's students have been studying single-digit subtraction. Before moving on to double-digit subtraction, Ms. Smith develops a quiz to assess how much her students understand about single-digit subtraction. If any of her students do poorly, she will spend another day re-teaching and reviewing the concepts. What types of assessment does Ms. Smith's quiz best represent?

Formative

Daily, weekly and monthly

Good and Gouws found that effective teachers reviewed?

Which of the following is the primary benefit of using a KWL chart with students during instruction? A. Helping students link prior knowledge to the current lesson B. Emphasizing the need for clearly communicated expectations C. Promoting in students an intrinsic motivation to learn D. Meeting students' basic need for autonomy in learning activities

Helping students link prior knowledge to the current lesson

Determining if the class understand the firections

If a teacher asks, "does everyone understand where to place their answers?" the teacher is probably

Which of the following should a teacher do to best improve content knowledge in science? Participate in an online book club for teachers Join the National Science Teachers Association Attend a district-wide professional-development seminar Watch a video about how to differentiate instruction in science

Join the National Science Teachers Association

After the first week of school, a beginning teacher has concerns about managing behavior in the classroom. Which of the following is the teacher's best first step to address the concern? Make behavior modification plans for all disruptive students Read scholarly articles to find strategies for handling unruly behavior Keep a reflective journal about the types of problematic behaviors that occur Have a colleague observe the class and make suggestions

Keep a reflective journal about the types of problematic behaviors that occur

Makayla, a sixth-grade student, received a grade-equivalent score of 7.2 on a recent standardized reading test. Which of the following interpretations of the data is most accurate to communicate to Makayla's parents? A. Makayla is ready to be placed in a seventh-grade reading classroom immediately. B. Makayla's reading comprehension score is equivalent to that of a student who is seven years and two months old. C. Makayla's overall reading ability is comparable to that of a student who is in the second month of seventh grade. D. Makayla performed better than seven out of ten students in the sixth grade

Makayla's overall reading ability is comparable to that of a student who is in the second month of seventh grade.

behavioral theorist's: Students are encouraged to eat if hungry, provided with a safe environment, and made to feel accepted in the classroom.

Maslow

9) A science teacher wants to build a garden on school property for students to grow plants and study life cycles. The teacher creates an action plan that includes goals for involving the community. Which of the following describes the best first step for the teacher's action plan?

Meeting with administrators to talk about the purpose and scope of the project

Ms. Erman, a new teacher, has met once a week for 30 minutes with an assigned mentor to discuss curriculum and discipline management during the past month. Ms. Erman is frustrated that the mentor spends the whole time sharing personal issues and disregards Ms. Erman's questions. Which of the following best helps Ms. Erman obtain the needed support to address and resolve the issue?

Meeting with the principal to discuss how to manage the problem

A small group of students in a sixth-grade class is socializing during instructional time. Which of the following teacher responses is most likely to be effective in redirecting the students' attention to their task?

Moving closer to the students

Which of the following actions complies with the fair use provisions of copyright law? Allowing students to read a scanned copy of a complete textbook that the teacher found online Permitting several groups of students to watch a portion of a teacher-purchased movie Providing students with multiple copies of a short story by a contemporary author Copying a CD of a recorded novel and distributing the copies to students

Permitting several groups of students to watch a portion of a teacher-purchased movie

Seven to eleven

Piaget's Concrete Operational Stage occurs at what ages?

Younger children are unable to understand complex directions

Piaget's theory of cognitive development states that

Younger children are unable to understand complex language

Piaget's theory of cognitive development states that

Which of the following is most likely to encourage parents to help their child continue his or her learning after school hours? Posting assignments on a Web site so parents can monitor their child's work Having students design invitations for their parents to attend school programs Inviting parents to be a part of a school improvement team Linking parents with family outreach programs in the community

Posting assignments on a Web site so parents can monitor their child's work

Is the action is allowed or prohibited under copyright laws: A teacher makes 25 copies of a compilation of songs. Students practice the songs in class and perform them in the auditorium for parents.

Prohibited

A school establishes a mentoring program for incoming teachers. Which of the following is the primary goal of this program?

Providing one-to-one assistance for new teachers

Which of the following strategies best increases motivation and achievement in students? Designing a more rigorous and challenging curriculum Allowing students to design the curriculum in its entirety Setting realistic goals for the class and helping students achieve them Providing students with a menu of instructional choices

Providing students with a menu of instructional choices

A teacher wants to improve the literacy skills and self-motivation of several fifth-grade students who are struggling with reading and writing. Which of the following strategies will most likely accomplish this goal?

Providing students with engaging materials and focused instruction on successfully completing reading and writing tasks

Which of the following is the best action for a teacher to take to develop self-motivation in a group of students? Providing students with frequent and specific positive feedback Using general phrases to balance praise and critique of student performance Reminding students that assignments make up a significant part of their grade Determining classroom rules and instructional decisions prior to the first day of school

Providing students with frequent and specific positive feedback

Which of the following activities best reflects a family-centered program and a promotion of parent partnerships with the school? Relating classroom activities to the various needs and interests of children and families Creating programs that offer community resources after school Implementing before- and after-school programs for students in the community Providing opportunities for families to use the school's computer lab

Relating classroom activities to the various needs and interests of children and families

Which of the following statements about validity and reliability is most accurate? Reliability and validity are both measures of age equivalency in an assessment. Reliability and validity are both measures of grade equivalency in an assessment. Reliability measures the consistency of an assessment, and validity measures the accuracy. Validity measures the consistency of an assessment, and reliability measures the accuracy.

Reliability measures the consistency of an assessment, and validity measures the accuracy.

A teacher administers a summative test following a unit of study. More than 80 percent of the students receive a grade of 50 percent or below. Which of the following is the best next step for the teacher to take? Returning the test to students and requesting a parent's signature Allowing students who failed to retake the test multiple times Reteaching content not mastered and reassessing students with a new tool Teaching the next unit in the scope and sequence schedule

Reteaching content not mastered and reassessing students with a new tool

John, a second grader, complains to his parents that his teacher kept him in from recess for misbehaving in class. At a parent-teacher conference, the parents say that they think the consequence was too extreme. Which of the following best describes what the teacher should do to address the parent's concern?

Review with the parents the classroom rules and consequences that are aligned to the school's standards

Which of the following is the best strategy for a new teacher to use when determining instructional content? Treating the first year as a trial period to be improved on in future years Using the previous teacher's lesson plans as a foundation and adjusting them as needed Reviewing the curriculum standards provided by the state and school district Utilizing student textbooks and teacher guides to outline appropriate content

Reviewing the curriculum standards provided by the state and school district

Prior to an activity, a teacher gives students written criteria that explain what they will need to know in order to receive a specific grade. Which of the following assessment tools is the teacher most likely using? Exam Rubric Portfolio Anecdotal notes

Rubric

A student who has been diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) needs additional time to complete work and to take tests. Which of the following pieces of legislation is most appropriate for the school to use in implementing a plan to help the student?

Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act

With respect to phonemic awareness, which of the following could be the greatest area of challenge for an English-language learner?

Sounds that are different in the student's native language

A teacher exposes students to a topic several times with increasing complexity throughout the school year. The new learning is put in the context of prior learning. By instructing students in this manner, the teacher best demonstrates an understanding of which of the following? Spiral curriculum Constructivist teaching Inquiry-based learning Interdisciplinary learning

Spiral curriculum

Which of the following statements accurately describes the impact of metacognition on the learning of elementary students? Students become aware of their use of cognitive strategies as early as two years old. Students naturally notice how the use of effective cognitive strategies leads to success. Students benefit from receiving explicit instruction on when to use cognitive strategies. Students best comprehend cognitive strategies when they are introduced to them in middle school.

Students benefit from receiving explicit instruction on when to use cognitive strategies

A second-grade teacher is planning a unit on insects. Which of the following objectives for the unit best addresses the psychomotor domain? Students will identify the parts of an ant's anatomy and the roles within an ant colony. Students will summarize the stages of metamorphosis in a butterfly. Students will describe the differences between a butterfly and a moth. Students will construct a cocoon using thread and white paste.

Students will construct a cocoon using thread and white paste.

A teacher implements message journals in the classroom. The teacher sends a journal home with each student on Monday, along with a note regarding accomplishments, concerns, needs, and upcoming school events. Parents return the journals on Thursday with any questions or concerns. Which of the following best describes the purpose of the journals? Increasing family participation in school events Supporting communication between home and school Encouraging honest family conversations about school Promoting awareness of the complexity of the student's school day

Supporting communication between home and school

Which of the following requires that public schools provide increased accountability measured by the administration of standardized tests? The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act The No Child Left Behind Act The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act The Common Core State Standards Initiative

The No Child Left Behind Act

Which of the following best describes the primary role of a mentor working with a new teacher? - If students are being disruptive, the mentor takes over the class and models how to manage different types of behavior for the new teacher. - The mentor observes the new teacher in the classroom and then meets with the teacher to discuss and reflect on the observations and plan strategies for improvement. - The mentor reads the principal's evaluation of the new teacher and then suggests effective instructional strategies for the principal to use to support the teacher. - As students engage in independent study work at their desks, the mentor and the new teacher circulate around the classroom and provide support to students as needed.

The mentor observes the new teacher in the classroom and then meets with the teacher to discuss and reflect on the observations and plan strategies for improvement

Within 8 hours of the material first being presented

The most effective time for students to retain information is for them to review or study

A score report from a standardized test ranks a seventh-grade student in the 70th percentile. The score indicates that which of the following is true? The student earned a letter grade of C. The student scored higher than 70% of all students. The student correctly answered 70% of the questions. The student earned the same score as 70% of all students

The student scored higher than 70% of all students.

A teacher evaluates the scores students in a class achieved on a recent standardized assessment. Which of the following best describes the instructional implications of a high standard deviation in the scores?

The teacher must differentiate instruction to meet the wide range of ability levels in the class.

According to the second stage of Kohlberg's stages of moral development, which of the following is true of students who exhibit characteristics of preconventional moral development?

They believe in acting in their own best interests.

The use of which of the following is most effective for improving the reading fluency of emerging readers? Silent reading Concept maps Timed repeated readings Story maps

Timed repeated readings

Which of the following actions is the best example of a teacher applying the zone of proximal development theory? Assigning reading for the students to preview before a lesson on a new topic Using pretest data to develop lessons that account for students' prior knowledge Providing technology in class to keep students interested in a topic Playing a vocabulary game to help students prepare for an upcoming test

Using pretest data to develop lessons that account for students' prior knowledge

A teacher who supports the theory of social learning will most likely plan instruction to include which of the following activities? Using think-alouds to model how to question text Introducing new learning activities with a KWL chart Having students write reflective statements at the end of lessons Posing Socratic questions during class discussions

Using think-alouds to model how to question text

An elementary teacher, Ms. Reed, reads aloud a story to a group of English-language learners. She pauses to indicate a change in events, points to illustrations in the book, and changes the volume and pitch of her voice to emphasize certain aspects of the story. Which of the following strategies is she most likely implementing? Helping the students analyze the story structure and characters Using verbal and nonverbal clues to help students understand the story Facilitating transfer of the information to another language Scaffolding instruction of how to read a new story

Using verbal and nonverbal clues to help students understand the story

behavioral theorist's: Students are given a reward for positive behavior and academic success and a consequence for negative behavior and lack of academic progress.

Watson

Analyzing, evaluating, and creating

What are the three higher-order thinking skills according to the Cognitive Domain of Bloom's Taxonomy?

Which of the following is an open-ended question? What color are lions and where do they live in the wild? What other animals can you think of that use color as camouflage? What do you predict would happen to a lion born in the wild with a coat of a much darker color? Why do lions hide from the animals they are chasing in the tall savanna grass in Africa?

What do you predict would happen to a lion born in the wild with a coat of a much darker color?

The Seven other intelligences

What should teachers integrate into teaching linguistic and logical- mathematical intelligence?

Keep the promise to student at this time

When a students tells the teacher he/she is leaving and not coming back to school and says don't tell.

Redirect

When a teacher asks the class if they agree or disagree with a students response, the teacher is using

Writing what a student reads aloud

When maintaining a running reading record, a teacher is

Which of the following questions best promotes the highest level of student thinking skills? Who are the main characters in the story? How are the two characters similar? Why do you think the character's actions were justified? Can you provide an example of characterization?

Why do you think the character's actions were justified?

A teacher introduces multiplying two-digit numbers by breaking down each step during whole-class instruction. Three students continue to struggle after four days of instruction and practice. The teacher provides three additional days of small-group instruction to the students, who are then able to be successful independently. Which of the following learning theories does this best represent?

Zone of proximal development

Increasing the font size of a student's reading assignment is best described as

an instructional accommodation

A teacher planning instruction completes the following ordered steps. 1. Identify the lesson's objective 2. Develop assessment criteria 3. Choose instructional activities By following the steps, the teacher best demonstrates an understanding of

ensuring that concepts students need to learn guide lessons

The primary purpose of an analytic scoring rubric is to

evaluate specific criteria for an assignment

Two teachers share responsibilities for leadership and instruction in a classroom. The teachers alternate leading instructional activities and supporting students. The classroom described is primarily an example of

team teaching