Pre-Assessment: Critical Thinking: Reason and Evidence (PEKO)

20. How could podcasts, newscasts, and talk radio be less biased? A. By featuring experts who offer contrary viewpoints B. By restricting viewership to paid subscribers only C. By channeling programming through social media only D. By stating disclaimers that acknowledge ideological viewpoints

A. By featuring experts who offer contrary viewpoints

6. Usually when home team fans come out smiling and celebrating after a match, that means the home team won. After the match, many home team fans came out smiling and celebrating. I, therefore, concluded that the home team won. Which term describes this argument? A. Inductive B. Sound C. Valid D. Deductive

A. Inductive

17. Why is identifying the author essential in determining a source's credibility? A. It helps to determine if the author has relevant expertise. B. It helps to determine if they share one's beliefs and values. C. It helps determine if a source is generated by artificial intelligence. D. It helps determine if the author has a vast social media presence.

A. It helps to determine if the author has relevant expertise.

4. Which two sentences are propositions? Choose 2 answers. A. Lending helps stimulate capital investment. B. Let's focus on the economy today! C. A strong economy is vital to national security. D. What do you think is important?

A. Lending helps stimulate capital investment. C. A strong economy is vital to national security.

12. If Bo is kind, then Bo is wealthy. Bo is wealthy. Therefore, Bo is kind. This is an example of which type of logic error? A. Denying the antecedent B. Affirming the consequent C. Begging the question D. The fallacy fallacy

B. Affirming the consequent

3. "Products manufactured in our country are the best because we make the best automobiles," declared Kennedy. Which two descriptors best characterize Kennedy's comments? Choose 2 answers. A. A strong argument B. An inference C. A weak argument D. A proposition

B. An inference C. A weak argument

7. I have seen the sunrise every day for many years. I, therefore, conclude that the sun will rise again tomorrow. Which term describes this argument? A. Valid B. Cogent C. Deductive D. Weak

B. Cogent

2. Since inflation is rising rapidly, and because we are approaching the point at which reversal is not possible, we need to institute a new economic policy and act quickly. Which two statements contain the premises of the given argument? Choose 2 answers. A. We need to institute a new economic policy. B. Inflation is rising rapidly. C. We are approaching the point at which reversal is not possible. D. We need to act quickly.

B. Inflation is rising rapidly. C. We are approaching the point at which reversal is not possible.

16. Which two characterizations are most accurate regarding the credibility of information sources? Choose 2 answers. A. Political sources are seldom credible. B. Sources may lack credibility for a variety of reasons. C. The credibility of sources spans a spectrum. D. If a source makes a single claim that is not credible, the source should never be trusted again.

B. Sources may lack credibility for a variety of reasons. C. The credibility of sources spans a spectrum.

11. My opponent argues that kangaroos can hop because hopping is something that kangaroos can do. Since my opponent has committed the fallacy of begging the question, one must infer that their conclusion is false, and that kangaroos cannot hop. Which type of logic error is this an example of? A. Non-argument B. The fallacy fallacy C. Affirming the consequent D. Denying the antecedent

B. The fallacy fallacy

13. Which type of logic error is the following argument an example of? "My opponents argue that all giraffes have long necks because anyone who disagrees is a fool. Since my opponents are guilty of the ad hominem fallacy, we must infer that their conclusion is false, and that giraffes do not have long necks." A. Affirming the consequent B. The fallacy fallacy C. Begging the question D. Denying the antecedent

B. The fallacy fallacy

15. A news outlet issues an ion and an apology for its published information. In the absence of further information, what does this news outlet's action suggest about its credibility? A. The source appears credible because it is unbiased. B. The source appears credible because it is concerned with accuracy. C. The source lacks credibility because it is biased. D. The source lacks credibility because it is unprofessional.

B. The source appears credible because it is concerned with accuracy.

19. Which statement represents a logical reaction to a source claiming to be free from bias? A. "This may be true because bias and credibility are predicated upon personal experience." B. "This is most likely true because all sources are free of bias." C. "This can't be true because all sources contain bias." D. "This can't be true because all sources contain falsehoods."

C. "This can't be true because all sources contain bias."

9. People should pay their taxes since paying taxes is the right thing to do. Which type of logic error is this an example of? A. Denying the antecedent B. Affirming the consequent C. Begging the question D. The fallacy fallacy

C. Begging the question

8. All bears are wild. Smokey is a bear. Therefore, Smokey is wild. Which term describes the argument? A. Inductive B. Invalid C. Deductive D. Abductive

C. Deductive

18. What is a logical step for critical thinkers to take if they are uncertain about the reliability of a source? A. Assume the source is unreliable and search for other reliable sources. B. Refer to the arguments of the source without citing where the information came from. C. Verify the reliability of a source by cross-referencing with additional source materials. D. Disregard any credibility concerns and use the source as support for sub-arguments.

C. Verify the reliability of a source by cross-referencing with additional source materials.

1. Which sentence reflects strong critical thinking? A. "Although my opponent has proven to be less than honest, I welcome engaging in meaningful debate." B. "The issues at hand are simple, and the solutions are clear." C. "Because I am honest and unbiased, I am confident in my position." D. "In any event, our purpose is to better understand the relevant issues so that we may make an informed decision on the topic."

D. "In any event, our purpose is to better understand the relevant issues so that we may make an informed decision on the topic."

14. Which statement is accurate regarding bias in information sources? A. All sources have bias, but this is irrelevant since all readers have bias. B. All sources have bias, so individuals should consult those that best align with their views. C. All sources have bias, so they are all equally credible. D. All sources have bias, but some are more credible than others.

D. All sources have bias, but some are more credible than others.

10. One should not speed because speeding is wrong. Which type of logic error is this an example of? A. Affirming the consequent B. Denying the antecedent C. The fallacy fallacy D. Begging the question

D. Begging the question

5. I have grown bored since last week. Which descriptor accurately characterizes this sentence? A. Strong argument B. Weak argument C. Inference D. Proposition

D. Proposition

17b. Why is identifying the author essential in determining a source's credibility? Why is this option correct or incorrect? "t helps to determine if they share one's beliefs and values"

This is incorrect because while sharing beliefs and values might make the information more agreeable to the reader, it does not necessarily contribute to the credibility of the source. Credibility is based on accuracy, reliability, and expertise rather than alignment with personal beliefs.

3d. "Products manufactured in our country are the best because we make the best automobiles," declared Kennedy. Why is this NOT the best descriptor to best characterize Kennedy's comments? "A proposition"

This is incorrect because, while the statement does present a claim or assertion, it is not primarily characterized as a proposition in this context. The focus is on the reasoning and the type of argument being made, rather than merely presenting a proposition.

2d. Since inflation is rising rapidly, and because we are approaching the point at which reversal is not possible, we need to institute a new economic policy and act quickly. Why does this statement NOT contain the premises of the given argument? "We need to act quickly."

This is part of the conclusion as well. It emphasizes the urgency of the action that needs to be taken, but it is not a premise.

2c. Since inflation is rising rapidly, and because we are approaching the point at which reversal is not possible, we need to institute a new economic policy and act quickly. Why does this statement NOT contain the premises of the given argument? "We need to institute a new economic policy."

This is the conclusion of the argument, not a premise. It states the action that should be taken based on the premises.

3a. "Products manufactured in our country are the best because we make the best automobiles," declared Kennedy. Why is this the best descriptor to best characterize Kennedy's comments? "An inference"

This option is correct because Kennedy's statement involves drawing a conclusion based on the observation that the country makes the best automobiles. He infers that because one type of product (automobiles) is the best, all products manufactured in the country must also be the best. This is an example of making an inference.

7b. I have seen the sunrise every day for many years. I, therefore, conclude that the sun will rise again tomorrow. Why does this term describe this argument? "Cogent"

This option is correct because a cogent argument is an inductive argument that is strong and has true premises. The observation that the sun has risen every day for many years provides strong evidence for the conclusion that the sun will rise again tomorrow. While it does not guarantee the conclusion, it makes it highly probable.

5d. I have grown bored since last week. Why does this descriptor accurately characterize the sentence? Proposition

This option is correct because a proposition is a declarative statement that can be evaluated as true or false. The sentence "I have grown bored since last week" is a declarative statement expressing a personal experience that can be evaluated in terms of its truthfulness based on the speaker's feelings.

12b. If Bo is kind, then Bo is wealthy. Bo is wealthy. Therefore, Bo is kind. Why is this type of logic error correct or incorrect? "Affirming the consequent"

This option is correct because affirming the consequent is a logical fallacy that occurs when someone assumes that if a result has occurred, then the condition must have been met. In this case, the argument states that if Bo is kind (condition), then Bo is wealthy (result). Since Bo is wealthy, the argument concludes that Bo is kind. This is a logical error because the condition (being kind) is not necessarily the only cause for the result (being wealthy).

6a. Usually when home team fans come out smiling and celebrating after a match, that means the home team won. After the match, many home team fans came out smiling and celebrating. I, therefore, concluded that the home team won. Why does this term describe this argument? "Inductive"

This option is correct because an inductive argument involves drawing a general conclusion based on specific observations or evidence. In this case, the conclusion that the home team won is based on the observation that home team fans are smiling and celebrating, which is usually associated with a win. Inductive reasoning does not guarantee the conclusion but suggests it as likely based on the evidence.

9c. People should pay their taxes since paying taxes is the right thing to do. Why is this type of logic error correct or incorrect? "Begging the question"

This option is correct because begging the question is a logical fallacy in which the argument's premise assumes the truth of the conclusion instead of supporting it. In this case, the statement "People should pay their taxes since paying taxes is the right thing to do" assumes that paying taxes is the right thing to do as a premise without providing independent support for the conclusion. The argument is circular, as it uses the conclusion (paying taxes is the right thing to do) as a premise to support itself.

8d. All bears are wild. Smokey is a bear. Therefore, Smokey is wild. Why does this term describe the argument? "Deductive"

This option is correct because deductive reasoning starts with general premises and reaches a specific conclusion that logically follows from those premises. The argument follows this pattern: it begins with a general statement about all bears and then applies it to a specific bear (Smokey) to conclude that Smokey is wild.

15b. A news outlet issues an ion and an apology for its published information. In the absence of further information, what does this news outlet's action suggest about its credibility? Why is this option correct or incorrect? "The source appears credible because it is concerned with accuracy"

This option is correct because issuing an apology and correction suggests that the news outlet is committed to providing accurate information and is willing to acknowledge and rectify its errors. This action demonstrates a concern for accuracy, which enhances the source's credibility.

20a. How could podcasts, newscasts, and talk radio be less biased? Why is this option correct or incorrect? "By featuring experts who offer contrary viewpoints"

This option is correct because presenting a range of perspectives can help reduce bias. By including experts with different viewpoints, podcasts, newscasts, and talk radio can provide a more balanced and comprehensive view of the issues being discussed.

11b. My opponent argues that kangaroos can hop because hopping is something that kangaroos can do. Since my opponent has committed the fallacy of begging the question, one must infer that their conclusion is false, and that kangaroos cannot hop. Which type of logic error is this an example of? "The fallacy fallacy"

This option is correct because the fallacy fallacy occurs when someone assumes that if an argument contains a logical fallacy, then the conclusion must be false. In this case, the speaker claims that because the opponent's argument commits the fallacy of begging the question, the conclusion (that kangaroos can hop) must be false. This is a logical error because even if the argument is fallacious, the conclusion itself can still be true.

13b. "My opponents argue that all giraffes have long necks because anyone who disagrees is a fool. Since my opponents are guilty of the ad hominem fallacy, we must infer that their conclusion is false, and that giraffes do not have long necks." Why is this type of logic error correct or incorrect? "The fallacy fallacy"

This option is correct because the fallacy fallacy occurs when someone assumes that if an argument contains a logical fallacy, then the conclusion must be false. In this case, the speaker claims that because the opponents' argument commits the ad hominem fallacy (attacking the person rather than addressing the argument), their conclusion (that all giraffes have long necks) must be false. This is a logical error because even if the argument is fallacious, the conclusion itself can still be true.

3b. "Products manufactured in our country are the best because we make the best automobiles," declared Kennedy. Why is this the best descriptor to best characterize Kennedy's comments? "A weak argument"

This option is correct because the statement lacks strong logical support. It makes a generalization about all products based on the performance of one product category. This type of reasoning is considered weak because it does not provide sufficient evidence or a robust logical basis to support the broad claim.

10d. One should not speed because speeding is wrong. Why is this type of logic error correct or incorrect? "Begging the question"

This option is correct. Begging the question is a logical fallacy in which the argument's premise assumes the truth of the conclusion instead of supporting it. In this case, the statement "One should not speed because speeding is wrong" assumes that speeding is wrong as a premise without providing independent support for the conclusion. The argument is circular, as it uses the conclusion (speeding is wrong) as a premise to support itself.

6c. Usually when home team fans come out smiling and celebrating after a match, that means the home team won. After the match, many home team fans came out smiling and celebrating. I, therefore, concluded that the home team won. Why does this term NOT describe this argument? "Deductive"

This option is incorrect because a deductive argument starts with general premises and reaches a specific conclusion that must follow logically. The given argument uses specific observations (home team fans celebrating) to reach a general conclusion (home team won), which is characteristic of inductive reasoning, not deductive reasoning.

7c. I have seen the sunrise every day for many years. I, therefore, conclude that the sun will rise again tomorrow. Why doesn't this term describe this argument? "Deductive"

This option is incorrect because a deductive argument starts with general premises and reaches a specific conclusion that must follow logically. The given argument uses specific observations (sunrise every day) to reach a general conclusion (sun will rise again), which is characteristic of inductive reasoning, not deductive reasoning.

6b. Usually when home team fans come out smiling and celebrating after a match, that means the home team won. After the match, many home team fans came out smiling and celebrating. I, therefore, concluded that the home team won. Why does this term NOT describe this argument? "Sound"

This option is incorrect because a sound argument is both valid and has true premises. The given argument does not provide premises that are necessarily true and a conclusion that follows logically in a deductive manner. It is an inductive argument, so "sound" does not apply.

6c. Usually when home team fans come out smiling and celebrating after a match, that means the home team won. After the match, many home team fans came out smiling and celebrating. I, therefore, concluded that the home team won. Why does this term NOT describe this argument? "Valid"

This option is incorrect because a valid argument is one where if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true. Validity applies to deductive arguments, not inductive ones. The given argument is inductive and does not ensure the conclusion must be true even if the premises are true.

7d. I have seen the sunrise every day for many years. I, therefore, conclude that the sun will rise again tomorrow. Why doesn't this term describe this argument? "Weak"

This option is incorrect because a weak argument lacks strong support for its conclusion. The given argument is not weak because the repeated observation of the sunrise provides strong evidence for the conclusion that the sun will rise again tomorrow, making it a strong inductive argument.

8c. All bears are wild. Smokey is a bear. Therefore, Smokey is wild. Why does this term NOT describe the argument? "Abductive"

This option is incorrect because abductive reasoning involves forming a hypothesis based on the best explanation for a set of observations. The argument presented does not involve forming a hypothesis or an explanatory inference; it follows a straightforward deductive pattern.

11c. My opponent argues that kangaroos can hop because hopping is something that kangaroos can do. Since my opponent has committed the fallacy of begging the question, one must infer that their conclusion is false, and that kangaroos cannot hop. Which type of logic error is this an example of? "Affirming the consequent"

This option is incorrect because affirming the consequent is a logical fallacy that involves assuming that if a result has occurred, then the condition must have been met. For example, "If it is raining, then the ground is wet. The ground is wet; therefore, it is raining." This type of fallacy is not relevant to the given argument.

13a. "My opponents argue that all giraffes have long necks because anyone who disagrees is a fool. Since my opponents are guilty of the ad hominem fallacy, we must infer that their conclusion is false, and that giraffes do not have long necks." Why is this type of logic error correct or incorrect? "Affirming the consequent"

This option is incorrect because affirming the consequent is a logical fallacy that occurs when someone assumes that if a result has occurred, then the condition must have been met. For example, "If it is raining, then the ground is wet. The ground is wet; therefore, it is raining." This type of fallacy is not relevant to the given argument.

5c. I have grown bored since last week. Why does this descriptor NOT accurately characterize the sentence? "Inference"

This option is incorrect because an inference involves drawing a conclusion based on evidence or reasoning. The sentence does not present a conclusion based on other information; it is a straightforward statement.

12c. If Bo is kind, then Bo is wealthy. Bo is wealthy. Therefore, Bo is kind. Why is this type of logic error correct or incorrect? "Begging the question"

This option is incorrect because begging the question is a logical fallacy in which the argument's premise assumes the truth of the conclusion instead of supporting it. The given argument does not involve circular reasoning or assuming the conclusion within the premises.

13c. "My opponents argue that all giraffes have long necks because anyone who disagrees is a fool. Since my opponents are guilty of the ad hominem fallacy, we must infer that their conclusion is false, and that giraffes do not have long necks." Why is this type of logic error correct or incorrect? "Begging the question"

This option is incorrect because begging the question is a logical fallacy in which the argument's premise assumes the truth of the conclusion instead of supporting it. The given argument does not involve circular reasoning or assuming the conclusion within the premises.

12a. If Bo is kind, then Bo is wealthy. Bo is wealthy. Therefore, Bo is kind. Why is this type of logic error correct or incorrect? "Denying the antecedent"

This option is incorrect because denying the antecedent is a logical fallacy that involves arguing that if a certain condition is not met, then a particular result will not occur, without sufficient justification. For example, "If it is raining, then the ground is wet. It is not raining; therefore, the ground is not wet." This is not relevant to the given argument.

11d. My opponent argues that kangaroos can hop because hopping is something that kangaroos can do. Since my opponent has committed the fallacy of begging the question, one must infer that their conclusion is false, and that kangaroos cannot hop. Which type of logic error is this an example of? "Denying the antecedent"

This option is incorrect because denying the antecedent is a logical fallacy that involves arguing that if a certain condition is not met, then a particular result will not occur, without sufficient justification. For example, "If it is raining, then the ground is wet. It is not raining; therefore, the ground is not wet." This type of fallacy is not relevant to the given argument.

13d. "My opponents argue that all giraffes have long necks because anyone who disagrees is a fool. Since my opponents are guilty of the ad hominem fallacy, we must infer that their conclusion is false, and that giraffes do not have long necks." Why is this type of logic error correct or incorrect? "Denying the antecedent"

This option is incorrect because denying the antecedent is a logical fallacy that involves arguing that if a certain condition is not met, then a particular result will not occur, without sufficient justification. For example, "If it is raining, then the ground is wet. It is not raining; therefore, the ground is not wet." This type of fallacy is not relevant to the given argument.

8a. All bears are wild. Smokey is a bear. Therefore, Smokey is wild. Why does this term NOT describe the argument? "Inductive"

This option is incorrect because inductive reasoning involves drawing general conclusions from specific observations. In this case, the argument starts with a general statement and applies it to a specific case, which is characteristic of deductive reasoning.

15a. A news outlet issues an ion and an apology for its published information. In the absence of further information, what does this news outlet's action suggest about its credibility? Why is this option correct or incorrect? "The source appears credible because it is unbiased"

This option is incorrect because issuing an apology and correction does not necessarily indicate that the source is unbiased. Bias can still exist even if a source corrects its mistakes.

15d. A news outlet issues an ion and an apology for its published information. In the absence of further information, what does this news outlet's action suggest about its credibility? Why is this option correct or incorrect? "The source lacks credibility because it is unprofessional"

This option is incorrect because issuing an apology and correction is actually a professional action. It shows that the news outlet is taking responsibility for its mistakes and is committed to maintaining high standards of journalism.

18b. What is a logical step for critical thinkers to take if they are uncertain about the reliability of a source? Why is this option correct or incorrect? "Refer to the arguments of the source without citing where the information came from"

This option is incorrect because it is unethical and misleading to use arguments from a source without proper citation. Credible work always requires acknowledging the original source.

20b. How could podcasts, newscasts, and talk radio be less biased? Why is this option correct or incorrect? "By restricting viewership to paid subscribers only"

This option is incorrect because limiting access to paid subscribers does not address the issue of bias. It may even increase bias by creating an echo chamber where only those who agree with the content are likely to subscribe.

15c. A news outlet issues an ion and an apology for its published information. In the absence of further information, what does this news outlet's action suggest about its credibility? Why is this option correct or incorrect? "The source lacks credibility because it is biased"

This option is incorrect because the action of issuing an apology and correction does not directly address the issue of bias. A source can be both credible and biased, as long as it maintains accuracy and transparency.

8b. All bears are wild. Smokey is a bear. Therefore, Smokey is wild. Why does this term NOT describe the argument? "Invalid"

This option is incorrect because the argument is logically valid. If the premises ("All bears are wild" and "Smokey is a bear") are true, then the conclusion ("Smokey is wild") must also be true. The structure of the argument ensures the validity of the conclusion.

12d. If Bo is kind, then Bo is wealthy. Bo is wealthy. Therefore, Bo is kind. Why is this type of logic error correct or incorrect? "The fallacy fallacy"

This option is incorrect because the fallacy fallacy occurs when someone assumes that if an argument contains a logical fallacy, then the conclusion must be false. The given argument does not involve making a conclusion about the truth of the premise based on a fallacy.

11a. My opponent argues that kangaroos can hop because hopping is something that kangaroos can do. Since my opponent has committed the fallacy of begging the question, one must infer that their conclusion is false, and that kangaroos cannot hop. Why is this type of logic error correct or incorrect? "Non-argument"

This option is incorrect because the given statement is an argument that involves reasoning about the conclusion drawn from the opponent's argument. A non-argument is a statement that does not involve any reasoning or logical inference.

5a. I have grown bored since last week. Why does this descriptor NOT accurately characterize the sentence? "Strong argument"

This option is incorrect because the sentence "I have grown bored since last week" is not an argument. An argument involves presenting a claim supported by evidence or reasoning. This sentence simply states a personal experience or feeling.

20c. How could podcasts, newscasts, and talk radio be less biased? Why is this option correct or incorrect? "By channeling programming through social media only"

This option is incorrect because using social media as a distribution platform does not inherently reduce bias. Social media can sometimes amplify bias due to algorithms that promote content based on user preferences and interactions.

7a. I have seen the sunrise every day for many years. I, therefore, conclude that the sun will rise again tomorrow. Why doesn't this term describe this argument? "Valid"

This option is incorrect because validity applies to deductive arguments. A valid argument is one where if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true. The given argument is inductive and does not guarantee that the conclusion must be true even if the premises are true.

20d. How could podcasts, newscasts, and talk radio be less biased? Why is this option correct or incorrect? "By stating disclaimers that acknowledge ideological viewpoints"

This option is incorrect because while disclaimers can provide transparency about potential biases, they do not actively reduce bias in the content. Stating a disclaimer acknowledges bias but does not offer diverse perspectives or balance in the coverage.

5b. I have grown bored since last week. Why does this descriptor NOT accurately characterize the sentence? "Weak argument"

This option is incorrect for the same reason as the strong argument. The sentence is not presenting an argument, so it cannot be characterized as either strong or weak.

9b. People should pay their taxes since paying taxes is the right thing to do. Why is this type of logic error correct or incorrect? "Affirming the consequent"

This option is incorrect. Affirming the consequent is a logical fallacy that occurs when someone assumes that if a result has occurred, then the condition must have been met. For example, "If it is raining, then the ground is wet. The ground is wet; therefore, it is raining."

10a. One should not speed because speeding is wrong. Why is this type of logic error correct or incorrect? "Affirming the consequent"

This option is incorrect. Affirming the consequent is a logical fallacy that occurs when someone assumes that if a result has occurred, then the condition must have been met. For example, "If it is raining, then the ground is wet. The ground is wet; therefore, it is raining." This is not the error in the given sentence.

9a. People should pay their taxes since paying taxes is the right thing to do. Why is this type of logic error correct or incorrect? "Denying the antecedent"

This option is incorrect. Denying the antecedent is a logical fallacy that occurs when someone argues that if a certain condition is not met, then a particular result will not occur, without sufficient justification. For example, "If it is raining, then the ground is wet. It is not raining; therefore, the ground is not wet."

10b. One should not speed because speeding is wrong. Why is this type of logic error correct or incorrect? "Denying the antecedent"

This option is incorrect. Denying the antecedent is a logical fallacy that occurs when someone argues that if a certain condition is not met, then a particular result will not occur, without sufficient justification. For example, "If it is raining, then the ground is wet. It is not raining; therefore, the ground is not wet." This is not the error in the given sentence.

9d. People should pay their taxes since paying taxes is the right thing to do. Why is this type of logic error correct or incorrect? "The fallacy fallacy"

This option is incorrect. The fallacy fallacy occurs when someone assumes that if an argument contains a fallacy, then the conclusion must be false. For example, "Person A made a logical error in their argument; therefore, their conclusion must be wrong."

10c. One should not speed because speeding is wrong. Why is this type of logic error correct or incorrect? "The fallacy fallacy"

This option is incorrect. The fallacy fallacy occurs when someone assumes that if an argument contains a fallacy, then the conclusion must be false. For example, "Person A made a logical error in their argument; therefore, their conclusion must be wrong." This is not the error in the given sentence.

18d. What is a logical step for critical thinkers to take if they are uncertain about the reliability of a source? Why is this option correct or incorrect? "Disregard any credibility concerns and use the source as support for sub-arguments"

This option is not advisable because ignoring credibility concerns can lead to the dissemination of inaccurate or false information. It is essential to address and verify credibility concerns before using a source to support arguments.

18a. What is a logical step for critical thinkers to take if they are uncertain about the reliability of a source? Why is this option correct or incorrect? "Assume the source is unreliable and search for other reliable sources"

This option is not the best approach because dismissing the source outright without further investigation may lead to missing valuable information. It's more effective to verify the source's reliability first.

18c. What is a logical step for critical thinkers to take if they are uncertain about the reliability of a source? Why is this option correct or incorrect? "Verify the reliability of a source by cross-referencing with additional source materials"

This option is the correct and logical step for critical thinkers. Cross-referencing involves checking the information against other reputable sources to see if it is consistent and supported by evidence. This process helps determine the reliability and credibility of the original source.

1d. Why does this sentence reflect strong critical thinking? "In any event, our purpose is to better understand the relevant issues so that we may make an informed decision on the topic."

This sentence exemplifies strong critical thinking by emphasizing the goal of understanding relevant issues to make informed decisions. It focuses on the process of gathering information and analyzing it critically, rather than making unsupported assertions or attacking others.

4a. Why is this sentence a proposition? "Lending helps stimulate capital investment."

This sentence is a proposition because it makes a declarative statement that can be evaluated as true or false. It asserts that lending has an effect on capital investment.

4d. Why is this sentence NOT a proposition? "What do you think is important?"

This sentence is a question and not a proposition. It does not make a declarative statement that can be evaluated as true or false.

4c. Why is this sentence a proposition? "A strong economy is vital to national security."

This sentence is also a proposition because it is a declarative statement that can be evaluated as true or false. It asserts that the strength of the economy is crucial for national security.

4b. Why is this NOT sentence a proposition? "Let's focus on the economy today!"

This sentence is not a proposition; it is an imperative statement or a suggestion. It does not make a declarative statement that can be evaluated as true or false.

1b. Why does this sentence not reflect strong critical thinking? "The issues at hand are simple, and the solutions are clear."

This sentence oversimplifies the issues and solutions. Strong critical thinking requires recognizing the complexity of issues and being open to multiple perspectives and potential solutions. Declaring the issues as simple and solutions as clear fails to demonstrate this depth of thought.

1c. Why does this sentence not reflect strong critical thinking? "Because I am honest and unbiased, I am confident in my position."

This sentence relies on the speaker's self-assessment of honesty and unbiasedness to support their position. Strong critical thinking involves presenting evidence and logical reasoning rather than relying on personal traits or qualities to validate one's stance.

2b. Since inflation is rising rapidly, and because we are approaching the point at which reversal is not possible, we need to institute a new economic policy and act quickly. Why does this statement contain the premises of the given argument? "We are approaching the point at which reversal is not possible."

This statement also serves as a premise, indicating the urgency of the situation and further justifying the need for quick action.

16b. Why is this characterization most accurate or inaccurate regarding the credibility of information sources? "Sources may lack credibility for a variety of reasons"

This statement is accurate because credibility can be influenced by multiple factors, such as bias, lack of evidence, inaccurate information, and the reputation of the source. Different sources may have different reasons for lacking credibility.

16c. Why is this characterization most accurate or inaccurate regarding the credibility of information sources? "The credibility of sources spans a spectrum"

This statement is accurate because credibility is not binary; it exists on a continuum. Some sources may be highly credible, while others may be less so. Various factors, including the quality of evidence and the source's track record, influence where a source falls on the credibility spectrum.

14d. Why is this statement accurate or inaccurate regarding bias in information sources? "All sources have bias, but some are more credible than others"

This statement is accurate because it acknowledges that while all sources may have some degree of bias, the credibility of a source can vary based on factors such as accuracy, reliability, evidence, transparency, and accountability. Some sources are more rigorous and trustworthy in their reporting and analysis, making them more credible than others.

19c. Which statement represents a logical reaction to a source claiming to be free from bias? Why is this option correct or incorrect? "This can't be true because all sources contain bias"

This statement is correct because it acknowledges the reality that all sources have some level of bias. Recognizing that bias exists is important for critically evaluating the credibility and reliability of information sources.

16d. Why is this characterization most accurate or inaccurate regarding the credibility of information sources? "If a source makes a single claim that is not credible, the source should never be trusted again"

This statement is inaccurate because even credible sources can occasionally make errors. It is important to evaluate sources based on their overall reliability and track record rather than dismissing them entirely based on a single mistake.

16a. Why is this characterization most accurate or inaccurate regarding the credibility of information sources? "Political sources are seldom credible"

This statement is inaccurate because it generalizes about the credibility of political sources. While some political sources may lack credibility, others can be highly credible, depending on their accuracy, transparency, and reliability.

14b. Why is this statement accurate or inaccurate regarding bias in information sources? "All sources have bias, so individuals should consult those that best align with their views"

This statement is inaccurate because it suggests that people should seek out information that confirms their pre-existing beliefs (confirmation bias). It is important to consider multiple perspectives and critically evaluate information, rather than only seeking sources that align with one's views.

14c. Why is this statement accurate or inaccurate regarding bias in information sources? "All sources have bias, so they are all equally credible"

This statement is inaccurate because the presence of bias does not mean that all sources are equally credible. Some sources maintain higher standards of accuracy, reliability, and accountability despite their biases, making them more credible than others.

14a. Why is this statement accurate or inaccurate regarding bias in information sources? "All sources have bias, but this is irrelevant since all readers have bias"

This statement is inaccurate because the presence of bias in both sources and readers does not make bias irrelevant. Recognizing and accounting for bias is important in evaluating the credibility and reliability of information.

19d. Which statement represents a logical reaction to a source claiming to be free from bias? Why is this option correct or incorrect? "This can't be true because all sources contain falsehoods"

This statement is incorrect because it conflates bias with falsehoods. While bias can influence the presentation of information, it does not necessarily mean that all sources contain falsehoods. Many sources strive to present accurate information even if they have a particular perspective.

19a. Which statement represents a logical reaction to a source claiming to be free from bias? Why is this option correct or incorrect? "This may be true because bias and credibility are predicated upon personal experience"

This statement is incorrect because it implies that bias and credibility are solely based on personal experience, which is not accurate. Bias can arise from various factors, including the author's background, perspective, and context, not just personal experience.

19b. Which statement represents a logical reaction to a source claiming to be free from bias? Why is this option correct or incorrect? "This is most likely true because all sources are free of bias"

This statement is incorrect because it is false to claim that all sources are free of bias. Every information source, to some extent, reflects the perspectives and biases of its creators.

2a. Since inflation is rising rapidly, and because we are approaching the point at which reversal is not possible, we need to institute a new economic policy and act quickly. Why does this statement contain the premises of the given argument? "B. Inflation is rising rapidly."

This statement provides a reason or premise for the argument. It establishes a fact about the current economic situation that supports the need for action.

1a. Why does this sentence not reflect strong critical thinking? "Although my opponent has proven to be less than honest, I welcome engaging in meaningful debate."

While this sentence acknowledges the importance of engaging in meaningful debate, it begins with an ad hominem attack on the opponent's honesty. This detracts from strong critical thinking because it focuses on the character of the opponent rather than the issues at hand.

17a. Why is identifying the author essential in determining a source's credibility? Why is this option correct or incorrect? "It helps to determine if the author has relevant expertise"

This is correct because knowing the author's identity allows readers to evaluate the author's qualifications, background, and experience in the relevant field. An author with relevant expertise is more likely to provide accurate and reliable information.

17d. Why is identifying the author essential in determining a source's credibility? Why is this option correct or incorrect? "It helps determine if the author has a vast social media presence"

This is incorrect because an author's social media presence does not necessarily correlate with credibility. Credibility is based on the author's expertise, accuracy, and reliability, not their popularity on social media.

17c. Why is identifying the author essential in determining a source's credibility? Why is this option correct or incorrect? "It helps determine if a source is generated by artificial intelligence"

This is incorrect because determining whether the author is an AI is not the primary reason for identifying the author. The focus should be on the author's expertise and credibility rather than the authorship method.

3c. "Products manufactured in our country are the best because we make the best automobiles," declared Kennedy. Why is this NOT the best descriptor to best characterize Kennedy's comments? "A strong argument"

This is incorrect because the statement does not provide strong evidence or logical reasoning to support the claim that all products are the best. It relies on a single example to make a broad generalization, which weakens the argument.