Pre-Ch 27 Reading

Place the structures in the order that blood flows through them, starting at the top with the right atrium.

1) right atrium 2) right ventricle 3) pulmonary arteries 4) pulmonary veins 5) left atrium 6) left ventricle

Each hemoglobin molecule can bind up to ______ oxygen molecules.

4

How does the function of blood relate to aerobic respiration at the body's cells?

Blood carries oxygen and glucose needed to produce ATP.

______ is the force that blood exerts on the walls of arteries.

Blood pressure

What is the name of the type of muscle that makes up the walls of the heart?

Cardiac muscle

Select all of the following that are true about systolic and diastolic pressure readings.

Diastolic pressure occurs during the relaxation of the ventricles. Systolic pressure occurs during the contraction of the ventricles.

How does carbon dioxide move into the blood?

Diffusion

How does oxygen cross capillary walls?

Diffusion

_____ is the iron-containing protein that binds oxygen in red blood cells.

Hemoglobin

A 20-year-old friend told you her blood pressure was 110/70 during her last health physical. Based on what she told you, what do you know about her blood pressure reading? Select the three correct answers from the choices below.

Her diastolic pressure was 70. Her systolic pressure was 110. She had a typical blood pressure for her age.

What is the name of the fluid that directly bathes the body's tissue cells?

Interstitial fluid

Select all of the following that are true about gas exchange during respiration.

Oxygen enters the capillaries from the alveoli. Carbon dioxide moves from the capillaries to the alveoli.

Select the correct statement with respect to the role of blood in gas exchange.

Oxygen is delivered by the blood to the cells, and carbon dioxide is transported from the cells to the lungs.

What describes a closed circulatory system?

The blood remains in vessels and exchanges materials with interstitial fluid.

What is the aorta?

The largest artery

What cellular process requires oxygen and glucose carried by the blood to produce ATP?

aerobic respiration

Select all of the following that describe inhalation in humans.

air pressure in alveoli lowers volume of chest cavity increases diaphragm contracts

In the lungs, bronchioles end at clusters of tiny sacs called ______, where gas-exchange occurs.

alveoli

In the mammalian lung, gas exchange occurs in tiny air sacs called _______, which are surrounded by a vast network of capillaries.

alveoli

Each bronchiole in the mammalian lung ends at a grapelike cluster of air sacs called

alveoli.

One respiratory cycle involves

an inhalation and an exhalation.

participate in the body's immune response

antibodies

The _____ is the largest artery in the body.

aorta

receives blood from the left ventricle

aorta

Blood flowing away from the heart travels through ______, and blood flowing to the heart travels through ______.

arteries; veins

The pulmonary ____ carry blood from the heart to the lungs to load oxygen and unload carbon dioxide, and the pulmonary ____ carry oxygen-rich blood back to the heart.

arteries; veins

The ______ is the chamber of the heart that the blood enters when returning from the body or lungs.

atrium

In fish, blood enters the heart through a chamber called the

atrium.

Blood enters the heart at a chamber called a(n) ______, while blood exits the heart from a chamber called a(n) ______.

atrium; ventricle

A connective tissue called ______ contains several types of cells and cell fragments suspended in plasma.

blood

The heart, ______, and vessels are the three main components of a circulatory system.

blood

What is the main fluid that is transports substances within the vertebrate circulatory system?

blood

Select all the components of the vertebrate circulatory system.

blood vessels heart

What tiny blood vessels have walls that are one-cell thick and are the sites of gas and nutrient diffusion?

capillaries

Networks of tiny blood vessels that connect arterioles to venules are called _____ beds.

capillary

What connects arterioles to venules?

capillary beds

A single beat of the heart, which consists of the events that occur with each contraction and relaxation of the heart, is called the ______ cycle.

cardiac

The ____ cycle consists of the contraction and relaxation of the heart muscle during a single heartbeat.

cardiac

The wall of the heart consists mostly of a thick layer of ______ muscle.

cardiac

What is a measure of the volume of blood pumped each minute?

cardiac output

The ______ system transports gases and nutrients throughout the body within a fluid called ______.

circulatory; blood

Vertebrates have _____ circulatory systems in which blood remains within vessels that exchange materials with the interstitial fluid.

closed

stop bleeding after an injury

clotting factors

Blood is a type of a(n) ______ tissue.

connective

In blood pressure readings, the ______ is the low point on a sphygmomanometer, when the ventricles relax.

diastolic pressure

Interstitial fluid is the fluid

found directly around body cells.

In the circulatory system, an organ called the _____ acts as a pump that keeps blood moving through vessels.

heart

What circulatory system component is a pump?

heart

Red blood cells are packed with an oxygen-carrying pigment protein called ______.

hemoglobin

Red blood cells contain ______, which binds to ______ in the alveolar capillaries.

hemoglobin; oxygen

transport cholesterol

high and low density lipoproteins

Air flows into the lungs when the size of the chest cavity ______ and the air pressure inside the lungs is ______ than the pressure outside the body. Air flows out of the lungs when the diaphragm and chest muscles relax, and pressure inside the lungs is ______ than the air pressure outside the lungs.

increases; lower; greater

The mammalian respiratory cycle consists of one ____, which causes air to move into the lungs, and one _____, which causes air to move out of the lungs.

inhalation; exhalation

Select all the characteristics of lungs in terrestrial vertebrates.

kept moist by being located inside the body saclike organs in which capillary networks are exposed to air

The nose, pharynx, and ______ are parts of the upper respiratory tract in humans.

larynx

The trachea is located just below the

larynx.

The trachea and the lungs comprise the ______ respiratory tract.

lower

The respiratory surface of humans and other terrestrial vertebrates is in the ______ because it is where gas exchange occurs between the body and the environment.

lungs

Sac-like organs used by terrestrial vertebrates for gas exchange are called

lungs.

During pulmonary circulation, blood exchanges gases at the ______ then returns to the ______.

lungs; heart

In animal cells, aerobic respiration consumes _____ gas and produces CO2 gas as a waste product.

oxygen

Breathing allows the body to obtain ______, which is used in aerobic respiration to generate ATP, and allows the body to eliminate ______, which is a waste product of aerobic respiration.

oxygen; carbon dioxide

Select all the components of the human upper respiratory tract.

pharynx larynx nose

What component of blood exchanges nutrients, gases, and other dissolved substances with the interstitial fluid?

plasma

liquid part of blood; carries cells and dissolved substances

plasma

Small, colorless cell fragments that initiate blood clotting are called _____.

platelets

involved in blood clotting

platelets

Blood clotting is initiated by

platelets.

Select all the long term effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system.

production of more red blood cells lowered blood pressure development of extra blood vessels reduced cholesterol in blood

Select all of the following that are dissolved in plasma.

proteins hormones metabolic wastes salts nutrients CO2

Blood exchanges gases at the lungs and then returns to the heart during ______ circulation.

pulmonary

carries blood from the heart to the lungs

pulmonary artery

carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the heart

pulmonary vein

In humans, ____ blood cells lack nuclei, ribosomes, and mitochondria, which maximizes space for hemoglobin.

red

What component of blood transports 99% of oxygen picked up in the lungs?

red blood cells

What component of the blood is packed with hemoglobin?

red blood cells

carry oxygen and carbon dioxide

red blood cells

Hemoglobin is the protein found in ______ blood cells that transports ______ throughout the circulatory system.

red; oxygen

An animal's ______ surface is the area of its body where gas exchange between the body and the environment take place.

respiratory

Organs of the ______ system, such as gills or lungs, allow gases from the environment to be exchanged with blood vessels from the circulatory system.

respiratory

The organ system that exchanges gases with the environment in most animals is called the _____ system.

respiratory

In humans, oxygen-depleted blood leaves the _____ side of the heart and travels to the lungs to pick up oxygen. Oxygenated blood enters the _____ side of the heart and travels to the rest of the body.

right ventricle; left atrium

As a result of regular exercise, the heart will strengthen and the ______ will increase, such that the heart can beat less times per minute and still pump the same amount of blood.

stroke volume

Select all of the following that describe alveoli.

surrounded by capillaries gases diffuse through their thin walls form respiratory surface of the lung

In ______ circulation, blood circulates to the tissues of the body, unloads oxygen and picks up carbon dioxide, and then returns to the heart.

systemic

The first number in a blood pressure reading represents the ______, which is generated by the contraction of the ventricles.

systolic pressure

If a person has a blood pressure of 125/80, then 125 represents the ______, and 80 represents the ______.

systolic pressure; diastolic pressure

Systemic circulation describes

the circulation of blood to the body and back to the heart.

Cardiac output is a measure of

the volume of blood that the heart pumps each minute.

The ____, or windpipe, is a respiratory structure just beneath the larynx which leads to the lungs.

trachea

The lower respiratory tract is composed of the

trachea, bronchi, and lungs.

In the human heart, what ensures that blood moves in one direction, from the atria to the ventricles and from the ventricles to the arteries leaving the heart?

valves

Blood is carried to the heart after it has circulated through the body by blood vessels called _____, and vessels called ______ carry blood away from the heart to the body.

veins; arteries

return blood from systemic circulation to the right atrium

vena cavae

The ______ is the chamber of the heart that pumps blood away from the heart, to the gas exchange organs or to the rest of the body.

ventricle

In fish, blood exits the heart from the

ventricle.

Systolic pressure reflects the contraction of the ______ of the heart.

ventricles

The force that blood exerts on ______ is referred to as blood pressure.

vessel walls

What feature of capillaries permits easy diffusion of gases into and out of them?

walls made of a single layer of endothelial cells

The atrium is the part of the heart _____, whereas the ventricle is the part of the heart _____.

where blood enters; where blood exits

destroy foreign substances

white blood cells