Pre-Class Quizzes

The following are the scores on an examination in a nursing course: Set of scores on an exam: 100, 94, 94, 94, 88, 88, 86, 86, 84, 84, 82, 78, 76, 74, 60. Which is the mode in the above scores? 1. 94 2. 86 3. 40 4. 84.53

1. 94 The score of 94 is identified as the mode to because it occurred three times. The mode is the" numerical value or score that occurs with the greatest frequency in a distribution but does not necessarily indicate the center of the data set"

Zavlunov created a forest plot of effect size estimates in his synthesis of research on the effect of hospital noise on patient well-being and length of stay. Indicate whether the review is: 1. A meta-analysis 2. A meta-synthesis

1. A meta-analysis Correct. Forest plots are used in meta-analysis to display effect size results for each primary study and to see visually how much heterogeneity there is.

Pecora studied the health-promoting activities of women diagnosed with osteoporosis. Indicate whether you think the conceptual framework would likely be: 1. A nursing model or framework 2. A non-nursing model or framework

1. A nursing model or framework Pecora likely used Pender's Health Promotion Model.

In a study of the culture of an infertility clinic, Horneck's analysis focused on the domain of shared responsibility. Indicate the relevant qualitative research tradition: 1. Ethnographic 2. Phenomenologic 3. Grounded theory

1. Ethnographic

Petrik studied end-of-life caregiving for elders living on a Hopi Reservation in Arizona. Indicate which of the following qualitative tradition likely would be used: 1. Ethnography 2. Phenomenology 3. Grounded theory

1. Ethnography Correct. Petrik's study focuses on how members of a particular American subculture provide end-of-life care.

In the following 5 questions, aspects of 5 fictitious studies will be described. For each, indicate what you think the study design is. Kendall randomly assigned postsurgical patients to aromatherapy (oil of peppermint) or usual care, to assess effects on nausea. 1. Experimental 2. Quasi-experimental 3. Non-experimental

1. Experimental There was an intervention, and people were assigned to the treatment group or to a control group at random

Theriault compared patients who were assigned at random to a program to manage urinary incontinence or to a wait list group who received the program 6 months later. 1. Experimental 2. Quasi-experimental 3. Non-experimental

1. Experimental There was an intervention, and people were assigned to the treatment group or to a wait-list control group at random.

Which is true regarding descriptive statistics? Select all that apply. Descriptive statistics: 1. Include measures of central tendency 2. Are used primarily to" describe the characteristics of the sample" 3. Allow researcher to predict whether findings can be applied to other populations 4. Identify whether the control or experimental groups are different 5. Are used to analyze data in some descriptive studies

1. Include measures of central tendency 2. Are used primarily to" describe the characteristics of the sample" 5. Are used to analyze data in some descriptive studies A. Measures of central tendency, frequency distributions, measures of dispersion, and standardized scores are all descriptive statistics. B. One of the purposes of descriptive statistics is to make known, in summary form, who the sample is and its characteristics. E. The statement is true. Descriptive statistics are used to analyze data in a descriptive study.

Solomons studied circadian rhythms in a sample of 45 pregnant women consecutively admitted to a hospital in the first 6 months of 2016 because of severe preeclampsia. Indicate whether you think the sampling design is: 1. Nonprobability 2. Probability

1. Nonprobability The sample was a consecutive sample of patients meeting eligibility criteria; they were not selected at random.

What does it mean to a patient to receive a diagnosis that he or she has colon cancer? Correct. The researcher would seek to obtain detailed verbal narratives about the person's experience—again, hard to quantify. 1. Qualitative 2. Quantitative

1. Qualitative

What is it like for women to be the victims of physical abuse? Correct. The study would involve soliciting in-depth verbal reports about abusive experiences and what they meant to the women. It would be difficult to quantify these experiences. 1. Qualitative 2. Quantitative

1. Qualitative

Pfortmiller assessed the degree to which the 12 items on his resilience scale measured a unitary attribute; he calculated a coefficient of .91. 1. Reliability 2. Validity

1. Reliability Pfortmiller was assessing the internal consistency reliability of his scale

Sheeley compared the degree of agreement in the scoring of two independent observers on a new scale to measure agitation in the elderly. Indicate whether you think the relevant issue is: 1. Reliability 2. Validity

1. Reliability Sheeley was assessing the interrater reliability of the observers on the new scale.

Oppenheim, in his study of regret among patients who had had genetic testing, asked early participants to refer friends with similar experiences. Indicate which type of sampling was used: 1. Snowball 2. Purposive 3. Theoretical

1. Snowball Correct. Oppenheim got referrals for people who regretted having pursued genetic testing from early participants in the sample.

Research study information: Zhuang, An, and Zhao (2013) indicated that they use < 0.05 as a p in analyzing their data. What does this value represent? 1. The probability of a type I error 2. The intensity of the relationship between variables 3. The probability of a type II error 4. The probability of a relationship between variables

1. The probability of a type I error The p value is the probability of a type I error. A type I error is" created by rejecting a null hypothesis that is true". The researcher concludes that there is a relationship between the variables when in fact there is none.

In a study of hope in critically ill patients, Futterer gathered data from patients, nurses, and family members. Indicate the strategy for enhancing trustworthiness used: 1. Triangulation 2. Member checking 3.Peer review

1. Triangulation

In a study of nurses' experience of having made a medication error, Horsch and his colleague Corbaccio independently coded five interviews and collaborated in the analysis. Indicate the strategy for enhancing trustworthiness used: 1. Triangulation 2. Member checking 3.Peer review

1. Triangulation

Smerud gathered data about the culture of an NICU by interviewing nursing staff and by observing parent-infant and parent-nurse interactions. Indicate the strategy for enhancing trustworthiness used: 1. Triangulation 2. Member checking 3.Peer review

1. Triangulation

Chase tested the difference in the mean birth weights of infants whose mothers either had or had not participated in a special prenatal education program. 1. t-Test or ANOVA 2. Chi-squared test 3. Pearson's r

1. t-Test or ANOVA A t-test would be used to test differences in the means between the two groups of mothers on a ratio-level variable, birth weight.

Hutchings compared mean preoperative anxiety levels in three groups of patients with different types of cancer. 1. t-Test or ANOVA 2. Chi-squared test 3. Pearson's r

1. t-Test or ANOVA ANOVA would be used to test differences in the means of the three groups of patients on a variable measured on an interval-level scale, anxiety scores.

Goldberg calculated frequency effect sizes in a synthesis of studies examining medication management in patients with multiple health problems. Indicate whether the review is: 1. A meta-analysis 2. A meta-synthesis

2. A meta-synthesis Correct. A frequency effect size summarizes how often a particular theme has been identified in a set of qualitative studies on a topic.

Tucker tested the difference in the proportion of smokers versus nonsmokers who had ever tried an illegal drug. Indicate which of the following tests likely would be used: 1. t-Test or ANOVA 2. Chi-squared test 3. Pearson's r

2. Chi-squared test A chi-squared test would be used to test differences in proportions between the two groups on a nominal-level variable, ever used versus never used an illegal drug.

Messina compared the percentage of patients who had a fall in two hospital units, one of which had implemented a new patient safety protocol. 1. t-Test or ANOVA 2. Chi-squared test 3. Pearson's r

2. Chi-squared test Chi-squared tests would be used to test differences in proportions between the two units on a nominal-level variable, patients who fell versus did not fall.

There are many sources of information on that nurses use to guide their practice. One such source is the logical reasoning that includes deductive or inductive approaches which of the following situations reflect deductive reasoning? A nurse: 1. Is aware that a specific person has a traditional cultural background with an orientation to the past. The nurse believes all of her patients who are from this culture are past oriented 2. Knows that denial is often the first to reaction of most patients diagnosed with a terminal illness. The nurse expects that a patient diagnosed with a terminal illness would initially deny having this diagnosis. 3. Assumes that all patients from a particular culture are stoic to pain based on his work experience within an individual from that culture who was stoic to pain. 4. Encounters a very rude New York City taxi driver. The nurse now believes that all New York taxi drivers are rude.

2. Knows that denial is often the first to reaction of most patients diagnosed with a terminal illness. The nurse expects that a patient diagnosed with a terminal illness would initially deny having this diagnosis.

In a study of nurses' experience of having made a medication error, Horsch asked 4 of the 12 participants to review key themes that emerged in the analysis. Indicate the strategy for enhancing trustworthiness used: 1. Triangulation 2. Member checking 3.Peer review

2. Member checking

MacGregor integrated materials from poems about love and death in a study of the experience of being a young widow or widower. Indicate the relevant qualitative research tradition: 1. Ethnographic 2. Phenomenologic 3. Grounded theory

2. Phenomenologic

Schumacher and colleagues searched for paradigm cases in their study of the experience of memory loss in nursing home residents. Indicate the relevant qualitative research tradition: 1. Ethnographic 2. Phenomenologic 3. Grounded theory

2. Phenomenologic

Quinn studied the experience of learning about a parent's cancer diagnosis, from the perspective of adolescents aged 15 to 18 years. Indicate which of the following qualitative tradition likely would be used: 1. Ethnography 2. Phenomenology 3. Grounded theory

2. Phenomenology Correct. Quinn's study focuses on a lived experience that would likely be explored using a descriptive phenomenological approach.

Marshall randomly selected 250 students from a large university to study their use of drugs and alcohol. Indicate whether you think the sampling design is: 1. Nonprobability 2. Probability

2. Probability The sample was a simple random sample of students, presumably drawn at random from a student roster.

Armer explored nightmares in hospitalized children and recruited both boys and girls from different socioeconomic and ethnic backgrounds. Indicate which type of sampling was used: 1. Snowball 2. Purposive 3. Theoretical

2. Purposive Correct. Armer used purposive (maximum variation) sampling in recruiting participants with a broad range of characteristics.

Wait administered three psychological scales to patients with chronic migraine headaches immediately after interviewing them in-depth about their migraine experiences. Indicate whether the design is: 1. QUAN → qual 2. QUAL + QUAN 3. Qual → QUAN

2. QUAL + QUAN Correct. Wait used a concurrent design in which both qualitative and quantitative data were collected in a single phase with equal priority.

Madden compared levels of agitation in two groups of nursing home residents, one group living in a home where they received a daily foot massage for 2 weeks, the other in a home without the massages. 1. Experimental 2. Quasi-experimental 3. Non-experimental

2. Quasi-experimental There was an intervention but subjects were not assigned to groups at random—a nonequivalent control group design.

Dean studied daily pain ratings over a 10-week period for a group of patients with rheumatoid arthritis who began a Tai Chi program in week 5. 1. Experimental 2. Quasi-experimental 3. Non-experimental

2. Quasi-experimental There was an intervention but there was only one group without any randomization —this was a time series design.

Does the physical health of older incarcerated men improve or deteriorate during the course of their imprisonment? 1. PS (Purpose Statement) 2. RQ (Research Question) 3. RH (Research Hypothesis) 4. NH (Null Hypothesis)

2. RQ (Research Question) This is the specific question that the researcher wanted to answer—most likely in a quantitative study in which health status would be measured over time

Most evidence hierarchies put which of the following at the pinnacle? 1. Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) 2. Systematic reviews of RCTs 3. Quality improvement projects 4. It depends on the research question

2. Systematic reviews of RCTs

Rogers examined the relationship between scores on a self-report insomnia scale and sleep efficiency indexes as measured by an Actiwatch wristband. 1. Reliability 2. Validity

2. Validity Rogers was assessing criterion validity by using the Actiwatch sleep efficiency measure as the "gold standard" criterion for the new insomnia scale.

What is the median of this set of ages? Set of ages: 90, 88, 88, 86, 84, 82. 1. 88 2.8 3. 87 4. 86.33

3. 87 This number is the median. The median is the "exact center of the ungrouped frequency distribution". In an odd number of ages, the median might not show up as one of ages.

Which of the following resources provides the most comprehensive source of information and the highest level of evidence such as systematic reviews for evidence-based practice? 1. Google Scholar 2. Annual reviews of nursing research 3. Cochrane collaboration and library 4. Cumulative index of nursing and Allied health literature (CINAHL)

3. Cochrane collaboration and library

In a study of stress in operating room nurses, Casey identified the core category as moral reckoning. Indicate the relevant qualitative research tradition: 1. Ethnographic 2. Phenomenologic 3. Grounded theory

3. Grounded theory

In her study of the process of recovering from a stillbirth, Lucas began her analysis using open coding. Indicate the relevant qualitative research tradition: 1. Ethnographic 2. Phenomenologic 3. Grounded theory

3. Grounded theory

Viator explored how pregnant women managed the process of deciding on and arranging a home birth. Indicate which of the following qualitative tradition likely would be used: 1. Ethnography 2. Phenomenology 3. Grounded theory

3. Grounded theory Correct. Viator's study focuses on the process of decision making and following through on a decision and would most likely use grounded theory methods.

Abraham compared pregnant women who did or did not have a miscarriage in terms of subsequent marital satisfaction. 1. Experimental 2. Quasi-experimental 3. Non-experimental

3. Non-experimental There was no intervention: Women could not be assigned at random to a miscarriage—this was a cohort design.

Powjanowski tested the significance of the relationship between scores on a functional ability test and a cognitive performance test in nursing home residents. 1. t-Test or ANOVA 2. Chi-squared test 3. Pearson's r

3. Pearson's r A correlation coefficient (r) would be used to test the relationship between two interval-level variables, scores on two tests.

Asking a clinical question is the first step in evidence-based practice. What are the four components of a PICO clinical question? 1. Population, implication, comparison, outcome 2. Population, intervention, clinical, outcome 3. Population, intervention, comparison, outcome 4. Population, implication, clinical, outcome

3. Population, intervention, comparison, outcome

Miller conducted in-depth interviews with 15 people with chronic illness and used the data to develop and test a scale to measure "inner strength." Indicate whether the design is: 1. QUAN → qual 2. QUAL + QUAN 3. Qual → QUAN

3. Qual → QUAN Correct. Miller used a sequential design, in which the Phase 2 quantitative data for psychometrically testing the new instrument had priority.

Patients who have had diabetes for longer periods of time (10+ years) are more likely to report symptoms of acute coronary syndrome than patients with diabetes for shorter periods. 1. PS (Purpose Statement) 2. RQ (Research Question) 3. RH (Research Hypothesis) 4. NH (Null Hypothesis)

3. RH (Research Hypothesis) The statement predicts that there is a relationship between symptoms of ACS and length of time of having diabetes: It is a directional research hypothesis.

Dinsmore's grounded theory study involved sampling patients whose experiences helped to better understand the emerging category of lost control. Indicate which type of sampling was used: 1. Snowball 2. Purposive 3. Theoretical

3. Theoretical Correct. Dinsmore used theoretical sampling to help develop and refine categories of the grounded theory.

When does a type II error occur? It occurs when: 1. The level of significance is 0.05 2. The null hypothesis is rejected when it is true 3. There are flaws in the methodology 4. The level of significance becomes more extreme

3. There are flaws in the methodology The correct answer is C. Issues in methodology, such as having a small sample, lead to a type II error. A type II error occurs when "the researcher concludes that no significant difference exists between the samples examined, when in fact a difference exists; the null hypothesis is regarded as true when it is false" Incorrect: A, B, E. A - When the level of significance is 0.05, the risk for a type I error increases. B - The statement indicates a type I error. E - When the level of significance becomes more extreme, a type I error occurs.

In a study of nurses' experience of having made a medication error, Horsch asked a patient safety expert and a phenomenologist to review the themes. Indicate the strategy for enhancing trustworthiness used: 1. Triangulation 2. Member checking 3.Peer review

3.Peer review

Which of the following statements defines evidence-based practice (EBP)? 1. "It is the systematic, rigorous, logical investigation that aims to answer questions about nursing phenomena" 2. "It is the empirical knowledge generated by the synthesis of quality study findings to address a practice problem" 3. "It is that process of communicating and using empirical or research-generated knowledge to affect or change the existing practices in the healthcare system" 4. "It is the collection, interpretation, and integration of valid research evidence combined with clinical practice and understanding of the patient and family"

4. "It is the collection, interpretation, and integration of valid research evidence combined with clinical practice and understanding of the patient and family"

There are many sources of information that nurses use to guide their practice. Tradition is one such source. Which of the following statements reflects using tradition as a source of information? 1. Let's all try something else and see if it works 2. I feel that we are headed in the right direction in resolving the issue 3. The nurse manager said that we should try to do it this way 4. Let us do it like we always have in the past

4. Let us do it like we always have in the past

The quality of life of people with chronic hepatitis C is the same as that of people without chronic hepatitis C 1. PS (Purpose Statement) 2. RQ (Research Question) 3. RH (Research Hypothesis) 4. NH (Null Hypothesis)

4. NH (Null Hypothesis) The statement predicts that there is no relationship between a person's having chronic hepatitis C and his or her quality of life; this is the basis for a statistical test, not an actual research hypothesis.

Smokers who participate in a nurse-led smoking cessation program are as likely to smoke 2 months later as smokers who do not participate. 1. PS (Purpose Statement) 2. RQ (Research Question) 3. RH (Research Hypothesis) 4. NH (Null Hypothesis)

4. NH (Null Hypothesis) The statement predicts that there is no relationship between a person's participation in a smoking cessation program and his or her subsequent smoking; this is the basis for a statistical test, not the actual research hypothesis.

There are several processes used to synthesize research evidence. Which process provides the strongest research evidence? 1. Meta-summaries of qualitative studies 2. A single randomized clinical trial 3. Meta-analysis of correlational studies 4. Systematic review of a randomized clinical trials

4. Systematic review of a randomized clinical trials

A researcher tells people being interviewed in-depth about their ICU experiences that their responses will not be individually divulged and their identities will be masked. A (Anonymity) C (Confidentiality) D (Debriefing) I (Informed Consent)

C (Confidentiality) Participants would not be anonymous because the researcher would know their identities during the interview, but confidentiality has been assured.

A researcher meets with participants after data have been collected to tell them more about the study and to ask if they have questions or concerns. A (Anonymity) C (Confidentiality) D (Debriefing) I (Informed Consent)

D (Debriefing) The researcher is taking steps to communicate concern and respect by sharing information with participants and giving them an opportunity for further interaction in a debriefing session.

A researcher tells people that their participation in a study is purely voluntary and they can withdraw at any time. A (Anonymity) C (Confidentiality) D (Debriefing) I (Informed Consent)

I (Informed Consent) The researcher is informing people that they would have to give their consent to participate and that they have the right to determine whether ongoing participation is comfortable for them.

In the following 4 questions, descriptions of procedures used to safeguard study participants are presented. For each, indicate which type of procedure is being described: A (Anonymity) C (Confidentiality) D (Debriefing) I (Informed Consent) A researcher sends out a questionnaire over the Internet and tells people not to put identifying information on their responses.

I (Informed Consent) The researcher would be unable to link a person's data with identifying information, so responses would be anonymous.

For the next three questions, research questions that have been asked by nurse researchers will be presented. For each, indicate whether you think they were addressed in a: 1. Quantitative study or in a 2. Qualitative study (Remember that quantitative studies involve measured, numeric information; qualitative studies involve in-depth, narrative information) What is the effect of interruptions while nurses are giving medications on the number of medication errors they make?

Quantitative study or in a

In the following 5 questions, identify whether the sentence is a: a. PS (Purpose Statement) b. RQ (Research Question) c. RH (Research Hypothesis) d. NH (Null Hypothesis) The study aimed to explore the experience of living with the stigma of being a suicide survivor.

a. PS (Purpose Statement) The sentence indicates that the aim or purpose of this qualitative (phenomenological) study was to explore what it is like to be a suicide survivor.