Pre-exam #3

How many coccygeal spinal nerves are there?

1 pair

In hyperpolarization

K+ tend to diffuse out of the cell

Axillary nerve innervates the:

deltoid and teres minor muscles

What occurs in electrically excitable cells?

depolarization causes voltage-gates Na+ channels to open

A change in resting membrane potential confined to a small area is called a:

local potential

Rapid removal or destruction of neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft

may affect the ability of the postsynaptic membrane to generate action potentials

Dura mater is the

most superficial and thicket meninx

Contracting the right sternocleidomastoid muscle would

rotate the head toward the left

spinal nerves exiting the spinal cord from the level of L4 to S4 form the

sacral plexus

Axons contain:

the trigger zone

The plasma membrane of a neuron is more permeable to K+ because

there are more leak ion channels for K+ than Na+

myosin is also known as the

thick myofilament

What is composed of myosin molecules?

thick myofilaments

In order for local potentials to trigger an action potential, the membrane must reach a level called the

threshold

The cross-sectional view of the spinal cord reveals:

white matter on the outside gray matter on the inside a ventral motor root

Aerobic Respiration

yields as many as 36 ATP per glucose molecule metabolized

Hydrocephaly is a condition whereby cerebrospinal fluid accumulates around the brain. What supportive cells continue CSF production despite it backing up in the subarachnoid space?

ependymal cells

Contracting the trapezius muscle would

extend and laterally flex the neck

Synaptic Vesicles in the neuromuscular junction contain:

acetylcholine

Synaptic vesicles in the neuromuscular junction contain

acetylcholine

The active sites to which cross-bridges attach are found on the

actin myofilaments

common fibular nerve innervates the

anterior and lateral muscles of the leg

Alex is participating in a 50-meter dash. Predict the most important chemical process his muscles will rely on during this race

both anaerobic and creatine phosphate breakdown

Spinal nerves C5-T1 make up the:

brachial plexus

tibial nerve

branches to form the medial and lateral plantar nerves

the function of acetylcholinesterase is to

break down acetylcholine in the synapse

Action potentials are conducted more rapidly when transmission is

from node to node on a myelinated axon

What is part of a thin myofilament

globular (g) actin

The biceps femoris is part of the

hamstring muscles

Troponin:

has a calcium-binding site

If the ventral root of a spinal nerve were cut, the regions innervated by that spinal nerve would experience complete loss of

movement

The brachial plexus supplies nerves that function to contract the:

muscles of the arm and forearm

A sarcomere extends from

one Z disk to an adjacent Z disk

When the myosin head flexes into a bend, pulling the actin filament along with it, this is called the

power stroke

When the myosin head flexes into a bend, pulling the actin filament along with it:

power stroke

When the voltage of a plasma membrane shifts from +35mV towards 0, the neuron is:

repolarizing

Muscles exhibit the property of excitability. This means that the muscle

responds to stimulation by the nervous system

The sarcoplasmic reticulum:

stores Ca^2+

A sarcomere is the

structural and functional unit of the skeletal muscle fiber/cell

During a spinal tap, where is cerebrospinal fluid obtain from?

subarachnoid space

The sciatic nerve is composed of the

tibial nerve and the common fibular nerve

When a person hits their "funny bone", they cause temporary damage to their>

ulnar nerve

The motor root of a spinal nerve is also referred to as the:

ventral root

Multiunit smooth muscle is located in the

wall of the GI tract

When skeletal muscle is producing CO2 and water while making ATP, which chemical processes could be active at this time?

Aerobic Respiration

How many lumbar spinal nerves are there?

5 pairs

How many sacral spinal nerves are there?

5 pairs

How many cervical spinal nerves are there?

8 pairs

Events of Synaptic Transmission in order:

1) Action potential causes release of neurotransmitter 2) Neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft 3)Neurotransmitter binds with receptor on postsynaptic cell 4)Membrane permeability to Na+ on postsynaptic cell increases 5) Na+ diffuses into the cell and causes a local potential

How many thoracic spinal nerves are there?

12 pairs

How many total pairs of spinal nerves are there?

31 pairs

Characteristics of an action potential

At the peak of depolarization, Na+ channels begin to close and K+ channels open In repolarization, K+ flow out of the cell Action potentials occur according to the all-or-none priniciple

Frank has a microbial infection attacking his brain. What cell type would you expect to proliferate and be most active during this time?

Microglia

Damage to which of these nerves would be most life-threatening

Phrenic nerves

damage to the phrenic nerve would result in

difficulty breathing

The sensory root of a spinal nerve is also referred to as a

dorsal root

The thickest of the meninges is the:

dura mater

Epidural space separates the

dura mater from periosteum

Synapses in which gap junctions allow ions to diffuse quickly from cell to cell are called:

electrical synapses

an injury to the write that results in edema in the carpal tunnel would compress the

median nerve

Pia mater is the

meninx bound tightly to brain and spinal cord

The junction between two neurons is a:

synapse

If five action potentials arrive at the same synapse in very close succession, which of the following would occur?

temporal summation occurs

An action potential occurs when:

the local potential reaches threshold level

A series of local potentials causes the membrane potential to move to -80mV. Predict the result

the neuron is hyperpolarized

Excitation-contraction coupling begins with:

the production of an action potential in the sarcolemma