Prep for Lecture Exam ch. 19 - Respiratory System
Tidal volume involves...
-diaphragm only -elastic recoil of the lungs
Inspiratory reserve volume involves...
-external intercostals -sternocleidomastoid
On the figure, label the respiratory muscles and the respiratory centers that control them.
-pontine respiratory group: may contribute to respiratory rhythm by limiting inspiration -ventral respiratory group: sets basic rhythm of breathing -dorsal respiratory group: process sensory input; stimulates inspiratory muscles -medullary respiratory center: compromised of ventral and dorsal respiratory groups -internal intercostals: expiratory muscles -external intercostals: inspiratory muscles -diaphragm: dome shaped inspiratory muscle
How is the majority of oxygen transported in the blood?
Bound to the heme portion of hemoglobin
What is the anatomical name for the voice box?
larynx
Vital capacity (VC) + residual volume (RV) =
total lung capacity (TLC)
Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume =
vital capacity
Tidal volume (TV) + inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) + expiratory reserve volume (ERV) =
vital capacity (VC)
Label the structures of the upper respiratory tract.
•Frontal sinus: hollow space •Hard palate: separates nasal cavity from oral cavity •Nostril: entrance to respiratory tract •Oral cavity: ingestion of food •Nasal cavity: air is moistened and warmed •Soft palate: muscular portion •Pharynx: throat
Label the large airway segments indicated in the figure.
•Larynx: voice box •Trachea: windpipe •Lobar bronchi: two on left side; three on right side •Main bronchi: one to each lung •Carina: branching point
This figures illustrates a cross-section through the thorax at the level of the axillae (armpits). Label the figure, showing the relationship between the lungs and other thoracic structures.
•Parietal pleura: serous membrane lining thoracic cavity •Visceral pleura: serous membrane upon lung
Which of the following bones contains paranasal sinuses? Check all that apply
-Frontal bone -Sphenoid bone -Maxillary bone
Increases oxyhemoglobin Levels
-decreased PCO2 -increased PO2
Causes decreased ventilation
-decreased blood acidity -increased blood pH -stimulation of visceral pleura stretch receptors
Decreases oxyhemoglobin levels
-increased temperature -decreased pH -heavy exercise
Expiratory reserve volume includes...
-internal intercostals -rectus abdominis -internal and external obliques
Causes increased ventilation
-stimulation of the dorsal respiratory group -increased blood levels of carbon dioxide -decreased blood levels of oxygen -increased CSF hydrogen ion concentration -breathing air rich in carbon dioxide
Right lung
-visceral pleura -three lobes -middle lobe -inferior lobe -superior lobe -three lobar bronchi -alveoli
Left lung
-visceral pleura -two lobes -inferior lobe -superior lobe -two lobar bronchi -alveoli
Complete each sentence describing the alveolar wall and gas exchange.
1. Alveoli are comprised of two types of cells. Type I CELLS are thin squamous cells. Type II CELLS are large cuboidal cells. 2. The function of type I cells is to form alveolar walls while the function of type II cells is to secrete surfactant. 3. The molecules of SURFACTANT reduce surface tension of the thin layer of fluid lining the alveolus. 4. The RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE separates the capillary blood from the alveolar air. 5. Gases diffuse across the respiratory membrane. Oxygen diffuses from the ALVEOLI TO THE BLOOD and carbon dioxide diffuses from the BLOOD TO THE ALVEOLI.
Complete each sentence describing the relationship between volume and pressure, and how it applies to ventilation. Labels can be used more than once.
1. As the volume of a chamber decreases, the pressure inside the chamber INCREASES. As the volume increases, the pressure DECREASES. 2. Air always moves from an area of HIGH pressure to an area of LOW pressure. 3. During INSPIRATION, the intra-alveolar pressure is less than atmospheric pressure. 4. During EXPIRATION, the intra-alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure. 5. When the diaphragm contracts, the intra-alveolar pressure DECREASES. 6. As the intercostal muscles relax and the thoracic cavity becomes smaller, the intra-alveolar pressure INCREASES.
What effect will hyperventilation have on the blood carbon dioxide level?
Blood CO2 level will decrease.
Use of oxygen and the production of carbon dioxide during metabolic reaction that result in ATP production
Cellular respiration
Name the bony processes that curl out from the lateral walls of the nasal cavities, serving to stir up the air as it is inhaled.
Conchae
Based on the facts provided, will the total lung capacity of a pregnant woman increase or decrease?
Decrease
What happens to alveolar volume and intra-alveolar pressure during exhalation?
Decreased alveolar volume causes an increased alveolar pressure.
What determines the direction of gas movement?
Differences in partial pressure
Exchange of gases between alveolar air and the blood
External respiration
Compared to the blood carbon dioxide level and blood pH, the level of blood oxygen is the most important factor in the regulation of respiratory rate and depth.
False
Inspiration is a passive process, relying on tissue recoil to change thoracic volume.
False
Oxygen-rich blood is carried through pulmonary arteries from the lungs to the heart.
False
The forces responsible for normal quiet expiration comes from the contraction of muscles in the lungs.
False **comes from elastic recoil of the lungs
In this scenario, the total lung capacity has decreased.
False **it increases due to decreased ability to exhale and increased FRC as a result
The residual volume will be decreased in a patient with emphysema.
False **it will be increased bc. lungs cannot recoil the same (have trouble) and less air is able to be exhaled (more remains in lungs)
What nonrespiratory air movement is due to a spastic contraction of the diaphragm while the glottis is closed?
Hiccup
Label the partial pressures and structures associated with gas exchange at the alveoli. Labels may be used more than once.
In arterial side of capillary: -Pco2: 45 mmHg -Po2: 40 mmHg In venous side of capillary: -Pco2: 40mmHg -Po2: 104 mmHg In alveolus: -Pco2: 40 mmHg -Po2: 104 mmHg
Where is the ventral respiratory group located?
In the medulla oblongata
Exchange of gases between the blood and body tissues
Internal respiration
The net diffusion of oxygen out of the blood occurs during which phase?
Internal respiration
Which direction do gases diffuse at the arterial end of the pulmonary capillaries?
O2 diffuses from the alveoli into the blood, while CO2 diffuses from the blood into the alveoli.
What are the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood traveling via systemic arteries to tissues?
PO2 = 95 mmHg and PCO2 = 40 mmHg
What determines the direction of gas movement?
Partial pressure differences
What structures monitor the level of oxygen in arterial blood?
Peripheral chemoreceptors
Functional residual capacity (FRC) is the combination of what two lung volumes?
Residual volume (RV) and expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
What nonrespiratory air movement helps to clear the upper respiratory passageways?
Sneezing
Place the respiratory structures in the order through which air would pass during inspiration.
Start with air entering the nasal cavity: •Nasopharynx: superior segment of throat •Oropharynx: posterior to the oral cavity •Laryngopharynx: begins at the level of the epiglottis •Larynx: voice box •Trachea: windpipe **Main bronchi** •Lobar bronchi: includes three branches to right lung and two to the left lung •Segmental bronchi: includes 10 branches to the right lung and 8 to the left lung •Bronchioles: occasional airsac along wall •Terminal bronchioles: walls comprised of airsacs •Respiratory bronchioles: occasional airsac along wall •Alveolar ducts: walls comprised of air sacs
What is the cause of surface tension?
The attraction between water molecules
What is the definition of the term ventilation?
The movement of air in and out of the lungs.
What is the role of surfactant?
To reduce surface tension within the fluid lining the alveoli
Which of the following lung volumes or capacities would be increased in a patient with emphysema?
Total lung capacity *bc. lungs although lungs can inhale a good amount of air, they cannot exhale as much, which cause an increase in the total capacity of the lungs to hold air (nor enough outflow due to inability of recoil)
At the venous end of systemic capillaries, there is no net movement of O2 and CO2.
True
If the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveolar air rose higher than that of the blood, carbon dioxide would not diffuse from the blood to the lungs.
True
In this scenario, the functional residual capacity will be increased.
True
The partial pressure of a gas is measured in millimeters of mercury.
True
In addition to oxygen exchange, the respiratory system functions to eliminate _______________________. Too much of this gas can cause a(n) ______________ in blood pH, compromising homeostasis.
carbon dioxide; decrease **carbon dioxide raises the level of acidity of the blood
This epithelium, located in the respiratory tract, is equipped with __________ on its free surface.
cilia
Which of the following best describes why thoracic volume decreases during normal exhalation?
elastic recoil of the lungs
What is the name of the flap-like cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing, preventing the entry of food into the larynx, trachea, and lungs?
epiglottic cartilage
What muscles can assist the diaphragm to increase thoracic volume during inhalation?
external intercostals
The pressure within the alveoli will never reach a pressure equal to that of atmospheric air.
false
Expiratory reserve volume + residual volume =
functional residual capacity
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) + residual volume (RV) =
functional residual capacity (FRC)
During expiration, the intra-alveolar pressure is ________________ atmospheric pressure.
higher than
Tidal volume + Inspiratory reserve volume =
inspiratory capacity
Tidal volume (TV) + inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) =
inspiratory capacity (IC)
During inspiration, the intra-alveolar pressure is ________________ atmospheric pressure.
lower than
Carbon dioxide is carried in the blood in several forms. For each of the following, match the percent of CO2 that is carried in each form.
o Dissolved in plasma: 7% o Bound to amino groups in hemoglobin: 23% o In the form of bicarbonate ion: 70%
The walls of alveoli are comprised of __________ epithelium.
simple squamous
Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume + residual volume =
total lung capacity
Label the structures seen in the anterior and posterior view of the larynx. Labels may be used more than once.
•Epiglottic cartilage: flap at top of voice box •Hyoid bone: anchor for tongue •Thyroid cartilage: largest cartilage •Cricoid cartilage: complete ring of cartilage •Trachea: windpipe
Label the structures of the lower respiratory tract and nearby structures.
•Epiglottis: covers entry to airways •Larynx: voice box •Trachea: windpipe •Bronchus: airway entering each lung •Right lung: site of gas exchange •Esophagus: route to stomach •Left lung: site for gas exchange
Complete each statement describing the degree of O2 saturation of the blood as it circulates through the lungs and the body. Then place each sentence in the order of blood flow, starting with blood at the alveoli. Assume normal, non-diseased, sea-level conditions.
1. Blood arriving in the PULMONARY capillaries is exposed to an alveolar PO₂ of 104 mmHg, higher than that of the blood. The pressure gradient causes oxygen to diffuse INTO the blood. 2. Blood in the pulmonary veins is close to 100% saturated with oxygen. 3. As red blood cells pass through the SYSTEMIC capillaries, oxygen is unloaded and carbon dioxide is picked up. 4. After passing through the systemic capillaries, blood is about 75% saturated with oxygen. The blood is now said to be "oxygen-poor". 5. Returning to the inferior vena cava, the right side of the heart, and the pulmonary arteries, the PO₂ in the blood is 40 MMHg. It will once again return to the lungs to be oxygenated.
Match each name of a respiratory capacity with the correct description.
1. INSPIRATORY CAPACITY: Maximum volume of air that can be inhaled following exhalation of resting tidal volume. 2. FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY: Volume of air that remains in the lungs following exhalation of resting tidal volume. 3. VITAL CAPACITY: Maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after taking the deepest breath possible. 4. TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY: Total volume of air that the lungs can hold.
Complete each sentence and place them in the correct order, describing the events of inspiration.
1. Inspiration begins with the contraction of the DIAPHRAGM, a dome-shaped muscle, and the EXTERNAL INTERCOSTALS, located between the ribs. 2. Contraction of these muscles causes the thoracic volume to INCREASE. 3. The change in thoracic volume causes a DECREASE in intra-alveolar pressure. 4. As a result, the alveolar air pressure is LESS THAN the atmospheric pressure. 5. This pressure gradient causes air to flow INTO the lungs.
Place the following airway structures in the order that air would flow during inspiration.
1. Intralobular bronchiole: branch within lobule 2. Terminal bronchiole: last segment before respiratory tubes 3. Respiratory bronchiole: first passageway with air sacs 4. Alveolar duct: passageway with alveoli along walls 5. Alveolar sac: composed of many alveoli 6. Alveolus: air sac
Complete each sentence describing the pressure differences for gases in different locations. Answers can be used more than once.
1. PO2 in the alveolar air is GREATER than the PO2 in the blood entering the pulmonary capillaries. So oxygen diffuses INTO the blood. 2. PCO2 in the alveolar air is LESS than the PCO2 in the blood entering the pulmonary capillaries. So carbon dioxide diffuses OUT OF the blood. 3. PO2 in the systemic arterial blood is GREATER than the PO2 in the tissue fluids. So oxygen diffuses OUT OF the blood. 4. PCO2 in the systemic arterial blood is LESS than the PCO2 in the tissue fluids. So carbon dioxide diffuses INTO the blood.
The flow chart indicates the functional relationships between the various respiratory centers and their target organs. Place the labels in the correct location on the flow chart.
1. Pontine respiratory group -->medullary respiratory center 2. Dorsal respiratory group -->ventral respiratory group --> respiratory muscles --> basic rhythm of breathing and changes in rate and depth of breathing
Complete each sentence describing the walls of alveoli.
1. The majority of the alveolar wall is formed by TYPE I ALVEOLAR CELLS, which are classified as simple squamous epithelial cells. 2. The layer of the respiratory membrane that is furthest away from the alveolar air spaces is the membrane of the CAPILLARY ENDOTHELIAL CELL. 3. Microscopic examination of lung tissue from patients who died from bacterial pneumonia would reveal large numbers of MACROPHAGES. 4. Premature infants typically have trouble keeping their alveoli inflated because of insufficient production of surfactant by TYPE II ALVEOLAR CELLS.
Complete the sentences describing the processes that occur within the respiratory system.
1. The primary function of the respiratory system is to provide OXYGEN needed by cells to metabolize nutrient molecules, and to expel CARBON DIOXIDE, a byproduct of metabolism. This process of gas exchange is called RESPIRATION. 2. The process of bringing the gases into the body is called VENTILATION during which fresh air is added to air already in the lungs. Air is drawn in during INSPIRATION and is blown out during EXPIRATION. 3. The exchange of the gases between the air in the lungs and the blood is called EXTERNAL RESPIRATION. The gases will then be transported by the BLOOD to all the cells of the body. 4. Gas exchange occuring at the tissues is called INTERNAL RESPIRATION. Oxygen is then used by the tissue cells for the process of CELLULAR RESPIRATION, which results in the production of carbon dioxide and ATP.
Complete each sentence describing the respiratory membrane and the diffusion of gases.
1. Within the lungs, the RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE separates the capillary blood from the alveolar air. 2. This structure is comprised of the alveolar wall, the CAPILLARY WALL, and the fused basement membranes of each layer. 3. Two of the layers of the respiratory membrane are formed of SIMPLE SQUAMOUS epithelium, resulting in a very thin respiratory membrane. 4. Gases diffuse across the respiratory membrane. Oxygen diffuses from the ALVEOLI TO THE BLOOD and carbon dioxide diffuses from the BLOOD TO THE ALVEOLI.
Place the following labels in order to show the path taken as oxygen molecules diffuse across the respiratory membrane.
1. alveolar air 2. alveolar epithelial cell 3. fused basement membranes 4. capillary endothelial cell 5. blood
Place the events leading to inspiration in correct order.
1. the respiratory center sends an impulse via the phrenic nerves 2. the diaphragm contracts and moves downward 3. the volume of thoracic cavity increases 4. the pressure in the alveoli decreases to 758 mmHg 5. air moves into the lungs
Place the events leading to expiration in correct order.
1. the respiratory center stops phrenic nerve neural impulses 2. the diaphragm relaxes and moves upward 3. the thoracic volume decreases 4. the alveolar pressure increases to 762 mmHg 5. air moves out of the lungs
Place each label in the appropriate location to indicate the muscular activation required to produce the designated volume. (For each item, pay attention to whether the graph is indicating an increasing lung volume or a decreasing lung volume.)
•External intercostals, scalenes, and diaphragm: for forced inspiration, more musculature is recruited in order to provide larger increases in volume •Pulmonary and thoracic elasticity only: expiration, even after a forcible inspiration, is a passive process •External obliques, rectus abdominis, and internal intercostals: additional musculature helps to decrease lung volume beyond expiring the tidal volume •Diaphragm only: a large muscle that increases and decreases thoracic volume by small amounts
Label the structures seen in the frontal section of the larynx.
•False vocal cord: upper fold that does not produce sound •Glottis: opening •True vocal cord: lower folds that vibrate to produce sound •Epiglottis: covers laryngeal opening during swallowing •Hyoid bone: bone •Thyroid cartilage: largest laryngeal cartilage •Cricoid cartilage: lowest portion of the larynx
Label the respiratory structures located in the head and neck.
•Frontal sinus: hollow space in bone •Nasal conchae: stir up air as it enters •Tonsils: lymphatic structures •Epiglottis: flap above voice box •Larynx: voice box •Sphenoidal sinus: hollow space in bone •Pharynx: throat •Trachea: windpipe
Label the structures located in the head and neck.
•Nostril: entry into respiratory tract •Opening of auditory tube: aids in equalizing pressure in middle ear •Uvula: extension of soft palate •Hyoid bone: anchor for tongue •Nasopharynx: superior segment of throat •Oropharynx: middle segment of throat •Laryngopharynx: inferior segment of throat •Esophagus: route to stomach
Label the respiratory structures and surrounding landmarks involved in a tracheostomy.
•Thyroid gland: organ of the endocrine system •Incision: opening made by a health professional •Trachea: windpipe •Hyoid: bone •Thyroid cartilage: largest laryngeal cartilage •Cricoid cartilage: cartilage at the inferior portion of the larynx •Sternum: superior surface of the manubrium
