Prep U Ch. 10

A nurse is teaching parents of a child with scarlet fever. Which statement indicates that the parents understand the treatment for the child?

"I will give the antibiotic for the full 10 days."

A client was unaware that intestinal flora are beneficial, stating, "I thought all bacteria were bad." Which is the nurse's most accurate response?

"The term 'mutualism' is applied to an interaction in which the microorganism and the host both derive benefits from the interaction."

A client tells the health care provider he has heard several myths about viruses. The most appropriate information for the nurse to provide would be:

"Viruses can produce symptoms of disease months to years later."

Which client scenario best describes an example of infection originating with a fomite?

32-year-old man who contracts hepatitis B by sharing a syringe

Which outpatient is at a greater risk for developing Treponema pallidum, the cause of syphilis? Select all that apply.

A homeless adolescent female performing oral sex for money A male who frequents clubs catering to exotic dancers and sexual favors An older adult female living in a condominium who regularly has sex with three to four different men per week

Which individual is experiencing a health problem that is the result of a parasite?

A man who acquired malaria while on a tropical vacation

The nurse is teaching a client infected with the flu about viruses. Which explanation would the nurse use to describe a viral infection?

A parasitic relationship between an organism and host is present.

A client taking oral corticosteroids is exposed to varicella. The client has never had the disease and has not received the varicella vaccine. What intervention should the nurse anticipate in order to prevent the client from developing varicella?

Administer varicella zoster immune globulin (VZIG).

Chlamydiaceae have characteristics of both viruses and bacteria and are a rather common sexually transmitted infectious organism. The health care provider should monitor which clients for this possible infection? Select all that apply.

An adult male who raises a number of exotic birds in his home A drug abuser looking to share needles/syringes A newborn with a noticeable eye infection

Which is not correct about an opportunistic infection?

An opportunistic infection primarily affects a host with a normal immunity.

Canada's Centre for Emergency Preparedness and Response is vigilantly keeping watch for terrorist events involving biologic agents. Of those on the list, which is of highest concern?

Anthrax

Which factor is considered during serology testing?

Antibody titers

A client is taking a vacation in a foreign country. The nurse teaches the client about giardiasis, a common traveler's infection. Which statement should be included in the teaching plan?

Avoid eating food and drinking beverages that might be contaminated.

Which agent is considered to be high-risk in a bioterrorism event?

B. anthracis

Sputum samples from a client with pneumonia contain an infective agent that has a peptidoglycan cell wall, expresses endotoxins, replicates readily in broth and on agar, grows in clusters, has pili, and does not stain when exposed to crystal violet. This client's pneumonia has what etiology?

Bacterial

A client is brought to the emergency room with reports of facial muscle paralysis and increasing upper extremity weakness several hours after eating canned peppers. Histologic examination reveals a bacterial infection and further testing reveals a decrease in the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine from cholinergic neurons. What is the most likely cause of this illness?

Botulism exotoxin

A client tells the nurse that the primary care provider prescribed an antibiotic. The client was instructed to take the antibiotic three times a day for 10 days. After the 4th day, the client was feeling much better and decided to stop taking the medication. What complication could result from stopping the antibiotic early?

Chronic infection

Which description does the nurse recognize fits a client in the prodromal stage of an infection?

Client is experiencing vague symptoms of fatigue and low grade fever.

A hospital client was swabbed on admission for antibiotic-resistant organisms and has just been informed that methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is present in his groin. The client has a normal core temperature and white blood cell count. This client is experiencing:

Colonization

Which best describes the structure of a virus?

Consists of a capsid that surrounds a nucleic acid core

A hospitalized client's progress has been noted as the convalescent stage. Select the statement that best describes this stage.

Containment of infection, progressive elimination of the pathogen, repair of damaged tissue, and resolution of associated symptoms

A number of fungi, such as ringworm, athlete's foot, and jock itch, are incapable of growing at a core body temperature. Hence, their infection is limited to cooler cutaneous surfaces. What are these pathogens known as?

Dermatophytes

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are typically spread by which mechanisms?

Direct contact

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), a highly transmissible respiratory infection, crossed international borders in the winter of 2002. What terms are used to describe the outbreak of SARS?

Epidemic and pandemic

A 9-month-old infant has been diagnosed with botulism after he was fed honey. The child's mother was prompted to seek care because of this child's sudden onset of neuromuscular deficits, which were later attributed to the release of substances by Clostridium botulinum. Which virulence factor contributed to this child's illness?

Exotoxins

A family consumed some undercooked hamburger at a picnic and has since developed bloody diarrhea. The nurse knows that which statement is correct regarding the infectious process?

Exotoxins that damage vascular endothelial cells cause bleeding and low platelet counts.

The bacteriologist is staining the slides of a client diagnosed with scarlet fever and rheumatic fever. The slide identifies S. pyogenes and stains purple by crystal violet dye. The result would indicate:

Gram-positive organism

What has been the greatest impediment to the development of antiviral medication?

Host toxicity

A premature neonate in the ICU suspected of having an infection has blood drawn for class specific antibodies. Which of the following confirms that the neonate has developed a congenital infection?

IgM antibodies are elevated.

Which sequence accurately describes the stages of a disease?

Incubation, prodromal, acute, convalescent, and resolution.

A client attending a health fair asks how anthrax will be treated in the event of a bioterrorism attack. How should the nurse respond?

Individuals who are exposed will be isolated and given antibiotics.

What is the term for parasitic relationships between microorganisms and the human body in which the human body is harmed?

Infectious disease

A client with a history of cancer and recent chemotherapy was hospitalized with fever, weakness, shortness of breath and productive cough. A bronchoscopy with transbronchial biopsy showed granulomas containing the fungus Histoplasma. Based on client history and the biopsy results, a nurse can conclude that the most likely cause of this infection was due to which reason?

Inhalation of fungi and decreased host defenses permitting an opportunistic infection.

A client has begun taking acyclovir, an antiviral medication, to control herpes simplex outbreaks. What is this drug's mechanism of action?

Interference with viral replication processes

Which process will be conducted for a client who has been prescribed direct antigen detection for a serious symptomatology of unknown origin?

Introduction of monoclonal antibodies to a blood sample from the client

Which scenario is an example of how international travel has contributed to increased prevalence and incidence of nonindigenous diseases?

Outbreak of hemolytic-uremic syndrome related to contaminated salad being shipped to various regions

There has been an incidence of influenza in both Europe and in the United States. What is the term that best describes this incidence?

Pandemic

A 33-year-old client who is a long-term intravenous user of heroin has been recently diagnosed with hepatitis C. Which portal of entry most likely led to the client's infection?

Penetration

Which infective agent contains no DNA or RNA?

Prions

A client newly diagnosed with the neurodegenerative disease Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) asks why antibiotics are not part of the treatment plan. How should the nurse respond?

Prions are not affected by antibiotics.

In the usual course (stages) after a pathogen has entered the host body, the stage when the host initially develops the appearance of signs/symptoms like a mild fever and body aches is:

Prodromal

A client complains of general malaise and fatigue and has a mild fever. The nurse would evaluate this stage of disease as the:

Prodromal stage

Which agent is the cause of malaria?

Protozoan parasite

There are two criteria that have to be met in order for a diagnosis of an infectious disease to occur. What are these two criteria?

Recovery of probable pathogen and documentation of signs and symptoms compatible with an infectious process.

Which organism is responsible for Rocky Mountain spotted fever?

Rickettsia

The mother of an infant born with profound intellectual disability and hearing loss tells the nurse that she had a viral infection in the first trimester of pregnancy. The nurse identifies which congenital infection as the cause of the fetal defects?

Rubella

International travel has contributed to increased prevalence and incidence of nonindigenous diseases by increasing which of the following?

Sources of infection

A client with a long-standing diagnosis of Crohn disease has developed a perianal abscess. Which treatment will this client most likely require?

Surgical draining

The clinical picture, or presentation of a disease in the body, is called:

Symptomatology of the disease

A client was recently diagnosed with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and started on antiviral therapy. The nurse evaluates the client's understanding of the antiviral drug when the client correctly makes which statement regarding the pharmacologic mechanism of action?

The primary target of most antiviral compounds is viral RNA or DNA synthesis."

A tourist has presented to a primary health clinic reporting malaise, fever, and headache. She has subsequently been diagnosed with Rocky Mountain spotted fever, a pathology caused by Rickettsiaceae. Which statement best captures a characteristic trait of Rickettsiaceae?

They have both RNA and DNA

Which are characteristics of resident flora? Select all that apply.

They live on nonsterile areas of the body. They do not cause harm to the body. They provide a type of natural immunity.

A client with otitis media is ordered to receive amoxicillin. The client questions the nurse on how the drug works. Which statement describes how penicillin works?

This drug causes interference with a specific step in bacterial cell wall synthesis.

Global infectious diseases are now being recognized. These diseases, once known as endemic to one part of the world, are now being found in other parts of the world because of international travel and a global marketplace. Which disease is considered a global infectious disease?

West Nile virus

Select the option that best describes a single-celled organism that reproduces by a budding process.

Yeast

Months after travel outside the country, the client has developed some central nervous system signs/symptoms and usual diagnostics have ruled out Parkinson disease. Which manifestations is associated with prion disease following exposure to uncooked meat while traveling? Select all that apply.

ataxia dementia

Which explanation most accurately describes the characteristics of saprophytes? They:

derive energy from decaying organic matter.

A public health nurse notes an increase in regional throat cancer cases. Upon epidemiological studies, many of the throat cancer clients also had oral exposure to human papillomavirus (HPV). This exposure to HPV would be considered by:

direct contact with infected secretions.

A specific type of gram-negative bacteria contains endotoxin in the bacterial cell envelope. What is the likely clinical manifestation if these bacteria become pathogenic?

fever

Select the assessment data that place a client most at risk for the development of an opportunistic infection. A client who:

has a compromised immune system. is currently receiving chemotherapy. has a diagnosis of malnutrition. just completed 6 weeks of radiation therapy.

A fomite is a/an:

infection transfer agent.

A client has been diagnosed with syphilis and will be treated with penicillin. The client's medication will achieve a therapeutic effect through:

interference with cell wall synthesis.

A client in the second trimester of pregnancy arrives for the first prenatal visit and admits that she and her partner traveled to South America where they went on a rain forest excursion when she was 4 weeks' pregnant. Which congenital mosquito-borne abnormality may be seen on ultrasound if the fetus is affected?

microcephaly

The bacteria that line the gut of a human help maintain normal gut health and provide essential nutrients. This type of relationship is:

mutualistic

Although both eukaryotes and prokaryotes are capable of causing infectious diseases in humans, eukaryotes are unique because they have a/an:

organized nucleus

Which best describes the number of active disease cases at any given time?

prevalence

Transmissible neurodegenerative diseases such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease are associated with:

prion

Levels A, B, and C are levels assigned to potential agents of bioterrorism. What are these categorical assignments based on?

transmissibility

An HIV-positive mother passes the virus to her infant during delivery. This type of transmission is known as:

vertical transmission

Which of these is a single-celled organism that is about the size of a red blood cell and reproduces by a budding process?

yeast