Presidency fo Thomas Jefferson

Battle of Fort McHenry

British shelling of Baltimore harbor for 25 hours. Was unsuccessful, the British army retreats, the battle inspires the national anthem

deserters

people who left the military without permission, one who leaves or runs away from duty with no intention of returning.

War Hawks

people who urged war with Britain

cede

relinquish possession or control over; To give up or transfer, especially by treaty or formal agreement

federalists

Believed wealthy and educated should lead

after a bitter election Jefferson said

"All, too, will bear in mind this sacred principle...that the minority possess their equal rights, which equal law must protect,...We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists."

Treaty of Ghent

(December 24, 1814) Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.

precedent

(n.) an example that may serve as a basis for imitation or later action. The Supreme Court ruling of Marbury vs Madison did just that

Louisiana Purchase

1803 - The U.S. purchased the land from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains from Napoleon for $15 million. Jefferson was interested in the territory because it would give the U.S. the Mississippi River and New Orleans (both were valuable for trade and shipping) and also room to expand. Napoleon wanted to sell because he needed money for his European campaigns

impressment

British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service

Non-Intercourse Act

1809 - Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced by Macon's Bill No. 2 in 1810.

Battle of New Orleans General Andrew Jackson led a battle that occurred when British troops attacked US soldiers in New Orleans on January 8, 1815

2,000 British were killed or wounded. American casualties were only about 20. the War of 1812 had officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent in December, 1814, but word had not yet reached the U.S.

Who was affected by the Embargo Act?

50,000 sailors were out of work and as many as 100,000 other workers lost their jobs. Businesses failed, and many people were imprisoned for debt.

Sacajawea

A Native American woman who proved an indispensable guide to Lewis and Clark during their 1804-1806 expedition. She showed the men how to forage for food and helped them maintain good relations with tribes in the Northwest. She was married to a French trader.

impeachment

A formal document charging a public official with misconduct in office. If 2/3 of the Senate finds the official guilty, he or she is dismissed from office.

embargo

A government order preventing trade with another country

blockade

A war measure that isolates some area of importance to the enemy., An act of sealing off a place to prevent goods or people from entering or leaving

Embargo Act 1807 attempted to retaliate against English impressment by prohibiting US trade with

ALL foreign nations. It devastated the New England colonies because their trade stopped and their ships rotted. This was a disaster for American trade and for Jefferson's own popularity. Great Britain was hurt only a little whereas France was hardly hurt at all by the act.

Burr Conspiracy

After Burr killed Hamilton in a duel he became a political outcast, he and James Wilkerson planned to take over the LA Purchase and start a new country. Wilkerson backed out and told Jefferson. Burr was tried for treason but found not guilty because there was not 2 witnesses. He fled the country.

judicial review

Allows the court to determine the constitutionality of laws

attack on Canada

Americans planned to attack Canada from three directions; Detroit, Niagara Falls, and the Hudson River. All of the attacks failed. Commodore Oliver Perry was able to attack the British on Lake Erie and force them to surrender. However, by 1813 the Americans had not conquered any land in Canada

12th Amendment

Brought about by the Jefferson/Burr tie, stated that presidential and vice-presidential nominees would run on the same party ticket. Before that time, all of the candidates ran against each other, with the winner becoming president and second-place becoming vice-president.

democratic

Ensuring that all people have the same rights

Meriwether Lewis and William Clark

Explored the northern half of Louisiana Purchase for President Jefferson., Explorers sent by Jefferson to study the Louisiana territory's plants, animal life and geography and to discover how the region could be exploited economically

Jefferson gave Lewis and Clark specific instructions. What were they?

Follow the Missouri River and sources to try to find a usable route across the rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean. Observe the customs of the Indians they met. Note the features of the land, the weather, plants and animals that they saw. He wanted detailed maps of the area.

James Madison

Fourth President of the United States. A few days before Jefferson left office Congress repealed, or canceled the Embargo Act

Spain ceded the Louisiana Territory to

France in a secret treaty in 1800

laissez-faire

French phrase that literally means "leave to do", principle of non intervention in economic affairs. Generally means, "let people do as they choose" Jefferson believed in this

What did Jefferson do about the Chesapeake-Leopard Affair/incident?

He knew the US was not ready for war with the greatest sea power in the world. He looked for other ways to stop the interference with America's trade and end the insults to America's pride.

Chesapeake-Leopard Affair

In 1807, the British warship Leopard fired on the US warship the Chesapeake a few miles off the coast. Three Americans were killed and the remaining four were impressed into the British navy. Americans were outraged.

Election of 1800 was decided by the House of Representatives because

Jefferson and Burr each received 73 votes in the Electoral College so it was a tie. Alexander Hamilton persuaded three members of the House to vote for Jefferson. This brought about the 12th amendment.

A midnight judge, William Marbury did not get his papers making him a Supreme Court Judge

Jefferson refused to send him the official papers telling his new secretary of state, James Madison, not to send him his papers.

British attack on Washington DC

On August 24, 1814, the British attacked and captured Washington DC with 6,000 British soldiers against 1,000 Americans. They burned the Capitol building and the president's mansion.

Indian confederation

Organization of many Native American Tribes by Tecumseh & Prophet to fight against American Settlers

What did Marbury do when he could not get his papers making him a Supreme Court Judge?

Petitioned the Supreme Court to order Madison to carry out his duties and deliver the commission/papers. He was in his right due to the Judiciary Act

Barbary pirates

Plundering pirates off the Mediterranean coast of Africa; President Thomas Jefferson's refusal to pay them tribute to protect American ships sparked an undeclared naval war with North African nations

When France agreed to lift restrictions

President Madison gave Britain a last chance to do the same, but British ships continued to attack American merchant ships and seize American sailors.

Why was control of the New Orleans port important?

Spanish control had often caused problems for Americans who depended on the Mississippi to ship their flour, pork, apples and other products down river and through the port to export to the East and West Indies. The Spanish would block use of the port or impose a tax

National Anthem

Star Spangled Banner written by Francis Scott Key during the War of 1812, our country's official song of praise and patriotism adopted by Congress in 1931

Marbury vs Madison was the first time the Supreme court declared a law unconstitutional

Supreme Court voted unanimously that Marbury had the right to his commission but that the Court would not force Madison to hand it over to him. They said the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional because Congress could not give the Supreme court such power.

How did the British help the Native Americans?

The British in Canada were supplying the Native Americans with guns to fight the settlers in the Ohio Valley and Northwest Territory.

The Federalists were unhappy about the Louisiana Purchase. Why?

They feared that this would increase the power of the South by adding more states to the Union that would support slavery and favored Southern Policies.

privateers

They were paid by the United States and were "Legalized pirates," more than a thousand strong, who inflicted heavy damage on British shipping. They could not fight British warships, they captured more than 1,300 British merchant ships

battle of Lake Eerie led by Oliver Hazard Perry fought in Ohio during the War of 1812. Nine vessels of the United States Navy defeated and captured six vessels of Great Britain's Royal Navy.

This ensured American control of the lake for the rest of the war, which in turn allowed the Americans to recover Detroit and win the Battle of the Thames to break the Indian confederation of Tecumseh. It was one of the biggest naval battles of the War of 1812.

What was so different about the Jefferson Revolution?

This was the first time in modern history that the political control of a country passed from one political party to another through a democratic election.

Election of 1800

Thomas Jefferson vs John Adams vs Aaron Bur, Tie between Aaron Burr and Thomas Jefferson which went to the House of Representatives. Jefferson won the presidency

Why did the British burn DC?

To avenge the burning of the Canadian capital of York. The British thought the burning of DC was an end to the war. They moved to attack Baltimore in September.

How long did the expedition last?

Two years, four months and almost 8,000 miles

The Battle of Tippecanoe

While Tecumseh was away, and only his brother Prophet there Harrison decided to attack Prophetstown. He and about 1,000 soldiers arrived and burned Prophetstown. Many soldiers and warriors died. This war was the beginning of a long and deadly war between white settlers and Native Americans

Jefferson was

a Democratic-Republican, Jeffersonians were starting to be called Republicans. They were not like present day Republicans.

Napoleon Bonaparte

a French dictator who had plans to conquer Europe. Jefferson feared the French may try to conquer North America so he sent someone to meet with Bonaparte to offer to buy the port and West Florida.

Judiciary Act of 1801

a law that increased the number of federal judges, allowing President John Adams to fill most of the new posts with Federalists. Republicans argued packing the courts with Federalist judges was unfair

Midnight judge

a nick name given to group of judges that was appointed by John Adams the night before he left office. He appointed them to go to the federal courts to have a long term federalist influence, because judges serve for life instead of limited terms

Jefferson an other Republicans were strict constructionists

a person who interprets the Constitution in a way that allows the federal government to take only those actions the Constitution specifically says it can take.

The Jefferson Revolution

a revolution of 1800 in the principles of our government. The Federalists lost control of the presidency and peacefully turned over control of the federal government.

Alien and Sedition acts

acts passed by federalists giving the government power to imprison or deport foreign citizens and prosecute critics of the government

Napoleon saw a chance to hurt Britain and so

agreed that France would end its restrictions on American trade.

Conflict with the Judicial Branch

before Jefferson became president, the Federalists in congress passed the Judiciary Act of 1801

The British, suffering great hardship from the harsh winter of 1811-1812 decided to repealed the orders for interference in American shipping

before President Madison learned the British government had changed its policy, he declared war against Great Britain June 18, 1812

What were two reasons Americans were angry with Britain?

conflicts on the sea and conflicts on the frontier with British supporting Native Americans which hurt westward expansion

What was a major goal in the War of 1812

conquest of Canada Britain's last hold in North America

In March 1811, President Madison

cut off trade with Great Britain. The two countries moved closer to war.

What did Jefferson mean when he said we are all Republicans....Federalists

despite the public distrust in democracy, Federalists recognized that problems are finally settled by the will of the people and that despite their distrust, Republicans do not propose to destroy the federal government

William Henry Harrison

governor and military commander in the Indian Territory. He feared the growing strength of the Indian confederation.

how much spending did Jefferson cut?

he cut the national debt from 83 million to 45 million. Because of this, they ended all internal taxes. The government's only source of money was tariffs on imports and revenue from the sale of Western lands.

Did Jefferson think he was raising enough money through tariffs and sale of land to run the country?

he felt he had enough for roads, education, arts and other public works. He did not renew the Alien and Sedition acts

As President Jefferson

hired Albert Gallatin as secretary of the treasury. He and the president cut military spending, cut down the army from 4,000 to 2,00 men. Reduced the naval fleet from 25 to 7 ships. Cut the staff of executive branch to reduce government spending

Judiciary Act of 1789

legislation passed by congress that created the federal court system established a supreme court and district courts

The Embargo Act caused the greatest hardship for

merchants and ship owners in the Northeast, mostly Federalists. Farmers and planters also suffered because they lost markets in other countries for their surplus crops.

James Monroe

met with Bonaparte to negotiate the purchase. He had been prepared to offer $2 million but could go up to $10 million

Bonaparte

needed to fund war he was fighting in Europe. He sold the Louisiana Territory for 15 million. This purchase doubled the size of the United States.

Does the Constitution specifically give the federal government the power to purchase territory from another country?

no

American harbors were crowded with ships and cargo with

no place to go

Jefferson placed an embargo

on Great Britain and France. He hoped to hurt their war efforts enough to force them to stop seizing American ships and sailors.

Members of Congress from the West

said there could be no peace on the frontier until the British were pushed out of North America. They wanted to conquer British Canada

On the one-year anniversary of the Embargo-Act

sailors and shipbuilders in port towns of the Northeast protested the act by marching to funeral music. Ships in the harbors flew their flags at half-mast to protest the act.

How helpful was Sacajawea?

she guided the expedition to Shoshone country in Idaho where she had been born and raised. As the terrain became more rugged, the explorers lost many horses loaded with supplies. Sacajawea and her people got more horses for the explorers.

Macon's Bill No. 2

stated that if either France or Great Britain agreed to respect neutral rights, the United States would cut off trade with the other nation.

Americans began to resent

the Native Americans and the British equally.

America was having more problems with the British

the Native Americans were beginning to realize they were losing their way of life. They fought back. Often the British helped.

what did the problems with the pirates demonstrate?

the need for a navy. and also proved to other countries that the US would fight to protect its interests

Thomas Jefferson

the third president of the United States. Was the first president to take his oath of office in the new capital of Washington, D.C. March 4, 1801.

Jefferson wanted to make the government more democratic

true

Members of Congress from the South

wanted to obtain Florida from Spain, Britain's ally. It was a haven for runaway slaves and Native American raiding parties.

Ghent, Belgium

where treaty was signed by US and Britain

Battle of the Thames River William Henry Harrison pushed up the river Thames into Upper Canada and on October 4, 1813

won a victory notable for the death of Tecumseh, who was serving as a brigadier general in the British army. This battle resulted in no lasting occupation of Canada, but weakened and disheartened the Indians of the Northwest, Tecumseh's death broke the British alliance with the Native Americans