Primary Producers Test

What are negative effects of algae blooms (aka Dead Zones)

-can be toxic and kill marine life -industry decrease b/c no fish = decrease in economy -lower food source for large animals

What four things plankton do for the ocean?

-contribute to: -part of global carbon cycle -food source (basis of food web) -producer of oxygen (photosynthesis) -90% of marine energy

What are the causes of an algae bloom?

-increased amount of nutrients from fertilizer and runoff (nitrates) (phosphates) -warmth -water movement and circulation -sunlight

What are the four types of phytoplankton?

1. diatoms 2. dinoflagellates 3. cyanobacteria 4. coccolithophore

What are the feeding positions in the food chain of plankton?

1. phytoplankton 2. zooplankton

How far down do zooplankton travel down from the waters surface?

200 m

Where is red algae found?

200 m deep (contains additional pigments for greater depths)

Harmful algae blooms contain non poisonous acid: TRUE OR FALSE

False they contain a poisonous acid called dominic acid

Diatoms have a lesser compensation depth than dinoflagelletes: TRUE OR FALSE

False they have a greater compensation depth

Diatoms reproduce asexually: TRUE OR FALSE

False they produce sexually to generate auxospore

What are two types of algae blooms?

HABS and Red Tides

What is brown algae better known as?

Kelp (contains additional pigments)

Marine plants are vasuclar: TRUE OR FALSE

True

phytoplankton are producers: True or False

True

Some dinoflagellates produce toxins and bioluminescence: TRUE OR FALSE

True not all produce either

What kind of organism is a dinoflagellate?

a protista

What is a symbiotic zooxanthellae

a type of dinoflagellate that give coral, clams, and anemones nutrition

What does buoyancy mean?

access to float

What is a holdfast?

an anchor habitat

What is algae?

aquatic, plant-like organisms Two types: macro/micro algae

What creates competitors?

attach to other seaweed

no zooplankton are....

autotrophs

which of the following organisms spend a portion of their lives as plankton?

barnacles, crabs, snails

what creates predators?

bitter taste within the seaweed, secreates calcium

what is the rapid increase in phytoplankton population that leads to water discoloration?

bloom

What is a red tide algae bloom?

bloom of red pigmented algae

What are coccolithophores composed of?

calcium carbonate

Zooplankton are what type of eaters

carinovers, omnivores, and herbivores

What are dinoflagellates outer armored plates consist of?

cellulose

What is bioluminescence a result of in the ocean?

chemical rxn's that release lots of energy

which phytoplankton has a covering made of calcium carbonate?

coccolithosyphere

What are benthic plankton?

crawlers

What does it mean to be plankton?

describes a common ecological connection; means for wandering

How do diatoms reproduce?

divide once per day, and the cells become smaller over time; asexaully

What are heterotrophic plankton? (type of zooplankton)

does not make its own food and eats other things

What kind of acid do poisonous diatoms contain?

domoic acid

What time of day do plankton travel down to 200 m of depth?

during the day and resurface at night (for protection)

zooplankton are producers: True or False

false they are consumers

phytoplankton are autotrophic what does that mean?

feed off themselves

What are their two whip like projections called?

flagella (it adjust orientation and vertical position)

What movement adaptations do diatoms make?

form chains to float, contain oil to float, have spines to help them float

What are nekton plankton?

free swimming plankton

What are positive effects of algae blooms

gives nutrients to animals and decreases 02

How do plankton swim?

go with current or swim vertically

What color is cyanobacteria and what are they made of?

green-blue algae containing cholorphyll

what is a pnumatocyst?

helps blade stay near surface (air bubbles on the seaweed)

Krab larve is not a type of what...

holoplankton

Where do green algae live?

in shallow depths in intertidal zones

What is the order in which algae blooms happen

increase in nutrients > increase in phytoplankton > die > sink down and decay > bacteria used lot of DO = lack of 02

what can cause an algae bloom?

increased sunlight, nutrients, temperature

what does it mean to be plankton?

it is an ecological connection

What does the silica do for the diatom?

it protects the diatom while allowing photosynthesis

How does seaweed pass gases?

it uses diffusion

What creates lower wave shock?

large holdfasts, containing flexible stifes

What happens within sun exposure?

large pneumatocyst, large blades with high surface areas

What is luciferin?

light emitting organic chemical (carbon-based)

What are the five seweed adaptations?

lower wave shock, desiccation, predators, competitions for attachment, and sun exposure

What are three components of the rxn?

luciferin, luciferase, oxygen

What are included in the makeup of zooplankton?

micro/macro scopic organisms

What are cyanobacteria responsible for in the ocean?

nitrogen fixation and the process of photosynthesis

What kind of food do dinoflagellates store?

oil and starch

Where do phytoplankton remain?

on or close to the surface

What does the oxygen do in the reaction?

oxidizes the luciferan

How do dinoflagellates obtain their nourishment?

photosynthesis

What is the blade most useful for?

photosynthesis

What does bioluminescent organisms contain?

pigments that trigger blue color to last longer and in water the color blue possesses the allowance to transmit the farthest

What is the trophic level?

position on the food chain

What kind of cell is a diatom?

protista, unicellular organisms

What is an algae bloom

rapid increase in the algae population

What does drag mean?

resistance and movement of water

what are two types of algae that are present in an algae bloom?

seaweed and phytoplankton

What are diatom shells made of?

silica called the frustule

What is a stipe?

supports blade and is flexible

What is luciferase?

the enzyme that speeds up the rxn

What causes them to light up?

the luciferase

How many cells do phytoplankton contain?

they are single celled or contain chains of cells

What does plantlike algae not contain?

they are surrounded by water and nutrients but lack roots

What is dynamic communities?

they are types of zooplankton that change their habit seasonally

What creates dessication?

thick cell wall, hollow core that holds seawater, traped sand, high sugar content, rehydrate

How do dinoflagellates reproduce?

through binary fission (once per day while depending on conditions of the ocean)

What does epipelagic mean?

top layer

What are holo/mero plankton

types of zooplankton holo: whole life mero: part of life

what are coccolithophores?

unicellular eukaryotic protists (contain a nucleus)

What does bioluminescence serve the purpose of?

warning signals to predators, attractions to other predators to get rid of the other one

when do dinoflagellates bioluminesce

when they are agitated