Principles of RT Test 2

What is the 5-year survival rate for small cell and non-small cell lung cancers?

15%

Assume the initial treatment portals are AP/PA; after about how many fractions does the typical lung cancer patient start receiving oblique boost treatments?

20

After what dose of irradiation does xerostomia (dry mouth) typically first occur?

2000-3000 cGy

What is the 5-year survival rate for all CNS tumors combined?

35%

What is the current 5-year survival of patients with giolblastoma multiforme (GBM)?

35%

After what dose of radiation may xerostomia become permanent?

4000-5000 cGy (Xerostomia occurs after 1000 to 2000 cGy and may be permanent after 4000 cGy.)

At what age should a person of average risk have his or her first screening colonoscopy?

50

What is the standard dose delivered to the tumor of a patient with a low grade astrocytoma?

5000-5500 cGy

Standard dose delivered to to the tumor of a patient with high grade astrocytoma?

6000-6500 cGy

What is the standard dose delivered to the tumor of a patient with high grade astrocytomas?

6000-65000 cGy

According to the American Cancer Society, what percentage of lung cancers are caused by smoking?

87%

What are the growths that arise from the mucosal lining and protrude into the lumen of the bowel?

Adenomatous polyps

Which of the following is a function of saliva?

All of the above: lubrication of food bolus, digestion, oral hygiene

Which of the following are factors that can limit the usefulness of surgery for CNS neoplasms?

All of these: tumor location and extent, patient status, risk of causing neurological damage

What condition is most closely associate with gastroesophageal reflux?

Barrett's esophagus

At what anatomical location does the trachea bifurcate into the right and left main stem bronchi?

Carina

The vermiform appendix is most closely associated with which portion of the digestive tract?

Cecum

In what part of the lung are primary squamous cell carcinomas usually found?

Central

In which portion of the CNS do most CNS tumors occur?

Cerebrum

Portion of the brain that's responsible for intelligence and judgement?

Cerebrum

The most effective single agent chemotherapy drug (respiratory tumors)?

Cisplatin

Which of the following cancers is most common in the US?

Colorectal

Which is NOT a risk factor for anal cancer?

Diet

Which of the following is not considered a risk factor for larynx cancer?

Epstein Barr Virus

A three-field technique using hinge angles of 120 degrees can be used in the treatment of which cancer?

Esophageal

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is associated with cancer of which anatomic region?

Esophagus

Primary function of the respiratory system?

Exchange of gasses

Most salivary gland cancers are squamous cell carcinomas. T/F

FALSE

Radiation treatment portals of the lower third of the esophagus typically include the supraclavicular lymph nodes.

FALSE

Xerostomia is a common side effect associated with traditional radiation of early larynx cancers: T/F?

FALSE

T/F: Lung cancer is the most common cancer in men

FALSE, it is the #1 cancer killer, but prostate cancer is most common one in men, lung is second most common

Collectively, head and neck cancers are more common in women than men. T/F

False

Laser excision is the most common treatment for T3 laryngeal cancers: T/F?

False

Men are more at risk of developing anal cancer than women.

False

Men are more at risk of developing anal cancer than women: T/F?

False

Most esophageal cancers are discovered in early stages: T/F?

False

Over the past decade, incidence of larynx cancer is on the rise: T/F?

False

Pancreatic cancer is highly curable: T/F?

False

T/F: Chemo alone is effective in treating salivary gland cancers

False

T/F: Primary brain lesions are the leading cause of cancer-related death in kids

False

T/F: When receiving lung irradiation, patients are asked to hold their breath to eliminate tumor movement.

False

The entire brain is irradiated when treating a primary brain tumor. T/F

False

The primary function of the oral cavity is respiration. T/F

False

Xerostomia is a common side effect associated with traditional radiation therapy for early larynx cancer.

False

T2 lesions are the most common stage of primary brain tumors. T/F

False- TNM staging not relevant for brain tumors

Metastatic brain lesions are more common in children than are primary brain tumors. T/F

False- medulloblastomas most common brain tumor in kids

What condition is most closely associated to adenomatous polyposis?

Gardener syndrome

Which anatomic structure contains the true vocal cords?

Glottis

Total dose delivered for primary lung cancer?

Greater than 6000 Gy

Which of the following syndromes is associated with Pancoast tumors?

Horner syndrome

Which of the following methods may reduce the dose to the small bowel during RT?

II and III: prone positioning and full bladder

What condition frequently develops in users of smokeless tobacco?

Leukoplakia

Cancer in which lobe of the lung will typically never include treatment of the contralateral hilar lymph nodes unless proved positive?

Lower lobe

Which is a contraindication for stereotactic radiosurgery?

More than 5 lesions

The Whipple is a surgical procedure associated with cancer of which organ?

Pancreas

Which is NOT a division of the pharynx?

Parapharynx (the 3 parts are the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx)

Which salivary gland is associated with the Stensen duct?

Parotid

Mesothelioma is a cancer of which respiratory system component

Pleura

What condition is an iron-deficient anemia characterized by esophageal webs, atrophic glossitis, and spoon-shaped, brittle fingernails?

Plummer-Vinson syndrome

Which of the following cancer sites can be treated with endocavitary rad therapy?

Rectum

Which cells are responsible for myelin production?

Schwann cells

Which type of lung cancer is also known as oat cell lung cancer?

Small cell

What is the leading cause of non-small cell carcinoma of the lung?

Smoking

Most common histological type of head and neck cancer?

Squamous cell carcinoma

What is the most common histological type of head and neck cancer?

Squamous cell carcinomas

T/F: Small cell lung cancer has a higher incidence rate of metastasis at diagnosis than non-small cell lung cancers

TRUE

Lung cancer is the most common cancer in men and women combined. T/F

True

Most larynx cancers are discovered early: T/F?

True

Primary brain tumors rarely metastasize: T/F?

True

Radiation necrosis of brain tissue occurs with doses higher than 6000 Gy: T/F?

True

Small cell lung cancer has a higher incidence rate of metastases at diagnosis than non-small cell lung cancer. T/F

True

T/F: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer related death in women

True

T/F: Mesotheliomas are more common in men than women

True

The treatment volume for colon cancers typically includes pelvic lymph nodes: T/F?

True

Which structure of the neck is also known as the glottis?

True vocal cords

A dose of 4444 cGy is an acceptable dose to the spine following treatment of a primary lung cancer. T/F

True- spine tolerance is 5000cGy

Most common histologic type of cancers that occur in the lower third of the esophagus?

adenocarcinoma (vs SCCs in the upper 2/3)

What defines the posterior radiation field border for the treatment of a low staged larynx cancer?

anterior aspect of the vertebral body

Most significant risk factor associated with mesothelioma?

asbestos exposure

What substance is responsible for the brown color of feces?

bilirubin

Most commonly used diagnostic imaging tool to detect lung cancer?

chest x-ray

Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) and HNPCC are most closely closely associated with which type of cancer?

colorectal

What defines the inferior radiation field border for the treatment of a low staged larynx cancer?

cricoid cartilage

Which is a late effect of brain irradiation in children?

decreased IQ

Which of the following is NOT a common acute side effect that a patient may get during the course of their lung radiation?

diarrhea

Radiation therapy of which of the following cancers does not include regional lymph nodes?

early-stage larynx

What is the name of the leaf-shaped cartilage that protects the larynx?

epiglottis

Which of the following symptoms is not associated with Horner syndrome?

exopthalmos (symptoms that ARE associated are enopthalmous, ptosis, ipsilateral miosis, and anhydrosis)

Which is MOST significant to the prognosis of brain tumors?

grade

Most common grade of gliomas?

high grade

Most common presenting symptom of larynx cancer?

hoarseness

What is commonly referred to as the voice box?

larynx

Most common SOURCE of brain metastases?

lung

Most common CNS tumor in children?

medulloblastoma

Most common type of brain tumor?

metastatic brain lesions

Which tumors spread through the cerebrospinal fluid?

oligodendrocytomas

In which salivary gland do most salivary cancers occur?

parotid gland

Term to describe the surgical removal of an entire lung?

pneumonectmoy

From which cells to medullobastomas arise?

primitive neuroectodermal cells

What is the dose limiting structure of most concern for radiation of colorectal cancers?

small bowel

Leading cause of non-small cell carcinoma of the lung?

smoking

What's the dose limiting structure for most concern for radiation of the esophagus?

spinal cord

Most common form of larynx cancer?

squamous cell

What defines the superior radiation field border for the treatment of a low staged larynx cancer?

superior aspect of the hyoid

Why should a patient's arms be positioned above his/her head during rad tx of primary lung tumor?

to avoid treating normal tissue