Probation and Parole
Based on positions advertised nationwide, a probation officer or correctional treatment specialist can expect a median salary of ______.
$46,500
After a period of three years for nonviolent first-time felonies and one year for misdemeanors, offenders in Ohio pay a fee of ______ for their records to be considered for expungement.
$50
Research has shown that the DRC should be limited to no longer than ______; spending more time than that contributes to being less likely to complete the program.
120 days
The directive issued by the Equal Opportunity Commission concerning the employment of people who have committed felonies applies to companies with at least ____________ employees.
15
Because employed offenders must be able to work, they are limited to ______ hours of community service per week; unemployed offenders can perform up to ______ community service hours per week.
16;32
About ______ states currently use the private sector for some form of supervision.
18
In the federal system, a denial of parole on a sentence less than seven years in length allows an offender to automatically go before a board again in ____________.
18 months
The wrist device type of electronic monitoring was first tried in ______ on offenders convicted of driving under the influence and of white-collar crimes.
1983
Although caseload sizes average 140 offenders, they range widely between a low of 30 to a high of nearly ______ individuals for one officer to supervise.
4,000
The American Correctional Association recommends that seasoned officers receive ______ of annual training.
40 hours
Daniel is serving a 15-year sentence and receiving good time of 20 days per month. When will he be eligible for parole consideration?
40 months
About _____ of all youths commit one or more technical violations while under supervision; most commonly drug use, truancy, and curfew violations.
50 Percent
In the federal system, 85 out of 94 judicial districts allow federal probation officers to carry firearms of .40 caliber and above. About how many of these are mandatory?
50 percent
Research shows that the most vulnerable time for recidivism is the first ______ days after release.
60
A survey of inmates in a minimum-security prison found that ______ favored spending eight years in the military over eight years in prison.
60%
About ______ of residential facilities are publicly operated settings in which youths from 15- to 17-years-old have been placed by the courts.
70 percent
What is the gender split of youths on probation, approximately?
70 percent male, 30 percent female
In practice, about ______ in 10 cases involving youth contact with police will result in release, verbal warning, referral to a community agency for services, or informal court processing.
8
Most DRCs last ______.
90 days.
About ______ of all residential community correctional facilities are privately owned and operated, and the rest are operated by state and local Department of Corrections.
90%
Boot camp programs typically last ______ before graduation.
90-180 days
According to research, what has contributed the most to girls' pathways to delinquency?
Abusive family relationships
______is the formal processing of a juvenile delinquency case through the juvenile courts.
Adjudication
Which of the following refers to support services and supervision for a juvenile delinquent discharged from detention or other out-of-home placement to the community?
Aftercare
______ sentences came about due to a concern that a 17-year-old is no longer under juvenile court jurisdiction and the courts have no authority once a certain age is reached.
Blended
What was one of the problems of earlier passive RF devices?
Certain areas of the home could not receive transmissions.
______ might consist of working for a tax-supported or nonprofit agency, such as a hospital, public park, or library, or for a poverty or public works program.
Community service
______ are a three-phase outpatient program in which offenders live at home but report daily for treatment programs, itinerary, and random drug testing.
Day reporting centers
Which of the following is the formal request an intake officer makes to a juvenile court judge to hear a juvenile case in family court or probate court and determine whether the juvenile is to be declared delinquent?
Delinquency petition
What is the ultimate goal of community corrections?
Desistance
Which of the following college courses, outside of criminal justice, are helpful for probation and parole officers?
Developmental psychology
Which of the following is the juvenile justice equivalent of sentencing in adult cases?
Disposition
Federal law prohibits possession of guns by anybody convicted in any court of ____________, which is a misdemeanor crime.
Domestic Violence
Those evicted and convicted of a drug offense can be readmitted into public housing if they submit proof of completion of ____________.
Drug Court
Which of the following juvenile corrections programs is considered ineffective?
Drug abuse resistance training
______ is a correctional technology tool using radio frequency or GPS technology to track offender whereabouts via a transmitter and receiver.
Electronic monitoring
During training, Trevor, a new probation officer, became sensitized to what juvenile probationers go through during arrest and detention. What type of training was this?
Empathy training
Which of the following have researchers found to be a source of stress for community supervision officers?
Fear of being sued
______ helps delinquent youth, siblings, and their parents develop problem-solving skills, increase communication, and aids parents in following strategies for controlling youth misbehavior.
Functional Family Therapy
Of states that rely on the private sector for misdemeanor supervision, ______ uses private probation agencies significantly more than all other states.
Georgia
Which of the following has slowly replaced RF technology to monitor offenders in the community?
Global positioning systems
Which of the following would be considered the least restrictive residential placement for youths unable to live with their own families?
Group home
______ makes it possible for community facilities such as halfway houses and group homes to detect the presence or absence of clients within a 300-foot range.
Group monitoring
Which of the following is one of the eight main risk factors identified by Andrews, Bonta, and Wormith (2006) that increase recidivism?
Having antisocial significant others.
What were the first halfway houses in the United States created to do?
Help prisoners transition back to normal social life.
______ is an intermediate sanction designed to confine pretrial detainees or convicted offenders to their homes when they are not at work, attending a treatment program, or visiting a supervising officer.
Home detention
Which of the following has proven to be one of the most effective programs for juvenile offenders?
Home-based family therapy
Which of the following questions is the best to ask an offender to encourage self-improvement?
How can you learn from this?
Where would RF be more reliable than GPS monitoring?
In areas where cell phone service is weak.
______________ training consists of continuing education training that occurs annually for all seasoned officers following their first year of employment.
In-service
______ refer(s) to a community-based sentence that provides more freedom than prison but less freedom than regular probation and parole.
Intermediate sanctions
What is a major weakness of electronic monitoring?
It cannot prevent deviant behavior before it occurs.
As one of only six programs in the US, what is the purpose of The John Craine House within the system of halfway houses?
It is designed specifically for female offenders convicted of misdemeanors or nonviolent felony offenses who are caretakers of preschool-aged children.
Which of the following is a term for federal funding that is available for employment programs, libraries, schools, and social services in disadvantaged neighborhoods if states can show evidence that they have reduced their prison populations with no increase in the crime rate?
Justice reinvestment
What is different about juvenile court judges as compared to adult criminal judges?
Juvenile court judges take a more active part in proceedings.
Which of the following is a Latin term meaning "guilty mind" that addresses the level of mental intent to commit a crime?
Mens rea
Henry is involved in a program in which adult volunteers spend time with at-risk youths. The adults spend time with the youths doing fun activities, but also listen to their problems and provide support and encouragement. What type of program does this describe?
Mentoring Program
______ systems were developed to remove public employees from political patronage.
Merit
Which of the following individuals would likely have the least success with electronic monitoring?
Monica, a 24-year-old married mother of two young children.
____________ helps officers build trust and assist an offender in changing and ensuring successful completion of parole (or probation).
Motivational interviewing
_____________ refers to the failure of an officer to do what a reasonably prudent person would do in like circumstances.
Negligence
Work release is considered both a type of institutional corrections and a community corrections program. Why?
Offenders are incarcerated, but are released into the community for a short duration every day.
What is one of the risks of house arrest?
Offenders can still commit crimes from home.
Which of the following offenders may be considered for house arrest?
Offenders who cannot afford bail.
To assist with making reentry decisions, many states use the ____________ to conduct risk assessments.
Ohio Risk Management System
Which of the following is a Latin term that means that the juvenile justice system seeks to do what is best for the welfare and safety of a minor child who is unable to support him or herself?
Parens patriae
In states in which probation and parole officers carry firearms, they must first complete ______ where they learn about mental preparedness, psychological testing, proper decision making, and responsible gun use.
Peace Officer State Training
Restitution has been more often required for probationers than for people sentenced to prison. Why?
People on probation are more likely to have the means to pay restitution
Keisha is part of a day reporting center program. At this point, she is receiving counseling once a week and reports to the day reporting center once a week. What phase is she in?
Phase 3
________________ training provides the fundamental knowledge and/or skills a newly hired officer needs to prepare for working independently.
Preservice
______ probation agencies contract with local or state government to provide misdemeanor probation supervision.
Private
Which of the following describes school-based probation supervision?
Probation officers supervise their caseloads in schools.
What is absolute immunity?
Protection from liability unless workers engage in discretion that is intentionally and maliciously wrong.
______ allows the victim and the community to reject the criminal behavior rather than the individual.
Reintegrative shaming
______ consists of court-ordered payment by an offender to a victim (or a victim's family) to cover tangible losses that occurred during or following a crime.
Restitution
______ is concerned with alternative dispute resolution and contains a corrections component, while community justice describes a philosophy encompassing the whole criminal justice system.
Restorative justice
_____________ refers to the discretion inherent in the role of a probation and parole officer to treat clients fairly, consistently, and according to individual circumstances.
Role ambiguity
The Federal Prisoner Reentry Project at ______ was founded to help ex-offenders with various situations and to help their own law students gain legal experience on civil matters.
Rutgers
Under the ____________ program, employers provide equipment and instructors to train offenders while they are in prison and then guarantee them jobs upon their release.
STEP
The Supreme Court has ruled that a private company cannot be sued under ______, and a plaintiff must go after individuals deemed to be responsible.
Section 1983
Which of the following traits is necessary to comply with house arrest?
Self-discipline
Lara lives in a residential community correctional facility. Which of the following is a rule she must obey?
She must be preapproved to leave the facility for reasons other than work.
The target population of which program is young offenders with no previous incarceration in adult prisons?
Shock incarceration
Lawrence spends the hours from 6:30pm to 6am in jail, but leaves in the morning with a group to go to a work site for the day. The group is accompanied by at least one deputy officer and returns together in the evening. What type of work release does Lawrence have?
Supervised
______ DRCs ensure that clients are abiding by the rules, enforce accountability through itineraries, and keep clients busy so they do not have the time or opportunity to engage in criminal activity.
Supervision-oriented
Carl Klockars (1972) developed a classic typology of four types of community supervision officers: the law enforcer, time-server, therapeutic agent, and synthetic officer. Which is believed to be the most effective?
Synthetic officer
In a research study that looked at the success rates and recidivism rates of cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT) experienced by low-risk versus high-risk offenders, what was the main conclusion?
The CBT that halfway house clients experienced was more effective with high-risk adult offenders than with low-risk offenders.
What is a work release option for a first-time offender who already has a job or is already going to school at the time the crime is committed?
The offender must reside in jail but can continue working or attending school.
How is a talking piece used in a sentencing circle?
The person who holds it is the only one authorized to speak.
What is an automatic restoration?
The reinstatement of some or all civil rights upon completion of a sentence.
In terms of later success or failure, what has even more of an impact than how much time an individual has spent in prison?
The size of the individual's community.
Which of the following is a characteristic of restorative justice?
The victim communicates how the crime affected him or her.
Most youth courts do not hold hearings to determine guilt. What do they do instead?
They are involved only in the sentencing aspect; the youth must admit guilt ahead of time.
Why are female felons often ideal candidates for community placement?
They often do not require prison sentences.
How did halfway houses begin to change in the 1950s?
They provided drug treatment for prisoners.
______ DRCs provide a wide range of services, all on an outpatient basis, including job placement, drug abuse education, psychological counseling, and life skills training.
Treatment-oriented
If a person remains on probation or parole for years, but is not actively reporting in person, what is the term for this?
Unsupervised supervision
What seems to be one of the positive outcomes of victim-offender mediation?
Victims feel less fear of being revictimized.
Which of the following jobs require an employee to be bonded?
Warehouse clerk
What type of programs include outdoor skill-based activities, such as teamwork and survival skills, with residential placement?
Wilderness Challenge programs
Which of the following states does not allow people to expunge or seal arrest records?
Wisconsin
Which of the following is a 120-day alternative to prison that teaches job skills and decision making using a cognitive-behavioral approach, followed by intensive supervision probation?
Work ethic camp
What happens if you are pardoned at the federal level?
Your civil rights are restored, but the conviction remains on record
Some RCCFs have ______ programs in which successful residential clients move out of the halfway house but continue to return periodically for drug testing, to attend group treatment, and to visit a case manager.
aftercare
In restorative justice cases, restitution amounts are determined ______.
at a victim-offender mediation session
The term "______" is used to describe youth who show signs of emotional or behavioral problems and who lack the support to navigate prosocial developmental tasks successfully.
at risk
The first step in the reentry process is ____________.
becoming eligible for release
If you use a ____________, it means you turn away applicants based solely on the existence of a conviction record.
blanket ban
The most common form of shock incarceration that involves a military-style regimen designed to instill discipline in young offenders is known as ______.
boot camp
Because of his felony record, Manuel has suspended driving privileges. This type of civil loss is also known as a(n) ______.
collateral consequence
In Florida, ______ are required to maintain employment and to participate in self-improvement programs, and many are required to perform community service as well.
community controllees
A(n) ______________ is a volunteer group of trained community members that decides and enforces probation conditions of adjudicated cases deemed eligible by a traditional court.
community reparation board
A ______ pardon becomes operative when the grantee has performed some specific act or becomes void when some specific act transpires.
conditional
Where does the money come from in a victim compensation fund?
convicted offenders
A record of ______ is one in which a defendant pleaded guilty or was found guilty and was formally sentenced by a court.
conviction
One of the main criticisms of boot camps is that ______.
costs increase because the program is more expensive than probation
DNA evidence that matches a parole candidate with a crime for which he or she was never prosecuted can lead to ____________ for crimes for which an offender was convicted.
denial of early release
A certificate of ______ is an official written document signifying that an offender has completed his or her sentence.
discharge
Most DRC programs exist in states that ______.
do not have the option of intensive probation supervision
The ______ theory refers to the fact that community supervision officers face conflicts when they have to supervise and treat clients.
dual role relationship
____________ is widely used for the first 6-12 months of the release of a minimum risk federal prisoner.
electronic monitoring
Henry is on probation for an offense related to his compulsive gambling habit. If he enters a casino, his GPS device will sound an unauthorized area alarm. The casino is considered his ______.
exclusion zone
A(n) ______ erases or destroys a record and limits public availability to arrest records and conviction records.
expungement
While fines are meant as punishment, a(n) ______ is a court-imposed reimbursement that an offender pays directly to the courts to help defray administrative costs within the criminal justice system.
fee
A __________ is a fixed monetary sanction defined by statute and imposed by a judge, depending on the seriousness of a crime.
fine
One of the strongest indicators of a department's overall philosophy of offender supervision is symbolized by its ______.
firearms policy
In juvenile cases, youth are required to pay their own fees in ___ states.
five
Most members of a parole board are appointed by a governor or director of the Department of Corrections for an average term of ____________ years.
five
Unlike a traditional ______, criminal forfeiture is not considered a punishment by the Supreme Court, but is part of the sentence.
fixed fine
If there are seven members on a parole board, at least ____________ signatures are required to parole a person convicted of a violent crime.
four
Another term for residential community correctional facilities is ______.
halfway houses
Felix has just moved to a halfway house with a five-level system, in which residents move from Level 5 to Level 1. He is Level 5, which means ______.
he cannot leave the facility until the intake process has been completed
Eight states require that ______ be monitored for life via GPS or EM
high-risk sex offenders
Conferencing in the United States is typically used ______.
in juvenile cases
Since fines in the United States are fixed amounts based on the severity of the crime, they disadvantage _______offenders, and as a result, their use is more________.
indigent; limited
Officers who favor firearms while on duty tend to be individuals who favor ______.
law-and-order case management strategies
Most halfway house programs offer some kind of behavior modification program called a(n) ______, which determines how much freedom you have away from the halfway house and how many privileges you have.
levels system
Offenders have no right to legal counsel when it comes to addressing matters involving which of the following?
libel
Probation officers who carried a firearm experienced ______ incidents of confrontation than did officers not carrying a firearm.
more
With an active GPS system, the offender's transmitter emits a RF signal from once per minute to ______.
once every 10 minutes
In New Jersey, a person may apply to expunge a charge of juvenile possession of a controlled substance ______ after a sentence is completely served.
one year
A ______ is an executive act of clemency that serves to mitigate or set aside punishment for a crime.
pardon
The _________________ model believes that supervision practices must strive toward helping offenders remain compliant with their conditions and actively engaged in treatment.
participation process
In a(n) ______ GPS system, the tracking point data is temporarily stored throughout the day and downloaded at night through a landline phone while the offender is sleeping.
passive
A(n) ______ can help officers plan optimal routes to visit offenders at home or work, while tracking the amount of time officers spend with their clients.
phone app
A ____________ facility houses prisoners on good conduct who are within two years of their release date.
prerelease
Which concept is based on the idea that individuals who perceive that they have been fairly treated and respected are more likely to comply with court expectations?
procedural justice
Boot camp programs that ______ had lower recidivism rates than boot camp programs without this component.
provided counseling
Parole boards today aim to maximize ____________.
public safety
Critics of probation privatization believe that employees in private companies, compared with those in the public sector, ______.
receive less training
____________ programs identify and begin to work with high-risk offenders prior to release.
reentry court
Conferencing includes a ______ wherein all participants jointly decide how the offender can make amends to the victim.
reparation agreement
A ______ is a type of residential community facility specifically targeted for property or first-time offenders who owe victim restitution or community service.
restitution center
When juvenile records are accessible to law enforcement or criminal justice personnel for a criminal justice-related purpose but are not accessible to anyone else for any other purpose this is known as ______.
restricting access
Alex, a parole officer, suffers from ______, which comes from having to be both empathetic and understanding enough to help offenders, yet firm, consistent, and objective enough to make tough decisions.
role conflict
Reentry programs that address ____________ are more effective at reducing recidivism in the long run.
root causes of behavior
One type of juvenile justice case is known as a status offense. Which of the following would be considered a status offense?
running away from home
Which of the following is an act or practice of officially preventing access to particular criminal records, in the absence of a court order?
sealing of records
Of all the types of restorative justice, ______ are based most closely on tribal traditions of the medicine wheel and how an individual's physical, emotional, mental, and spiritual health is interrelated with the community.
sentencing circles
Children under age ______ are presumed by law to be unaware of the full consequences of their actions.
six
Based on research, ______ turns out to be an acceptable threshold for how long offenders should be under RF/GPS.
six months
The federal system and all states have authorized work release programs primarily for minimum-security inmates who already have employment and are within ______ of being released from a jail or a prison.
six to nine months
Loraine was brought to juvenile court for underage drinking. What category of case is this?
status offense
A standard release plan includes a ____________.
summary of institutional conduct
If a person's car is taken away by the government after the person has been arrested for drug trafficking, this is known as ______.
surrender
Desiree sees her role as a community supervision officer as one of administering treatment, assisting a probationer or parolee, providing guidance and support, and rewarding offenders when they have completed supervision goals. Carl Klockars would classify Desiree as a ______.
therapeutic agent
The principles of correctional intervention suggest that rehabilitation efforts are most effective when cognitive-behavioral methods are used for a long enough duration. What length of time is ideal?
three to nine months
The jurisdiction movement of a case from juvenile court to adult court for pretrial and/or trial proceedings is known as ______.
transfer
In the federal system, an offender who is denied parole on a sentence more than seven years in length must wait _______________ to go before a parole board again
two years
About ____________ of state prisoners will never return to prison, according to a recidivism study in 17 states over a 13-year period.
two-thirds
In Washington, ______ a record takes a conviction off the record and gives a person the right to deny having a criminal record.
vacating
Darla was hit by a drunk driver and suffered serious injuries. She is participating in a meeting with convicted drunk driving offenders in which she describes how her accident affected her life and the offenders discuss how the conviction has affected them. Darla is participating in a ______.
victim impact panel
Restorative justice is more ______ than traditional methods of criminal justice.
victim-centered
In the type of mediation Naomi practices, she first meets with the offender and victim separately to see if each are willing to cooperate. Then they all work on repairing the harm done to the victim, which is very emotional. Eventually, both sides reach a mutually desirable written agreement that is later filed with the courts. What type of mediation does this describe?
victim-offender mediation
The most recent collateral consequence for convicted drug offenders is ____________.
withholding of welfare benefits