Prologue - The Story of Psychology (Study Guide)

1. The Greek naturalist and philosopher _________________ developed early theories about _________________, _________________, _________________, _________________, _________________, and _________________.

Aristotle; learning; memory; motivation; emotion; perception; personality

The first female president of the American Psychological Association was _________________ _________________. The first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology was _________________ ___________ _________________, who was the second female APA president and author of "The Animal Mind."

Mary Calkins; Margaret Floy Washburn

Why did introspection fail as a method for understanding how the mind works?

People's self-reports varied, depending on the experience and the person's intelligence and verbal ability.

What event defined the start of scientific psychology?

Scientific psychology began in Germany in 1879 when Wilhelm wundt opened the first psychology laboratory.

______________ used introspection to define the mind's makeup; ______________ focused on how mental processes enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish.

Structuralism; functionalism

3. Under the influence of evolutionary theorist Charles Darwin, philosopher-psychologist _________________ _________________ assumed that thinking developed because it was _____________________. As a ______________________, he focused on how mental and behavioral processes enable the organism to adapt and survive. In 1890, he published the first psychology textbook.

William James; adaptive; functionalism

2. The first psychological laboratory was founded in 1879 by Wilhelm __________. His student __________________ ___________________ introduced the school of ____________________, which explored the basic elements of mind using the method of ______________________. This method proved _______________________ (reliable/unreliable).

Wundt; Edward Titchener; structuralism; introspection; unreliable

10. As a science, psychology is less a set of findings than a way of _____________________________________________________________________________________.

asking and answering questions

9. The text author defines psychology as the scientific study of _________________ and _________________ processes. In this definition, "behavior" refers to any action that we can _________________ and _________________, and "mental processes" refers to the internal _________________ _________________ we infer from behavior.

behavior; mental; observe; record; subjective experiences

7. As a response to Freudian psychology and to _________________, which they considered too mechanistic, pioneers _________ ________________ and ________________ ________________ forged ________________ psychology. This new perspective emphasized the ____________ potential of _____________ people.

behaviorism; Carl Rogers; Abraham Maslow; humanistic; growth; healthy

8. During the 1960s, psychology underwent a _________________ revolution as it began to recapture interest in how our _________________ processed and retains information. The study of brain activity linked with mental activity is called _________________ _________________.

cognitive; mind; cognitive; neuroscience

5. In its earliest years, psychology was defined as the science of _________________ life. From the 1920s into the 1960s, psychology in America was redefined by _______________ ___ ______________ and ___ ___ _____________ as the science of _________________ _________________ behavior.

mental; John B. Watson; B. F. Skinner; observable unconscious

6. The other major force was Freudian psychology which emphasized the ways our _________________ thought processes and our _________________ responses to childhood experiences affect our behavior.

unconscious; emotional