Prosocial Relations
Social exchange theory
the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs
Reward theory of attraction
the theory that we like those whose behavior is rewarding to us or whom we associate with rewarding events
Diffusion of responsibility
when more people share responsibility for helping
Cooperation
working together for the good of all
Modern matchmaking
Internet-formed friendships and romantic relationships are on average slightly more likely to last and be satisfying. Nearly a quarter of heterosexual and two-thirds of same-sex couples met online.
Self-disclosure
deepens intimacy
Social-responsibility norm
expectation that people will help those dependent upon them
Contact
free of competition and equal status exists.
Proximity
geographic nearness- is a friendship's most powerful predictor -provides opportunity for aggression or friendship
Equity
important key to satisfying and enduring relationship
Communication
mediators can help each party to voice its viewpoint and to understand the other's needs and goals; change a competitive win-lose orientation to a cooperative win-win one
Mirror-image perceptions
mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive
Sexual desire + a growing attachment =
passion and romantic love
Passionate love
physical arousal and cognitive appraisal, temporary, beginning of a love relationship
Enemy Perceptions
psychologists have noted that those in conflict have a curious tendency to form diabolical images of one another
Physical attractiveness
Affects first impression; predicts frequency of dating and popularity; is influenced by cultural ideals and personal feelings.
Speed dating
For many people, 4 minutes is sufficient to form a feeling about a conversational partner and to register whether the partner likes them. People who fear rejection often elicit it. Choices may be more superficial, especially given many options. Women tend to be more choosy than men
Conciliation
GRIT (Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction); one side announces recognition of mutual interests and intent to reduce tensions, initiates one or more small, conciliatory acts
Self-fulfilling prophecy
a belief that leads to its own fulfillment
Altruism
a concern for others; generosity
Conflict
a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas and produce unwanted results
Superordinate goal
a shared goal that can be achieved only through cooperation among individuals or groups
Social Traps
a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior
Companionate love
the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
Reciprocity norm
the expectation that people will respond favorably to each other by returning benefits for benefits, and responding with either indifference or hostility to harms
Mere exposure effect
the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them
Bystander effect
the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present