PS 210 Exam 2
True or False: Countries have one type of cleavage: they can either have an economic or a non-economic cleavage between groups.
False
True or False: Gender-related attitudes about women's engagement in politics and their capacities for leadership always have a direct bearing on how many women are elected into office.
False
True or False: Historically, most political violence occurred between states against non-state actors, meaning those without a monopoly on the legitimate use of force.
False
True or False: Individual motivations to fight in civil conflicts usually grow out of voluntary feelings of doing what is 'right' and personal attachments to a community.
False
True or False: Since many civil wars pit members of two different religious groups against one another, suicide terrorism is frequently seen as a military tactic in civil wars.
False
True or False: Thanks to radical social changes in the 1960s, by the 1970s, women in established democracies were more likely to vote for liberal political parties than men.
False
True or False: As countries experience socioeconomic modernization, men and women grow equally more liberal on gender issues.
False
True or False: As one of the most socioeconomically developed countries in the world, the United States is among the top ten countries with the highest percentage of women in elected office.
False
True or False: Democracy's insistence on majority rule and recognition of changing preferences doesn't pose a problem for Christainity.
False
True or False: Genocide is ordered by political leaders at the urgings of the societies they rule.
False
True or False: Primordialism explains most of why identities become politicized since forms of identity are timeless and not malleable.
False
True or False: Since modernization changes political attitudes, countries with similar economic development have similar policies concerning gender.
False
True or False:Most democracies have free market, or pluralist, interest group formation.
False
All of the following are examples of how entrenched interests and existing policies may shape different degrees of male domination and female subordination EXCEPT:
Female participation in political parties
_________________ Arguments assert that there are inherent differences between men and women as a result of biological differences.
Genetic primordialist
Genocide differs from civilian death in other types of political violence in all of the following ways EXCEPT:
Genocide kills many more civilians than any other type of political violence.
Primordialism suggests that collective mobilization and politicization of the collective identity occurs when:
Groups perceive a threat to the continued practice of their identity.
_______ refers to the use of irregular military tactics by insurgents to engage the state's military forces, including sabotage and ambush.
Guerilla warfare
Which of the following is a major part of modernization that contributes to changing attitudes about gender relations and the modern gender gap? (2)
Increased access to education for women and increased women's participation in the labor force.
What is one challenge to the longevity of social movements?
Informality which may result in a lack of organizational and institutional resources.
Which of the following can be said about revolutions but CANNOT be said about civil wars?
Insurgents and the state both enjoy a significant proportion of popular support
___________ are organized groups of citizens that seek to ensure states enact certain policies that benefit their interests.
Interest Groups
Which of the following is an important characteristic of interest groups not shared by social movements?
Interest groups form when a group of people have a concrete political goal, while social movements do not.
Modernization theory argues all of the following EXCEPT:
Islamic tranditions inherently are non-democratic because of their subordination of women and emphaisis on ruling according to religious doctrine.
Which of the following is NOT true of the political opportunity structure in a particular country or context?
It affects the political structure within a successful social movement.
Democracy requires which of the following that could be in tension with most major religious tenants? (2)
Liberality and Tolerance
Greed can serve as a motivation for insurgencies and civil war when a country has ______ _______.
Lootable Resources
Which of the following is NOT a factor that explains variaton in policies concerning gender across countries with similar levels of socioeconomic development?
More men than women vote in elections, which translates into policy programs designed to benefit men.
According to Marx, class-consciousness would replace which type of the following political identities? (5)
Nationalism, Religion, Race, Ethnicity, Linguistic Group
True or False: A coalition government is one in which:
False
True or False: All societies in the world conceive of racial distinctions in essentially the same ways.
False
A potential source of tension between religion and democracy is:
The possibility that laws may violate moral principles
Which of the following is a critique of Huntington's argument for an oncoming 'Clash of Civilizations'? (3)
'Civilizations' do not exist and act coherently as states do, The conception of a 'civilization' ignores internal divisions within groups, especially within the Muslim world & The explanation ignores internal wars and conflicts fought between states of the same civilization
Which of the following would NOT be considered an important political identity according to Weber's approach?
A CEO of a major corporation
According to the World Values Survey, those with more secular-rational values tend to reflect all of the following EXCEPT:
A clear distinction bw good and evil.
Laws regarding which of the following have reinforced women's subordinate positions in society? (4)
Adultery & Divorce Laws, Marriage Laws, Education and Curriculum Laws, Laws specifying who can testify in court
Political Violence is defined as the use of force by:
Any political actors or groups with political motives
What is an explanation for why Americans tend to see a hard 'color line' between black and white, while Brazilians do not?
Brazilian white leaders needed to make their power legitimate over a majority black population in order to maintain rule in the late 1800s
Which of the following is NOT a way in which people resolve collective action problems?
Bribery
Political violence is defined as the use of force:
By any political actors or groups for political reasons
Which of the following religions have historically been considered incompatible with democracy?
Catholicism
Which of the following types of political violence occurs between combatants within the boundaries of one sovereign state, and those combatants are all subject to the same source of authority at the beginning of the conflict?
Civil War
Which of the following causes of civil wars are relatively unimportant factors in the causes of revolutions?
Colonial Legacies
Which of the following is NOT a typical consequence of a revolution?
Compromise with former state leadership in making political changes.
One of the weaknesses of ________________ is that it is unable to explain why people make sense of their own individual identities in specific ways.
Constructavism
Which of the following is NOT considered a factor of state weakness that leads to opportunities for insurgents to organize for civil conflict?
Cultural Hatred bw 2 groups
_____________ occurs when the efforts of one dominant group to assert themselves leaves a minority group politically insecure, fostering intergroup hatred.
Cultural Polarization
States overcome the collective action problem using coercion in all of the following ways EXCEPT:
Demanding unionization of workers
In which of the following places was national identity constructed by political leaders through the use of centralized control over the cirriculum used in national education?
Estonia
All of the following are reasons that there are incentives to free ride in politics EXCEPT:
Everyone can agree upon collective goods within identity groups.
Which of the following party systems are considered to be non-democratic?
One-Party
According to the World Values Survey's dimensions of secularization, those that place higher value on individual freedoms, leisure time, work as a source of personal satisfaction, 'being happy,' freedom of expression and participation in politics place emphasis on _____________
Personal Well Being
__________ refers to interest group mobilization in which interests are organized freely in an unregulated fashion.
Pluralism
The idea of gender as a _________ considers why and how ideas, institutions, and social contexts have changed in order to change how men and women engage and relate to politics.
Political Process
_______________ is an approach to understanding political identity that assumes identities are something people are born with or emerge through deep psychological processes in early childhood.
Primordialism
_________________ Refers to a situation in which society has diversity in the forms of religious worship.
Religious pluralism
The biggest distinction between a civil war and a revolution is:
Revolutions only occur when the insurgents win and make major changes when they take control of the state.
As of 2011, in which of the following countries do the number of women legislators outnumber their male counterparts?
Rwanda
Internal gender quota policies within political parties were enacted in which country that resulted in a rapid increase in the percentage of female legislators from 1994 to 2011?
Rwanda
Which scholar's work most closely espouses the idea that cultural identities would prove to be most politicized and contentious?
Samuel Huntington
True or False: Political leaders may create government-sanctioned formal texts to be used in education with nationalist messages to foster a unified national identity.
True
True or False: According to Marx, both the proletariat and the bourgeoisie would grow stronger under industrialization until a conflict eventually erupted into revolution.
True
True or False: Constructivism posits that politicians may draw on certain symbols or language in culture to generate a sense of community in order to hold onto power.
True
True or False: Everyone has some form of political identity for how they categorize themselves and others.
True
True or False: Racial and linguistic identities become politicized in very diverse societies, which produces some degree of tension or conflict.
True
True or False: As countries economically develop, they are more likely to experience secularization if they develop income equity.
True
True or False: Organizations that seek to promote public goods are willing to use private goods as enticements for their volunteers or members.
True
True or False: Suicide terrorism targets 'hard targets,' or wealthy and stronger states, as a last resort since more tranditional tactical opportunties do not exist.
True
True or False: The societies that express support for democratic principles in the World Values Survey while maintaining non-democratic governments also exhibit relatively lower levels of support for gender equality.
True
True or False: There have been so few accepted cases of the labeling of genocide because the United Nations is wary of calls for intervention following such a claim.
True
Which of the following is a way in which political leaders could foster a national identity for political stability? (2)
Widespread education under a common curriculum & mass literacy in a single national language.
Which of the following is NOT a reason that the number of women in elected positions is particularly influential on gender equality and public policy?
Women legislators are able to institute gender quotas in order to control at least one half of the legislature.
Family law codes DO NOT govern which of the following:
abortion and reproductive rights
Which of the following would NOT be considered an example of an economic political identity?
an active member of a local Jewish community center
Which of the following methods to overcome the collective action problem calls upon volunteers to spend time, money and other resources without offering a benefit in return?
appeals
Which of the following was NOT a consequence of the Communist Revolution in China in 1949?
appeals made to peasants based on patriotism and wealth redistribution
The idea that gender can act as a __________ recognizes that men and women both possess gender identities as a masculine or feminine, and acceptable behavior associated with these identities varies in political ways around the world.
category
Civil society organizations are most likely to use which of the following methods to overcome the collective action problems?
enticements
Collective action problems happen when there are incentives for individuals to ___________, or enjoy benefits of collective action taken by other people to generate mobilization without devoting their own time, money or energies.
free ride
The concept of _____________ distinguishes between the social and cultural characteristics associated with femininity and masculinity from biological differences.
gender
All of the following factors contribute to genocide EXCEPT:
international willingness to intervene
Women, regardless of political party, tend to be _________ than their average male counterpart.
more liberal
Which of the following is NOT a way that political parties attempt to take and hold onto power?
party platforms with enticements for volunteers
An example of a private good is:
protection of wages for members of a union
Which of the following are NOT characteristics of interest groups?
requiring an extensive formal membership base for mobilization to be effective
Which of the following is the least institutionalized form of collective action?
social movements
Religion is often NOT linked to:
socioeconomic status
In poorer societies, people generally tend to NOT have which of the following kinds of values regarding gender?
support for homosexuality
To understand why identities are sometimes politicized and other times not, constructivism does NOT consider which of the following factors?
the cultural traditions in which people were surrounded by during childhood
Many political scientists consider the Iranian Revolution of 1979 to fit the description of a revolution for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:
the overthrow of the shah was not particularly violent
The logic of collective action suggests that mobilization is most likely under which of the following circumstances?
when groups have few members with many resources and concrete goals
