PS Chp 8
facts to numbers =
statistics
examples put
abstract ideas into concrete terms that listeners easily understand
use explanation to
clarify idea, reinforce ideas, vivdly/rchly texture speech, make delivery good to enhance examples
examples are an excelelnt way to
clarify unfamiliar, complex ideas
use testimony from
qualified sources (on subject at and, recognized experts)
use statistics to
quantify ideas, use them sparingly, identify source, explain to relate them to listeners
testimony
quotations or paraphrases used to support a point
Quote out of context
quote in a way that distorts meaning by removing words/phrases = false impression on aud
to reinforce idea, make sure example is
representative, doesnt desl with rare/exceptional cases, ex: 9/10 dentists (not 90% of all dentists)
extended
tell vividly/dramatically to pull aud. into speech (narratives, anecdotes)
hypothetical
imaginary/ficticious, can relate to listenerd to pull them into speech
statistics can be used
in a combination to show magnitude/seriousness of issue
3 q's listeners ask of speaker
what do you mean, so what, why should i believe you
quote
brief to convey meaning better
types of ex
brief, extended, hypothetical
examples
cases used to illustrate group of people, ideas, experiences, etc.
for examples
focus attention on example, proivde vivid details, may have strong impact on listeners beliefs/actions
avoid
generalizations (specific instead)
when quote phrase, you need to
identofy person, theri profession/qualifications and date
paraphrase
long and cumbersome
when citing statistics oraly
make sure they are up to date (use visual aid) and make sure its backed up by others
statistics
numerical data used for magnitude/seriousness of issue
brief
passing to illustrate a point
Brief examples are also called
specific instances, can ple them ontop of each other to create desired impression
peer testimony
testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic
expert testimony
testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields (good for controversial topics)
for statistics
understand if theyre representative and used correctly
ideas
vague, impersonal, lifeless
impact on listeners beliefs/actions
vivid, concrete examples