PS124 War History

Terrorism

-BASELINE DEFINITION: a group that uses violence to instill fear in a community -how to define terrorism as a group or tactic -goal to instill fear into a community/society to generate an overreaction -"one man's terrorist is another man's freedom fighter" -terrorists often mislabeled because states have an incentive to to make them appear illegitimate -from Hoffman reading: not a professional military, not lunatics, organized crime is not terrorism, one definition is not necessarily correct --> big take away

Relative vs. Absolute Gains

-Relative gains is the idea that states only measure their gains in terms of other states (especially their opponents), aka what they get as well in any deal -Absolute gains is the idea that states only measure their gains in terms of themselves and aren't interested in what other states gain from the/any deal -Realists believe we live in a world where states only care about relative gains -Liberals believe we live in a world where states only care about absolute gains -in reality its a combination of the two -realists believe that states only thinking in relative gains leads to a prisoner's dilemma -liberals believe the prisoners dilemma can be overcome through deliberation using international organizations/laws such as the UN -concept is relevant to class because it gives us insight into how states strategize/thinking about deals they enter with other states

Genocide

-a coordinated plan of different actions aiming at the destruction of the essential foundation of the life of national groups, with the aim of annihilating the groups themselves- Rafael Lemkin -1948 UN Convention on The Prevention and Punishment of Genocide -five theories of genocide: social identity theory, diversionary war theory, democratic peace theory, strategic leadership theory, theories of obedience -realism: intervene when in your interest -liberalism: when the genocide convention requires intervention - constructivism: when norms of intervention compel us to act

Taboo

-a shared understanding about a prohibited behavior -heavily valued by constructivists -a taboo does not need to be written or enforced in law -breaking taboo does not weaken it, it can actually strengthen it based on the societal response -we evaluate the strength of taboos by analyzing the society response to the event in question

Deterrence

-a strategy that seeks to prevent nuclear war by threatening the enemy with unacceptable consequences -adversary states have to be vulnerable to nuclear strikes ( -your own state has to be able to survive nuclear strike, second strike capability, and then strike back (D may fail when "young" nuclear states are involved) -leaders must be sane enough to avoid launching a nuclear attack (D may fail when leaders misperceive or mistakes happen) -leaders have to credibility threaten an insane retaliation, "a threat that leaves something to chance" (D may fail if delegation fail) -a leader they believe in, that is credibly committed to the action of retaliating

ABM

-anti-ballistic missiles -SIGNIFICANCE: one of the paradoxes of deterrence strategy that deterrence may fail if the adversary state has BMD (paradox to "state has to be vulnerable to nuclear strike") -ABM defend against ICBMs launched at a state -they would be targeted in an attack to take down a countries defenses -they don't work, ICBMs are too fast, because of merving (nukes seperate into multiple warheads, and some of them are decoys), use example of nike missile bases in bay area -initially not that expensive but get increasingly costly -if they were developed on a mass scale that worked it would threatened the balance of MAD, creates an incentive to strike first because you can't get retaliated against in that moment in time -ABMs help us understand the failures of deterrence

Fissile

-any material capable of splitting into multiple nuclei -type of atomic bomb (fission) -part of the process of detonation -fissile or fusion (2 types of nukes) -first process that was perfected -Sagan reading (hard to know when states are building nuke with fissile material, or why states are acquiring uranium or plutonium -also largest deposits are in Iran (hard to DENY) -part of process to make bomb: acquire material, purify (refine) material, enrich it, assemble it -*ANY NUKE RELATED TERM RELATE BACK TO SAGAN

to bandwagon

-bandwagoning is one of the three types of responses/actions states can have when their security is threatened (in neorealist thinking) -it means to ally with another state (mutual security alliance, etc.) that essentially represents an increase in power -smaller states tend to do this when they do not possess the capability to increase military strength (enter into an arms race) -non-nuclear states tend to bandwagon with nuclear states when one of their opponents possesses nuclear power -in neorealist world, bandwagoning is part of cyclical process of state relations that leads to a security dilemma

Chemical Agent

-chemical weapons are type of WMD -made of chemical compounds -with the effect of poisoning -kills you by choking you, blistering you, poisoning your blood, or shutting down your nervous system -"ideal chemical weapons" are highly lethal, easy cheap and safe, and easy to distribute -dispersal through artillery shells/bombs, or spraying from airplanes -global norms against the use of Chemical weapons (Syria) -chem weapons have weak taboos

Dual Use Technology

-closely related to answers for enrichment and fissile material -ALL SAGAN -the idea you can use fissile material for nuclear reactors for energy or for nuclear bombs -makes it hard to deter or identify when state is building bomb because could be collecting for energy purposes

Dirty Bomb

-conventional bomb (using lots of TNT) with radioactive material or chemical material to spread/distribute very far -spread radioactive material without fusion or fission causing contamination and panic -effect is more psychological than physical --> doesn't increase changes of getting cancer really -psychological because terrorists use it, if went off in city on one block, no one would go near it for fear of getting radiation contamination -difficult to deny and deter, because used by terror groups and non-state actors, not by states

COIN

-counter-insurgency strives to defeat the insurgents and protect that status quo -realism: overwhelm the insurgents with force (superior defense, food control, etc.), contain their movements -liberalism: fight the insurgents while protecting civilians, resilience is key, take losses without retribution -constructivism: win over hearts and minds of civilian population, provide greater benefits than insurgents, create stable and legitimate government

Intervention

-country violating the sovereignty of another country, military interventions are different from humanitarian interventions, could use both,

Insurgency

-goal to overthrow ruling regime -or expel a colonial invader/ or any invader -use of irregular tactics to defeat a conventional force -interchangeable with guerrilla warfare -Huntington reading on asymmetric warfare

NPT

-non-proliferation treaty -why need it? to prevent new states from getting nuclear weapons (reference Scott Sagan's perils of proliferation to see why) -neoliberals place faith in the usefulness of this treaty -neorealists would say strong states will abide by it until it no longer serves their interests and then violate it, weak states will abide -its a treaty of developed states -mention Sagan reading

Groupthink

-part of misperception theory part of psychology theory -how people talk to each other in times of crisis -consensus tends to develop -people rarely play devil's advocate -everyone is persuaded that there is agreement in the room -likely to self-censor -confirms pre-existing biases -self-fulfilling processes, fall to preconceived notions -clarifying example: JFK exec board called during Cuban Missile Crisis, analysis of audio recording -relevance: one of the four common types of misperceptions from misperception theory (Levy)

Ancient Hatreds

-prime example: Kosovo myth 1389, mythical hero, "achilles type" example, story symbolic for young serbs to be courageous and "there are traitors in our midst" -identity + mistrust + myths = "ancient hatreds" -social identity is powerful tool for describing why civil wars happen because religious and ethnic identities are particularly inflexible (civil wars best type of situation to use social-psychology arguement -kauffman reading for civil wars (says don't do marriage counseling, help them divorce), this is morally questionable and very painful: India/Pakistan 1,000,000 die, Israel Palestine is success story kind of

Enrichment

-process of changing the element you collect into material for energy or nuclear weapons (remember U235 and Pu239) -how it relates to deterrence, denying, or disarmament (ANY NUKE TERM RELATE BACK TO SAGAN)

offense/defense dominance

-refers to a period where either offensive weapons or defensive weapons are dominant -offensive refers to mobile, defense refers to stationary -according to theory, war is more common in an offensive world -clarifying example: an offensive dominated period would be the wars of pillage with the musket and cannon. a defensive dominated period would be the medieval period -relevance: example of very parsimonious and accurate theory that's pretty good

parsimony

-refers to a theory that explains or predicts a great deal using relatively little data -clarifying example: neorealism is parsimony on crack -relevance: how we evaluate theories as being "good"

security dilemma

-states must constantly compare their power in relation to others. They worry about relative gains. When power is out of balance, states try to balance it, by either arming, balancing against, or balancing with (bandwagoning), all three of these actions threaten the security of other states, who respond by doing the same (arms race), this creates a security dilemma which ultimately leads to war -neorealist concept -neorealists believe once states enter a security dilemma they cannot exit it, and the ending result is war

social identity theory

-the idea that there is an in group and an out group -people like to identify with a group because it makes them feel better about themselves -possess inherent negative bias towards the outgroup -want to feel good about the group they are in -emulate members of their in-group and vilify and stigmatize members of the out-group -clarifying example: how Berkeley students feel about Stanford students, often has nothing to do with how much you know them -relevance: explains why people unite around a group mentality/commonality, and dislike people not in that group

Civil War

-three types of civil wars: secession, failed states, and ethnic/sectarian wars -learn iraq example, syria exaple, yugoslavia example -sociological explanation: basically null hypothesis for civil wars, one group thinks they are better than others, often use historical groups/wars or even myths as inspirations/metaphors (think Ancient Hatreds) -look at how realists would try to explain civil wars (security dilemma acting very difficult in this scenario)

Biological Agent

-worse than chemical weapons -made of viruses/bacteria -effect is disease -"ideal bio weapon": highly lethal, easy, cheap, and safe to produce and store, easily spread, has long incubation period (less traceability, more mingling between infected and non-infected before revealing itself --> infects many -examples: small pox, ebola ( a virus), ricin (microrganisms) (made from caster beans), anthrax, cholera (bacteria)

4 ways to evaluate a theory

1. parsimony 2. useful question answered 3. ability to collect data 4. logic, logical flaws (false negatives or positives, consistency, does it explain everything you want it to, causality)

Battle of Crecy

BATTLE -14th century CE -England versus France -England had mercenaries (trained longbownmen) -Longbows used by England -Longbowmen crushed the French knights before English knights even got to swing at them -French refused to abandon knight/feudal system, England did though -French felt like English cheated by letting "commoners" shoot arrows at them -Significance is shows how doctrine takes awhile to change, even if it loses battles or wars for militaries

Operation Overlord

BATTLE -1944 CE -D-Day -US/Britain open Western Front in WW2 -tricked Nazis with biggest misinformation campaign in history -was an "operation" to move troops into european theater -used diversionary tactics, and other tactics, that coordinated naval power with air power to weaken nazi artillery and defenses -"strategy" choice to enter WW2 -novel doctrine made possible through modern technology

Siege of Alesia

BATTLE -1st century BCE, (52 BCE) -Romans lay siege to retreated forces inside their stronghold after defeating them in open battle during the Gallic uprising -idea behind allowing yourself to be placed under siege is its easier to fight behind wall -fort/wall multiplies force impact by 3 -Romans are successful, build inner and outer walls, siege is attacked but not broken and Romans crush Gallic people as they make one last ditch effort -reflects Roman military doctrine of digging in and creating camps surrounded by ramparts -Roman doctrine influences their technology and tactics, develop siege weapons and catapults, tech to lay siege but also fortify their own camps

Siege of Masada

BATTLE -1st century CE, First Jewish-Roman War -Jewish revolt against Romans -last of rebels flee to large hilltop in what is modern day Israel -Romans had siege tactics -laid siege against Jews on natural fortress -Romans build ramp to attack -abandon siege to attack due to harsh environment -exemplar of siege warfare (or how sieges are broken)

Battle of Chaeronea

BATTLE -338 BCE (4th century BCE) -Macedonian Syntagmas with sarissa (20 ft long spears) 16x16 rows = 256 men VERSUS Greek hoplite phalanxes -Philip of Macedon has communication system with "companion calvary" -uses famous "hammer and anvil tactic" -result was end of greek city states, beginning of Macedonian empire -Macedonian victory really due to Philip having best trained army in the world (can split, fake retreat) -can accomplish this because has Macedonian empire system, shows connection between society and doctrine

Battle of Gettysburg

BATTLE -decisive battle in American Civil War, 19th century CE -Lee has invaded North, defeated here and retreats -defeated because forced to attack enemy on higher ground, disadvantageous position -forced into this because of logistical issue with dwindling food source, can't really retreat either, forced to attack -Union holds high ground, decisive battle on Little Roundtop were small force holds the flank of Union position by successfully using a right wheel forward bayonet charge -displays strategy trumping out on top to determine who wins a battle -more importantly, south attempted in last ditch effort the famous "Pickett's Charge", basically resembled a Napoleonic charge from 1805, but employed in 1861, and failed miserably -this example displays how doctrine can't keep up with changing military technology

Battle of Leutzen

BATTLE -during 30 year war (17th century CE Europe) fought under Gustavus Adulphus (King of Sweden) conquers all of Europe in name of Protestantism -1/3 of man power is lost on losing side -Leutzen convinces them to fight for him by giving freedom to do anything to enemy (non-believer) -innovative commanders given freedom on battlefield -big point is Adulphus combines infantry, cavalry, and cannons in ingenius ways, extremely sucessful -one of the earliest examples of military tactic that combines different types of force in strategic manner that proves extremely sucessful

Battle of Austerlitz

BATTLE -greatest battle/tactical achievement by Napoleon during the Napoleonic Wars 19th Century CE -campaign across Europe in name of French nationalism to destroy these other states -other countries unite against Napoleon in balancing of power act -Napoleon is vastly outnumbered by the Russians and Austrians and has no technical advantage -Uses maneuvers to defeat them one at a time -cuts russian supply line so can't join with austrians at once -fights austrians alone and wins, offers a false peace treaty to A and R to throw them off, Then meet Russians in Battle of Austerlitz, using deceiving tactic where pretends his flank is weak to entice on an attack from that direction -delivers final blow by defeating Russians here -brilliant operations decisions and strategy decisions on Napoleon's part

sarissa

IMPORTANT CONCEPT -20 ft spear used in Macedonian Syntagma -widely used under Philip -improvement on the phalanx -basically a walking porky pine -syntagma had 16x16 rows = 256 men -takes a lot of training for all of these men to use sarissa in such a large block -Philip made it possible through using professional soldiers and the Macedonian bureaucracy -greek city states were independent and didn't have that administrative/governing capability which is why Philips army was stronger and could defeat them

MAD

IMPORTANT CONCEPT -Mutually assured destruction -"supposedly" stable situation in which two states capable inflicting unacceptable damage on one another using nuclear weapons

syntagma

IMPORTANT CONCEPT -Philip of Macedon developed this -improved on the Greek phalanx -16x16 rows of men = 256 -spears 20 ft long -extremely well trained, could wheel, turn, change shape, direction, split, fake retreats, etc... all due to extreme training -way that Philip grew Macedonian empire and crushed greek city states, trumped over phalanx in battle

Flank

IMPORTANT CONCEPT -Side of military unit -or an attack on side of military unit -since units designed to attack towards front, flank is one of weakest points of the unit

vassal

IMPORTANT CONCEPT -anyone who owes fealty to someone else -product of the feudal system (5th to 15 century CE) -system for a king to divide up land in return for fealty (service), makes king able to raise army if needed at a time when he could not afford to raise or upkeep an army

breech

IMPORTANT CONCEPT -back end of a barrel/gun -where gun is cocked, where ignition of gunpowder happens that launches projectile -where guns are eventually loaded from, much more efficient, changes warfare dynamics

infantry

IMPORTANT CONCEPT -basic unit of any military -on foot unit -evolved from spear and shield bearing to automatic rifle bearing today -subset section of the army, made up of Armor and Artillery as well -engage on land -close-ranged combat, so usually bear the largest brunt of warfare and suffer the most casualties in campaign -significant to course because pretty much every standing army has some infantry component

doctrine

IMPORTANT CONCEPT -body of theory, principles, and practices about strategy, operations, and tactics -our class centered around theory that doctrine is influenced by society which is influenced by technology, all three influence each other

tactics

IMPORTANT CONCEPT -decisions/actions about using force in a battle -can determine the outcome of a battle -better tactics can overcome being outnumbered (think Battle of Marathon) -relevant to class because military vocabulary

trench warfare

IMPORTANT CONCEPT -emerge in greatest capacity during WWI -due to military doctrine not keeping up with recent tech developments, i.e. machine guns, artillery shells with variations, barbed wire, more lethal weapons in general -protects soldiers on the front lines from these dangers -but very dangerous in itself, subject to being gassed out, invaded, etc -makes "entrenched' warfare, super stagnant, front line barely budges in either direction, drags war on and on -reason why the Schlieffen plans of all the Euro countries failed miserable, war was supposed to last 3 weeks but ended up last 5 years due to trench warfare

semi-automatic/automatic

IMPORTANT CONCEPT -innovation in firearm design -some energy from explosion of bullet firing is harnessed to eject the old case and reload the chamber with a new bullet -fully automatic machine guns produces a sheet of metal, impenetrable -stops all assault, makes wars last longer and goes on years and and years -changes military doctrine into trench warfare (along with barbed wire and shells)

guerilla warfare

IMPORTANT CONCEPT -invented by Spaniards in beginning of 19th century -Napoleon invades Spain, tries to make his brother the king --> Imperialism -Spaniards are pissed, learned self-determination and nationalism from French -so revolt -run an insurgency -perfect irregular warfare, could not defeat napoleon on open battlefield, no chance -create little wars "petite guerre" -spanish suceed, napoleon loses 40,000 men and leaves Spain -sets stage for military campaigns today, think vietnam, middle east, Afghanistan, way for an outmatched small power to confront a giant

grand strategy

IMPORTANT CONCEPT -link between politicians and military leaders -decisions about using force in general -US policymakers decide to enter war in Europe -strong connection between society and military doctrine here, determines whether a state will go to war, policymakers usually responding to citizens -relevant to our class because it is military vocabulary

musket

IMPORTANT CONCEPT -made possible by development of gunpowder -tech advancement from older arquebus -muzzle loaded weapon -fires balls not bullets (because not rifled yet), fired by using match, combustion launches ball -musketmen surrounded by pikes (musketeers elite units) -takes long time to reload -largely influenced military doctrine but not for a long time (eventually with the volley etc.)

bayonet

IMPORTANT CONCEPT -metal sword attached to end of musket -made pikemen obsolete because musketeers no longer needed to be protected from charges -plus men being stretched out in lines because can fire volleys faster with flint lock muskets, faster reload -doesn't make sense to have tons more pikemen to accommodate this -developed the bayonet charge when running low on ammo or have weakened enemy line -phases out wars of maneuver, battle becomes pretty barbaric and ugly again -technology changing military doctrine

phalanx

IMPORTANT CONCEPT -military unit of greek hoplite warfare -greek city states didn't have organization or state system to raise funds to raise professional army and train them -elite members of society groups into blocks to fight -phalanx doctrine is to fight as a block, act as one big battering ram, and walk forward and push with shields -spears were 7 ft long -displays how military doctrine is influenced by society

strategy

IMPORTANT CONCEPT -moving forces between theaters of war -US decision to send troops to Europe to fight in WW2 against Nazis -relevant to class because military vocabulary

operations

IMPORTANT CONCEPT -moving forces within a region (theater) (battle to battle) -example is operations decision to cross over from England to France at widest stretch (Caen) instead of narrowest stretch (caleigh) to confuse nazis -relevant to class because military vocabulary

asymmetrical warfare

IMPORTANT CONCEPT -one of the two major forms of conflict during Cold War (second half of 20th century) -even though there was no "hot war" between major world superpowers, there was lots of fighting all over the world -Superpower versus small state: US vs Cuba, USSR vs Afghanistan -had to do with ideological overwashed concern for countries falling to communism or vice versa, only two sides to be on -explains in part why countries go to war at this time period which is why we care about it

Cavalry

IMPORTANT CONCEPT -part of a military that fought on horseback -cavalry has been obsolete since WWI -current day units that fight on land but not foot are referred to as armored units (trucks, tanks, etc)

magazine

IMPORTANT CONCEPT -piece of weapons tech -developed on brink of WW1 -increased firing speed and lethality of firearms -a clip, logical next step after invention of breech-loading weapons -spring that pushed next bullet into chamber -firing speed goes to 3 clips a minute in WWI, this clip had 5 bullets in it -general trend of gun development, reloading faster, shooting farther harder, more lethal -tech influencing military doctrine during WWI

Cold War

IMPORTANT CONCEPT -second half of 20th century CE -legacy of US/Britain opening second front during WWII, making an East and Western one, arriving in Berlin at same time, and splitting Germany and parts of Europe in half -USSR Commies versus US and "free world" -NATO vs Warsaw Pact -no "hot war" between two major superpowers because: a. only two great powers: alliances were clear and simple b. the two superpowers had similar capabilities c. the two parties both had "second-strike capabilities, which created mad -arms race urging on high-tech weaponry, outspending, out-arming, brought US and USSR military into modern era of weapons platforms -important to class because example of a period where states decide NOT to go to war because of certain reasons, in this case because predicted losses were unacceptable

War by proxy

IMPORTANT CONCEPT -small powers vs. small powers that represent one of the two major superpowers (during Cold War) -one of the two primary forms of actual conflict during the Cold War, second-half of 20th century CE -example is Yom Kippur War, Egypt vs. Israel -significance is major superpowers would not engage in direct conflict for fear of total destruction (think MAD/nukes)

pike-man

IMPORTANT CONCEPT -soldier holding long spear in front of musketeer to protect him from cavalry or infantry charges etc. -usually multiple pikemen formed box around musketeer -necessary because musketeer could not reload quickly, needed to be protected, valuable -pike-men phased out with tech development of bayonet

vauban fort

IMPORTANT CONCEPT -star-shaped fort on elevated ground with super thick walls -emerged during wars of maneuver (17th-18th centuries CE) to prevent supplies (lines) from being attacked/targeted by the enemy -outcompeted artillery in the arms race, impenetrable -only made possible because of emergence of modern state that could pay for it

volley

IMPORTANT CONCEPT -term used to describe when commander generates a whole line of fire at once -relevant during battles using early stages of guns, muskets/balls etc. -because took long time to reload, needed to fire in cohesive unison to generate significant fire power -so every soldier had to perform same tasks at same time and same rate, took lots of training, emergence of military academies at this time -for class: relates military doctrine to technology

air force

IMPORTANT CONCEPT -the air force is the air combat unit of a military -really did not come into play until WW2 with dogfights and bombing missions and paratroopers being dropped behind enemy lines -even though airplane was invented right before WWI, tech didn't catch up yet enough so airplanes were pretty much a nuisance dropping grenades in some trenches, not good enough yet to carry troops or bombs, too heavy

rear

IMPORTANT CONCEPT -the back of a military -most vulnerable here because military must turn full 180 to confront attack, and this takes time and lots of coordination -relevant to our class because describes unit movement

front

IMPORTANT CONCEPT -the direction a military faces -or the space between two militaries facing each other, the line along which two units meet -front is where military is designed to attack or defend, so least vulnerable here, most vulnerable anywhere else -relevant to class because describes how units move

muzzle

IMPORTANT CONCEPT -the end of a barrel of a gun or cannon/artillery piece -where guns and cannons were loaded for a long time, and when had smoothbore barrels instead of rifling -took very long time to load gun and had to stuff bullet down the barrel -means that musketeers weren't extremely viable military units for a while and their military training as a group was designed around catering to the amount of time it took to reload a muzzle-loaded gun

logistics

IMPORTANT CONCEPT -the organization of moving, housing, and supplying troops and equipment -massive operation as military is a complex entity -people required to accomplish these tasks make up 90% of military in a variety of departments while the actual fighting forces only make up 10% -can make or break a military campaign, think of piece on Alexander's well-thought out campaign trail map stopping at the right places at the right times, embarking on campaign right before harvest, etc. -or Lee being forced to attack Union on poor ground due to lack of logistics for food for his army of Northern Virginia -targeted heavily during wars of maneuver -Napoleon was amazing at this, why he was so successful largely

navy

IMPORTANT CONCEPT -the seafaring unit of a military -instrumental in WW2 landing in normandy on D-Day, crossed english channel with insane amount of troops -US aircraft carrier ultimate weapons platform

artillery

IMPORTANT CONCEPT -unit in a military -subset section of the army, made up of Armor and Infantry as well -large-caliber guns used in warfare on land -a grouping sometimes called a "battery" -instrumental in assisting infantry in assaults -often used in conjunction with other military units -originated with cannons shooting balls, now with rifled barrels can shoot bullet shaped projectiles -different kind of shells that explode under different conditions

Wars of Pillage

IMPORTANT CONCEPT -wars in 16th and 17th century -characterized by very large armies, mercenaries -could not be supplied by their owners -therefore had to live off land by looting from civilians -war is getting more expensive -had to pay for it, so let everyone pillage, unrestrained warfare, very destructive, tons of civilian deaths, incredibly brutal, not kept on battlefield -society influences type of war fought, type of soldier used

wheel

IMPORTANT CONCEPT -when unit swivels around, changes direction, or turns as it advances -takes time and coordination -can be used to move up and flank a unit -or can be used to respond to a flanking maneuver -relevant to our class because describes how units move

hoplite

IMPORTANT CONCEPT -who fought: richest members of Greek society, because had to afford own armor -not supplied by city-state government -social elite, agrarian societies, greek city states -limited goals, limited wars, no time to train, plan or organize -because of this, fights where grouped into big blocks called phalanxes, ram into each other until one block breaks, low casualties -displays how society influences the doctrine or soldier type

wars of maneuver

IMPORTANT CONCEPT -with emergence of modern state -well trained, costly, invested soldier force -don't want vulnerable solders to die, so try to avoid direct battles -maneuver around direct battle, by going after supply lines or sources, logistics, make enemy realize they need to go home -generals who found themselves in battles had failed "the state" -"game of threatening violence" -so state leaders start to build fortified supply forts, emergence of Vauban fort, fortifications superior to firepower -displays soldier influencing military doctrine

Arquebus

IMPORTANT CONCEPTS -one of earliest forms of a gun -developed during medieval times (5th to 15th century CE) -expensive, not used by many -signals end of knights --> end of feudalism (gunpowder in general signals this)

Rifling

INNOVATION -Cutting spiral grooves into barrel of gun -purpose to cause bullet to spin as it flies -stabilizes flight path of bullet -possible to shoot further/greater precision -enables use of bullet-shaped projectiles -these fly further, penetrate deeper -perfected in 19th century -increased lethality of guns -increases distance between enemy units -contributed to invention of breech-loading mechanisms

Blitzkrieg

INNOVATION -Hitler, WW2 1939-1945 -coordinating different types of units (air, motorized vehicle, artillery, infantry) -very rapid, overwhelmed enemy -combined offensive tactics w/ siege warfare -change in technology leads to change in doctrine -fascist regime helps consolidate control for extreme training necessary for this (and militarization of the state)

Roman siege engines

INNOVATION -Romans, 1st century BCE -catapult/siege equipment used to attack fortresses -to break fortresses, broke down strongholds, counter to defensive tactic -relates to Roman doctrine of digging in

gunpowder

INNOVATION -combustable material that produces a powerful explosion -can be controlled and used to fire a projectile such as a ball or bullet in a barrel -must be ignited to work -made cannons and gun development possible -its emergence signaled the beginning of the end of knights, and in turn the end of the feudal system, which was dependent on knights

medieval castle

INNOVATION -emerged in medieval times (5th to 15th century CE) -whole focus was on building better defenses -started with small fortified hut, but with invention of catapults then evolved into a "keep" with sturdy rock stairs to get to it -then with tribuchet developed, need a castle in response -basically defense and offense play game of cat and mouse -defensive tech ends up winning out -significance is its impact on warfare in this period, makes wars infrequent and uneventful, 9/10 sieges at this time would fail

breech-loading

INNOVATION -firearms could now be loaded from the back end of the barrel/gun due to development of sealable chambers within the gun design -developed on brink of WWI -meant soldier could reload much faster, didn't have to worry about stuffing musket ball down entire barrel of musket -was a tech development necessity after the discovery of the rifled barrel because could not stuff a bullet down a barrel that was threaded/grooved on the inside -further made bayonet charge unviable because infantry being charged upon could get more shots off before being reached, meaning higher casualty rates during the charge -increased the power and effectiveness of the rifle

long bow

INNOVATION -first used in Battle of Crecy, 1346 CE, 14th Century CE -used by English mercenaries against French Knights -absolutely slaughtered them before they even reached the British line, displayed first big weakness that signaled the beginning of the end of knights: flying projectiles -super big bow, fires extremely powerful and big arrow, very hard to pull back and shoot accurately, takes a lifetime of training, which is expensive -French moaned that British were cheating and not abiding by rules of chivalry, displays doctrine not keeping up with technology, British abandoned feudal system long before french, so they won out

flint-lock

INNOVATION -flint-lock muskets: use flint instead of match as ignition source for gunpowder explosion -brought reloading time way down, from 4 minutes to 1 minute -only took 30 moves to reload instead of 90 -one shot every minute -famous one used by Brits was called "Brown Bess" used it to conquer the world, native americans, India, etc, tech inferior natives didn't stand a chance against this weapon, made bayonet charge less viable because soldiers being charged at could get more shots off before resorting to hand to hand combat

ICBMs

INNOVATION -inter-continental ballistic missile -developed during Cold War (second half of 20th century CE) -nukes that can hit anywhere but can't be hit themselves (because hidden in hardened missile silos underground (or in submarines for SLBMs) -creates "second-strike capability", meaning country can destroyed the country that attacks them with nukes even after they have been largely destroyed themselves "ability to strike back" -this creates a situation of MAD: makes countries much more cautious, and move very slowly, also hypothetically stabilizing because prospect of war is too costly so simply doesn't happen in first place

locomotive

INNOVATION -invention of the combustible engine car, armored vehicle, train etc. -basically phased out cavalry, horses in war, made them irrelevant -trains and cars could move faster, were more reliable, and could move troops to front faster than cavalry could -became instrumental in wars really beginning with WWI -instrumental part of the extremely rapid mobilization procedures as part of european conscription system that was developed starting with the germans -technology changes the type of soldier on battlefield (phases out cavalry)

bullet

INNOVATION -made possible by development of rifled barrel -spun bullet in barrel when being fired, giving it a more stable trajectory and could fire much further -unlike musket ball, was pointy and aerodynamic, caused more damage when made contact, and cleaner shot through, could penetrate more -same concept replace cannon balls as artillery shells

matchlock

INNOVATION -method of igniting gunpowder to fire a weapon -lighteable wick that could be locked onto lever to control firing time for musket -first mechanism invented to facilitate firing of a firearm -before this had to lower an actual match into the flash pan -still took a very long time to reload and had to be done in unison along infantry lines in order to produce a volley i.e. all fire at the same time

knight

INNOVATION -squire (assistant) = "knecht" = knight -someone who owes fealty to someone else (and fights for them) -vital part of feudal system (5th to 15th century CE) -thin sense of code of conduct with knights, "rules of chivalry" -knights hide in castles, sieges happen -knights only serve their masters part time, not enough time for training and expertise -knights owe fealty to their direct masters only, no coherent army/discipline -knights have no support troops to protect them -rendered obsolete by gunpowder -displays how soldier influenced by soldier/technology

tank

INNOVATION -used in WWI to some limited success -instrumental in WW2 to defeating the Nazis -General Patton predicted this but no one listened to him at first -used by Hitler in his Blitzkrieg, came on so fast overwhelmed enemy -Patton and Eisenhower designed battle plan that took Blitzkrieg to the next level, which is how we defeated the Nazis -how tech changes military doctrine -tanks further reflect the complete irrelevance of Calvary in the battlefield -part of the armor branch of military -vulnerable to shells, but good against bullets

weapons platform

INNOVATION -platforms that carry weapons operated by 1 or a few highly trained soldiers of high rank -really comes into relevance for Cold War (second half of 20th century CE) -significance being high ranking officer being sent back into battlefield, while less trained lower ranked soldier stays at home in Virginia or wherever -shift from before where commander holds back and sends out enlisted men en masse to fight battles

Egyptian chariot

INNOVATIONS - (archer charotier) chariot better than others because it was manned by a single soldier, and had spoked wheels, both made it faster and more dynamic -part of Egyptian warfare technology that led to their wild success, allowed Egyptians to expand boundaries of their empire to basically engulf the Middle East -used it to crush the Mesopotamians in 1468 B.C. by driving around them in circles and firing their composite bows from a longer distance -displays how technology influences the soldier who fights and can trump over being outnumbered - (made possible by) relates technology to doctrine because to train archer charioteer had to pull him out of society all of life (had bureaucracy to collect taxes to pay for it)

composite bow

INNOVATIONS -Egyptian composite bow arrow will hit you before you can hear the Egyptian coming -bow is composite, meaning made up of multiple parts, 4x range of the Mesopotamians -lots of similar information as Egyptian chariot part of Egyptian warfare technology that led to their wild success, allowed Egyptians to expand boundaries of their empire to basically engulf the Middle East -used it to crush the Mesopotamians in 1468 B.C. by driving around them in circles and firing their composite bows from a longer distance -displays how technology influences the soldier who fights and can trump over being outnumbered - (made possible by) relates technology to doctrine because to train archer charioteer had to pull him out of society all of life (had bureaucracy to collect taxes to pay for it)

The Roman Empire

UPHEAVAL -1st to 5th century CE -professional soldiers age 0-20 in military -siege warfare, blocking people into their own fortifications/barriers (Battle of Alecia, Masada) -changes in society led to changes in tech/military doctrine -society that allowed for professional soldiers that didn't have to contribute to anything else in society

Macedonian empire

UPHEAVAL -4th century BC -under Philip the 2nd -dominated greek city states because had empirical power to raise first full time professional army in world history -used empire system to pay for training of professional soldiers through taxing, and enforcing collection of taxes -professional army was very dynamic, extremely well-trained, unorganized greek city states couldn't compete -shows how society influences soldier/technology, and doctrine

Nationalism

UPHEAVAL -Americans invent idea in revolution -French perfect it in their revolution -end of 18th century CE -total warfare, everyone fights under same idea, banner of national identity -national war means everyone not trained, poorly equipped/armed -but fight passionately, kill everyone/everything, destroy the enemy society -resulted in battles for independence and conquest of Europe -period where social/societal change led to doctrinal change

Feudalism

UPHEAVAL -Roman state fails -europe and world stays/increasingly agrarian, not a lot of money to go around -the splitting of geographic regions -hierarchal system -fight for the person directly above you in hierarchy -system makes it able for king to raise army at time when he can't afford to pay for it/raise one -single knight on horse with equipment is extremely expensive -very little warfare at this time, not intense at all, very uneventful -feudalism collapses with development of gunpowder -shows connection between society and tech/military -

industrial age

UPHEAVAL -big idea: doctrine not keeping up with tech/societal development -second half of 18th century CE -extended railways into invading territory to move soldiers to the front faster -big weapon innovation at this time was the rifling of barrels in firearms -other very rapid industrial tech developments of weapons, doctrine not keeping up at all, WWI prime example of that, chemical weapons etc.

the modern state

UPHEAVAL -largely result of 30 years war -becoming more common and political reality in 17th century (still novel idea) -"The Iron Triangle" product--> modern state -wealthier king --> fund larger military-->protect larger bureaucracy --> impose more taxes --> wealthier king -goes other direction as well -state takes really good care of soldiers -war is no longer slaughter, no more pillaging -respectable career being soldier, public like soldiers again -kept destruction on battlefield -helped influence emergence of "wars of maneuver" -state society influences military doctrine AND soldier type

totalitarianism

UPHEAVAL -national war on crack -country becomes war machine -extremely charismatic and powerful leaders -everything becomes militarized with "internal and external traitors" always present -2 aspects: cult of the nation, cult of the leader -emerged following WWI (early 20th century), because it was a rough time, Europe had been decimated -connects society with doctrine strongly -also total government control combined with new technology allowed for novel military doctrines to emerge, such as blitzkrieg

Renaissance

UPHEAVAL -period following Middle Ages in Europe -approximately 15th century -exemplified by decline of feudalism, rise of powerful wealthy cities and sovereigns -decline of knights and castles -rise of larger armies, staffed by mercenaries fighting as infantry, increasingly armed with firearms -as guns become cheaper, armies grow larger and wars become more destructive

imperialism

UPHEAVAL -the policy of a country extending its power and influence through use of military force or diplomacy -Napoleon tries to conquer all of Europe, make his brother king of Spain -Spain revolts because learns idea of nationalism/self-determination from French -creation of guerrilla warfare -european states become colonial powers around the world using unmatched military weapons tech such as the flint-lock musket