PSC 1001 Final (Boucoyannis)

Bilz Delegated Revenge

- 2 traditional explanations for "delegated revenge" + punishment is costly + problem of underenforcement, rational to delegate + problem of over enforcement, people may overreact and revenge can get out of control -Problems with traditional explanations + people don't always prefer the cheapest punishment e.g. Epstein + people are not indifferent among state punishers e.g. DC Sniper Trial + People are not indifferent to the purpose of the offenders suffering e.g. 1978 experiment with confederate Role of Justice - not retribution/revenge/punishment - but belonging, identification

US Foreign Policy and Regime Change

- After WWII, US supported democracy, even forcibly - During the cold war, US support for dictators as allies against the Soviet Union e.g. Chile, Greece - After 1980s, US shifts again towards democracy promotion

Populism

- An american invention - posits an elite that has interests opposed to those of the people - notion of a "people" arrayed against a plutocratic elite that refuses to grant the necessary reforms - in Europe, it originally stemmed from economic grievances - some EU policies exacerbated the problem - immigration was on such factor Britain- UKIP France- Front National

Civil Wars

- Armed combat within a sovereign state between parties that are subject to common authority at the start of hostilities Criteria: 1. Sustained period of time—at least a year 2. Certain number of casualties—at least 1,000 - Not that common, for every 1000 potential conflicts only one violent one erupts Opportunities 1. State weakness 2. Colonial Legacies ◦E.g.: DRC (Democratic Republic of Congo) ◦Independence 1960 ◦Violent separatist movement in the south ◦Corrupt and brutal Mobutu until 1997 ◦5 million dead in civil war—bloodiest since WWII 3. The International Context ◦Rwanda and Uganda backed Kabila in DRC against Mobutu in 1996, then turned against him! 4. Poverty ◦In poor states young men have few opportunities ◦But poverty is not enough ◦All of DRC is poor, but civil war mostly in the South 5. Geography ◦E.g.: DRC, rivers, forests, 70 million spread out over large space (though only 1/4 of US) ◦Civil war is much more likely in countries with ◦rough terrain: mountains or dense forests ◦highly dispersed populations Interests 1.Cultural Grievances: ◦E.g.: Sri Lanka ◦1948 Independence ◦Majority Sinhalese, Mostly Buddhist ◦Tamils 15%, Mostly Hindu ◦Civil war 1983-2009 ◦Intergroup hatred more likely when largest religious or ethnic group is between 50-90% of population 2.Greed ◦E.g. DRC no control over East since 2001 ◦Gold, diamonds, cell-phone ingredients 3.Pressure to Join ◦Insurgent armies often use coercive recruitment ◦E.g. Tamil Tigers

Causes of Regime Change

- Civic Culture - Economic change - role of military

The EU and Regime Change

- EU membership can only be achieved by democracies

Economic Wealth and Democracy

- Economic wealth can impede democracy e.g. Saudi Arabia - resource curse: economic growth that relies on only one valuable resource inhibits democratization and growth - resources like oil only require a small workforce to extract and so the masses don't share in the wealth of the resource - governments can buy political support without giving democratic rights or investing in the broader economy

Dobbins America's Role in Nation Building

- Great success in Germany and Japan after WWII - Not repeated in Cold War focus on deterrence and containment - US intervention in Dominican Republic, Lebanon, Grenada & Panama: overthrow of unfriendly regimes and reinstall friendly ones rather than bring about fundamental societal transformations Iraq War - cost estimates $1.7 trillion - 4 trillion - casualty estimates 150,000 to 1.6 million depending on study and time range What makes for Success? - not a question of economics but political development - ethnic homogeneity helps but not essential - depends on amount of troops and time spent

The Legal Foundation of the Islamic State

- ISIS extended its control and threatened large parts of the world - the role of courts and justice was crucial for their spread - Courts common in insurgencies and civil wars + ex. Colombia, Mali, Afghanistan , Yemen - Comparative Advantage of the Islamic State + Corruption was cut to almost 0 because ISIS would kill anyone caught accepting bribes, people were tired of corruption and ISIS offered a solution + Prisons of the al-Assad regime were just as inhumane and sometimes even worse than those of Isis Basic Principles - Shari'a Law + rejection of positive law -- i.e. law created by human institutions -- "no dogs or lawyers allowed" - Doctrine of Siyasa Shar'iyya: religiously legitimate governance - ISIS six tenets of disbelief associated with democracy + Popular rule, peaceful alternation of power, separation of powers, human rights, judicial independence, rule of law Rights - right to justice and due process of law, no immunities - the right to security of persons and property - the right to public goods and service provided by the Islamic state - Caliph may be removed if he doesn't hold up his end of the bargain Duties - a duty to fulfill obligations required by Islam - a duty of allegiance to the Islamic state

Huntington: Clash of Civilizations

- Main division is cultural not economic or ideological - Not a primordialist 1. Stages - Wars of Kings: Middle Ages - Wars of People/Nations: After 1648 - Wars if Ideologies: After 1945 - Wars of Civilizations: After 1989 How will WW3 emerge? - Different Civilizations -> Western -> Confucian -> Japanese -> Slavic Orthodox -> Islamic -> Latin American -> Hindu -> Africa 2. Causes - differences are real and basic - differences are becoming more salient because the world is becoming smaller - economic modernization is weakening traditional identities, religion replaces them increasing - Dual role of West: increase in power causing reaction elsewhere - Economic regionalism is increasing -> textbook said primordialism can't explain emergence of collective identity - Civilization traits "less mutable and less easily compromised" Conflict with Islam - 1300 years of conflict - "The West vs the Rest" Huntington's critics - civilizations don't really exist - warfare between states belonging to the same civilization - numerous civil wars Huntington's Response - civilization identities will not replace all other identities and that there will be no conflict within civilizations, but civilizations are REAL and the differences between them are IMPORTANT - western civilizations have tried to become modern without becoming western, Japan is the only one that succeeded - Non-western civilizations will have to reconcile tradition values with modernity

King. Censorship in China

- Millions of Social media posts in China - 1400 social media service before censorship - 85 topics - Key Findings: 1. They don't censor posts which criticize the state, its leaders, or its policies 2. They censor posts that incite collective action

Social Movements

- Organized, sustained, and collective efforts that make claims on behalf of members of a group How do they form? - Example: Bolivia: Indigenous Mobilization Peru: No Indigenous Mobilization Why? - Same colonial history, same inequality, same poverty, same geography—size of indigenous group can't explain it either - Rather, lack of opportunity for mobilization due to party structure (Marxists in Peru suppressed indigenous identity)

Women Shape Economics

- Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina (since 2009) - GDP Growth Per Capita 7.1% - Female to Male High School Ratio: 53-47% from 35% - $860 million loans to 57,722 women entrepreneurs (2010-2013). - In 2016, 11,000 women received more than $1.2 million in micro loans. Improvement in conditions of women = Growth in GDP -World Bank Studies show improvement in: - Productivity: -> Would be 2.5 to 25% higher -> Loss in wealth estimated at $160.2 trillion - Allocative efficiency: -> when women receive income, child mortality is almost 20 times better than when men get the money Microfinance: - 1970s Muhammad Yunnus Bangladesh Grameen Bank - 2015: 125 million people worldwide à about $100 billion in microloans—about 80 percent of them women - Male repayment rate: <70%--Female rate: ~97%

International causes of regime change

- US foreign policy - soviet foreign policy - changes in the catholic church - the EU - globalization

Catholicism and Democracy

- Until mid twentieth century the Catholic Church opposed democracy on principle - Second Vatican Council (1965) -> religious liberty now a fundamental God given right

non democratic regime

- absence of free and fair elections - government uses institutions of the state to shape citizens interests and identities

Changes to Catholic Church and Regime Change

- an influential non state actor - strongly anti democratic until the 1960s - firmly pro democratic stand after the 1960s (Liberation Theology) -> helped third wave of democratization: Poland, Spain, Chile, Mexico, Brazil

Modernization Theory

- created by Max Lerner Stages 1. Urbanization: skills for a modern economy 2. Literacy & Media Growth 3. Mass media: creation of middle class Mechanisms 1. Increased income, greater economic security, & higher education 2. longer time perspectives 3. more gradualist views of politics 4. Secular, reformist, gradualism (not revolution e.g. communism) MAIN TAKE AWAY: democracy is not a function of only economic growth, but a function of cultural changes that accompany economic growth STILL some poor countries have thriving democracies like India

Religion & Democracy

- currently countries where christianity dominates tend to be democratic -> THough Latin American & Southern European countries were not democratic in the 60s -> Not a necessary connection - non democracy dominates in Muslim majority countries - Large democratic Muslim countries: Turkey, Tunisia, Bangladesh Modernization -> Secularization -> Democracy

Short-term catalysts of regime change

- economic crises or the death of a dictator - may or may not lead to regime change - if they do, they are the catalysts that encourage disgruntled citizens to mobilize against the government - short term causes lead to an event not a pattern, unlike domestic and international - Ex. Brazil 1979-1985: military regime could not deal with economic crisis, so conceded to civilians - Ex. Argentina 1983: loss in war with UK over Falkland Islands - Ex. Paraguay 1989: military ruler replaced by military coup - Ex. Chile 1988-1990: conceded power after referendum, also neighborhood effects

Construcivism

- individuals have some choice over their political identities - such choice is constrained: -> biology -> long term social, economic, or technological change

Formulating Hypotheses

- link cause and effect - can be tested across multiple cases - should be falsifiable: formulated to allow for the possibility that the hypothesized relationship can be shown to be incorrect

Soviet Foreign Policy and Regime Change

- puppet regimes in Eastern Europe and Central Asian countries in 1945 - over and covert support to communist insurgencies around the world - collapse of berlin wall in 1989: democratization of former communist countries

Explaining Variation in Welfare State Spending

-Scandinavia: More Regressive Tax System -US: More Progressive Tax System!!!! -WHY??? -Because they rely on SALES TAXES more -These are FLAT taxes, so burden the rich much less -But, you will ask, if US is more progressive, why does it affect poverty so much less, why is there less redistribution? -Because it collects less money than Scandinavia, 26% as opposed to about 45%

Historical Trends of Regime Change

1st wave - 1820s - US, France, Europe 1st reverse wave - 1920s - Fascism in Europe - Germany 2nd wave - 1940s to 1960s - redemocratization of Germany, Japan, Italy; decolonization 2nd reverse wave - 1960s to 1974 - Authoritarianism in Southern Europe, Africa, Asia, Latin America 3rd wave - 1974 to 1995 - Latin America, Southern Europe

Competitive Authoritarianism

A hybrid political culture with a competitive electoral system in which a single leader or party dominates. The government uses state power to defeat opposition and mobilize public opinion.

Democracy

A political system in which rulers are accountable to the ruled. 3 Part definition 1. Accountability: an institutionalized political mechanism that gives citizens opportunities to remove rulers from office 2. Participation (institutionalized): clear and consistent rules that define membership of the electorate, must have universal suffrage, and must be unforced 3. Contestation: real competition for power among parties, power must rotate between parties Requirements: 1. Elected government 2. Civil Liberties 3. Fair and Frequent Elections

Totalitarian regime

A regime in which the government attempts to shape the interests and identities of its citizens by articulating a coherent ideology, employing extensive efforts to coercively mobilize support for the regime, and imposing tight restrictions on both social and political pluralism.

Parliamentary System

A system of government in which the legislature selects the prime minister or president. No Separation of Origin: elected in same election, prime minister is chosen by parliament No Separation of Survival: No fixed term length, PM can call elections whenever they see fit and MPs can call a vote of no confidence to remove a PM Example: UK

Zakaria. The Islamic Exception

Arguments Against Incompatibility 1. "No Separation of Church and State" - Neither in Catholicism, theocracy a Jewish term - No Separation in many western democracies: UK, Israel, Greece, Finland , Denmark 2. "Quran is authoritarian" - So is the Bible - in fact it has a strongly anti authoritarian streak - more like protestantism, no official clergy - most populous muslim countries are democratic 3. "Position of Women" - 40% of doctors in Afghanistan were women - Bangladesh, Pakistan, Turkey, India: have all elected women as heads of state Islam is not the Problem Failure of Politics: Arab nationalism, military republicanism Failure of Economics: Militant Ideology of Socialism, resource curse

Economic Change as a cause of Regime Change

Class Conflict - sizable middle class and a weakened wealthy landowning elite heeded for democracy - non democratic regimes evolved into stable democracies in the UK, Sweden, and the Netherlands - landowning elites remained powerful in Germany leading to weak democracies - modernization theory

Solutions to Collective Action Problems

Coercing - Unions, SAG Appealing - NGOs that ask for service, Doctors without Borders Enticing - NGOs that ask for money, offering private goods, Greenpeace, SOS Mata Atlantica Political Leadership - MLK, Hitler

Choosing Electoral Systems - Norris

Consequences of Electoral Systems 1. How many parties are elected to parliament + Duverger's Law: Plurality system favors a two party system + PR is associated with multipartyism 2. Proportionality of votes to seats + winner's bonus + highest for majoritarian systems 3. Production of Single Party or coalition governments + more likely to have single party gov. under majoritarian + more likely to have coalition gov. under PR 4. Service to constituents + single-member majoritarian systems have a higher response to voters - better at getting shit done 5. Voter Turnout + higher in PR systems because there are more candidates 6. Representation of Social Groups - generally higher in PR systems - women are better represented in countries with PR

Primordialism

Definition - kinship bonds matter - individuals are born with immutable characteristics - Groups with different cultural characteristics will inevitably clash Problems - it can't explain the emergence of collective identity - forms of identity, even very old ones, can change - individuals can and do choose and sometimes can change their identity, so identity is no immutable

Zakaria. 2002. The Future of Freedom: Illiberal Democracy at Home and Abroad

Dilemma: What if elections are fair, but those elected are totalitarian, fascist, or racist? -Democracy does not equal Constitutional liberalism -Democracy = Universal suffrage + Free and Fair Elections -Constitutional Liberalism = Individual Rights (Life, Property, Speech, Religion) -> Constitutional Liberalism came first, since 1840s -> Universal Suffrage not until 1940s -Rule by the people does not equal protection of individual against coercion Problems with the American Model - very undemocratic -> Bill of Rights restricts the majority -> Supreme Court unelected -> Senate is the most unrepresentative in the world after the House of Lords --2 senators per state regardless of population -> Electoral College --FPTP CONCLUSION: All regimes sacrifice the undemocratic principle in favor of some other set if principles

Women Shaping Gender Laws

Gender Quota Laws - rules that require a certain proportion of candidates for office or legislative office be reserved for women - Democracies with higher proportions of women in the legislature tend to pass more laws that benefit women, children, and families

Totalitarianism vs. Authoritarianism

Ideology - totalitarianism: ideology is + overt, systematic, institutionalized, dogmatic, totalizing - authoritarianism: ideology is + overt BUT not totalizing or systematic Coercive Mobilization - totalitarian + extensive: ex. Young Pioneers Program, Nazi Youth - authoritarian + limited Social and Political Pluralism - totalitarian + none permitted - authoritarian + considerable: activism is suppressed, but you can have different ideas

The Collective Action Problem

Individuals will refrain from collaborating with others even when it is in their interest, because they are unwilling to carry the costs of action Free riding: reaping the benefits that collective action provides after others have invested the time, energy, or money to mobilize in the first place

political identity

Karl Marx - Economic Identity - Political identity and underlying political interests are a function of economic status/class - Economic cleavage - Class Consciousness 1. self awareness that they are members of an economic group that the bourgeoisie exploits 2. self awareness that their class has particular economic interests Max Weber - Cultural Identity - Political Identity is based on attachment to a geographic region or even a neighborhood, tribal racial, or ethnic identities, religious or national identities or some combination of all

Kim. 1994. Is Culture Destiny? The Myth of Asia's Anti-Democratic Values

Kim - Korean - Pro Liberal Democracy Lee's Thesis is Wrong 1. Government intrudes in private life - not just family 2. Moral degradation the result if industrialization, not western culture 3. rich indigenous tradition of democratic ideals, millenia before western liberalism (even regicide) 4. Rich indigenous tradition of democratic institutions, county prefectures for 2000 years, bureaucratic meritocracy, boards of censors

Lepsius From Fragmented Party Democracy to Government by Emergency Decree and National Socialist Takeover

Main Points - democracy was weak but collapse was not inevitable - institutions shape limits of action - economic problem contingent, due to depression, not long standing 3 Conceptions of Political Order 1. Democratic - Social Democrats - Catholics - Liberals 2. Authoritarian - against the Weimar settlement -Distinct German way, not part of the west: elites not parliament; conflict solved through reason, not compromise of conflicting interests; state should have ultimate authority 3. Communist 3 Reasons for Collapse 1. Economic Framework - agrarian crisis 1927-8 - financial crisis of 1929 & depression; germany worst hit - reparation from WWI - high unemployment (8.5-30%) - agrarian protest parties allied with Nazi party 2. Party System - German Party System: + small farmers in the Protestant North were not represented by any of the major parties + conservatives were aristocrats, premodern and authoritarian + liberals were urban + center party was agrarian but Catholic and Southern + Socialists were urban and Secularized Collapse of pro democracy governing coalition in 1930 - too many cross cutting cleavages - no compromise - instability - unrestricted proportional representation -> too many small parties, votes splintered (88 members with under 5% of vote) 3. Constitutional Framework - Article 48: president had powers to rule without Parliament, could claim "emergency power" - President Hindenburg dismissed Chancellor in 1932, dissolved parliament, 2 elections - Hitler appointed Chancellor - Passed Enabling Act of 1933: could pass laws without parliament, outlawed all parties and labor union

Plurality

Majoritarian system, Often called "First Past the Post." Whoever gets the most wins regardless of whether or not they received 50% Critique: Duverge's law: Plurality favors a 2 party system Alternatives: Majority or Proportional Example: UK

Majority

Majoritarian system, winner must get more than 50%of the vote to win, there are often run off or second ballots Alternatives: Plurality or Proportional Example: France

Communism

Marx & Engels vision - not totalitarianism - a system that eliminates private property - economic hierarchies no longer exist Lenin's Vision - totalitarian regime - a communist revolution led by an elite of party leaders - creation of Soviet Union Communist Regimes today: Cuba

Role of Military

Military Coup -occurs when elements in a country's armed forces overthrow a democratically elected civilian government and take control - Greece 1967, Chile 1974, Turkey 1960 & 1980 - importance of civil - military relations: is the military independent from civilian authorities or subordinate? - military leaders justify by saying they're "saving the republic"

Barrington Moore Routes to Modern Society

Modernity 1. Secularism 2. Industrialism and capitalism 3. Democracy 3 Routes to Modern Society 1. Capitalist democracies: UK, France, US 2. Capitalist but Fascist: Germany, Japan 3. Not capitalist but communist: China, USSR WHY? role of Bourgeoisie i.e. middle class, especially commercial class Bourgeoisie today: middle class i.e. professionals, not those living off manual labor historically: artisans, craftsmen, merchants who live in towns; socal group between the peasants and the nobility Capitalist Democracies UK, France, US -> Commercial Bourgeoisie -> commercial revolution -> capitalist democracy - why do you need revolution ? To overturn old feudal order based on land and aristocracy - in capitalist democracies the old feudal aristocracy became commercialized like the bourgeoisie - For capitalism and democracy to prevail the most powerful must be commercialized and "modern" Capitalist but Fascist Germany, Japan -> Conservative Bourgeoisie -> Conservative Reaction -> Capitalist Fascism - In Capitalist Fascism the bourgeoisie became like the feudal aristocracy i.e. they supported the old feudal order which was anti-democratic Not Capitalist but Communist China, USSR -> weak bourgeoisie -> peasant revolution -> communism - In communism where there are no bourgeoisie, the peasants destroy the aristocracy NO COMMERCIAL BOURGEOISIE, NO DEMOCRACY Why did some aristocracies commercialize whilst others did not? 1. Cultural Explanation: notions of honor, contempt for trade 2. Opportunities for Trade: where bourgeoisie was stronger and towns more developed aristocracy could more easily make the switch 3. Fate of the Peasantry: In in England the Peasantry was SUPPRESSED through enclosures which moved peasants into towns and encouraged commercialism; where the peasantry was more protected the less society could commercialize 4. Role of Violence: UK, France, US all had violent revolutions that brought about democracy Conditions for Democratic Development 1. Balance between strong crown and independent nobility 2. turns toward commercial agriculture 3. weakening landed nobility 4. prevention of allying against peasants 5. revolutionary break with the past

Renan, "What is a Nation?"

Nations - fairly recent - Germanic invasions 5th C CE National States - Common Religion, Christianity - Groups forgot their original language, latin - Where ethnic groups distinct , no unity, no nation e.g. ottoman empire - What is the basis of a Nation? -> NOT race, religion, language, community of interest, geopolitics -> RATHER: a soul, a spiritual principle 1. Possession of rich heritage of memories 2. Actual agreement to live together

Political Economy of Development

Non Democracy vs. Democracy •Which is better for promoting economic growth? •Most wealthy countries are democracies, and most poor countries are not •This is no evidence that democracy causes better economic growth •The causal connection may run in the opposite direction: perhaps economic growth causes democracy •There is no evidence that non‐democracy is superior to democracy in terms of promoting economic growth either •So no justification in supporting dictators

Politics Shaping Gender Laws

North Africa: Substantial variation in family law after decolonization Similar Countries, Different Outcomes - Tunisia immediate liberalization 1956 - Morocco immediate conservative retrenchment 1956 - Algeria two‐decade delay before a conservative outcome 1984 Why? - Morocco - high cohesiveness of ruling elite, high dependence on traditional kin groups - Algeria - low cohesiveness of ruling elite, high dependence on traditional kin groups - Tunisia - high cohesiveness of ruling elite, low dependence on traditional kin groups Wealthy Democracies: Similar Societies, Different Outcomes - Variation in policy outcomes is not always a function of citizens' values, even in democratic societies Why? - Leftist parties? Feminist movements?—No - Rather strength of Conservative Political Parties and Religious Institutions

Interest Groups

Organized groups of citizens who seek to ensure that the state enacts particular policies How are they organized? - Pluralism: societal interests organize freely in an unregulated fashion - Corporatism: the state organizes groups and mediates between them Does not refer to corporations! Illustrating Corporatism: The Case of Sweden § State promotes cooperation between workers and employers - By law, labor negotiations include: -> government administrative boards, business leaders, and labor unions Advantages - All parties are included in negotiations - Money does not determine access to power Disadvantages - Cannot adjust as easily to economic change - Marginal groups may not have power within corporate structure

Hobbes Leviathan

Problem: - clash between interests -state of nature: constant war - the Leviathan: ultimate authority Solution: - the social contract - everyone limits their ability to do as they please in order for protection

Protestantism and Democracy

Protestant Reformation - 16th Century; formation of various Protestant Christian religious sects; split off from Catholic Church; priesthood of all believers - Religious pluralism: a diversity of forms of worship - NOT A NATURAL OUTCOME: the result of the 30 years war - Lutheranism allied with the most absolutist regimes in Europe (Prussia), not tolerant at all - religious pluralism the result of a stalemate, not a principle - No religious pluralism in the UK: Catholics could not own property until 1778 and could not get elected until 1829 - Historically: Lutheran, Methodists, Presbyterians - Today: Evangelicals and Pentecostals -uncertain religious doctrine per se made the difference

Types of Authoritarianism

Right Wing Military Dictatorship- Pinochet, Chile 1973-1990 Left Wing Military Dictatorship- Castro, Cuba 1959 Right Wing Autocracy- Saudi Arabia, Qatar Left Wing Autocracy- Ethiopia 1977-1991

Lee

Singapore's former PM, anti liberal democracy 1. Asian values are not liberal/democratic 2. More collectivist, puts collective good especially that of the family above all else 3. State Minimalist 4. West: moral degradation

Terrorism

Terrorism: non state actors against civilian targets - against "soft targets" i.e. weak and vulnerable states Suicide terrorism: perpetrators die too, - against "hard targets" i.e. wealthy stronger states, more likely in religious conflict

Gender Gap

The "Traditional" versus the "Modern" Gender Gap - Traditional gap: women more likely to be conservative and vote for conservative political parties than are men—1970s - Modern gap: women more likely to be more liberal and vote for more liberal parties than are men--today Why? - Socioeconomic change - An increase in women's education opportunities - An increase in women's work opportunities - Women's engagement in lobbying efforts

Bates- State Failure

The transformation of the state into an instrument of predation -> a loss of the monopoly over the means of production Must distinguish from authoritarianism, revolution, civil wars Causes: - economic factors: poverty (per capita income), public revenue (fiscal dearth), natural resources (oil) - ethnicity: diversity, polarization, ethnic concentration, rule by minorities - democratization: 1. most failed states occur in the intermediate category of unconsolidated democracies 2. low income democracies are 15-20x more likely to experience civil war than high income democracies

The New Discontinuity These

Theory to explain German Fascism - Nazism was enabled by external forces weakening resistance -1980s critique - Germany faced unusual external pressures - Combined with internal weaknesses allowed Hitler

Continuity Thesis

Theory to explain German Fascism - Nazism was internal and inexorable - 1960s critique - Germany had long standing ambitions internationally: 2 wars were deliberate - Feudal industrial economy excluded the masses from political power and supported Hitler

Discontinuity Thesis

Theory to explain German Fascism -Nazism was foreign to Germany - Hitler was not German (Austrian) - Nazism was a European phenomena, destroyed traditions - product of the radicalism of the French revolution

government

a concrete organization that has the authority to act on behalf of the state

Political Cleavage

a deep and lasting salient dimension of political conflict and competition within a given society, such as religion, ethnicity, ideology, or other forms of identity.

nation

a form of political identity, a cultural grouping of individuals who associate with each other based on a collectively held political identity

Personalistic Regimes

a non democratic regime built around the glorification and and empowerment of a single individual selectorate: informal can be a group of people picked by the leader themself or the leader picks the successor, tends to be very unstable. ex. North Korea, Central African Republic

Oligarchies

a non-democratic regime in which the selectorate consists of a small economic, social, or political elite, which selects a leader to represent their interests selectorate: small, economic, political, or social elite ex. Russia in the 1990s

Military Regimes

a non-democratic regime in which the selectorate is typically limited to the highest ranks of the military officer corps junta: group of leaders in a military regime selectorate: high ranking members of the military ex. Myanmar (Up until 2016) Causes: military leader(s) see civilian government as incapable or disorderly 3 factors 1. politicization of officer corps 2. self interest in defending their organizational interests 3. perception of civilian institutions as illegitimate

Single Party regimes

a non-democratic system where a single party dominates all gov. institutions and restricts political competition, can be either authoritarian or totalitarian selectorate: party members (rules vary) ex. totalitarian: Nazi Germany and Soviet Union authoritarian: China and Mexico and Taiwan up until 2000

state

a political-legal unit with sovereignty over a particular geographic territory and the population that resides in that territory

authoritarian regime

a regime which concentrates on using coercion to limit political pluralism in order to remain in power, but relative to a totalitarian regime permits some social pluralism

Presidential System

a system of government in which the legislative and executive branches operate independently of each other Separation of Origin: executive elected separately from legislature Separation of Survival: fixed terms or executive and legislature, removal is only by impeachment Example: US, Argentina

society

a term for all diverse forms of voluntary collective action that people engage in outside the realm of the state and its authoritative, coerced public choices

2.Why do some wealthy democracies engage in more economic redistribution than others?

a)Labor Unions: Economic Interest Groups •Germany, Sweden b)Identity weakens Left-Right Economic Divide •E.g. race in US c)Political Institutions •Multiparty political systems à more spending •Federalism -> less spending d)State Strength •Strong bureaucracy -> strong taxing powers

Hybrid system

combines presidential and parliamentary systems -> PM & President "dual executive", depending on country one may have more power Separation of origin: President elected by the people, PM elected by Parliament Separation of Survival: only for the president ex. France

Method of Agreement

compares and contrasts cases with different attributes but shared outcomes

Method of difference

compares and contrasts cases with the same attributes but different outcomes

Unitarism

concentrates power, central government has exclusive and final authority

Parliamentary Supremacy

def. a principle according to which judges' decisions remain subordinate to decisions of the legislative majority - existed in the UK from the origins of Parliament until 2005 - exists in Denmark and the Netherlands

Fascism

def. a totalitarian ideology based on racist principles that glorifies militarism, violence , nationalism, and the state over individual interests and identities and that exalts a charismatic individual political leader Elements of Fascism - Social Darwinism: notion that certain races are inherently superior and would inevitably conquer the weaker ones - nationalism: extreme form - violence: primary means of enforcement ex. Germany, Italy, Spain , Japan in the 30s and 40s

Judicial Review

def. when the country's high court can invalidate laws enacted by the legislature and/or executive by declaring them unconstitutional - established in the United States by the case of Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Federalism

dispersed power, 2 or more have overlapping authority

Proportional

distributes seats proportionally to the vote each party receives, can be 1 or several seats per district. Apportionment is not always 100% reflective of the vote Example: Portugal Social Dems 36.9% of vote 44% of seats 2 types of ballots: Open list - parties put out a list of candidates and voters can choose any of the candidates regardless of party. ex. Denmark Closed list - representatives are chosen internally by party, voter only votes for a specific party. ex. Colombia Alternatives: Majoritarian Ex. Portugal

Political Parties

highly formal organizations, broad appeal, activity focuses on a wide set of issues, and puts candidates up for election What explains the difference among party systems (e.g. two vs. multi-party?) 1. Institutions - Electoral Systems - Federalism 2. Identities - The more diverse a country, the more parties

Civic Culture as a cause of Regime Change

elements - civic engagement, political equality, solidarity measures - key indicator: one's willingness to form and join social and political organizations Problems with the civic culture argument - distinguishing between "good" and "bad" social engagements - the chicken or egg problem: does "civic-ness" lead to democracy or the other way around?

Fukuyama State Building

general assumption was: let the economy do the work, don't focus on building the state Fukuyama disagreed. Contested Role of the state -early 20th state apparatus was minimal, no welfare state and few social regulations -led to collapse under financial crisis of 1929 -2 responses: + totalitarian state (right: Nazi, left: communism) + liberal welfare state: drastic increase in size of state: from 10% of GDP to 50-70% of GDP + then reaganism and thatcherism: the state is the problem and Freidrich Hayek: welfare state leads to socialism Third wave: "Washington Consensus" or "Neoliberalism" - Main Problem" partial solution + emphasis on state cutting + dismissal of state building Scope vs. Strength scope: different function and goals of the government strength: strength of institutional capabilities: the ability to formulate and carry out policies and enact laws, to enforce laws Lipset: American institution designed to limit authority, welfare limited, markets less regulated Weber: monopoly of the legitimate use of force US state -> limited scope, high strength To Fukuyama: greater strength than scope is ideal

Political Globalization

growth in: •the number and scope of transnational political and economic issues and •the increasingly transnational responses to such issues •Consequences for State Sovereignty •Globalization Weakens Sovereignty •Some suggest that IGOs and INGOs are replacing states' political functions, limiting their autonomy •Globalization Does Not Weaken Sovereignty • IGO's still represent interests of member states •Not enough resources to solve many transnational issues •Many states ignore IGO advice Many states have strengthened borders •Consequences for Democracy •Globalization Weakens Democracy •As IGOs and INGOs strengthen, relationship between citizens and governments weakens •Globalization Does Not Weaken Democracy •IGOs can strengthen democracy More transparency

progressive taxation

individuals' tax burdens go up as their incomes go up

Theocracies

non-democratic regimes in which leaders who claim divine guidance hold the authority to rule selectorate: high religious authorities ex. Vatican City, Iran comes close *Theocracies would look different within and across different religions

Monarchies

non-democratic systems in which rulers assume power via birthright and are removed from power when they die absolute - no formal limits on power ex. Saudi Arabia constitutional - constitution sets formal limits on monarch's power ex. Jordan selectorate: in theory there is none, but in practice members of the royal family and powerful political groups can influence succession

regressive taxation

taxes that tend to benefit relatively wealthy people more than relatively poor people

regime

the basic form of a states government

Globalization

the spread of political and economic dynamics beyond the borders of one particular country - Neighborhood effects: regime types of neighbors effects a state, comes in waves

Globalization

the spread of political, economic, and cultural dynamics among governments, groups, and individuals beyond the borders of any one particular country

method of concomitant variation

when two events are correlated (when one varies in close connection with the other) they are probably causally related

Perils of Presidentialism

• written by Linz • Linz says that presidentialism is a less preferable system to parliamentary systems because- o The president and legislature are both elected directly ♣ They can claim democratic legitimacy, which can lead to or exacerbate conflict, especially in ideological and socially polarized countries. ♣ The dual legitimacy of dual agents • Particularly in a state of crisis, both the president as well as the legislature claim to speak for the people. o Fixed term durations for presidents and legislature ♣ This is rigid ♣ Leaves little room for continuous readjustments that may be necessary ♣ Sudden mid-term successions can lead to the selection of undesirable candidates. o The zero-sum elections ♣ Winner take all ♣ Winners and losers are sharply defined for the entire period of the presidential mandate. Losers must wait until the end of the mandate without any access to executive power and patronage. ♣ Raises the stakes of presidential elections and creates tension and polarization. ♣ President can manipulate party and essentially rule without party support until next election. o Disproportionality

market failure

•3 Types of Market Failures 1.Public Goods Provision Failures •Public goods: are things that by their very nature no one can be excluded from consuming •Private Goods: are goods which only one person or a select group of people can consume 2.Monopolies: i.Natural ii.Increasing Returns to Scale: average cost to produce an item per unit decreases as a firm produces more and more 3.Externality: an action that affects the welfare of others, whether on purpose or not •Pollution •Bee-keeper's bees pollinate surrounding crops

Democracy and Redistribution

•Democracy is in tension with capitalism -Democracy = equal power (universal suffrage) -Capitalism -> economic inequality •In a democracy, poorer citizens should exert political pressure for a progressive tax system and welfarre

Economic Globalization

•Explaining Economic Globalization since 1970s •Three reasons: •1: MNCs •2: Technological change 3: IGOs •Globalization and Poverty •Does Economic Globalization Increase Global Poverty? •Assess the evidence •Globalization -> rapid change -> social disruption and economic instability -> street protests •Globalization -> greater and more open trade and financial flows -> hundreds of millions of poor people helped in countries such China and India China: 1981: 85% of population in absolute poverty—2010: 11% in absolute poverty •Globalization and Social Welfare •Race to the bottom: where all countries lower tax rates and eliminate government social welfare programs in order to stay competitive •The Race to the Bottom in Wealthy Countries? - NO •long‐term shift away from manufacturing and agriculture as main sources of jobs •expansion of the service sector NO elimination of government social programs •The Race to the Bottom in Developing Countries? —YES •Free trade -> lower consumer prices and more job opportunities -> favors poor •But weaker state capacity -> LESS able to maintain welfare under globalization pressures

State intervention in the economy

•Free Markets versus Command Economies •Economic liberalism: free markets—minimal state involvement in the economy—as the best recipe for growth •Command economies: highly interventionist states—government controls and coordinates virtually all economic activity •Many states have mixed economy: both free market and state intervention Social Democracy •political ideology •balances capitalist markets and private property with more state intervention in the economy than liberalism recommends •Germany, Sweden, UK until 1981 1.No abolition of private property 2.No nationalization of means of production, except in some industries (e.g. energy) 3. Redistribution to fix inequality 4.Large Welfare State State led Development •economic policy •government coordinates most sectors of the economy •S. Korea, Japan, China since 1980 1.Coordinates private sector investments 2.Forces individuals to save rather than spend their income 3.Gives preferential treatment to certain industries regarded as essential for national economic development No large Welfare State

Cultural Globalization

•Globalization Homogenizes World Culture •McWorld!: the spread and preeminence of American culture and the disappearance of local, regional, and national forms of cultural identity •Evidence does not confirm these fears Local and regional attachments still strong

Economic Development

•Main factors influencing economic development: 1.Democracy vs. non-democracy 2.Degree of state intervention in the economy 3.Colonial legacies

Welfare State

•Measuring the "Size" of the Welfare State •programs pertaining to old age, pensions; •publicly provided healthcare; •family support; •job training and retraining programs and unemployment compensation; •public education; and housing subsidies

Genocide

◦Genocide is a deliberate and coordinated effort to eliminate men, women, and children of a particular ethnic, religious, or national group through mass murder ◦Causes 1.Ethnic Divisions 2.Civil War 3.Absent International Response 4.Coercive Government Pressures

Revolutions

◦Three critical differences with Civil Wars: ◦Revolutionary insurgents 1.have broad support 2.gain state authority 3.change regime type Opportunities 1.State weakness 2.The International Context 3.Poverty 4.Geography China 1930s-40s: Communist Revolution ◦State very weak ◦Japanese invasion 1931-45 ◦Very high poverty à economic stagnation ◦Long March (in rough terrain) Colonial legacies not very important Interests ◦Cultural Grievances Widespread popular grievances e.g. Chinese nationalism (against those who lost by Japanese) and inequality (against old landlords)