PSCI 1102 International Relations Final

Magna Carta

A 1215 English document outlining basic political and legal rights.

public goods

A benefit or good that is nonexcludable (meaning it is costly to exclude others from enjoying it) and nonrivalrous (meaning the enjoyment of it by one person does not diminish the enjoyment of it by anyone else). Because of these characteristics, the provision of public goods faces a collective action problem. Actors will try to avoid contributing to the provision of the public good because they know that once it is provided by others, they cannot be excluded from enjoying it too. The result tends to be an undersupply of public goods by private citizens and markets in the absence of state support. Examples of public goods include clean air, national defense, roads, and schools.

nonintervention

A component norm of sovereignty that creates an expectation that foreign governments will not compromise or undermine the authority of other governments by intervening in their domestic political affairs. Among other things, it means that states will not violate the territorial integrity of another state through a military invasion. In addition, governments expect that foreign governments will not try to undermine their domestic political standing by supporting their political adversaries in an election, a popular revolt, or a military coup.

autarky

A condition in which a national economy participates in little or no trade with foreign economies.

extraterritoriality

A condition of being subject to a state's laws despite being outside the geographic borders of that state, and of likewise being exempt from the laws of the state in which the territory actually lies. This status is sometimes granted to diplomatic embassies

absolute advantage

A condition where one individual, firm, or economy can produce a good or service more efficiently (that is, more cheaply) than another.

extreme poverty

A condition, defined by the World Bank, when individuals live on less than 1.90 US$ per day.

moderate poverty

A condition, defined by the World Bank, when individuals live on less than 3.10 US$ per day.

collective action

A cooperative effort among two or more actors to provide a public good.

resource curse

A curious paradox in which the abundance of natural resources like oil, natural gas, diamonds, and copper help to limit economic development and democratic political reform.

commodity-backed standards

A currency (often paper) that can be exchanged for a predetermined amount of a valuable commodity, like silver or gold.

federal system

A division of political authority within the government of a state in which the central government that has jurisdiction over the whole state delegates significant amounts of regulatory authority to local governments, such as states, counties, or province

devaluation

A downward recalibration of a currency's value.

Which of the following individuals would most likely advocate a protectionist trade policy?

A factory worker in a country with a small population.

fixed

A fixed exchange rate is where the government commits to maintaining the value of its currency at a specific level.

floating

A floating exchange rate is one in which the government does not intervene to influence the value of the currency.

nonexcludable

A good is nonexcludable when no one can be prevented from enjoying its benefits.

rivalrous

A good is rivalrous when one person's consumption of the good diminishes the amount left for others.

common pool resources

A good that is nonexcludable but rivalrous.

Which of the following examples would best demonstrate the concept of diplomatic immunity?

A government envoy is pulled over while speeding in another country but is not prosecuted.

Which of the following situations best demonstrates the concept of rent-seeking?

A government leader is using proceeds from an international loan to increase a state contract for a family member.

monetary union

A group of countries that adopt a common currency.

common market

A group of countries that have no tariffs between one another and a common external tariff.

customs union

A group of countries with no tariffs among them.

nation

A large community of people united by one or more of the following attributes: a shared language, ethnicity, ties to a specific territory, culture, or political ideals.

A carbon cap can be best described by which of the following?

A limit on the amount of greenhouse gases a country can produce during a year.

competitive markets

A market structure defined by the inability of individual consumers or producers to independently set the market price at which an exchange occurs.

gross domestic product (GDP)

A measure of annual national economic activity. Generally measured as the sum of private sector consumption, government spending, domestic investment, and the trade deficit (exports minus imports).

real income

A measure of income that takes into account its purchasing power. For example, if income stays stable, but the price of consumer goods rises, then real income decreases, because a consumer can buy less with the same amount of money.

exchange rates

A measure of the value of one currency in terms of another.

store of value

A method of representing value that makes economic exchange more efficient.

command economies

A mode of organizing national economic activity in which government officials, rather than decentralized markets, possess significant power to determine how economic resources are used.

Heckscher-Ohlin(H-O) model

A model of international trade that makes a series of theoretical claims linking a country's factor endowments to its patterns of exports and imports. It also shows how these patterns of international trade redistribute income within an economy. More generally, the H-O model predicts that states will export goods that intensively use locally abundant factors, and that international trade will increase the returns to owners of locally abundant factors of production.

specialization

A narrowing of the economic tasks for which an economic asset is used. This often allows the asset to be used for its most efficient function, which then maximizes the asset's economic value.

monetary contraction

A reduction in the money supply caused by increased interest rates that incentivizes holders of a currency to borrow less and save more, thus raising the value of a currency.

comparative advantage

A relative efficiency in the production of some good or service compared to the production of some other good or service. This principle implies that countries can grow wealthier by specializing in the production of those goods in which they hold a comparative advantage relative to all other goods

civic national identity

A sense of belonging among people living in a country that is based on shared civic principles or political ideals instead of on a shared race, religion, ethnic background, or language.

trade policy

A set of regulations that governments implement to influence the flow of goods and services, namely exports and imports, into and out of an economy.

mutually assured destruction

A situation in which deploying nuclear weapons would almost certainly invite nuclear attack upon oneself.

multiple principals

A situation in which more than one principal collectively delegates a task to an agent, such as when multiple states create an international organization.

self-enforcement

A situation in which no actor has an incentive to deviate from a cooperative agreement.

Principal-agent

A situation in which one actor (a principal) delegates a task to another (an agent).

principal-agent

A situation in which one actor, a principal, delegates a task to another, an agent.

imagined communities

A socially constructed group of people bound together through their interactions, beliefs, and perceptions.

diplomatic immunity

A special legal status granted to diplomatic representatives exempting them from prosecution and arrest for violating the laws of their host country.

Which of the following best demonstrates the race-to-the-bottom?

A state offers tax breaks to entice foreign corporations but cuts social services to pay for them.

nation state

A state that is largely populated by people claiming membership in a single nation.

Which of the following best represents an example of a physical integrity violation?

A state that uses torture on citizens accused of a crime.

boomerang pattern

A strategy by which domestic groups blocked from affecting their own states by oppressive policies link with international NGOs to get their voices heard. These NGOs then bring international attention to these causes and work to persuade other states and international organizations to apply pressure against the offending target state.

International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL)

A successful transnational advocacy network (TAN) campaign and example of norm entrepreneurship, this campaign successfully advocated for a comprehensive ban of anti-personnel landmines.

cap and trade

A system that allows actors to sell surplus carbon emissions credits to countries that produce more emissions than allowed.

tariff

A tax imposed on foreign products when they enter into an economy. They heighten the cost of foreign-made goods relative to those produced domestically, and they protect domestic producers from foreign competition by limiting imports.

coercion dilemma

A tension stemming from the capacity of some political actors to direct the behavior of others through either the use of coercion or its threatened use. This tension emerges from the simultaneous dependence of legitimate political orders on some coercive capacity to protect people and the potential that the same coercive capacity can be used for unfair or unjust purposes, including the violent redistribution of wealth and territory.

Constructivism

A theoretical approach to international relations that focuses on the social sources of international order. It developed in the 1980s as a prominent challenge to Rationalism, arguing that Rationalist approaches to IR neglected the role of social norms and social identity in setting the interests of prominent international actors. Constructivism is defined by two main elements: 1) a focus on ideational concepts (such as norms and identity) rather than material concepts (such as the distribution of military power), and 2) the treatment of agents and structure as mutually constituted rather than separate or distinct.

exchange

A voluntary trade in which both participants receive something they value more than what they surrendered.

Which of the following is the best example of an externality in international relations?

A war between two states driving refugees into a neutral state.

rule of law

A way of structuring government and society so that the enforcement of rules and laws is impartial, predictable, and just. The rule of law rests upon guarantees of due process, a separation of powers, a fair and impartial judiciary, and transparency.

comply

Act in accordance with obligations under international law.

norm entrepreneurs

Actors who promulgate specific norms, such as nuclear non-use or a prohibition against torture.

veto players

Actors whose consent is required to alter an institutional arrangement or policy.

Which of the following examples best demonstrates the concept of a free rider?

An alliance member that spends significantly less on military defense than all other alliance members.

import

An economic good, resource, or asset that is bought from some economic entity living or operating in another country

export

An economic good, resource, or asset that is sold to a consumer living in another country.

Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA)

An immigrant legalization program that allows children who were brought to the United States as children by their parents to gain legal permanent residence in the United States. Such individuals are deemed less culpable for their illegal entry into the United States. Further requirements for the program, such as education or military service—as well as lack of a criminal record—increase applicants' attractiveness as permanent residents.

Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act of 1934

An important institutional change in the United States that shifted primary authority for making trade policy from Congress to the president. It helped to reorient US trade policy more generally in a direction that supported sustained cuts to trade barriers.

monetary expansion

An increase to the money supply caused by lowering interest rates that incentivizes holders of a currency to save less and borrow more, thus lowering the value of a currency.

Mhyan is an investment manager and needs to explain the concept of capital flight to the company's interns. Which of the following represents her best response?

An investment firm quickly sheds its investments in a country after the country defaults on its loans.

Which of the following best represents the concept of a speculator?

An investor who buys an undervalued currency that they believe will increase.

node

Any center or initiator of activity or information.

rent-seeking

Attempts, often by government officials, to appropriate the wealth produced by others.

sociotropic

Attitudes or policy preferences that are determined by the perceived effects of the policy on an entire group, or country, rather than by the perceived effects on that person individually.

logic of appropriateness

Behavioral decisions are based in the logic of appropriateness when actors take into account what is expected of members of the social community.

transnational networks

Broad collections of NGOs and other groups that have a common goal. They may work to promote issues such as human rights, protection of the environment, women's rights, peace and disarmament, or the security of children, and they are driven by moral imperatives rather than material goals and incentives.

interest groups

Collections of nonstate actors that share common political interests and coordinate their political activities.

states

Collections of political officials—like a president—and bureaucratic agencies—like the military—responsible for regulating the political, social, and economic interactions of its citizenry. States possess political authority over their citizens, directing their behavior by writing and enforcing laws. States oversee a defined territorial jurisdiction that limits the geographic range of their political authority. Simultaneously, these borders are exclusionary, limiting the authority of other states over the people that reside within them. States can be recognized as sovereign political entities by other states in the system to achieve statehood. Clicking on the following button will update the Next Flashcard content and status of progress bar

multinational corporations (MNCs)

Companies that operate facilities in more than one country.

collective identity

Consists of norms, purposes, and cognitive beliefs that not only connect an individual to some group but also hold groups together. They are social constructions, emerging through behavioral expressions, dialogue, and a multitude of social interactions that people participate in on a daily basis. Collective identity consists of the following four components: 1) constitutive norms that set group membership, 2) common purposes or interests, 3) relational comparisons with other identity groups, and 4) a cognitive framework for understanding the world.

________ holds that the social interactions among states, international organizations, transnational activists, and domestic groups create and reaffirm the structure of international politics.

Constructivism

demand

Consumer willingness to purchase a good or service. Demand can be modeled in a demand curve, where willingness to buy typically increases as price for the item decreases. Among other things, consumer demand is also set by consumer tastes or preferences, the price of substitute goods, population, and consumer income.

international campaigns

Coordinated action by transnational advocacy networks to pursue an agreed-upon goal. Campaigns influence the development of new international norms by putting direct pressure on states to change their interests and behaviors.

negative externalities

Costs borne by actors not directly involved in a process.

externalities

Costs that arise during an activity that accrue to actors other than the participants in that activity.

commodity standards

Currency made directly from a valuable commodity, such as gold or silver.

speculators

Currency market actors that make money by essentially betting on the direction of a country's currency.

markets

Decentralized institutional arenas in which individuals, firms, and states meet (either physically or virtually) to exchange money, products, and services.

agenda setting

Deciding which issues do and do not become the subject of debate.

Which of the following best represents an action states can take to offset some of the economic risks of globalization?

Delegate control over important aspects of economic policy to international organizations.

lobbying

Direct appeals to government officials by individuals or groups through a meeting, letter, phone call, or campaign contribution in support or opposition to some policy. A way to participate in the political process other than voting.

treaties

Documents that create legal obligations for states, usually subject to state consent.

political parties

Domestic groups that help organize individuals with similar political interests into a relatively coherent organization. Political parties operate in both autocracies and democracies. Successful parties offer vast networks of people that run for political office, serve in the state bureaucracy, and secure financial resources to support the party's political interests.

Democracies

Domestic political regimes with competitive or free and fair elections to determine who holds the top political offices that have the power to make significant governing decisions. It is a definition based on process rather than political or policy outcomes, and it is typically understood as describing a continuum—meaning regimes are labeled as more or less democratic, rather than democratic or nondemocratic. Clicking on the following button will update the Next Flashcard content and status of progress bar

________ are best described as individuals who leave their birth country to live in another country.

Emigrants

diffuse enforcement

Enforcement that is initiated not by a central authority, but by an actor or group of actors in the system.

principle of non-refoulement

Established by the United Nations Convention and Protocol on Refugees, it is the requirement that refugees not be forcibly returned to a country where they experienced oppression and have a reasonable fear that they may face such persecution again. Clicking on the following button will update the Next Flashcard content and status of progress bar

fixed assets

Firm property that is relatively immobile.

exporters

Firms that generate profits by selling their products abroad.

international organizations

Formal intergovernmental bodies that possess agency.

soft law

Formal law, normally embodied in written agreements, but not considered binding.

treaties

Formal legal agreements negotiated between states, which stipulate a set of obligations or commitments meant to guide their interactions.

Domestic Institutions

Formal or informal rules that regulate and coordinate the behavior of actors within a state.

institutions

Formal or informal rules that regulate and coordinate the behavior of actors.

greenhouse gases

Gases including carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) that trap solar energy within the Earth's atmosphere.

two-level game

General framework characterizing two primary dimensions of constraints (domestic and international) that political leaders face when making foreign and domestic policies. It is meant to capture the simultaneous and interdependent nature of these constraints.

monetary policy

Government policies that affect the money supply, usually conducted by a central bank.

nontariff barriers

Government restrictions of trade flows into and out of economies that do not rely on revenue-generating tariffs.

central banks

Government-created banks that control the money supply in an economy, usually through policies that affect interest rates

nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)

Groups of citizens who voluntarily work together, independent of governments, to pursue some goal that is generally driven by normative or moral imperatives rather than economic self-interest.

summits

High-stakes, planned meetings in which ambassadors and top government officials participate in diplomatic negotiations. Summits are often preceded by their own set of preliminary negotiations about the rules that will structure the actual negotiations to follow at the summit.

commitment problem

Highlights the problem of contracting over time in a bargaining situation. Agreements made in the present may not be upheld in the future, especially in the absence of third-party enforcement. According to the bargaining model of war, commitment problems are one of two broad categories of bargaining failure that can lead to war. States may choose to fight a war because they doubt whether an adversary will honor in the future the terms of some peace settlement made in the present.

________ can be best described as principles stating certain fundamental protections all people are entitled to.

Human rights

subsidies

In matters of trade policy, these are direct payments by the government to domestic firms for foreign sales. Governments deploy this policy instrument to stimulate exports.

Which of the following best represents one of the essential features highlighted by the International Campaign to Ban Landmines that was described in the module?

Initial progress was made by calling on political leaders to emulate states that were early adopters of the pro-ban position.

deep cooperation

International law or agreements that fundamentally alter states' behavior.

intrafirm trade

International trade conducted within one MNC, resulting from diversification of production.

carbon sinks

Large areas of forest or oceans capable of absorbing carbon emissions.

natural law

Laws emanating simply from human beings' natural state.

________ is best defined as the idea that many governments abide by international law because it's the right thing to do.

Legitimacy

sovereign lending

Lending to national governments by private actors, multilateral organizations, or other governments.

subsistence production

Limiting the production of goods and services to meet the needs of one's family, rather than producing surpluses that can be sold for profit in a market

capital controls

Limits on capital inflows or outflows, normally used to preserve monetary policy autonomy under a fixed exchange rate.

carbon caps

Limits on the amount of carbon emissions produced.

foreign direct investment (FDI)

Long-term investments in which the source of capital continues to play a direct role in the management of the investment.

foreign direct investment

Long-term, capital-intensive investment made by multinational corporations in foreign countries.

refugees

Migrants who leave their home country in order to escape war, repression, or natural disasters.

Which of the following would best represent a potential taboo in the international community?

Military personnel torturing citizens from an opposing country during a war.

capitalism

Mode of organizing economic activity that relies on competitive markets and private ownership of property to allocate scarce resources, as opposed to giving more power to governments to direct how economic resources are used.

foreign aid

Monetary assistance provided to developing country governments or particular groups or actors within developing countries.

paper standards

Monetary systems where the value of money rests on collective confidence in the government issuing the currency and belief that the currency holds value.

remittances

Money sent by immigrants back to family and friends living in their home countries.

cooperation

Mutual policy adjustment that results in joint benefits.

monopsony

Noncompetitive market structure where there is only one consumer of a particular good or service. The absence of alternative consumers empowers the single consumer to pay lower prices.

monopoly

Noncompetitive market structure where there is only one supplier of a particular good or service. The absence of competition empowers the single supplier to restrict sales and charge higher prices than would prevail if there were more producers.

oligopoly

Noncompetitive market structures where there are a small number of suppliers of a particular good or service. The absence of competition empowers these suppliers to reach a cooperative agreement to restrict sales and charge higher prices than would prevail if there were more producers.

quotas

Nontariff barriers that restrict imports by limiting the quantity of an import allowed into the country.

family-based migration policies

One of the kinds of criteria a country may use in determining who is legally admitted into a country, these policies take into account family connections within the host country. Family-based migration policies allow citizens and legal residents to sponsor family members for visas. Unlike merit-based migration, admission based on family reunification tends to offer permanent residence.

merit-based admission

One of the kinds of criteria a country may use in determining who is legally admitted into a country. Merit-based admissions focus on admitting migrants who governments believe will contribute to a country's economic growth and development. These migrants may have specialized skills, be highly educated or enrolled in school, or have job offers. Merit-based admission systems tend to admit migrants on a temporary basis, ranging from several months for seasonal workers to multiple years for students and highly skilled workers.

Which of the following groups within a country would most likely benefit the most from a more generous immigration policy?

Organized interest groups tied to businesses in the high-tech industry.

civil society

Organized social life that is open, voluntary, and autonomous from states. It consists of organizations that tend to have some level of hierarchy and internal rules governing their internal and external behaviors, and that try to influence political outcomes by lobbying or pressuring states rather than by capturing state power through elections or violent action.

emigrants

People who leave their country of origin to live in another country.

immigrants

People who live in a country other than their country of origin.

Which of the following best describes the concept of social identity theory?

Political conflict between two ethnic groups as a result of one group differentiating itself as superior to the other.

public diplomacy

Political efforts by a government to communicate directly with people living in other states. This communication often tries to foster favorable public attitudes in the foreign country toward the policies of that government.

autocracies

Political regimes that restrict political participation in the selection of the government and concentrate the capacity to make and enforce domestic laws in the hands of a small number of political officials.

issue gatekeepers

Powerful actors or organizations who, by choosing to adopt an issue for advocacy, send a signal to others that it is an important problem.

human rights

Principles stating certain fundamental values about the rights all people are entitled to.

customary international law

Principles that states are generally expected to abide by and which rise to the level of legal obligation, even if not codified in a specific agreement. Clicking on the following button will update the Next Flashcard content and status of progress bar

immigrant legalization programs

Programs that allow immigrants who entered a country illegally to remain in the country legally. These programs are often intended to reduce the number of undocumented immigrants at a lower cost than enforcement mechanisms such as deportation. Legalization programs may incentivize undocumented migrants to come out of the shadows and identify themselves to authorities in order to qualify for the program. Such programs can also target categories of undocumented migrants who are deemed more deserving of legalization because of the circumstances of their arrival.

austerity

Reduction in government spending in order to reduce debt levels.

nonstate domestic actors

Refers to all the potential participants in a domestic politics process that do not hold an official position within the state. Examples of such groups include private citizens, union officials, business leaders, community activists, and members of the media.

bureaucratic politics

Refers to domestic political competition among state officials and agencies tasked with implementing foreign policy decisions made by the political leadership. This process is complicated and consequential to the actual foreign policies of the state, because these officials might be motivated by very different political interests.

interdependent

Refers to situations where actions in one state affect other states.

anarchy

Refers to the absence of a supranational organization that possesses authority over states. It is described as an important source of international political structure.

collective action problem

Refers to the challenges associated with sustaining a cooperative effort to provide a public good. These collaborative efforts are often undermined by free riders.

conditionality

Refers to the policy reforms attached to IMF loans. IMF loan disbursements are made conditional on the implementation of these reforms. When found in bad standing, or not making adequate progress toward the implementation of conditions, loan disbursements can be suspended.

statebuilder's dilemma

Refers to the political challenges that foreign governments face when trying to support the domestic authority of a failed or failing state. Even though a local government might need foreign aid, expertise, or military support, the receipt of this aid might compromise the legitimacy and public standing of the government by raising the possibility that it represents foreign rather than domestic interests.

infant industry

Relatively new domestic industries that are trying to gain a foothold or market share in the global economy. Governments may adopt protectionist trade policies in order to protect and encourage their survival and growth.

physical integrity rights

Rights pertaining to an individual's physical safety and bodily integrity.

political risk

Risk to investments posed by political decision making.

deportation

Sending undocumented immigrants back to their country of origin.

desertification

Severe reduction in precipitation over a long period that causes an area to become desert-like.

ethnicity

Social ties that bind people into a group based on a common language, religion, an ancestral homeland, or culture. Membership in the ethnic group depends on descending from someone that was also a member of the ethnic group.

norms

Standards of behavior defined in terms of rights and obligations.

coordination problems

Strategic situations in which actors recognize the potential benefits from adopting coordinated policies, but disagree on the best policy.

inelastic

Supply or demand is inelastic when it is not very responsive to price levels. That is, the same amount is supplied or demanded regardless of the price.

norms

Tacit or unstated, but widely understood standards of behavior that shape states' expectations about their interactions.

international institutions

The "rules of the game" that shape how states interact.

The authority to investigate and issue a decision regarding responsibility for the ethnic violence in Darfur was delegated to the International Criminal Court (ICC). Which of the following statements best represents the rationale for delegating to the ICC?

The ICC decision would be viewed as legitimate due to its independence and impartiality.

Which of the following best reflects one of the causes of Brexit?

The United Kingdom wanted to reassert more national control over trade and immigration policy.

Washington Consensus

The Washington Consensus is a term for a common set of economic prescriptions emanating from IFIs. These often include, but are not limited to, reducing government deficits—often through cutting social expenditures, privatizing state-owned industries, and liberalizing trade and capital accounts. These austerity, or belt-tightening, policies are often controversial in countries experiencing economic crisis.

Which of the scenarios below best represents the concept of legal consistency as it pertains to international law?

The World Trade Organization uses past precedents to ensure it is handling all trade disputes in the same manner.

monetary policy autonomy

The ability to use government policy to affect the money supply and outcomes in the economy, especially inflation and unemployment.

stability

The absence of volatility in currency values.

reciprocity

The act of behaving in kind toward other actors, such as when a state offering a trade concession receives a similar concession from its trading partner.

voluntary migration

The act of moving from one country to another for reasons of personal gain, such as to seek higher wages, improved professional opportunities, or closer proximity to family and social networks.

undocumented migration

The act of moving from one country to another in a way that does not abide by the immigration regulations of either the sending country, the receiving country, or those countries passed through in transit

forced migration

The act of moving from one country to another in order to escape war, repression, or natural disasters.

enforcement

The act of punishing noncompliance.

principal

The amount of an original investment, not including interest or returns.

Which of the following would best represent a state's factor endowment?

The amount of land, labor, and capital available as inputs for production in the national economy.

money supply

The amount of money in circulation in an economy.

legitimacy

The belief that a rule or institution ought to be obeyed, regardless of whether obeying the rule is in an actor's immediate self-interest.

ethnocentrism

The categorization of others into in-groups and out-groups while negatively evaluating members of out-groups on the basis of racial, ethnic, and cultural differences.

obligation

The character and scale of expectations laid out in international law.

precision

The clarity and specificity of international legal obligations.

interest rates

The cost of borrowing money.

transaction costs

The costs of conducting exchange or negotiating cooperation.

shallow cooperation

The creation of international law or agreements that fail to change states' behavior from what they otherwise would have done.

agency slack

The degree of autonomy a principal gives to an agent when it delegates a task to the agent.

distributional stake

The degree to which an actor has a stake in a cooperative outcome.

drift

The degree to which an agent in a principal-agent relationship deviates from its assigned task.

delegation

The degree to which states delegate the responsibility and authority to interpret and implement the law, often done through the creation of international judicial institutions.

genocide

The deliberate and systematic destruction of a national, religious, or ethnic group.

enforcement dilemma

The difficulty of enforcing international law due to the absence of a central governing authority.

global civil society

The distinct realm of civil society that consists of a web of nonstate actors and organizations that focus on transnational issues.

policy diffusion

The emulation or imitation of successful policy, causing countries to gradually adopt similar policies.

human trafficking

The exchange of human beings for labor, sexual purposes, or other servitude.

capital flight

The exodus of investment from a country when investor confidence declines.

mutual recognition

The expectation that when states recognize other states as sovereign, those states will simultaneously respect their sovereignty. This is a component norm of sovereignty.

nationalism

The expression of a set of political interests supporting political independence or autonomy for a nation.

nationalization

The expropriation of firm assets by sovereign governments.

volatility

The frequency and severity of swings in capital flows.

climate change, or global warming

The gradual increase in the Earth's temperature over the past several hundred years.

obsolescing bargain

The gradual shifting over time of bargaining leverage between an MNC and a host country.

sanctions

The halting of international commerce and imposition of economic penalties by a government to pressure an adversary to change its foreign policy, say by closing a domestic market to exports from the target country.

Hegemonic Stability Theory

The idea that global order is most stable when a powerful state is willing and able to provide certain public goods.

political business cycle

The idea that governments may engage in stimulus close to elections, effectively manipulating the economy for political purposes. This undermines exchange rate commitments.

legal consistency

The idea that legal principles are applied in the same manner across different cases.

multiculturalism

The idea that new migrants could be incorporated as equal members of society without expecting them to lose their own culture, religion, or language. Multiculturalism is in tension with the idea of assimilation, in which new immigrants adapt to the host country's society by giving up their distinctive linguistic and cultural characteristics to blend into the mainstream culture. Clicking on the following button will update the Next Flashcard content and status of progress bar

reputation

The idea that states or leaders can acquire a reputation for compliance with international law, which may help them negotiate future agreements or otherwise be politically valuable.

race-to-the-bottom

The idea that the competition to attract investment will force countries to lower their regulatory standards.

social identity theory

The idea that the process of differentiation among identity groups, which is often designed to promote superiority over "out" groups, can foster competition, insecurity, and political conflict among them.

sovereignty

The idea, which carries both normative and legal weight in international politics, that states have political authority over the citizens that live within a state's internationally recognized borders. The political authority empowers the governments presiding over states to influence the lives of its people by making and enforcing laws that define internal political orders. It acts as an important source of international political order among states because of its associated norms that include nonintervention and recognition.

global economic integration

The integration of national economies into a single global economy, as demonstrated by an increase in the movement of goods, people, and capital among national markets. This process of integration is fueled by the elimination of natural, technological, and political barriers to trade that limit the distance over which commerce can profitably occur.

portfolio investment (PI)

The lending of money where the source of the investment does not play a role in its day-to-day management.

nondiscrimination

The like treatment of products regardless of national origin.

logic of consequences

The logic of consequences refers to decision making based on calculations about which actions will generate the greatest benefits for an actor.

global governance

The management of international relations through international law, institutions, and organizations.

transnational advocacy networks (TANs)

The most numerous and politically influential type of transnational network, they are collections of NGOs, international organizations, and individuals with a shared political agenda based around a common set of value propositions.

reciprocity

The notion that states will meet cooperation with cooperation, but may also meet deviations from cooperation with reciprocal punishment.

Diplomacy

The official means by which states interact with each other and manage their relationships. Diplomatic activities can include negotiating on a government's behalf, representing the interests of citizens in any interactions with foreign governments, and the communication of national interests to foreign governments and publics. Diplomacy is designed to sustain and facilitate peace, and diplomatic negotiations are sometimes undertaken in attempts to solve political conflicts without war.

governments

The political leadership of a state. They hold formal (legally defined) offices or positions that endow them with some authority to direct the political, social, and economic interactions of people residing within their state.

free riding

The practice of not contributing to the provision of a public good because of the knowledge that, once it is provided by others, its consumption cannot be limited.

assimilation

The process by which new immigrants adapt to the host country's society by giving up their distinctive linguistic and cultural characteristics to blend into the mainstream culture. This was the dominant approach of immigrant incorporation for all European and white settler states in the post-World War II wave of migration, but was later challenged by multiculturalism, or the idea that new migrants could be incorporated as equal members of society without expecting them to lose their own culture, religion, or language.

competitive devaluations

The process by which trading partners devalue their currencies in order to make their exports more competitive relative to their partner's.

legalization

The process through which the international system has become increasingly governed by legal rules.

asylum

The protection a state may offer to refugees who have left their home countries in order to escape war, repression, or natural disasters.

factor endowments

The quantities of primary inputs to production (often land, labor, and capital) held in a national economy.

productivity

The rate at which inputs can be transformed into outputs.

capital account

The ratio of capital inflows to outflows.

current account deficit

The ratio of capital inflows to outflows.

trade balance

The ratio of imports to exports. Also known as the current account.

factor intensities

The relative reliance on different inputs (for example, land, capital, or labor) in the production of goods.

property rights

The right of individuals to possess what they have earned.

expropriation

The seizure of a privately held asset by the government without adequate compensation that could otherwise by earned in a competitive market.

human capital

The skills or knowledge held by individuals. Higher levels of human capital generally help to increase the productivity of labor.

Which of the following statements best demonstrates the concept of expropriation?

The state government seizes a farmer's land and uses it to build a government warehouse.

noncompliance

The state of not following through on one's obligations under an agreement or law.

foreign policy

The strategies and policies of a state that are directed toward actors living outside of its national boundaries.

free rider problem

The tendency for actors to benefit from others' efforts to provide a public good without themselves contributing.

tragedy of the commons

The tendency for common pool resources to be depleted when unregulated.

shirking

The tendency of an agent to exert less than optimal effort to a task it has been delegated.

capital mobility

The unfettered flow of investment capital and money in and out of countries.

global supply chain

The web of suppliers for a production process.

supply

The willingness of producers to offer a good or service for sale. This willingness to sell generally increases as the price of a good increases. Supply is set by production technology, the cost of inputs to production, the number of suppliers, and government regulations that ease or heighten the costs of production.

secession

The withdrawal of a political group from a state to form a new autonomous political organization.

Brexit

The withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union.

The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) was founded in 1957. The IAEA promotes the peaceful use of nuclear energy and ensures that it is not used for military purposes. Which of the following would be the best example of agency shirking by the IAEA?

They fail to investigate a state accused of developing nuclear weapons.

If a state decides to relax tariffs on imports into the country, what effect will it most likely have on other states who trade with them?

They will experience an increase in economic growth.

endogenous

This refers to a variable or condition that comes from inside a model.

exogenous

This refers to a variable or condition that comes from outside the model.

epistemic communities

Transnational groups composed of political actors, scientists, and bureaucrats focusing on the advocacy of certain policies or ideas.

bilateral investment treaties (BITs)

Treaties negotiated between sovereign countries that stipulate the terms under which MNC investment is to be treated.

The United States Federal Reserve System has decided to raise interest rates to combat inflation. Which of the following best represents what will most likely happen as a result?

U.S. citizens will borrow less and save more.

linkages

Various types of interaction and contact that share and disseminate information, such as conferences, reports, databases, websites, and shared hyperlinks.

total war

Wars that are fought until one side can no longer continue to prosecute war.

limited war

Wars that end in a negotiated settlement, short of the total destruction of either side's ability to fight.

trade surplus

When a country exports more than it imports.

trade deficit

When a country imports more than it exports.

appreciation

When a currency gains value.

inflation

When a currency loses value, or depreciates, and the prices of goods go up.

depreciation

When a currency loses value.

strong

When a currency's value is high relative to other currencies.

weak

When a currency's value is low relative to other currencies.

peg

When a government fixes the value of its currency to either a commodity or to another country's currency.

embargo

When a state or collection of states halts trade with another state.

naming and shaming

When actors report on and criticize governments for their human rights records.

default

When borrowers fail to repay loans.

diminishing returns

When each additional unit of input generates less output.

diversification of production

When firms take advantage of differential input and labor costs across multiple countries by locating various aspects of production in different countries.

deficit spending

When governments spend more money than they take in through tax revenue.

procedural fairness

When rules and procedures treat actors the same regardless of their country of origin or their identity.

A government lowers the value of its currency in an attempt to create a trade surplus. In response, two of their primary trade partners lower their exchange rates. The actions taken by these states best represent the concept of ________

a competitive devaluation.

Residents living along the coast of a country have been driven from their homes due to rising sea levels. Many individuals left the country altogether and migrated to a bordering country. As a result, the border country has seen an increase in food and supply shortages. These shortages can best be described as an example of ________

a negative externality.

If a country can produce mobile phones at a lower cost than another country, we can say that they have a(n) ________ advantage.

absolute

After Saddam Hussein's regime in Iraq collapsed, the coalitional alignment of Sunni and Shia political parties and the democratic transition together ________

activated a commitment problem.

Decisions regarding which issues do and do not become the subject of international debate and mobilization are made by a process that can be best described as ________

agenda setting.

A state government is upset by another state moving troops toward the border of one of their allies. They immediately cut off all trade with the hostile state. This action can be best described as ________

an embargo.

A corporation relocating production is in negotiations with two countries. They select one of the countries after government officials agree to a significant tax break for the corporation. After the company relocates, new government officials remove the tax break. This scenario best represents the concept of ________

an obsolescing bargain.

Australia implements policy reform intended to curb government spending and reduce state debt. These reforms can be best described as ________ policies.

austerity

Government leaders in a small state refuse to trade with other countries. They have great national pride and feel that their state should not rely on others for goods and services, nor should they share their goods and services with other states. This small state's condition can be best described as a(n) ________

autarky.

A state is led by a dictator who restricts her citizens from holding free elections to select members of the government. This can be best described as which of the following political regimes?

autocracy

The ability to use the Internet to both purchase and sell goods and services has helped to ________

boost global economic integration.

Which of the following would most likely be responsible for helping to formulate foreign policy goals for a state and then implementing policies to support those goals?

bureaucratic agency

A state needs to determine a course of action after another state begins moving troops toward their shared border. Military officials recommend a preemptive attack against the other state; however, officials in the Foreign Ministry push for diplomatic negotiations with the other state's leaders. The internal political conflict within the state can be best described an example of ________

bureaucratic politics.

A country that sells their unused emissions rights to another country that will exceed their target is best described as participating in a ________ system

cap and trade

State leaders want to limit the pressure that capital outflows are placing on the exchange rate, and enact a series of taxes and tariffs aimed to help. These policy measures can be best described as ________

capital controls.

Investment firms and private investors in Germany begin funneling their funds into Canadian investments due to the higher prevailing interest rates in Canada. This scenario best represents the concept of ________

capital mobility.

Institutions regulating the political relationship between civilian and military officials can help to resolve the ________

coercion dilemma.

A state is planning a large-scale enhancement to their infrastructure that will benefit all citizens within their borders. Despite overwhelming support by the citizens, the state would likely run into a ________ problem if they asked for voluntary contributions to fund the project.

collective action

The government is considering a new clean air initiative and decides to seek public input in the form of a referendum with a minimum participation threshold. Many citizens support cleaner air but fail to vote during the referendum. Thus, the government decides against moving forward with a new policy. This scenario best represents the ________

collective action problem.

A(n) ________ consists of norms, purposes, and cognitive beliefs that connect an individual to some group and also hold that group together.

collective identity

Individuals who practice Catholicism acknowledge and support the religious group's core beliefs. These beliefs can be best described as one of the components of a(n) ________

collective identity.

Government officials in a state determine what goods should be produced, how much should be produced, and the price at which those goods will be offered for sale. The organization of the economic activity in this state can be best classified as a ________ economy.

command

A group of states banded together to eliminate all tariffs between the member states. The group also came to a consensus on an external tariff that they will uniformly impose on all nonmember states. The group of states in this example represents a ________

common market.

A state decided to intervene in a civil war that was causing massive casualties on both sides. After the deaths of many of its service members, the state has decided to withdraw most of its personnel. This scenario best represents the logic of ________ in action.

consequences

Many states expect that individuals are entitled to basic human rights. These expectations are often explicitly noted in laws that prohibit different crimes that violate these rights, and can best be described as an example of a(n) ________

customary international law.

Alejandro is considering purchasing a new television for his home. His willingness to purchase the television will most likely ________ as the price rises.

decrease

taboo

deeply held prohibition against something.

Government leaders are expanding their military, but tax revenue fails to cover the costs, forcing them to borrow money from one of their state allies. The state's actions in this example can be best described as ________

deficit spending.

The European Court of Justice was created to interpret and apply laws pertaining to the European Union. The European Court of Justice best represents a form of ________

delegation

An international judicial institution is responsible for interpreting and implementing all laws relating to crimes against a group of states. The degree to which these states have transferred responsibility to the judicial system can be described as ________

delegation.

A decrease in regional rainfall has, during the past decade, led many inhabitants to move from the area. This reduction in precipitation can be best described as ________

desertification.

A state has refused to honor a resolution passed by the United Nations. As a result, other member states begin independently levying punishments toward the offending state. The actions taken by the member states can be best described as ________

diffuse enforcement.

A bicycle manufacturer is disappointed that the rate of production increased at a slower rate as they added additional staff. This scenario best demonstrates the concept of ________

diminishing returns.

Lin has been sent by the government of her state to negotiate a trade agreement with another state. Lin is taking part in the process of ________

diplomacy.

The United Nations is recommending strict sanctions against a state accused of committing war crimes. There is near-unanimous support; however, a large state has been actively advocating against the sanctions, as the sanctions would severely limit the large state's access to essential resources. The pending UN decision can be best described as affecting the large state's ________ stake.

distributional

The problem of placing primary responsibility for emission reductions with countries that produced the most emissions in the past versus countries that will likely add the most emissions in the future best represents a ________

distributional problem.

A Canadian audiovisual equipment company decides to move its circuit board manufacturing facilities to Germany to take advantage of lower-priced inputs, and move its product assembly facilities to India to take advantage of lower labor costs. These are examples of ________

diversification of production.

Various state government officials and science leaders have partnered with an international human rights organization to study the impact of sex trafficking and to advocate for global reform. This group can be best described as a(n) _______

epistemic community.

Russians, Tatars, Ukrainians, and Kazakhs each have their own cultures that include a shared language and unique customs, traditions, ceremonies, and history. These groups can be best described as representing different ________

ethnicities

There may be opposition to free trade by individuals with ________ tendencies who view globalization as tolerant of racial and national diversity around the globe.

ethnocentric

Early economic models assumed that economic growth could be attributed to technological advancement or other ________ factors.

exogenous

Chun opens a new business selling customized home audio equipment in her city. After her business grows, she begins selling her equipment online to customers in other countries. The stereo equipment that Chun sells to other countries can be best described as an ________

export.

Which of the following provides the best example of a rivalrous resource?

fisheries

A state government is currently taking a hands-off approach to influencing their exchange rate. The exchange rate can be best described as ________

floating.

A state produces computers and automobiles. After careful analysis, state leaders realize that they can produce automobiles more efficiently than computers. Going forward, they decide to focus production on automobiles while importing computers from another country. This example best represents the concept of ________

foreign aid.

If a state deliberately murders and destroys individuals from a religious or ethnic group, their actions can be best described as ________

genocide.

An Italian company gets raw materials for snack foods from Brazil, gets packaging materials from the United States, and uses a Spanish firm to ship its products around the globe. This is an example of a ________

global supply chain.

Senators and members of the House of Representatives are both part of the United States ________ and possess some authority to direct the political, social, and economic interactions of the nation's people by passing laws.

government

Driving your car to and from work produces ________ and contributes to ______

greenhouse gases, climate change.

The ________ is defined as the total market value of all goods and services produced by a country's economy during a year.

gross domestic product

Maddie is strongly opposed to the exchange of individuals to serve as free labor. We can say that Maddie opposes ________

human trafficking.

An individual who believes they belong to a nation due to beliefs, interactions, and perceptions they share with other individuals can be best classified as being part of a(n) ________

imagined community.

Multiple solar-powered automobile manufacturers have recently begun operations in a state. To ensure their success, the state government increases tariffs to discourage imports from states who have been manufacturing solar-powered automobiles for years. The government's actions can be best described as an attempt to protect a(n) _________ within the state.

infant industry

The United States has its own rules regulating citizenship and who can vote in elections for Congress and the President. These rules can be best described as ________

institutions.

The firms in a state rely primarily on land and labor to produce most of their exported goods. They also rely on capital, but only to a minimal extent. The rates at which these firms use these resources to produce goods for exports can also be described as factor ________

intensities.

Members of Greenpeace believe in and support the fight for a healthy environment across the globe. Greenpeace can best be described as a(n) ________ group.

interest

Anti-Slavery International is working with other human rights organizations to stop human trafficking and slavery across the globe. They coordinate different events to bring attention to these causes, while also pressuring state governments to support and implement policies and laws that protect victims. Anti-Slavery International's actions can be best described as a part of a(n) ________

international campaign.

After the end of a war between two neighboring states, they sign a formal agreement, including a stipulation that neither state shall conduct military exercises within ten miles of their shared border. This agreement can be described as a(n) ________

international institution.

HealthRight International is a group dedicated to advocating for global health and human rights. Based on this information, HealthRight can be best described as a(n) ________

international nongovernmental organization.

During the Syrian Civil War that broke out in 2011, the Syrian military used chemical weapons against rebel civilians and fighters. This act can be best described as a violation of ________ and led Russia and U.S. officials to broker a deal for the Syrian government to destroy their chemical weapons stockpiles.

international norms

A small human rights group has been working unsuccessfully to bring attention to the plight of children orphaned during conflicts around the globe. They decide to present their dilemma to Amnesty International, who decides to adopt their cause and work to bring widespread attention to the issue. In this example, Amnesty International can be best described as a(n) ________

issue gatekeeper.

Human Rights First and Human Rights Watch are organizations dedicated to protecting human rights around the world. Reports and databases created by one organization are often used by the other, and vice versa. These reports and databases can be best described as ________

linkages.

A state issues student visas to individuals based on the total points they earn for meeting criteria like age, educational background, and grasp of the state's predominant language. This process can be best described as ________

merit-based admissions.

Consumers living in a small, rural community in Wisconsin have access to only one Internet service provider. The market structure for Internet service in this community can be best described as a(n) ________

monopoly.

A state has enacted policies designed to encourage freedom for immigrants to practice their religions and celebrate their heritage. These policies can be best described as a form of ________

multiculturalism.

The challenge created by the presence of ________ can be demonstrated in a scenario where European Union member states disagree with a resolution or policy created by the Union.

multiple principals

A hypothetical state called Home chooses to acknowledge another state's political authority over its citizens. The government of Home believes that the other state will acknowledge its authority in return. This example demonstrates the concept of ________

mutual recognition.

Greenpeace monitors piracy in the form of illegal fishing. They share lists of individuals and fishing companies accused of violations. Greenpeace's actions best represent the concept of ________

naming and shaming.

A political community that shares the same language, culture, and political ideas can be best classified as a(n) ________

nation.

Changes to the demographic makeup of a country can activate conflicts over ________

national identity.

The principle of _________ protects a refugee who escaped from their home country after experiencing religious and political oppression from being forcibly returned if there is a risk of continued oppression.

non-refoulement

After violating a trade agreement, a state was punished with significant tariffs on their future imports and exports. In this example, violating the trade agreement represents ________ and the tariffs represent ________

noncompliance, enforcement.

A foreign government tries to undermine an election in another state by supporting the incumbent's adversary. Which of the following norms of sovereignty does this support violate?

nonintervention

Global civil society is a distinct web of civil society that consists of ________ that focus on transnational issues.

nonstate actors

Amnesty International was formed to advocate for international human rights. They can best be classified as a(n) ________

norm entrepreneur.

Compliance with international judicial decisions can be self-enforcing because state governments ________

often understand that they benefit from a system in which they comply with, rather than ignore, rulings.

The government in a state focuses on implementing new emissions standards for factories. After careful research, they decide to model their emissions requirements after those being used in another country. This process can be best described as ________

policy diffusion.

The Christian Democratic Union (CDU) in Germany is a right-of-center group that is based on non-denominational Christian ideals. Its members tend to believe in environmental protection and equality for all, and its representatives emphasize economic freedom and self-determination. The CDU can be best described as a(n) ________

political party

Jalen uses some of his savings to buy stocks in a few large corporations, along with some government bonds. Jalen's purchases are examples of ________ investment.

portfolio

Priyanka was recently appointed to lead her state's communication agency. While under the authority of the president, she does have the ability to run the agency as she sees fit. Priyanka's role best demonstrates the ________ concept.

principal-agent

Knox is discussing an investment opportunity with his friend. He is excited about the potential return she is describing, but he is still very concerned about the initial money he will have to invest. Knox's initial investment can be best described as ________

principal.

A farmer obtains a deed to land purchased from a realtor, understanding that the government will honor his ownership to the land if he has a proper deed. This is an example of ________

property rights.

The election is coming up, and a presidential candidate uses a platform that includes additional spending on improved military defenses and strict clean air policies. Military defenses and clean air are both examples of ________

public goods.

If an individual makes $1,000 per week and the price of consumer goods rises, their ________ will ________

real income, decrease.

A state has reduced tariffs with another state by nearly half. State leaders are confident that the other state will soon make the same concession in return, meaning they believe in the concept of ________

reciprocity.

Otto recently moved to another country to work for a company as a software engineer. Every month, he sends some money back to his parents in his home country to use for bills and to pay for his younger sister's college expenses. This money can be best described as a(n) ________

remittance.

The principle of ________ suggests that a state that violates the terms of an international commitment will suffer credibility deficits with other states in the international community.

reputation

A state with many diamond mines has had minimal economic growth. The state rarely benefits from the potential income from diamond exports because armed factions often fight over ownership of the mines. This scenario can be best described as an example of the ________ curse.

resource

In 1861, eleven states from the South severed ties with the United States to form the Confederate States of America. Their actions can be best described as ________

secession.

Two states enter an agreement to not build nuclear weapons. At the time of the agreement, neither state had progressed far into its nuclear weapons program. This agreement can be best described as an example of ________

shallow cooperation.

The oceans that span the globe are capable of removing carbon from the atmosphere and can be best described as a carbon ________

sink.

Eileen is a supervisor at a local bank. She watches a popular cable news program that blames manufacturing job losses on trade policies that allow cheaper products to be imported into the country. As a result, Eileen begins taking a negative view of her state's trade policies. Eileen's attitude can be best described as ________

sociotropic.

A state is considering sending foreign aid to a failing state. State leaders are concerned that any potential political concessions associated with receiving that aid may undermine the public perception of the government in the failing state. This scenario represents the ________ dilemma.

statebuilder's

A small state revealed that it had successfully tested its first nuclear missile. As part of an effort to de-escalate tensions and understand the state's intentions, a meeting has been organized. The meeting will include state ambassadors from around the globe and officials from the state's government. This meeting can be best described as a(n) ________

summit

A failed state would most likely be distinguished by its limited capacity to ________

supply basic public goods to its people.

Tevin pays a small fee to his home government for the sports equipment he acquires from suppliers in other countries. He then sells this merchandise to local customers. This fee can be best described as a(n) ________

tariff.

When American policymakers interpret international migration through the lens of national security, their primary focus tends to be on the threat of ________

terrorism.

Which of the following best represents an example of an international organization?

the World Trade Organization

Government officials and policies have hindered a domestic group that has been pressuring their state for equal pay for women for years. The group's leadership council decides to work with an international organization dedicated to the same cause, which generates global attention to their cause and leads other states to begin pressuring their state. This scenario can be best described as an example of ________

the boomerang pattern.

One of the issues with many types of international laws is that, although they are intended to alter a state's behavior, there are few good options for punishing any failure to change behavior. This statement best describes ________

the enforcement dilemma.

States making decisions according to ________ choose to behave in a way that conforms to expectations about responsible behavior in the international system.

the logic of appropriateness

The president of a state is up for reelection next year, and she pushes through a plan to create more jobs and provide tax rebates for citizens. This action best represents the concept of ________

the political business cycle.

One of the reasons that the United States tends to have higher wages than less developed countries is ________

the relative scarcity of unskilled workers within the country.

The accumulation of garbage has led to massive, floating islands of trash in the world's oceans. It is difficult to assign responsibility to any single country, so no country is incentivized to find a solution. This accumulation can be best described as an example of ________

the tragedy of the commons.

A situation in which a state imports more than it exports can be best described as a(n) ________

trade deficit.

Regulations used to influence the flow of goods and services into a state's economy can be best described as ________

trade policy.

Yusef wants Nadya to complete a construction project on his home and offers her two hours of computer support in return. She declines but offers to do the work for four hours of computer support. The time spent negotiating can be best described as an example of a ________

transaction cost.

Inspire is a collection of nongovernmental organizations focused on clean air for all members of the international community. They align their work with the World Health Organization as they address the negative effects of unhealthy air and champion global action on air pollution. Inspire can be best described as a(n) ________

transnational advocacy network.

The president of the United States is meeting with a group of foreign leaders to negotiate rules regulating international trade among their countries. The president is trying to balance the demands set forth by the foreign leaders with those of U.S. corporate interest groups and members of his political party. This best demonstrates the concept of the ________ game.

two-level

Citizens have expressed an interest in providing full control over monetary policy to the state's central bank after different government officials failed to consent to much-needed policy changes. The government officials in this example can be best described as ________

veto players.

A large state considers using military force against one of its enemies. The risk of conflict generates concern for investors, which leads to a large outflow of capital. This demonstrates the possible ________ of capital flows.

volatility

Harumi obtains her passport and decides to relocate to Mexico to be closer to a friend who moved there a few years ago. Harumi's move can be best described as an example of ________ migration.

voluntary