PSCI 3054 Final Exam

How did Teddy Roosevelt become President?

He was Vice President when President William McKinley was assassinated by an anarchist.

Monopolies exist not just when government has imposed restrictions on competition, but when massive accumulations of wealth effective impede competition as well; Adam Smith's claim that self-interest results in benefit to society is a fallacy

Henry Lloyd

William Legget

The government has no right to interfere with the business pursuits of individuals by offering encouragements and granting privileges to any particular class of industry.

Irving Kristol is widely considered the father of "neoconservatism," which he describes in his essay, "The Neoconservative Persuasion." Which of the following is NOT a tenet of neoconservatism, as described by Kristol?

The growth of the welfare state has placed Americans on the road to serfdom

Federalists

The party of John Adams and Alexander Hamilton, faded away after Adams was defeated in the election of 1800.

In Federalist 15, Alexander Hamilton describes the difference between a confederacy and a national government. Identify which of the following statements are accurate descriptions of Hamilton's argument (check all that apply):

A confederacy is a league or alliance between independent nations for certain defined purposes. If the states choose instead to adhere to the design of a national government, then that government should have authority directly over the citizens, rather than only over the state governments.

In his "Thoughts on Government" pamphlet published in 1776, John Adams argued against having a government constituted by a "single assembly." Which of the following are reasons he gave for that opinion? (Check all that apply)

A single assembly is not capable of governing a territory as large as the United States Correct Answer: A representative assembly, even if extremely well qualified, is not fit to exercise executive power because it lacks secrecy and dispatch Correct Answer: A single assembly is subject to all the vices of a single individual, such as fits of humor, starts of passion, flights of passion, and prejudices, and consequently produces hasty results and absurd judgments Correct Answer: A representative assembly is too numerous, too slow, and too little learned in the law to exercise the judicial power Correct Answer: A single assembly is likely to exempt itself from the laws

Which of the following phrases in the Declaration of Independence are incompatible with the institution of slavery?

A. All men are created equal E. A, B, and C <-- B. All men have unalienable rights, including the rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness Governments derived their just powers from the consent of the governed D. A and B only

In his proposed Act for Establishing Religious Freedom, Thomas Jefferson argued that because "Almighty God hath created the mind free," then attempts by government to compel religious belief by "temporal punishments or burdens, or by civil incapacities, tend only to beget habits of hypocrisy and meanness." Because of this, he argued that the government could not do which of the following?

A. Compel citizens to contribute to a church that espoused religious doctrine with which he disagreed. E. Only answers A and C are correct. B. Compel citizens to contribute even to a church of their own choosing. C. Require adherence to particular religious views in order to hold office. Correct Answer: D. Answers A, B, and C are all correct.

To avoid collectivisation of business, business needs to come together to work in a resonsible way for the betterment of the community

Adolf A. Berle, Jk.

Which of the following authors did NOT support giving more power to the central national government?

Albert Jay Nock

Which of the following did not serve as President of the United States?

Alexander Hamilton

Which of the nation's founders wrote the following passage during the campaign over ratification of the U.S. Constitution: "It has been frequently remarked that it seems to have been reserved to the people of this country, by their conduct and example, to decide the important question, whether societies of men are really capable or not of establishing good government from reflection and choice, or whether they are forever destined to depend for their political constitutions on accident and force."

Alexander Hamilton, in Federalist No. 1

James Hammond

All societies have a class to do menial duties, but slaveowners in the South provide lifelong care for their slaves, unlike the way the North treats its menial class.

The Great Depression, triggered by the stock market crash in October, 1929, brought an end (at least temporarily) to

American faith in free market capitalism

The civil liberty that produces different degrees of wealth is good, because it has made the poor better off then the rich in prior generations, but there are costs which, though not outweighed by the benefits, nevertheless counsel in favor of an estate tax of 10% at death, so that the accumulation of wealth can then be put toward the common good of the community

Andrew Carnegie

Which of the following is in accord with James Madison's ideas about property in Federalist No. 10?

Barry Goldwater, who argued in his 1964 Acceptance Speech that equality rightly understood leads to liberty and the emancipation of creative differences John Kenneth Galbraith, who argued in his 1952 essay on American Capitalism that government support of a countervailing power that would counter original market power actually lessons the amount of government control that is necessary

Orestes Bronson

Because of subsistence wages paid to the laboring classes, the slave system is decidedly preferable to the system at wages.

One of the key controversies leading up to the Election of 1800 was the constitutionality of the Alien & Sedition Acts of 1798. James Madison and Thomas Jefferson took the lead in opposing those acts with the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions. Both claimed that the laws were unconstitutional, but in a significant difference, Madison urged Virginia (and other States) to protest against the laws while Jefferson urged Kentucky (and other States) to treat the law as "void, and of no force." Jefferson's argument that the States had the authority to nullify a federal law was based on a fallacy about the nature of the federal government under the Constitution of 1787. The same fallacy was advanced by Maryland in the landmark 1819 case of McCullouch v. Maryland, but rejected in that case by the Supreme Court in an opinion authored by Chief Justice John Marshall. Which of the following describes Jefferson's and Maryland's position?

Because the federal government was created by the States, the States can nullify federal statutes that the States believe exceed the federal government's constitutional authority

In his 1791 Report on Manufactures, Alexander Hamilton made which of the following arguments?

C. Manufacturing would benefit the economy by producing better quality goods at lower prices because of the division of labor B. Supporting manufacturing in the United States would increase demand for agricultural products A. Supporting manufacturing in the United States would encourage immigration Correct Answer: D. Answers A, B, and C are all correct.

George Fitzhugh

Capitalist exploitation of white "free labor" is worse than black slavery because it takes more profit away from the laborer.

One of the themes that appears quite often in the writings of the American founders is the concern that too much democracy would be dangerous without some check on majority rule. Which of the following expressed that view in the excerpts we have read? (check all that apply)

Chancellor Kent, in remarks during debate at the 1821 New York Constitutional Convention Fisher Ames, in The Mire of Democracy

Although the 15th Amendment guaranteed the right to vote to former slaves, women still did not have a constitutionally-protected right to vote. Which of the following is NOT an accurate depiction of the various positions taken at the time?

Charlotte Perkins Gilman argued that in order to move beyond the current situation in which women are economically dependent on men, the tasks of household chores and the rearing of children should be collectivised. After being left out of the 15th Amendment, women suffragettes turned their attention to securing the right to vote in individual states, and were most successful in the western territories, which needed to attract new settlers, and particularly women. According to Helen Kendrick Johnson, women already had a voice in the government, via their right to petition for laws. Correct Answer: Elizabeth Cady Stanton argued that giving women the right to vote would undermine social stability, because the vote is really an insignia of power, and power is necessarily exercised by men who would not accept the vote contrary to their power.

In his essay, The Priority of Democracy to Philosophy, Richard Rorty described what he termed the "Jeffersonian compromise concerning the relation of spiritual perfection to public policy." What best describes what he meant by the "Jeffersonian compromise"?

Citizens can be as religious or irreligious as they want in their private lives, as long as they followed a moral faculty consistent with civic virtue and did not attempt to impose their views on their fellow citizens

The United States defeated Spain in the 1898 Spanish-American War, and acquired former Spanish territories of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines as a result. Which of the following opposed the U.S. exercising sovereign authority over these territories?

Correct Answer: Elihu Root

The Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 is considered a landmark on the path toward women's rights. It issued a "Declaration of Sentiments" that was patterned on the Declaration of Independence. Which of the following was NOT one of the "facts" cited in the Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments as proof of the "repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward woman"?

Correct Answer: He has denied her access to fundamental health care, including the right to terminate a pregnancy He has never permitted her to exercise her inalienable right to the elective franchise He has made her, if married, in the eye of the law, civilly dead He has denied her access to a college education

The 1950s saw the rise of the "Cold War," with the world's two major super powers (the United States and the Soviet Union) vying with each other across the whole globe. We saw at the end of the New Deal era that George Kennan had proposed a policy of "containment" of the Soviet Union. Which of the following is most in line with Kennan's policy?

Correct Answer: None of the other answers are correct. The Young Americans for Freedom, who argued in the Sharon Statement for victory over communism rather than co-existence The Students for a Democratic Society, which argued in the Port Huron Statement that the Soviet Union's leader, Stalin, had perverted communism. Barry Goldwater, who argued in his 1964 Acceptance Speech that communism and the governments it now controls are enemies of every man on earth who is or wants to be free

Which of the following authors argued for African-Americans to align their interests and become part of a working-class majority that most closely resembled the argument that had previously been made by Booker T. Washington in his 1895 Atlanta Exposition Address?

Correct Answer: Ralph Bunch, in his 1935 Essay, "A Critical Analysis of the Tactics and Programs of Minority Groups"Minority Group Tacti Franklin Roosevelt, in his 1941 "Four Freedoms" speech A. Philip Randolph, in his 1942 March on Washington Keynote Address James Weldon Johnson, in his 1934 Essay, "Negro Americans, What Now?"

The opponents of ratification of the Constitution came to be known as "anti-federalists," because they opposed the centralizing aspects of the new "federal" government. Brutus, one of the leading anti-federalists, listed several concerns he had with the proposed Constitution. Which of the following was not one of the concerns he identified?

Correct Answer: The Articles of Confederation was working just fine, and did not need to be amended. The proposed Constitution lacked a Bill of Rights. The powers given to the national government, such as the Necessary & Proper Clause and the Supremacy Clause, would lead to a completely consolidated central government. Madison's idea of an extended republic would not work, because republican governments could only succeed among small, homogeneous communities.

A major tenet of evangelical Christianity had long been to avoid politics, focusing instead on the saving of individual souls in the hereafter. But as Government expanded into areas that had traditionally been considered private, that long-standing position became increasingly untenable, as governmental actions were viewed as a threat to religious liberty itself. The entry of such groups -- collectively dubbed "the Religious Right" -- into politics and the formation of the "moral majority" has been credited, at least in part, with the election of Ronald Reagan as President in 1980. Richard John Neuhaus, writing largely to an audience of neoconservative, secular jewish conservatives, sought to mollify concerns about the "fundamentalist" nature of these new political activists. Which was NOT an issue that Neuhaus claimed was supported by the Religious Right?

Correct Answer: The Nuclear Freeze Movement

In his 1893 book, The Frontier in American History, Frederick Jackson Turner argued that the American frontier in the West had had a profound influence on the American character. Which of the following are points he made? (check all that apply)

Correct Answer: The rugged individualism that was required to survive on the frontier led to demands for a more broad-based elective franchise. Correct Answer: Because the western frontier was separated by mountains from the eastern seaboard, it was less influenced by European customs and habits than were the cities of the East Coast. Correct Answer: The American frontier provided an outlet for those seeking to escape the inherited ways of doing things

The principal trading relationship of the American colonies in the 17th and early 18th centuries was which of the following:

Each individual colony with England

Soviet-style communism has worked, and it would work even better in the United States, if the working classes were to rule, and government were to take over banks, the railroads, large industry, etc.

Earl Browder

In June 2020, a group of protestors took over the Capitol Hill neighborhood of Seattle, creating a self-identified police free autonomous zone known, variously, as CHOP (Capitol Hill Organized Protest) and CHAZ (Capitol Hill Autonomous Zone). Which of the following authors espoused views that could have served as a blueprint for the CHOP/CHAZ occupation?

David Graeber

Orestes Bronson

Eliminate all monopolies and other exclusive privileges, including the privilege of inherited wealth by requiring that, at death, every man's property must become the property of the state.

Anarchism was explicitly advocated by

Emma Goldman

In Federalist No. 10, James Madison famously dealt with the problem of "faction," which he defined as "a number of citizens, whether amounting to a majority or a minority of the whole, who are united and actuated by some common impulse or passion, or of interest, adverse to the rights of other citizens, or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community." Which of the following does he think are viable remedies to the problem of faction?

For minority factions, relief may be obtained by the republican principle, namely, a majority vote. For majority factions, extend the size of the republic so that, with a multiplicity of factions, a majority faction is less likely to arise, and coordination by those comprising a majority faction would be difficult.

Republican Party

Founded in 1850s in opposition to slavery.

We deposed a king, but the threat to indiviual rights now arises from below, where the real tyrant is the organized ignorance of the masses, who want equality of condition more than liberty.

Francis Parkman

One of the lingering disputes from the founding era that continued to play out during the Jacksonian era is the extent to which majority rule needed to be constrained to prevent it from becoming majority tyranny. Which of the following provided the strongest defense of majority rule by arguing that "the multitude is neither rash nor fickle," but instead are best able collectively to discern right and the common good, and therefore "the sum of the moral intelligence of the community should rule the State"?

George Bancroft, in his 1835 The Office of the People in Art, Government, and Religion

Opposed return to the gold standard, favoring paper money instead

Greenback party

As the Western Frontier closed, and industrialization in the east rose, it is perhaps not a surprise than tensions developed over immigration. Without the outlet to the west (and the assimilating tendencies that shared experience provided), new immigrant groups often congregated in cities, resisting assimilation longer than prior groups had. Who opposed restrictions on immigration?

Grover Cleveland

One of the popular songs from the 1960s was Joni Mitchell's "Big Yellow Taxi," whose lyrics included the iconic phrase, "They paved paradise and put up a parking lot." In line with the sentiment expressed in that song, which of the following argued that labor should be re-directed toward the creation of parks and gardens rather than highways and parking lots?

Herbert Marcuse

Which of the following was not a criticism Thomas Paine made against the English Constitution?

Hereditary success of monarchs was likely to result in unworthy occupants of the throne, even if the initial monarch was one who was an excellent and honorable ruler Kings and aristocrats really do nothing, and know nothing of the real world The commons, on whose virtue depends the freedom of England, cannot adequately check the monarch. Because men are equal, no one should have title to rule others as a monarch, and no small group should have title as aristocrats to rule the people. Correct Answer: The other answers are all criticisms Paine made against the English Constitution

The super rich have too much wealth, and as a result there are too many poor. Government needs to cap their wealth, and provide a guaranteed income for the poor

Huey P. Long

Where does the phrase, "wall of separation between Church and State," first appear in American political writings?

In Thomas Jefferson's 1802 letter to the Baptists of Danbury, Connecticut

John C. Calhoun

In order for the South to be able to preserve its liberty (including its liberty to decide whether or not to retain slavery), laws protecting slave property can only be changed by "concurrent" majorities of the different interests in the community.

Which is a fundamental principle underlying John Rawls' A Theory of Justice?

In order to developed a justice of fairness, we should settle on principles of justice to which all would agree when operating behind a veil of ignorance

Several of the excerpts we read in this unit addressed whether individuals must be obedient to their government. Which of the following most clearly argued that citizens do not have a duty to obey their government if the civil rulers had ordered things inconsistent with the commands of God or that would undermine the common good and safety of society?

Jonathan Mayhew

Immigration become a large concern after the turn of the century, as new immigrants from southern and eastern Europe settled in enclaves in the cities and were not assimilating into the "melting pot" of America. Which of the following is NOT an accurate characterization of some of the positions taken at the time?

The federal government offered lands on the western frontier to any group of immigrants that would move west and establish a new settlement.

Race relations continued to be tense in the New Deal era. Franklin Roosevelt's Democrat party picked up significant support from African-American voters in the wake of the Great Depression, as he did from other working class groups. But there remained a significant component of the Democrat party who were segregationists, primarily in the South. As Roosevelt tried to keep that difficult coalition together, some African-American leaders grew increasingly impatient with the lack of progress. In his 1934 essay, "Negro Americans, What Now?", James Weldon Johnson gave a sober review of the options that were available to African-Americans. Which of the following did he argue was the option most likely to enhance the prospects for African-Americans?

Integration, which even though little progress had been made in the 70 years since the Civil War, still offered the best prospect of long-term improvement in race relations

The U.S. Senate, like the English House of Lords, was designed to protect the wealth from the "common herd; the cure for this frightful public afflication should be direct election of Senators

James B. Weaver

Who articulated the doctrine that the United States would consider any attempt on the part of European powers to extend their power into any portion of the Western hemisphere as dangerous to U.S. peach and safety and as manifesting an "unfriendly disposition toward the United States."?

James Monroe

Which was the site of the first permanent English settlement in North America?

Jamestown

It is therefore most wholesome for magistrates and officers in Church and Commonwealth, never to affect more liberty and authority than will do them good, and the People good; for whatever transcendent power is given, will certainly overrun those that give it, and those that receive it.

John Cotton

Judicial review is necessary as a breakwater against the haste and passions of the people.

John Dillon

Which of the following won a Nobel Prize in Economics for developing the theory that regulatory agencies are often captured by the industries they are supposed to regulate?

John Maynard Keynes

In the presidential election of 1824, none of the 4 candidates for President achieved a majority of either the popular vote or the vote of electors in the electoral college. Andrew Jackson finished in first place, however, with 41.4% of the popular vote and 99 electoral votes. John Quincy Adams, the son of former President John Adams, finished second, with 30.9% of the popular vote and 84 electoral votes. William Crawford had the third most electoral votes, at 41. Kentucky Senator Henry Clay was fourth, with 37 electoral votes. Who became President that year, and why?

John Quincy Adams, who was chosen by the House of Representatives after the top 3 electoral vote getters were transmitted to the House.

It would be the greatest absurdity to believe, that nature actually invests the Wise with a Sovereignty over the weak; or with a Right of forcing them against their Wills; for that no Sovereignty can be Established, unless some Human Deed, or Covenant Precede.

John Winthrop

The "compromise" that settled the contested election of 1876 and brought about an end to Reconstruction in the South did not end discord over racial issues but merely changed the terms of debate. Particularly after the adoption of the Civil War Amendments -- the 13th, which abolished slavery; the 14th, which guaranteed citizenship to the former slaves and guaranteed to them the privileges of citizenship and the equal protection of the law; and the 15th, which guaranteed the right to vote without regard to race, color, or previous condition of servitude--a dividing line arose between "political" equality, which was guaranteed by law, and "social" equality (namely, the social interactions between private individuals), which arguably was not. Various approaches on how to deal with social relations among the races were offered. Which of the following is NOT an accurate description of the author's stated views.

Justice John Marshall Harlan argued in his dissent in Plessy v. Ferguson that segregation was unconstitutonal because our Constitution neither knows nor tolerates classes among its citizens. Thomas Watson argued in his 1892 essay, The Negro Question in the South, that the former slaves and poor white laborers had more in common with each other than not, and should form a new political party, the People's Party. Booker T. Washington argued that the former slaves should "put down their buckets where they are" and learn to make their own way in business; whites, too, should "cast down their buckets where they are" and enter into business relationships with the former slaves; in all things purely social, separate as fingers, but in business dealings, operate as one hand. Correct Answer: Henry Grady, who argued in his 1886 essay, The New South, that the relations between southern whites and former slaves were "close and cordial" because of the new diversified economy in the South and that there were no longer any "ruffians" or "rascals" committing injustices against the former slaves.

One of the concerns that led to the call for a constitutional convention to amend the Articles of Confederation was the historical evidence that republican forms of government, such as those that had existed in ancient Greece and Rome, always degenerate into anarchy and then tyranny, evidence that those of the founding generation had witnessed firsthand with Shays Rebellion in Western Massachusetts. In Federalist No. 9, Alexander Hamilton acknowledges that if republican governments always led to tyranny, then perhaps some form of despotism would be necessary to keep order in society and that republican government should be abandoned as "indefensible." But he then argued that the "science of politics" had improved to the point that "the excellences of republican government may be retained and its imperfections lessened or avoided." Which of the following does Hamilton identify as "improvements" in the science of politics that will help prevent republican government from degenerating into tyranny? (Check all that apply)

Legislative checks and balances Federalism, by which the state governments are left in possession of certain exclusive and very important portions of sovereign power that were not delegated to the central government. Courts comprised of judges holding office during good behaviour (and therefore independent of the legislative power)

Although the territorial expansion of the United States began under President Jefferson with the acquisition of the Louisiana territory in 1803, it accelerated during the Jacksonian ere, with the secession of Texas from Mexico in 1836 and subsequent entry as a State of the United States in 1845, and the vast territory in the west gained in 1848 as a result of the Mexican-American War. Which of the following phrases came to be used to describe the United States expansion to the Pacific Ocean?

Manifest Destiny

When he was preparing to run for a third term as President, Teddy Roosevelt proposed a "square deal" for all (except those who were only poor because they were lazy). Which was NOT a feature of his plan?

Nationalize industry

American or "Know Nothing" Party

Opposed immigration, particular immigration of poor Catholics from Ireland and southern Europe.

The beginning of the 20th Century (the early 1900s) saw both of the major political parties, as well as upstart parties like the Progressive Party, the Populist Party, and the Socialist Party, all raising concerns about mass accumulations of wealth by big corporations (particularly those with government-granted monopolies) and the power being yielded by increasingly corrupt political party "machines." Which of the following were "progressive" reforms designed to curtail the power and influence of these large corporate interests and party machines?

Passing the 17th Amendment, which allowed for direct election of U.S. Senators Creation of regulatory agencies that would bring expertise to government free of political influence Allowing citizens to directly make law, via the power of initiative and referendum. Choosing political party nominees by primary election rather than party convention

Supported a graduated income tax, term limits, voter initiatives, and labor laws

Populist Party

Which of the following is NOT a position espoused by Milton Friedman in his 1962 Capitalism & Freedom?

President John Kennedy's famous statement, "Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country," is an important encouragement for people to pursue the common good

Supported women's suffrage and government regulation of "vice"

Prohibition party

In Federalist No. 51, James Madison famously states that government is "the greatest of all reflections on human nature" because "if men were angels, no government would be necessary" and because "if angels were to govern men, neither external nor internal controls on government would be necessary." But "in framing a government which is to be administered by men over men, ... you must first enable the government to control the governed; and in the next place oblige it to control itself." Which of the following are structural ways in which, according to Madison, the new Constitution proposed to do that?

Provide the central government with only certain enumerated powers tied to the common interest of the country, leaving the residual of power in the states and thereby providing a "double security" for liberty Provide the executive with a qualified veto over the legislature Divide the legislature into two branches, with different modes of election and different principles of action

Who argued that if it is unpatriotic to tear down the flag, why isn't it more unpatriotic to desecrate the country itself--to pollute, despoil and ravage the air, land and water?

Ralph Nader

According to Richard Epstein, a prominent University of Chicago Law Professor, which of the following is NOT a legitimate function of government?

Regulation and constraint of monopoly behavior Correct Answer: Regulation of wages and imposition of price controls Provision of familiar public goods, such as highways Preservation of order against foes, both domestic and foreign

At the conclusion of the Second World War, the Soviet Union, which had been one of the Allied powers fighting with England and the United States against NAZI Germany and Fascist Italy, asserted control over most of eastern Europe, leading Winston Churchill to warn of an "iron curtain" that was descending across the middle of Europe. That was the beginning of the "Cold War" between Soviet Russia and the communist countries in eastern Europe, and the Democracies of Western Europe and North America. How to deal with the Soviet threat was a principal concern of U.S. foreign policy and national security strategists of the day. Which is NOT an accurate representation of the positions articulated by the authors?

Reinhold Niebur, who argued that a balance of power among the great powers of the earth would insure peace

"Business," and the private sector more broadly, needs to be abolished in favor of central government planning.

Rexford G. Tugwell

"I infer ... that the sovereign, original, and foundation of civil power lies in the people...And if so, that a people may erect and establish what form of government seems to them most meet for their civil condition: It is evident that such governments as are by them erected and established, have no more power, nor for a longer time, than the civil power of people consenting and agreeing shall betrust to them"

Roger Williams

Who stated that "Government is not the solution to our problem; government is the problem."

Ronald Reagan

President Franklin Roosevelt proposed to add members to the Supreme Court in order to overcome the fact that the Court majority was striking down as unconstitutional key parts of his "New Deal" legislative program. What became of his so-called "court packing" plan?

Roosevelt's own party in Congress, the Democrats, opposed the plan so it did not get enacted into law by Congress A switch in voting among justices that led to upholding New Deal legislation (the "switch in time that saved 9") and resignations that gave Roosevelt the appoint of new justices, ended the need for such a plan.

Which of the following was not a motivating factor for settlement of the American colonies?

Search for the fountain of youth in Florida

According to David Graeber, the goal of anarchism is which?

Seizure of state power

New tensions over immigration arose during World War I, with many immigrants to the United States having come from countries with which we were at war. Which was a response that was put in place at the time to try to deal with the problem of immigrants retaining allegiance to their home countries?

Some states banned the teaching of German in grade school

Judicial review follows necessarily from the nature of the U.S. Constituton as supreme law, and it is the role of the Courts to enforce the Constitution's limits, in order to protect both persons and property

Stephen J. Field

Jacksonian Democrats

Supported frugal government and states rights.

Whig Party

Supported internal improvements and a stronger national government, but imploded over issue of slavery in the 1850s

One of the key issues that almost derailed ratification of the Constitution was its lack of a formal Bill of Rights. Alexander Hamilton argued that not only was a Bill of Rights unnecessary, but it would actually be dangerous, because specifying things the government could not do--like infringe the freedom of the press--when it had no delegated power to do that thing in the first place, would imply a broader (even unlimited) power in the national government to do everything not specifically prohibited, thereby turning the theory of limited, enumerated powers on its head. James Madison agreed with Hamilton, but eventually agreed to propose a Bill of Rights in the first Congress in response so anti-federalist concerns. Yet he continued to be concerned that by listing some rights, the federal government would think it therefore had power to do everything else. Which of the following were steps Congress took with the Bill of Rights it proposed (and that were eventually ratified and made part of the Constitution) to try and counteract Hamilton's concerns. (Check all that apply).

The 10th Amendment, which provides: "The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people."

Henry Clay

The American System of a National Bank and Protective Tariffs ended the depression that followed the War of 1812 and brought prosperity to everyone.

Woodrow Wilson argued that we should have a "living constitution." What did he mean by a "living constitution"?

The Constitution is a living, organic thing that changes with the times.

According to Alexander Hamilton in Federalist 78, which is the "least dangerous" branch of government?

The Judiciary

Andrew Jackson

The National Bank is a monopoly created by the federal government which benefits a few citizens and foreigners who are shareholders at the expense of ordinary citizens.

Following Thomas Jefferson's victory over President John Adams in the election of 1800, the outgoing Adams administration, together with their Federalist allies in Congress, created a number of new judgeships and justices of the peace to try to entrench Federalists in the judiciary as a check on the incoming Jeffersonians. John Marshall himself was appointed as Chief Justice of the United States in the lame duck session of Congress, but he was also the Secretary of State in the Adams administration who failed to deliver the commission to William Marbury, who had been nominated and confirmed to a position as Justice of the Peace. When President Jefferson's new Secretary of State, James Madison, refused to deliver the commission, Marbury sued in the Supreme Court, seeking a writ of mandamus ordering Madison to deliver the Commission. In the landmark case of Marbury v. Madison, the Supreme Court established the principle of judicial review in an opinion written by Chief Justice Marshall. What was the actual resolution of the case?

The Supreme Court held that the Judiciary Act of 1789, which gave the Supreme Court jurisdiction over cases such as Marbury's request for a writ of mandamus, was unconstitutional and the case therefore had to be dismissed.

Which of the following is NOT one of the principles espoused by Young Americans for Freedom in its 1960 Sharon Statement?

The United States' role in the world should be to bring democracy to every corner of the globe.

In his Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania (1768), John Dickinson argued that the Stamp Act of 1765 was different in kind from prior duties on trade that the British Parliament had imposed on the colonies. On what basis did he make that argument?

The tax was for revenue for the central government, imposed without the consent of the colonists

The 1790s saw the rise of a two-party system. In order to overcome some of the partisan rancor, who said "We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists."

Thomas Jefferson, in his First Inaugural Address

The Sun never shined on a cause of greater worth. It's not the affair of a City, a County, a Province, or a Kingdom; but of a Continent--of at least one eighth part of the habitable Globe. It's not a concern of a day, a year, or an age; posterity are virtually involved in the contest, and will be more or less affected even to the end of time.

Thomas Paine

For the lower classes, who must labor, efficience in their work is a source of pride, but for the upper classes, who disdain work, conspicuous consumption is a means of reputability

Thorstein Veblen

Supported nationalization of the railroads, redistribution of land, and restrictions on immigration

Union Labor Party

One of the persistent divides in America has been between commercial interests and agrarian interests, dating back to the origins of the two-party system between Alexander Hamilton and his followers, on the one hand, and Thomas Jefferson and his followers, on the other. Modernly, a new push for agrarianism has arisen in opposition to modern industrialization, as more economically and ecologically responsible but also as more conducive to community. Which of the following authors argued for a return to agrarianism?

Wendell Berry

Those who complain about the accumulated wealth others have earned, and make claims against "society"--which is to say, against the earnings of others--believe they have a right not only to pursue happiness, but to get it, and if they fail to get it, they think they have a claim against others to provide it to them.

William Graham sumner

Abraham Lincoln famously argued in his 1838 Address Before the Young Men's Lyceum of Springfield, Illinois, that "every American" should "swear by the blood of the Revolution, never to violate in the least particular, the laws of the country." He added that this should be the case even for "bad laws," "if not too intolerable," for "although bad laws, if they exist, should be repealed as soon as possible, still while they continue in force, for the sake of example, they should be religiously observed." Which of the following rejected Lincoln's argument? Check all that apply.

William Lloyd Garrison, who argued in his Declaration of Principles for the Liberator (1831) for immediate emancipation of slaves and "no union with slaveholders."

The Supreme Court decided Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896. That case upheld a Louisiana law mandating segregation in railroad cars. The Court said that segregation was permissible as long as the separate facilities were equal. This represented the legal side of the so-called "Jim Crow" era, in which the former slaves and their descendants were largely relegated to second-class citizenship, often being denied the right to vote (and too often violently) and other basic civil rights. This provoked a strong disagreement, particularly among African-American leaders, as to the best way to advance African-American interests in the Jim Crow era. Which is NOT an accurate description of the various positions taken?

Woodrow Wilson proposed a new colonization effort to eliminate racial strife in the country.

Which event did NOT happen during the New Deal era?

Woodrow Wilson's efforts to create a League of Nations