PSY 1010 Chapter 6: Memory

Which of the following are levels of autobiographical memory? (Select all that apply.)

1) Event-specific knowledge 2) General events 3) Life time periods

What are the three levels of autobiographical memory?

1) Event-specific knowledge 2) Life time periods 3) General events

Which of the following statements are true regarding short-term memory? (Select all that apply.)

1) It can store information longer than sensory memory. 2) It is a limited-capacity memory system.

Which of the following statements apply to the concept of working memory? (Select all that apply.)

1) It is a mental blackboard. 2) It is an alternate conceptualization of the concept of short-term memory. 3) It consists of three parts.

Alzheimer's disease involves deterioration of which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

1) Memory 2) Physical functioning 3) Reasoning 4) Language

Which of the following are components of Baddeley's working memory theory? (Select all that apply.)

1) Phonological loop 2) Visuo-spatial sketchpad 3) Central executive

Special cases of memory retrieval have been researched and debated by cognitive psychologists. Select all of the following that describe a special case in which special memory retrieval is utilized.

1) Traumatic character of memories 2) Emotional memories

Select all of the following that are considered tips for organizing for memory processes.

1)Organize the material in a way that will allow you to memorize. 2)Experiment with different organizational techniques. 3)Review notes that you are preparing to memorize.

Which of the following are functions of autobiographical memory? (Select all that apply.)

1)Sharing personal experience creates social bonds. 2)It allows us to learn from our experiences. 3)It provides us with identity.

What do researchers currently believe regarding amnesia?

Amnesia reinforces the difference between semantic and episodic memory; people with amnesia can have one type preserved with the other type impaired.

Which of the following is NOT a factor that causes retrieval failure?

Attending too closely to the information

Which of the following strategies can be used to increase the number of pieces of information that can be held in short-term memory?

Chunk the information.

Blank involves grouping information into higher-order units that can be remembered as single units.

Chunking

Which of the following involves grouping information into higher-order units that can be remembered as single units?

Chunking

Ari is watching a movie. Which initial memory process is Ari using?

Encoding

Blank failure occurs when the information has never entered into long-term memory.

Encoding

True or false: Flashbulb memories tend to be extremely accurate.

False

Which of the following best describes memory performance for participants who were asked to identify a series of pictures?

Participants were nearly 100 percent accurate after 2 hours but 4 months later could only remember about 57 percent with accuracy.

______ is a memory task in which the person has to retrieve previously learned information; ______ is a memory task in which the person has to identify learned items.

Recall; recognition

Blank is the memory process by which information retained in memory is brought out of storage, that is, when we recall or remember something.

Retrieval

Which of the following is the memory process by which information held in memory is brought out of storage?

Retrieval

_____ amnesia is characterized by memory loss for a segment of the individual's past.

Retrograde

Blank attention involves focusing on a specific aspect of experience while ignoring other stimuli.

Selective

Which of the following is the best example of the reminiscence bump?

Stephanie remembers more things that happened in her teens and 20s than she does for any other decade of her life.

Which of the following concepts suggests that if two neurons are activated at the same time, the connection between them (and thus the memory) may be strengthened?

The concept of long-term potentiation

Which of the following best explains the concept of long-term potentiation?

This concept states that if two neurons are activated at the same time, the connection between them and thus the memory may be strengthened.

True or false: According to Baddeley's conceptualization of working memory, there are three components: the phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad, and the central executive.

True

True or false: People with amnesia may forget episodic information but have semantic information still completely intact, and vice versa.

True

A special form of episodic memory is blank memory, which includes individuals' recollections of their life experiences, which generally include some memory and some myth.

autobiographical

Sam has to remember a 12-digit number that he generated for his computer password (198819892001). He remembers the information as the birth years of his three sisters: 1988, 1989, 2001. Sam's strategy is blank

chunking

A subtype of implicit memory involves _____ _____, which is the automatic learning of associations between stimuli. For example, a person who always gets bad news in work meetings may come to associate work meetings with anxiety.

classical conditioning

A subtype of implicit memory involves blank blank , which is the automatic learning of associations between stimuli. For example, a person who always gets bad news in work meetings may come to associate work meetings with anxiety.

classical conditioning

Explicit memory is the _____ recollection of information such as facts and events.

conscious

Dr. Marsh has her General Psychology class go through an exercise in which they look at a group of objects and attempt to remember them. Then she has the class look at another group of objects and create a story involving them. The class finds the second group easier to remember because of _____.

elaboration

The initial recording of information into memory is called blank

encoding

Explicit memory has two subtypes. Autobiographical memory, a special form of blank memory (which is one of explicit memory's subtypes), is a person's recollections of his or her life experiences.

episodic

The two main components of long-term memory are blank memory, which consists of our semantic and episodic memories, and blank memory, which consists of our procedural memories, classical conditioning, and priming.

explicit, implicit

In forensic psychology, most of the interest in blank testimony focuses on distortion, bias, and inaccuracy of memory.

eyewitness

In order to remember the way to the library, Kareem created a mental picture of all of the things he sees on his usual route. Kareem used mental blank to remember the necessary route.

imagery

When Don was an undergraduate many years ago, his physics professor shot a flaming arrow across the lecture hall to illustrate a physics theory. Because Don vividly remembers the theory today, this is an example of _____.

imagery

You know how to tie your shoes, and when you do, the procedure can be carried out non-consciously. This is an example of _____ memory.

implicit

Rehearsal increases the _____.

length of time that information can be held in short-term memory

A relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of information is _____ memory.

long term

Before using memory processes, you must first blank the information you are about to study.

organize

Carolyn is given a set of words to study, and dog is one of those words. On a later task, she is asked to complete the following item: -og. Carolyn is more likely to make -og into dog than hog or bog because of the concept known as

priming

Carolyn is given a set of words to study, and dog is one of those words. On a later task, she is asked to complete the following item: -og. Carolyn is more likely to make -og into dog than hog or bog because of the concept known as blank

priming

Allison lived in a foreign country for a year, and she didn't drive a car during that time. When she came back to the United States, she found it effortless to drive her car. Her ability to remember how to drive is an example of _____ memory.

procedural

Jon hasn't ridden a bicycle for five years; yet, when he hops on, he finds he can still ride. This is an example of _____ memory.

procedural

The tip-of-the tongue phenomenon is a failure of _____.

retrieval

H. M. could not remember things that happened after surgery to remove his hippocampus. This is an example of _____.

anterograde amnesia

True or false: Memories in the brain are stored in a specific location.

false

During his first week of college, Blaine attended a lecture on meteors. His memory of being at that lecture is _____ memory. His memory for the actual information about meteors is _____ memory.

episodic; semantic

Blank memory is a part of long-term memory that represents that portion of original learning that appears destined to be with the person virtually forever, even in the absence of rehearsal.

Permastore

____ memory is a part of long-term memory that represents that portion of original learning that appears destined to be with the person virtually forever, even in the absence of rehearsal.

Permastore

The general term blank refers to the loss of memory.

amnesia

Blank amnesia occurs when you cannot remember what happened AFTER you fell down and hit your head.

anterograde

Uncle Charlie loves to tell family stories. His nephews observe that these stories evolve over time, but they enjoy hearing them because Charlie is a great storyteller. This is an example of how _____ memory fosters intimacy and creates social bonds.

autobiographical

the concept of blank memory was proposed as an alternate conceptualization of short-term memory.

working

According to levels of processing, the process of _____ involves three levels.

encoding

During her first week of college, Hazel attended a lecture on the periodic table of elements. Her memory of being at that lecture is blank memory. Her memory for the actual information in the periodic table is blank memory.

episodic, semantic

Select all of the following that cause retrieval failure.

1)Errors in storage 2)Effects of time 3)Personal reasons for remembering

The term amnesia refers to a loss of memory. Which of the following describe this memory disorder?

1)It can be anterograde or retrograde. 2)It can affect memories differentially. 3)It can affect the retention of new memories.

Which of the following options are true of explicit memory? (Select all that apply.)

1)It has two subtypes of memory: episodic and semantic 2)It is sometimes referred to as declarative memory.

Which of the following statements are true regarding eyewitness testimony? (Select all that apply.)

1)Memory can be distorted by new information. 2)Bias may be involved. 3)Witnesses may share their thoughts. 4)Memory can fade.

Which of the following circumstances illustrate motivated forgetting? (Select all that apply.)

1)Someone forgets an event that is a consequence of an emotional trauma. 2)A person forgets something that is anxiety-laden and painful.

Flashbulb memories may be, at times, very durable and accurate for which of the following reasons? (Select all that apply.)

1)The memories are likely to be emotional. 2) The memories are likely to be rehearsed in the days following the event.

Which of the following are true in regard to memories of traumatic events? (Select all that apply.)

1)They may be more accurate than memories of nontraumatic events. 2)They may be subject to deterioration and distortion. 3)Stress-related hormones play a role in memories that involve personal trauma.

The frontal lobes of the brain play an important role in _____ memory.

1)prospective 2)explicit memory 3)retrospective

In a longitudinal study examining how long explicit memories last, researchers found that forgetting of information tended to happen in the first blank years and then leveled off.

3

In one longitudinal study, researchers found that forgetting of class information tended to level off within ____ years of taking a class.

3

There are _____ levels of autobiographical memory.

3

Blank disease is a progressive, irreversible brain disorder that is characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and eventually physical functioning.

Alzheimer's

The memory of your grandmother's name is not just represented in a single spot in the brain but involves activity spread out a vast network of neural links connected to numerous nodes. This is an example of blank

Connectionism

_____ is the theory that memory is stored throughout the brain in connections

Connectionism

True or false: Flashbulb memories are only accurate and durable if they are for negative events.

False

Blank memories may feel very accurate because they are so much more vivid than other memories, but the details of those memories are not always correct.

Flashbulb

Explicit memory information, such as prospective and retrospective memories, is transmitted from the hippocampus to which lobes?

Frontal

Blank memory is when behavior is affected by prior experiences without conscious recollection of the experience.

Implicit

Blank theory states that people forget not because memories are lost from storage but because other information gets in the way of what they want to remember.

Interference

Blank is defined as the retention of information or experience over time.

Memory

Special cases of memory retrieval have been researched and debated by cognitive psychologists. Which of the following is NOT a special case in which special memory retrieval is utilized.

Memory for words

What is the term used to describe the process that occurs when a person forgets something because it is painful or anxiety-laden?

Motivated forgetting

Blank memory holds information from the world in its original form for only an instant, not much longer than the brief time it is exposed to the visual, auditory, and other senses.

Sensory

Which of the following holds information from the world in its original form for only a brief moment in time?

Sensory memory

_____ memory is a limited-capacity memory system in which information is usually retained for less than a minute unless strategies are used to retain it longer.

Short-term

Five-year-old Emmie loves to play dentist's office. She knows the whole routine: go to the office, pretend to read a magazine, then get called into the office and sit in the dentist's chair. The best description of this is _____, which is a schema for an event.

a script

Explicit memory is the conscious recollection of information and is also known as blank memory.

declarative

Explicit memory is the conscious recollection of information and is sometimes also referred to as _____ memory.

declarative

When blank is extensive, the person has attempted to make the to-be-remembered information meaningful and has engaged in detailed processing.

elaboration

Due to the neurosurgery that treated his severe form of epilepsy, H. M.'s _____ memory was impaired, but his _____ memory was less affected.

explicit; implicit

The two main components of long-term memory are _____ memory, which consists of our semantic and episodic memories, and _____ memory, which consists of our procedural memories, classical conditioning, and priming.

explicit; implicit

True or false: There are five levels of processing in the encoding process.

false

You have a very vivid memory of the events of September 11, 2001. The memory may be traumatic or very iconic. However, it may not be very accurate in the details. The specific term for this kind of memory is a blank memory.

flashbulb

You have a very vivid memory of the events of September 11, 2001. The memory may be traumatic or very iconic. However, it may not be very accurate in the details. The specific term for this kind of memory is a _____.

flashbulb memory

Hermann Ebbinghaus was the first person to conduct scientific research on _____.

forgetting

Hermann Ebbinghaus was the first person to conduct scientific research on blank

forgetting

In order to remember the way to the library, Kareem created a mental picture of all of the things he sees on his usual route. Kareem used mentalIn order to remember the way to the library, Kareem created a mental picture of all of the things he sees on his usual route. Kareem used mental blank to remember the necessary route.

imagery

In one study where researchers asked participants to study and later identify pictures that were presented, the researchers found that _____.

memory fades; participants' memory performance declined with time.

Dr. Quincy loves to have students in her Abnormal Psychology class work with case studies and reflect upon diagnostic questions, instead of reading and studying material. This is because Dr. Quincy is familiar with the research on memory and understands that _____.

memory of material is better when we think deeply and connect new information with information we already have

Dr. Wiley asks students to look at real-world problems related to political science, instead of reading and studying textbooks and note cards with definitions. This is because Dr. Wiley is familiar with the research on memory and understands that

memory we can connect to knowledge we already have is recalled better.

Encoding failure occurs when the information was _____.

never entered into long-term memory

Long-term memory is a _____ type of memory that stores huge amounts of information.

permanent

If a researcher activates information in participants' minds and the activation helps participants remember new information more efficiently later, we would say that the researcher used _____, a type of implicit memory, to improve participant performance.

priming

If a researcher activates information in participants' minds and the activation helps participants remember new information more efficiently later, we would say that the researcher used blank , a type of implicit memory, to improve participant performance.

priming

Megan is given a set of words to study, and hat is one of those words. On a later task, she is asked to complete the following item: -at. Megan is more likely to make -at into hat than cat or bat because of the concept known as _____.

priming

Aaron has elaborate systems set up on his computer to remind him of all the things he has to do and when he has to do them. The computer is helping Aaron with _____ memory.

prospective

The type of memory that involves remembering information about doing something in the future is _____ memory.

prospective

You don't have any paper or pencil to write the phone number someone is giving you, so you repeat the number until you are able to write it down. This is an example of _____.

rehearsal

The conscious repetition of information is also known as

rehearsal.

Lee Anne is telling her children stories about when she was young. Although the children keep asking Lee Anne for stories about when she was a little girl, Lee Anne can more easily remember events when she was a teenager and in her 20s. Lee Anne's memories are consistent with the idea of the blank blank

reminiscence bump

Allan seemed to forget that he was abused by a family member when he was very young. When he later remembered that he was the victim of this abuse early in his life, he uncovered what psychologists call _____ memory.

repressed

While in therapy, Lara remembers that she was sexually abused while she was a very young child, even though she seems to have not remembered the abuse for most of her life. Lara may have uncovered a blank memory.

repressed

Memory is defined as the _____.

retention of information or experience over time

Jason is actively trying to remember his teammates' names, so he writes down the numbers from their jerseys and the position they play on the team, along with the first letter of their names. He is using the numbers as blank cues to help his memory for the names of his teammates.

retrieval

After David sustained a traumatic brain injury, he has discovered that he can't remember anything that happened in the last four years, but he can learn new information just as well as he did before the injury. David is likely experiencing blank amnesia.

retrograde

The term used to describe remembering to do something is prospective memory. The term used for remembering the past is blank memory.

retrospective

Gladys has a lot on her mind. She has to remember the name of the garage where she gets her car's oil changed, which is an example of _____ memory. She also has to remember that she needs to get the car's oil changed next Tuesday, which is an example of _____ memory.

retrospective; prospective

A blank is a general mental framework that helps people to organize and understand information.

schema

A(n) _____ is a general mental framework that helps us to understand and organize information.

schema

Toddler Christine loves to play restaurant. She knows the whole routine: find a restaurant, be seated, look at menus, order food, eat food, pay, and leave. The best description of this is a blank , which is a schema for an event.

script

Marisol is reading her textbook while ignoring the argument her younger siblings are having in the same room. Marisol's situation is a good example of _____.

selective attention

David has a lot of general knowledge about international affairs. This is an example of a type of explicit memory known as _____ memory.

semantic

Sandy has a lot of general knowledge, not tied to a particular time or place, about international affairs. This is an example of a type of explicit memory known as

semantic

The three stages of memory in the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory are blank memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

sensory

The blank position effect refers to the tendency to recall the items at the beginning and end of a list better than the items in the middle.

serial

According to researchers such as George Miller, short-term memory's capacity is blank plus or minus blank plus or minus blank

seven, two

According to researchers such as George Miller, short-term memory's capacity is _____ plus or minus _____.

seven; two

You are driving down the highway and see a billboard with a phone number on it. You tell yourself to remember it, but after you drive a little farther, you find you've forgotten it. This describes the limitations of blank blank memory.

short term

You've just met John at a party and he gives you his phone number so you can get together later. You didn't write it down right away, and a few minutes later, you have forgotten it. This is because you failed to move the number from blank -term memory to blank -term memory.

short, long

Rehearsal involves ______ information.

the conscious repetition of

Interference occurs when _____.

the instructor keeps talking as you are trying to write down what she just said

Ellen tried to remember her grocery list, but she was only able to remember eggs and butter (which were listed at the top) and juice and cereal (which were listed at the bottom). This illustrates _____.

the serial position effect

Eli knows the name of the capitol of his state, but he forgets it when his teacher asks. This is known as _____.

the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Neuroscientists studying memory have benefited greatly from the use of MRI scans. They are able to see brain activation while a person is remembering. This has led them to conclude that _____.

there is no one memory center in the brain

The Atkinson-Shiffrin theory of memory proposed that there are _____ systems in memory.

three

In 1890, American philosopher and psychologist William James said that an experience can be so emotionally arousing that it leaves a scar on brain tissue. He was referring to blank events.

traumatic