PSY 1100
A high-quality day care center should provide which of the following?
-A safe environment. -Age-appropriate activities. -Age-appropriate toys for pla
Which of the following statements regarding the risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) are true?
-Infants who co-sleep are at higher risk. -Infants who sleep on their stomachs are at greater risk.
Which of the following factors is NOT a risk factor for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?
-Infants who sleep on their stomachs are at greater risk -Infants who co-sleep are at higher risk -Using a pacifier when going to sleep
According to research, some couples experienced which of the positive results in the transition to parenting?
-Men became more concerned with intimacy. -Women more closely attended to their own personal growth. -Women improved family task management. -Couples reported have a more stable couple identity.
Which of the following are reasons language scholars believe that language has a biological basis?
-Particular regions of the brain are predisposed to be used for language. -Damage to certain areas of the brain affect a person's ability to speak or understand language. -Children acquire language in a remarkably similar way all over the world.
Select all that apply What are the purposes of reflexes? Multiple select question. *They are movements that have an evolutionary purpose but are not necessary in the present day. *To help the infant exercise. *They are survival mechanisms, which are genetically carried. *They allow infants to respond adaptively to their environment.
-They are survival mechanisms, which are genetically carried. -They allow infants to respond adaptively to their environment.
According to Piaget, cognitive development is a process sculpted by
-experiences -biology
In the NICHD longitudinal study, what percentage of children experienced positive nonparental care?
12%
In 1992, the European Union mandated a
14-week paid maternity leave.
About ______ children in the United States currently receive formal, licensed child care.
2 million
On the well-known Snellen chart used for eye examinations, a newborn's visual acuity is estimated to be ______.
20/600
What is the recommended amount of calories per day for each pound an infant weighs?
50
About how much of an infant's sleep is dedicated to REM sleep?
50%
Cole hears his mother's voice and turns his head toward the sound demonstrating his ability to localize sounds. This tells you that Cole is at least _____ months of age.
6
In general, infant fear first emerges at ______ months and peaks at about ______ months.
6, 18
Which individuals are displaying self-conscious emotions?
7-year-old Harry, who is embarrassed 4-year-old Sam, who feels shame
Which of the following statements is correct regarding the visual acuity of infants?
An infant's visual acuity by one year of age approximates that of an adult.
What is the term for the loss or impairment of language processing?
Aphasia
_____ is the loss or impairment of language ability caused by brain damage. (Make sure to spell correctly.)
Aphasia
According to the cephalocaudal pattern of growth, what feature would grow the fastest?
Brain
What region of the brain is associated with the production of words?
Broca's area
Which of the following statements about child care and socioeconomic status is true?
Children are more likely to experience poor-quality child care if their parents have few resources.
Which of the following statements is true about Erik Erikson's trust-versus-mistrust stage of development?
Children who leave infancy with a sense of trust can still have their sense of mistrust activated at a later stage, perhaps if their parents get divorced.
An infant's most powerful method of communicating need or distress is through the act of ______ .
Crying
________ encompasses the behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a particular group of people that are passed on from generation to generation.
Culture
When can sound first be perceived?
During the last two months of pregnancy
Which theory of motor development suggests that perceptions are necessary for infants to fine-tune their movements and that motor skills represent solutions to the infants' goals?
Dynamic systems theory
Which of the following statements are true regarding cultural influences on emotional development? (Select all that apply.)
East Asian infants display less frequent and less positive and negative emotions than non-Latino White infants. Non-Latino White mothers are more likely than Japanese parents to respond after their children become distressed. Japanese parents try to prevent their children from experiencing negative emotions.
______ are influenced by both biological foundations and by an individual's experiences.
Emotions
Which of the following statements best describes the influence of biology and environment on emotional development?
Emotions are influenced by both nature and nurture.
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the evolutionary perspective of the acquisition of language?
Evolutionary psychologists believe that humans acquired language about 500,000 years ago.
______ play encourages infants to prefer people over objects.
Face-to-face
True or false: Fetuses can detect the human voice but are unable to tell one sound from another.
False
True or false: Intermodal perception involves receiving information from a single sensory modality.
False
True or false: Most U.S. children have a parent who stays home to care for them.
False
True or false: One surprising finding of the NICHD longitudinal study was that the majority of child care provided in the first three years of life was of high quality.
False
True or false: The cephalocaudal pattern is the sequence in which the earliest growth occurs in the middle trunk and progresses outward to the head and feet.
False
Which of the following statements represents the interactionist view of language acquisition?
How much of language acquisition is biologically determined and how much depends on social interaction is a matter of debate.
Which of the following statements are true of stranger anxiety?
It appears at about 6 months of age; (or) escalates around 9 months of age
Which of the following statements are true regarding face-to-face play?
It includes vocalization, touch, and gestures. It begins when the infant is about 2 to 3 months of age.
In the context of neurons, which of the following statements is true of the myelin sheath?
It is a layer of fat cells that insulates axons and helps electrical signals travel faster down the axon.
In the context of the brain's development, which of the following statements is true of lateralization?
It refers to the specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex or the other.
Which of the following is true of Down syndrome?
Its symptoms include retardation of motor and mental abilities.
Jeremy is a securely attached infant, while Jason is an insecure infant. Which of the following statements about later functioning for these children is true?
Jeremy is likely to have more self-confidence than Jason.
Timothy's wife is having trouble conceiving a child despite reports on her reproductive fitness being normal. However, on examining Timothy, the doctor determines that his testes are undeveloped, and that he has enlarged breasts. He also observes that Timothy is unusually tall, although his parents and grandparents are of short stature. The doctor informs Timothy that these symptoms are due to Timothy having an extra X chromosome, making him XXY instead of XY. Timothy most likely suffers from
Klinefelter syndrome.
______ is a form of communication that is based on a system of symbols.
Language
______ skills refer to crawling, walking, and running; once infants and toddlers are able to do this, they expand their exploration considerably.
Locomotion
Which of the following factors can result in an infant showing fear as early as 3 months?
Neglect Abuse
Which theorist believed that humans are biologically programmed to learn language at a certain time and in a certain way?
Noam Chomsky
Longitudinal research regarding the transition to parenthood revealed which of the following trends?
One-third of couples showed an increase in marital satisfaction after a baby was born.
Which of the following is an example of a passive genotype-environment correlation?
Parents who have a genetic predisposition to be musically inclined encourage their children to learn how to play a musical instrument.
Which of the following is not a component of language?
Perceptual categorization
The enduring personal characteristics of the individual are known as ______ .
Personality
Prone sleeping (sleeping in a face-down position), low birth weight, and passive exposure to cigarette smoke are all risk factors for _____ (abbreviation).
SIDS, S.I.D.S., or Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
______ involves parents who take the time to interact with a child in such a way that the child experiences turn-taking and the parents support the child's efforts at any age.
Scaffolding
What type of emotions require self-awareness and a sense of 'me'?
Self-conscious emotions
Which of the following are the two most important emotional expressions that infants display when interacting with their parents?
Smiles Cries
Which of the following terms are used to describe the interactional nature of emotional communication between parents and child when all is going well?
Synchronous Reciprocal
Which of the following statements is true of the structure of the brain?
The brain has two hemispheres, and each hemisphere is divided into four lobes.
With what is Broca's area associated?
The production of words
If you were analyzing the results of a sleep study in which the participant began the sleep cycle with REM sleep and spent 50% of the time in REM sleep, what could you determine about the age of the participant?
The subject is between birth and 3 months of age.
In the context of the four lobes of the brain, which of the following statements is true of the occipital lobes?
They function in vision.
Which of the following is not one of the functions of early vocalizations?
To practice the semantics of language
True or false: A quality child care environment should provide a low caregiver-child ratio.
True
True or false: One of the functions of early vocalizations is to attract attention.
True
True or false: Personality in infants is thought to involve a sense of self, trust, self-recognition, and independence.
True
Natasha has a short stature, although everyone in her family is tall. Unlike her family members and relatives, she has a webbed neck. She dislikes mathematics as she has difficulty understanding the subject. However, she takes part in and enjoys activities that require verbal communication. Natasha's doctor informs her parents that she is missing an X chromosome, making her XO instead of XX. The symptoms and the cause of the symptoms most likely indicate that Natasha has _____.
Turner syndrome
Which of the following activities is NOT a gross motor skill?
Tying shoes
The region of the brain's left hemisphere involved in language comprehension is known as
Wernicke's area.
A group of people who are born at a similar point in history and share similar experiences as a result is referred to as
a cohort.
Brianna goes to a doctor who specializes in identifying genetic flaws to help prevent the risk of abnormalities. This doctor is called
a genetic counselor.
Melody and Harmony are identical twins. This means that they developed from
a single egg that was fertilized by a single sperm.
Chomsky believed that children are born into the world with a language
acquisition device
Piaget believed that children ______ their own cognitive worlds.
actively construct
Brittany is preoccupied with the pursuit of independence and identity and is spending more time with friends and less with family. Her thoughts are more logical, abstract, and idealistic. She is also experiencing rapid physical changes such as gaining height and weight. Which of the following periods of development is Brittany most likely in?
adolescence
The term stranger ______ describes a situation in which infants demonstrate a wariness of people they do not know.
anxiety
Baby Elise has developed a sucking scheme. She knows that to get food, she must suck on her mother's breast. Now, her mother has begun to introduce solid foods with a spoon. Elise immediately sucks on the spoon. This is an example of
assimilation
Development can be defined as the pattern of movement or change that
begins at conception and continues through the human life span.
Some experts view the remarkable similarities in children's language acquisition all over the world as strong evidence that language has a ______ basis.
biological
Shaken baby syndrome causes swelling and hemorrhaging of the _______.
brain
More children are in child care today than ever before, primarily because U.S. adults
cannot receive paid leave.
Jenny, an infant, gets scared and starts to cry. She is using her emotions to ______ with her parents.
communicate
Dr. McLean has designed a study to test the cognitive skills of people in their 30s, 50s, and 70s, where data is collected over the course of a day through a series of tests. What type of research approach is Dr. McLean using?
cross-sectional
When parents of children in East Asia encourage the demonstration of emotional reserve, this illustrates the influence of ______ diversity on emotional development.
cultural
The purpose of the rooting reflex is to
direct the infant to turn its head toward something to suck.
A feeling or affect that occurs when individuals are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their well-being, is called an ______ .
emotion
A feeling or affect that occurs when people are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their wellbeing is known as a/an
emotion
Infants communicate important aspects of their lives such as joy, sadness, interest, and fear through
emotions
Timothy is a shy 6-year-old who is usually withdrawn in class. He is always distracted in class and refuses to cooperate with other students during class activities. He does not volunteer to answer questions, and as his teachers find it difficult to elicit any response from him, they choose to ignore him. He is not liked by his classmates as he never shares his belongings. As a result, he mostly plays by himself. According to Sandra Scarr's description of the three ways that heredity and environment can be correlated, which of the following correlations is most likely exhibited in this scenario?
evocative genotype-environment correlation
A recent analysis found that ______ were the MOST frequent perpetrators of shaken baby syndrome.
fathers
Nikita is 18 months old, and she has a tendency to cry when strangers come near her. She is displaying one of a baby's earliest emotions, _____.
fear
Movements that involve finger dexterity are called ______ motor skills.
fine
Melanie, a 4-year-old child, ties her shoelaces on her own and skillfully uses a fork and a spoon. In the context of motor development, which of the following is most likely involved in this scenario?
fine motor skills
Skills that involve finely tuned movements that require finger dexterity are called
fine motor skills.
While watching a football game, Martin jumped up to cheer and dropped baby Theresa to the floor. If she later has trouble with higher-order thinking, planning, problem solving, or voluntary movement, it would indicate that the _____ lobe of her brain was damaged.
frontal
The region of the brain associated with producing language, called Broca's area, is located in the left _____ lobe.
frontal, left frontal, or left frontal lobe
In children from 3 to 6 years of age, the most rapid brain growth takes place in the ______ lobe areas involved in planning and organizing new actions and in maintaining attention to tasks.
frontal, prefrontal, or pre frontal
What emotion would an infant younger than 6 months likely not experience?
guilt
Juno is riding a bike. Riding a bike requires Juno to use her memories of skills and routine procedures that are performed automatically; this type of memory is referred to as _____ memory.
implicit
As the nervous system in infants develops, locomotion becomes possible and children are able to develop a certain amount of
independence
Blanca rarely holds Joey, her baby, and tends to respond to his needs in an angry, irritable fashion. It is most likely that Joey will develop a(n) _____ with his mother.
insecure avoidant attachment
Natalie is in the Strange Situation, and she clings anxiously to her caregiver. She does not explore the playroom. She would most likely be classified as being
insecure resistant.
The action of a child crawling across the room to grab a colorful toy would be an example of intermodal perception because it
integrates information from multiple sensory modalities.
The final stage of Erik Erikson's developmental theory is
integrity versus despair.
The _____ view emphasizes that language acquisition occurs because of both biological and environmental influences.
interactionist
Gross motor skills
involve large-muscle activities.
Sasha's 23rd chromosome pair contains two X chromosomes. This indicates that Sasha
is a female.
Eleanora is aware of where her mother is in the house by the sound of her voice. this positioning is know as
localization.
Agatha is 83 years old. According to Baltes and his colleagues, ________ and ________ in her capacities will take center stage.
maintenance; regulation of loss
Infants should consume ______ an adult's requirement of calories per pound.
more than twice
To develop ______ skills, infants must perceive something in their environment that motivates them to act and use their perceptions to fine-tune their movements.
motor
Many children in the United States are cared for by ______ outside caregivers.
multiple
Evolution takes place
over the course of many generations.
Tracy's parents are avid sports fans. Since she was a child, they took her to numerous baseball and football games, and Tracy regularly watched the sports channel with her dad. When she was old enough, her parents made her join the little league team at her school and she performed well. This is an example of a(n)
passive genotype-environment correlation.
The dynamic systems view states that new perceptual-motor coupling is not ______ accomplished; rather, the infant ______ develops a skill to achieve a goal.
passively; actively
According to Erikson, _____ are key to establishing a basic sense of trust in infants.
physical comfort and sensitive care
Almost all classifications designate an emotion as either
positive or negative.
In a most basic classification sense, enthusiasm, joy, and love are classified as ______ emotions, whereas anxiety, anger, and guilt are classified as ______ emotions.
positive; negative
The early emotions of anger, disgust, fear, interest, joy, sadness, and surprise are all examples of ______ emotions.
primary
Kyoko is 13 months old and can understand about 50 words but can say only about 10 words. This demonstrates how Kyoko's _____ vocabulary is more developed than her _____ vocabulary.
receptive; spoken
Emotional interactions between caregiver and child are ______, or synchronous, meaning they shape and are shaped by each other.
reciprocal
______ are built-in reactions to stimuli that govern the newborn's movements in an involuntary and automatic way. (Remember to type only one word in the blank.)
reflexes
Nellie, three, bangs her head against the wall repeatedly throughout the day. How could Skinner's concept of operant conditioning be applied to address this behavior?
reward Nellie when she does not bang her head and punish the head-banging behavior
The ______ reflex occurs when the infant's cheek is stroked or the side of the mouth is touched and the infant then turns its head toward the side that was touched.
rooting
When Martha wants to feed her newborn son, she gently brushes her nipple against his cheek and, in the _____ reflex, he turns his head toward the side that was touched and immediately latches onto her breast.
rooting
An important form of reciprocal socialization is ______ , in which parents adjust the level of guidance to fit the child's performance, thus allowing them to be more skillful.
scaffolding
Match the type of infant attachment with its caregiver description.
secure ----> sensitive, consistent sensitive, consistent avoidant ----> unavailable, rejecting, irritable unavailable, rejecting, irritable resistant ----> inconsistent, unaffectionate inconsistent, unaffectionate disorganized ----> neglectful, abusive neglectful, abusive
______ attached infants have caregivers who are sensitive to their signals and constantly available to respond to the infants' needs.
securely
In the Strange Situation, Jermaine used his mother as a "safe base" as he actively explored the playroom. Mary Ainsworth would most likely classify Jermaine as being
securely attached.
Mariposa is in the Strange Situation; she moves freely away from her mother but keeps track of where she is through periodic glances. She would most likely be classified as being
securely attached.
The interaction between children and caregivers is like a dance or dialog in which each successive action depends on the partner's previous behavior. The term used to describe this is reciprocal ______ .
socialization
The family can be thought of as a constellation of ______ defined in terms of generation, gender, and role.
subsystems
An individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding is his or her ______.
temperament
Individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic way of responding reflect the ______ of a person's personality. (Please watch your spelling.)
temperament, temperment, tempermant, or temprament
According to Freud, infants become attached to the person or object
that provides oral satisfaction.
The current view of perceptual-motor coupling in infants is
the dynamic systems view.
The longitudinal method of research consists of studying
the same individuals over a long period of time.
The reciprocal interchanges and mutual influence processes between parents and children are sometimes referred to as
transactional
True or false: Marital relationships, parenting, and infant behavior and development have both direct and indirect effects on one another.
true
The current U.S. policy on parental leave is to allow ______.
up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave
In evolutionary time, humans' acquisition of language is considered to be
very recent.