PSY 1100 CHAPTER 4

In the United States, separation protest typically peaks at about the age of ______. 4 to 6 months 10 to 12 months 8 to 10 months 13 to 15 months

13 to 15 months

About ______ children in the United States currently receive formal, licensed child care. 1 million 2 million 500,000 100,000

2 million

A high-quality day care center should provide which of the following? A good amount of time free of supervision. A safe environment. Age-appropriate toys for play. Age-appropriate activities.

A safe environment. Age-appropriate toys for play. Age-appropriate activities.

Which of the following factors can result in an infant showing fear as early as 3 months? Abuse Neglect Indigestion Food allergies

Abuse Neglect

According to research, some couples experienced which of the positive results in the transition to parenting? Couples reported have a more stable couple identity. Women more closely attended to their own personal growth. Women improved family task management. Couples reported having more economic security. Men became more concerned with intimacy.

Couples reported have a more stable couple identity. Women more closely attended to their own personal growth. Women improved family task management. Men became more concerned with intimacy.

According to a 2006 study of discipline and corrective behavior, which of the following was the MAIN method parents used to correct unwanted behavior in their 12-month-olds? Reasoning with the infant Negotiating with the infant Diverting the infant's attention Ignoring the infant

Diverting the infant's attention

Regarding emotional regulation, which of the following statements is NOT TRUE? By soothing an infant, the caregiver is helping the infant modulate their emotions. The soothing actions of a caregiver reduce the level of stress hormones of the infant. In order to develop good emotional regulation, an infant should be allowed to reach frequent intense, agitated states. The caregiver's actions influence the infant's neurobiological regulation of emotion.

In order to develop good emotional regulation, an infant should be allowed to reach frequent intense, agitated states.

Which of the following statements are true regarding face-to-face play? It includes vocalization, touch, and gestures. It begins at about 6-7 months of age. It does not include vocalization, touch, or gestures. It begins when the infant is about 2 to 3 months of age.

It includes vocalization, touch, and gestures. It begins when the infant is about 2 to 3 months of age.

______ skills refer to crawling, walking, and running; once infants and toddlers are able to do this, they expand their exploration considerably. Intention Social referencing Social orientation Locomotion

Locomotion

Between 18 and 24 months of age, children markedly increase their ______ play. reciprocal and face-to-face imitative and reciprocal imitative and face-to-face imaginative

imitative and reciprocal

As the nervous system in infants develops, locomotion becomes possible and children are able to develop a certain amount of dependence. independence. support. social need.

independence

Many children in the United States are cared for by ______ outside caregivers. very few multiple two primary no

multiple

The enduring personal characteristics of the individual are known as ____________

personality

Kagan believes that children inherit a/an ______ that biases them to have a particular type of temperament. spirituality physiology emotionality culture

physiology

The early emotions of anger, disgust, fear, interest, joy, sadness, and surprise are all examples of _____________ emotions.

primary

An important form of reciprocal socialization is________, in which parents adjust the level of guidance to fit the child's performance, thus allowing them to be more skillful.

scaffolding

Match the type of infant attachment with its caregiver description.

secure = sensitive, consistent avoidant = unavailable, rejecting, irritable resistant = inconsistent, unaffectionate disorganized = neglectful, abusive

____________attached infants have caregivers who are sensitive to their signals and constantly available to respond to the infants' needs.

securely

The term ________________ anxiety describes the behavior of infants who cry when their caregivers leave them.

separation

Which of the following are the two most important emotional expressions that infants display when interacting with their parents? Smiles Cries Frowns Expressions of disgust

smiles Cries

The interaction between children and caregivers is like a dance or dialog in which each successive action depends on the partner's previous behavior. The term used to describe this is reciprocal ___________

socialization

The family can be thought of as a constellation of ______ defined in terms of generation, gender, and role. functions subsystems qualities personalities

subsystems

An individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding is his or her ______. attributes behaviors temperament heredity

temperament

Individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic way of responding reflect the __________________ of a person's personality. (Please watch your spelling.)

temperament

Kagan believes that __________________ has both physiological and experiential bases. (Watch your spelling!)

temperament

The reciprocal interchanges and mutual influence processes between parents and children are sometimes referred to as transactional. scaffolds. isolated actions.

transactional

True or false: Marital relationships, parenting, and infant behavior and development have both direct and indirect effects on one another. True False

true

True or false: When an infant is upset, a caregiver's soothing actions influence the infant's neurobiological regulation of emotions and lower the level of stress hormones.

true

ccording to a 2006 study of discipline and corrective methods, one-third of parents had ______ before the time the child was 12 months old. slapped the infant's hands yelled at their infant threatened the infant spanked the infant

yelled at their infant

Behavioral inhibition is valued in China. This is an example of how reaction to an infant's temperament may depend in part on ________

culture

True or false: Most U.S. children have a parent who stays home to care for them.

false

______ play encourages infants to prefer people over objects. Imaginative Role Nonverbal Face-to-face

Face-to-face

Which of the following statements are true regarding cultural influences on emotional development? Non-Latino White mothers are more likely than Japanese parents to respond after their children become distressed. East Asian parents encourage their children to express emotions versus showing emotional reserve. Japanese parents try to prevent their children from experiencing negative emotions. East Asian infants display less frequent and less positive and negative emotions than non-Latino White infants.

Non-Latino White mothers are more likely than Japanese parents to respond after their children become distressed. Japanese parents try to prevent their children from experiencing negative emotions. East Asian infants display less frequent and less positive and negative emotions than non-Latino White infants.

Which of the following terms are used to describe the interactional nature of emotional communication between parents and child when all is going well? Other-conscious Reciprocal Reflexive Synchronous

Reciprocal Synchronous

Which type of infant smile does not depend on external stimuli? Agitated Reflexive Social Aggravated

Reflexive

What type of emotions require self-awareness and a sense of 'me'? Primary emotions Negative emotions Positive emotions Self-conscious emotions

Self-conscious emotions

Ainsworth created the___________Situation, an observational way to identify differences in infant attachment.

Strange

True or false: Personality in infants is thought to involve a sense of self, trust, self-recognition, and independence.

TRUE

In one research study, it was found that mothers of infants respond differently to the crying of irritable girls than the crying of irritable boys. This is an example of how gender affects reaction to _________________

Temperament

are having fewer children per family. cannot receive paid leave. are having more children per family. prefer to continue working rather than go on leave.

cannot receive paid leave.

Jenny, an infant, gets scared and starts to cry. She is using her emotions to ____________ with her parents.

communicate