PSY 111 Final Exam

somatization disorder

Identify the most likely diagnosis: -Maria's 12 physical symptoms don't reflect any disease her physician has ever seen, and she is angry when the physician advises her to make an appt to see a psychologist

GAD

Identify the most likely diagnosis: -Nick always seems to be on edge, is often restless, and can't relax. His mind seems to be focused on some new worry.

obsessions

Intrusive recurrent thoughts, impulses, images that are unwanted, inappropriate, and appear "out of the blue"

unconditional positive regard

Judy's therapist listen to her without interrupting, never evaluating or judging her. This therapist is demonstrating....

self-understanding

Finding out about ones behavior in the group setting and the motivations contributing to the behavior

frontal lobes

First psychosurgery involved severing nerve tracts in the ...

tertiary prevention

Goal to reduce the damage caused by disorders for both the patients and society; such as an after-care program for former patients of psychiatric hospitals

she meets w/ state legislatures to convince them to approve funds for mental hospitals

Group of students asked to develop a vignette about the life & accomplishments of Dorothea Dix. What is likely to be included in that vignette?

secondary

Group of women who have been victims of rape establish a crisis line for rape victims. What type of prevention program does this crisis line represent?

syndromes

Groups of symptoms that help physicians identify underlying diseases and develop treatments

OCD

Identify the most likely diagnosis: -Every day Brad thinks about hurting a fam member. These thoughts are so repulsive that he begins counting backwards from 100

archetypes

Jung's name for the images contained by the collective unconscious that are shared by all people; passed along genetically & cause us to respond to events in our environment in particular ways

B.F. Skinner

Key figures of the Behavior Perspective?

William Sheldon, University of Minnesota Twins Reared Apart Project, & Marvin Zuckerman

Key figures of the Biological Perspective?

Carl Rogers & Abraham Maslow

Key figures of the Humanistic Perspective?

Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler & Erik Erikson

Key figures of the Psychodynamic Perspective?

Julian Rotter & Albert Bandura

Key figures of the Social-cognitive Perspective?

Gordon Allport, Raymond Catell, Hans Eysenck, T.T. Costa Jr., & R.R. McCrae

Key figures of the Trait Perspective?

poverty of content

Language that is vague, too abstract, too concrete, or repetitive

social workers

Largest group of professionals in mental health field; course work includes practical experience(field placement) in social work agencies/mental health facilities; learn to use services of agencies & groups to meet their clients' needs in training; may direct clinics or have private practices

dissociative disorders (dissociative amnesia & dissociative fugue)

Sudden change in usually integrated functions of consciousness, memory, identity, or perception.

behavioral model

View that psychological disorders are learned behaviors that follow the principles of classical and operant conditioning or modeling

psychodynamic model

View that psychological disorders result from unconscious conflicts relate to sex or aggression

-permanent vs temporary -universal vs specific -internal vs external

What are the 3 dimensions of explanatory style?

(A)PSS paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal

What is the (acronym) and personality disorders that are in cluster A?

major depressive disorder

What is the 4th leading cause of worldwide disease and responsible for more disability than heart disease?

identical twins=50% fraternal twins=17%

What is the actual concordance rate for identical & fraternal twins of schizophrenia?

In the same way a car is propelled by the energy contained in gasoline

What is the analogy Freud uses to describe the way we are driven by the energy of certain instincts?

50%

What is the approximate risk of developing schizophrenia if both parents have schizophrenia?

major depressive disorder

What is the clinical form of depression called?

-statistical rarity -interference with normal functioning -personal distress -deviance from social norms

What is the common criteria for distinguishing between normal and abnormal behaviors?

conscious motivation in the present

What is the focus of humanistic psychologists' efforts to understand & explain human behavior?

frequent panic attacks (resemble heart attacks)

What is the main symptom of panic disorder?

benzodiazepines

What is the major class of anti anxiety drugs such as Valium?

both types of twins were fairly similar

What is the major conclusion from research comparing personality scores of identical twins reared apart and together?

right-wrong

What is the most common definition of insanity used by states in this country?

auditory

What is the most common type of hallucination reported by people diagnosed as suffering from schizophrenia?

assault

What is the most frequent crime that defendants plead "not guilty by reason of insanity?"

therapists don't provide culturally responsive forms of therapy

What is the most important reason that minority groups find therapy to be inadequate?

inability to manufacture white blood cells

What is the most serious side effect of treatment with clozapine?

males & females develop disorder at the same rate

What is the sex ratio for hypochondriasis?

anxiety

What is the warning that signals conflict involving the id and superego?

psychiatrist

What mental health professional would have a medical degree?

serotonin

What neurotransmitter has been implicated in OCD b/c antidepressant drugs that affect this neurotransmitter are useful treatments?

19% of men 31% of women

What percent of men and what percent of women have had at least one anxiety disorder at some time in their lives?

borderline

What personality disorder most likely to be associated with suicide attempts?

crying, trembling, fainting

What symptoms are most likely to be found in someone with ataque de nervios?

psychic determinism

What term describes the influence of the past on the present?

spontaneous remission

What term describes the tendency for improvement in problems without therapy?

self-report inventory

What term do psychologists use for a personality test that requires people to answer questions about themselves in a yes/no, true/false, or similar format?

personality

What term do psychologists use to describe a stable pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving that distinguishes one person from another?

have good resources, are hard-working, ambitious, energetic, industrious, and persevering

What type of men does Buss predict that women will choose?

they will view as attractive those physical and behavioral cues that correlate with female reproductive capacity

What type of women does Buss predict that men will choose?

personality disorders

disorders characterized by long-standing, difficult-to-treat, dysfunctional behaviors that are typically first observed in adolescence; 10% of adult population

norm clarification

learning that ones problems are neither unique more more serious than those of other group members

love beyond the usual

What does "paraphilia" literally mean?

to wander mentally

What does hallucination mean in Latin?

mask

What does personality mean in Latin?

nonshared experiences

What does recent evidence suggest that exerts a major influence on the personality of siblings?

The concordance rate for identical twins is not 100%, and some identical twins (one w/ schizophrenia and one w/out) have been shown to have different-sized brain ventricles

What evidence suggests that schizophrenia is not entirely genetically based?

drug treatments

What factor began the policy of deinstitutionalization in the US?

nonshared environment

What factor has been found to explain both differences in personality among siblings and personality change?

availability of new drug therapies made it possible to reduce symptoms experienced by some patients & allow them to leave hospitals

What factors led to significant reduction in the # of hospitalized mental patients beginning in the 1950s?

expressed emotion

What family variable is linked to relapse risk in people with schizophrenia who live with their families?

It's increasing and people are experiencing the first episode at a younger age

What have epidemiological surveys revealed about the rate of depression around the world?

A combo of factors, including an individual's cognitions and the environment, interact to produce a particular behavior

What is Albert Bandura's answer to the question "Why do people act as they do?'

larger ventricles-which reduces brain volume

What is a brain abnormality found in patients with schizophrenia?

major personality changes

What is a common side effect of psychosurgery?

unconditional positive regard

What is a key concept in the theory proposed by Carl Rogers?

fewer sessions and a focus on the most troubling symptoms

What is a recent trend in psychotherapy?

major depression and phobias

What is among the most common disorders identified in surveys of the prevalence of disorders in the general pop?

a lack of bilingual therapists, therapists' stereotypes about ethnic clients, & therapists don't provide culturally responsive forms of therapy

What is among the reasons that ethnic clients terminate psychotherapy so early?

modeling

What is an etiology proposed for conversion disorder in naval aviators?

suicide

What is one of the leading causes of death in the US?

dissociative identity disorder

What is schizophrenia often confused with?

to help develop insights into their behaviors

What is the "primary" goal of psychoanalytic therapy?

incidence

# or percentage of newly diagnosed cases of a particular disorder in a given population

prevalence

# or percentage of people in a population that ever had a particular disorder during a specified time period

avoidant personality disorder

Social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation

delusion

An obviously false belief that is extremely difficult to change; among most frequently observed positive symptoms of a schizophrenic

postpartum depression

Andrea Yates accused of killing her 5 children, her defense attorneys contend she suffered from what?

bipolar II disorder

Characterized by one or more depressive episodes that is accompanied by at least one hypomaniac episode

bipolar I disorder

Characterized by one or more manic episodes

trait

A summary term that describes the tendency to behave, feel, and think in ways that are consistent across different situations

token economy

A technique that reinforces desirable behaviors with tokens (secondary reinforcers), which can be redeemed for other reinforcers, especially primary reinforcers

cognitive behavior therapy (CBT)

A therapeutic approach that consciously combines behavioral and cognitive theories and practicies

index case

A twin who has a mood disorder

trephining

Chipping a hole in the soul to let the "demons" out, which used to be said to cause a person's bizarre behavior thousands of years ago

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A type of projective test used to measure achievement motivation and to make predictions of future achievement-related behaviors; contain 20 cards that are black and white pictures while one is blank; participant is to make up story to fit what is happening in the card, say what they are thinking/feeling, and give outcome

Genain quadruplets

4 identical twin girls experienced a turbulent family life; by the time they were 25, all 4 were hospitalized with diagnosis of schizophrenia; staff members of the National Institute of Mental Health identified the rare occurrence of sisters by nicknames of Nora, Iris, Myra, & Hester (N-I-M-H)

What is the approximate degree of heritability for most of the Big Five traits?

50%

systematic desensitization

A behavioral technique developed by Joseph Wolfe, based on classical conditioning, that is used to treat phobias; the technique usually combines training in realization w/ exposure to imagined scenes related to a phobia;

rational-emotive behavior therapy

A cognitive therapy in which the therapist challenges and questions the client's irrational ideas; basic assumption of this is that our emotional response are an outgrowth of our cognitions

social phobia

A fear related to being seen or observed by others; usually emerge between 15 and 25 years old

"the defendant is not guilty if at the time of the crime he could not tell the difference between right and wrong"

A judge is about to instruct a jury that will begin deliberating in a case in which the defendant tis pleading "not guilty by reason of insanity." What instruction is the judge most likely to give to the jury before they deliberate?

persona

A mask of our true personality

that low levels of MAO are associated w/ high SSS's

A negative correlation b/t MAO levels and sensation seeking behavior indicates ...

OCD

A patient scheduled to have an operation called a "cingulotomy" has what diagnosis?

the patient has a chronic form of moderate depression

A patient's records indicate that she's suffering from dysthymic disorder. What description is most consistent with the diagnosis?

magnification distortion

A person exaggerates the degree of loss or misfortune

unconditional positive regard

A person is accepted for what he or she is, not for what others would like the person to be.

dysphoria

A person who exhibits high levels of dysphoria would be sad, pessimistic, and generally exhibiting many of the characteristics we observe in depressed people such as slowed though processes and negative views of themselves, the worlds around them, and the future

anal-expulsive

A person who is fixated at the anal stage; as adults these people are overly-generous

self-efficacy

A person's expectancy concerning his or her ability to engage in effective behaviors; such expectancies differ from one behavior to another

lithium

A psychiatrist prescribed drug for your psychological disorder. As part of treatment regimen, the psychiatrist periodically checks the level of the drug in your blood. Based on your knowledge of drug therapy, you conclude the prescribed drug is...

traits

A psychologist who is a specialist in personality was describing a concept that "may be as old as human language itself." What concept was being described?

concordance rate

A psychologist who reported on research to determine the extent of genetic influences on mood disorders said, "50% of twin pairs shared mood disorders." What term describes this figure?

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

A reaction to a traumatic or life-threatening situation that is characterized by repeated reexperience of the traumatic event, avoidance of reminders of the situation, emotional numbness, and increased arousal; occurs twice as frequently in women than men and can develop at any age

hopelessness model

A reformulation of the learned helplessness model that focuses on people's beliefs about the situations in which they find themselves

personality

A relatively stable pattern of behaving, feeling, and thinking that distinguishes one person from another

alogia (poverty of speech)

A restriction in the amount of spontaneous speech that is evident in brief and unelaborated replies to questions

1

A sample of 100 people was randomly selected from the population. What represents the most likely # who have ever been diagnosed as suffering from schizophrenia?

psychomotor retardation

A slowed rate of speaking (in extreme cases, person may stop speaking all together), slow walking, and stooped posture.

rational means for obtaining gratification

An individual operating on the reality principle seeks...

narcissistic personality disorder

An inflated sense of self-importance and superiority; individuals are preoccupied with fantasies of success, power, beauty, or ideal love; lack of empathy leaves them unable to understand others' reactions to their behavior

boredom susceptibility

An intolerance for repetitive experience

fetish

An object that arouses sexual passion in some people; derived from a French word for a magical charm

cognitive triad

Aaron Beck notes that depressed people have negative views of their world, themselves, and their future

there is a discrepancy between the real self and ideal self

According to Carl Roger's, maladjustment occurs when..

whether distress is affecting personal life

According to Jack Engler and Daniel Goleman, what reason should be considered when deciding whether to seek therapy?

achievement potential

According to evolutionary theorists, personality characteristics women seek in the men they date and seek as mates are related to what?

clients who are more accepting

According to humanistic therapies, what types of clients are better able to resolve their own problems?

Freudian slip

Al really likes the dress his date is wearing and says, "what a nice breast you have on." What is the psychodynamic term for this statement?

reciprocal determinism

Albert Bandura's notion that people are affected by their environment, but they can also influence that environment, is known as..

-A: represents an "activating" event related to an important desire/goal/preference -B: the "belief", usually related to failure to attain the goal, that follows activating -C: that belief determines "consequences", such as feelings of anger/anxiety/depression

Albert Ellis' idea to understand rational-emotive behavior therapy is called "ABC framework." Describe this:

psychosurgery

Alteration of brain tissue in an attempt to alleviate psychological disorders

individualist conception of the self

American respondents focus on ways that make them unique in comparison to others when responding to "describe yourself briefly" (independent)

Prozac

An SSRI thats most widely prescribed drug for treatment of depression; low rate of short-term side effects; reduce reuptake of serotonin

OCD

An anxiety disorder characterized by repetitive, irrational, intrusive thoughts, impulses, or images (obsessions) and irresistible, repetitive acts (compulsions) such as checking that doors are locked or washing hands; lifetime prevalence approx. 2%; typical period of onset from early adolescence to early 20s

phrenology

An attempt to study a person by analyzing bumps and indentations on the skull

The diagnosis is made equally often in men and women

Angela's assignment is to report back on the diagnosis of hypochondriasis with a focus on the rate of diagnosis in mean and women. When she completed her report, what will she find?

anxiety disorders

Anxiety manifested in phobias, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, OCD, and post-traumatic stress disorder

conversion

Anxiety over a conflict or other difficult situation is converted into a physical manifestation

psychosis

Any disorder in which a severely disturbed individual loses contact with reality; often requires hospitalization

specific phobia

Any phobia other than agoraphobia or the social phobias, including the fear of specific animals, of elects of the natural environment, and of such things as blood, injections, or injury; often begin b/t ages 5 and 9

Phillipe Pinel

Argued patients that were chained to walls needed humane care/treatment; many ideas derived from work of Jean-Baptiste Pussin; efforts lead to treatment philosophy called moral therapy

MMPI

As part of the initial screening for possible employment, a nuclear power company administers a psychological test that yields scores on scales such as depression, schizophrenia, and hypomania. Whats the name of the test?

marital therapy

Attempts to stabilize and improve the relationship of 2 individuals who regard themselves as marital partners

projection -person having difficulty making it to work on time bc of procrastination & failure to meet deadlines says "its not my faults. my bosses are just too demanding, and coworkers are uncooperative"

Attributing to others unwanted feelings, thoughts, or behaviors -ex?

Behavioral psychologists

Avoid commonly used terms such as "traits;" stress only observable behaviors and explain the distinctiveness of a person's personality as resulting from a unique learning history

agoraphobia

Avoidance of public places or situations in which escape might be difficult should the individual develop incapacitating or embarrassing symptoms of panic; usually begins in ones 20's

primary gain

Avoidance of the anxiety associated with the conflict in conversion

reciprocal determinism

Bandura's term for the relation among person, behavior, and environment

a.higher in men b.rate increases with age c.divorced people higher rate than married d.rate highest in people having depression or alcohol abuse/dependence

Certain demographic characteristics are related to the probability of suicide. State the major predictor of suicide in each demographic category: a.sex b.age c.marital status d.psychological disorders

fixation

Cessation of further development, resulting in behaviors that are characteristic of the stage of development in which the fixation occurred

Oedipus

Character in an ancient Greek tragedy who had unwittingly killed his father and married his mother; when he discovered the truth, he gouged out his eyes and spent the rest of life as a homeless wanderer

depression

Beck's cognitive therapy is used primarily to treat...

social learning

Being able to relate constructively and adaptively within the group

learned helplessness

Belief that one cannot control outcomes through one's actions; usually leads to passivity and reduced motivation and may cause depression

persecutory delusions

Believe that others are tormenting, following, or ridiculing them; most common delusion

internals

Believe that they can influence their reinforcers via their skill and ability

externals

Believe that whether they attain a desired outcome is due primarily to chance or fate

Hippocrates

Believed the human body contained 4 bodily "humors" (black bile, blood, phlegm, and yellow bile) to determine a person's characteristics

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Biomedical treatment in which an electric current is passed through the brain to induce a seizure; most often used to treat severe depression; modified procedures, such as use of muscle relaxants, have reduced severity of side effects

-universal: "I'm able to deal successful with difficult situations" -internal: "my success in dealing with difficult situations is due to my ability to stay calm and asses each situation accurately" -permanent: "my ability to handle situations does not vary from one course or challenge to another"

Buddy graduated from college 3 months ago. His grades were generally good, in B range, and he's well liked. His efforts to find a job have been unsuccessful, yet his is optimistic. Using explanatory mode, write a universal-internal-permanent explanation of his situation

extraversion

Can be represented as a continuum from extreme extrovert to extreme introvert; has been associated with a # of differences in everyday behavior

conscience

Can punish the ego through causing feelings of guilt. When you are slightly speeding and you see the lights of a police behind you, an anxious feeling spreads throughout your body, heart beats rapidly, and start to sweat like you think he is after you. When he goes by you to get the "real" speeder, your heartbeat turns back to normal. You reacted this way bc you felt you did something wrong and were about to be punished...Where did this feeling come from?

archetypes

Carl Jung, a neo-Freudian, suggested the existence of a collective unconscious that contained images shared by all people called...

generalized anxiety disorder(GAD)

Chronically high level of anxiety that is not attached to a specific stimulus; may result from low levels of GABA; begins in ones 20's or 30's; estimated lifetime prevalence of 6%; worry excessively about everyday probe such as school, finances, employment, and so forth; occurs twice as often in women than men

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

Class of drugs that have little, if any, effect on norepinephrine; best known drug in this class is Prozac;

MAO inhibitors

Class of drugs used to treat depression, prevent an enzyme from breaking down norepinephrine & serotonin and thus increase their levels in the brain

tricyclic depressants

Class of drugs, such as Elavil, reduce the repute of serotonin and norepinephrine, thus making more of these chemical messengers available at synapses;

aversion therapy

Classical conditioning technique for reducing or eliminating behavior by pairing the behavior with an unpleasant (aversive) stimulus

1. people are basically good & posses an innate drive toward self-actualization 2. clients can assume responsibility for themselves-nondirective therapy 3. clients can resolve own probs within a facilitating relationship 4. therapists attitude is deep respect for client as a person of worth-unconditional positive regard

Client-centered therapists are guided by what 4 assumptions?

numerous techniques that are designed to treat a large # of specific disorders

Cognitive behavior therapy is composed of..

neologisms

Common words used in uncommon ways ("I wrote the letter with my writing toy") or newly created words ("I wrote the letter with my zemps")

Franz Joseph Gull

Compared the brain to a muscle and tried to locate various characteristics by looking for well-developed parts of the brain

Gordon Allport

Composed a list of traits terms called the building blocks of personality (4500 words)

Dorothea Dix

Concerned about plight of homeless & disturbed people; survey of Massachusetts institutions housing mentally ill showed numerous examples of misery&horror; insisted that the states had an obligation to provide care for mentally ill; convinced legislatures in 20 states to establish or enlarge mental hospitals; as hospitals grew larger their effectiveness declined

Hans Eysenck

Concluded one way to deal with the large # of traits is to organize them first into narrowly defined chargers, then placed into broader categories; proposed the existence of 3 major traits

Aaron Beck

Concluded that depression results from the way people think about themselves and about what happens to the; they often blame themselves for events, so they focus on the negative

arbitrary inference

Conclusion drawn from the absence of supporting information

id and superego

Consider the situation & determine if the conflict involves the id, ego, and/or superego: -You haven't studied for an exam and are afraid that you'll fail. Your neighbor's paper is within sight, and you begin to think about "borrowing" some of her answers

id, ego, and superego

Consider the situation & determine if the conflict involves the id, ego, and/or superego: -You're late for an appt. on the other side of town. You're afraid that you will miss an important opportunity if you don't get there soon. While driving to your appt., you spot a police cruiser just ahead of you

psychological health

Consistent with psychology's growing interest in positive aspects of humankind, this first dimension focuses on a persons strengths and the inner resources they can tap to deal with difficulties in their lives. Among the elements this dimension taps are the capacity to love others, to find meaning in life, and the ability to gain insight

reciprocal determinism

Contention that person variables, situation variables, and behavior constantly interact

preconscious

Contents waiting to be pulled into consciousness like fish from a pond; thoughts feelings and wishes that can easily be brought to the conscious level

David Rosenhan

Created a pseudopatient study that raised questions about our ability to distinguish normal and abnormal behaviors and shows how labels affect the perception of behavior

dysfunction or personal distress

Decide which criterion of abnormality-statistical rarity, dysfunction, personal distress, and/or deviance from social norms- could be used to just the case: -Sally spends much of her time daydreaming about "nothing in particular." her work has suffered, and she has been put on probation bc of her declining productivity

deviance from social norms

Decide which criterion of abnormality-statistical rarity, dysfunction, personal distress, and/or deviance from social norms- could be used to just the case: -Tim spent most his $$ on beer and has been neglecting his appearance. When a friend suggested that he seek help, Tim responded, "mind your business. I'm not bothering anyone"

cognitive

Decide which model of abnormal behavior- medical, psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, or sociocultural- is most useful in understanding the case: -after Cara got a D on an exam, she concluded that the low grade "proves that I'm stupid." She ignored the fact that a bout of flu had prevented her from studying

behavioral

Decide which model of abnormal behavior- medical, psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, or sociocultural- is most useful in understanding the case: -several students observed some patients at a mental hospital, including one who announced he was the "Creator." The students paid attention to this patient for hours; when they left, the patient walked away without saying a word

reaction formation -person may be attracted to porn (id) yet be repulsed by thought of it (ego). Such person may become involved in a censorship campaign that places them in position of having to review the porn material

Defending against unacceptable feelings and behavior by exhibiting the opposite of ones true wishes or impulses -ex?

paranoid schizophrenia

Delusions of grandeur or persecution with possible auditory hallucinations; has latest age of onset; develops in individuals who have demonstrated good functioning before the relatively acute onset of symptoms; generally good outcome and good recovery rates

residual schizophrenia

Delusions, hallucinations, & incoherent language are absent, but continuation of disorder is evident in social withdrawal or odd beliefs

arbitrary inference

Depressed people may jump to conclusions based on insufficient evidence. This flaw in thinking is called...

The car (IES) is designed to pull to left and right sides of the road, often at same time. Left and right wheels represent id and superego, & they often try to turn in opposite directions. Id tries to satisfy basic biological drives; superego strives to impost highly perfectionistic & moralistic goals in their place. Thus the id and superego are unrealistic and irrational in separate but competing ways. The driver represents the ego and is responsible for making adjustments as the id and superego struggle against each other; ego tries to find an acceptable middle road b/t these 2 divergent forces

Describe how the interaction of id, ego, and superego, is like a car with some special features

Eve White was shy/inhibited; in psychotherapy she put her hands on her temples & pressed hard, then dropped her hands, smiled and said "hi, there Doc!", few min. later she introduced herself as Eve Black. Chris Sizemore(Eve's real name) revealed she had 22 diff. personalities and always occurred in groups of three, always included a wife/mother image, a party girl, and more normal intellectual personality

Describe the case of "The Three Faces of Eve"

drowned her 5 children in 2001; suffered from postpartum depression; just decided she was sane at time crime was convicted; prosecution asked for death penalty & jury asked for life in prison; conviction overturned & new trial ordered in 2005 bc an expert witness made a false statement; in retrial, Yates found not guilty by reason of insanity; now confined to a state mental hospital

Describe the story of Andrea Yates

Abraham Maslow

Described humanistic psychology as the "third force" in American psychology bc it offered an alternative to psychodynamic theory & behaviorism; his hierarchy of needs begins with deficiency needs and leads to self-actualization at the top

CPI California Psychological Inventory

Designed for use with normal adolescents and adults; scales such as dominance, responsibility, and sociability

secondary prevention

Designed to detect existing disorders and provide treatment at early stages, such as a crisis telephone line for people experiencing extreme stress

primary prevention

Designed to prevent disorders from occurring, such as workshops on stress reduction or community recreation programs

thrill seeking

Desire to engage in physically risky activities

schizoid personality disorder

Detachment from social relationships & restricted range of expression of emotions

Sigmund Freud

Developed both a theory of personality that emphasized unconscious factors and a therapy for patients exhibiting abnormal behaviors

neo-Freudians

Disagreed with a number of Freud's views; such as his emphasis on the id and the role of sexual motives-they emphasized the ego and its role in the development of personality, as well as the social aspects of personality

schizotypal personality disorder

Discomfort with close relationships, cognitive & perceptual distortions, eccentricities of behavior

general paresis

Disorder that included symptoms such as paralysis and memory difficulties & was found to result from syphillis

dissociative disorders

Disorders affecting a function of the mind, such as memory for events, knowledge of one's identity, or consciousness, usually in response to extreme stress

somatoform disorders

Disorders involving physical complaints that do not have a known medical cause but are related to psychological factors; occur in parts of body controlled by autonomic nervous system; affect body parts controlled by CNS

antisocial personality disorder

Disregard for and frequent violation of the rights of others

depersonalization disorder

Dissociative disorder in which the person has persistent or recurring depersonalization episodes that interfere with his or her life

dissociative fugue

Dissociative disorder involving amnesia and flight from the workplace or home; may involve establishing a new identity in a new location

dissociative amnesia

Dissociative disorder that involves a sudden inability recall important personal info; often occurs in response to trauma or extreme stress; occurs suddenly, doesn't affect storage of new info, & ends abruptly

social norms

Distinguish acceptable behaviors from unacceptable or deviant ones

positive symptoms of schizophrenia

Distortions or excesses of normal functions, such as fluent but disorganized speech, disorganized/catatonic behavior, delusions, and hallucinations

paranoid personality disorder

Distrust and suspiciousness of others

overgeneralization distortion

Drawing a conclusion about oneself based on a single, often unrepresentative, sample of info

selective abstraction distortion

Drawing an inaccurate conclusion about oneself based on some info, while ignoring other info that may well be contradictory

arbitrary inference distortion

Drawing an inaccurate conclusion about oneself from limited or even absent information

manifest content

Dream you recall when you awaken

antipsychotic drugs

Drugs that reduce the symptoms of schizophrenia by blocking dopamine receptors in brain; the typical drugs work by blocking dopamine, whereas the atypical drugs(such as clozapine) also block serotonin

mood stabilizers

Drugs used to treat bipolar disorder

hallucinations

During an interview, a patient says that he has frequently seen a hand come out of the bathroom sink to grab a bar of soap. Psychologist who is conducting the interview most likely writes that the patient presents evidence of ..

erogenous zones

Each stage in the psychosexual stages is characterized by efforts to obtain pleasure centered on one of several parts of the body called what?

clinical psychologists

Earned a doctoral degree; training is completion of a dissertation based on research & a 1yr internship in mental hospital/healthcenter; took courses on diagnosis & treatment of psychological disorders in school; meet state certification requirements

Alfred Adler

Ejected from Vienna Psyhcoanalytic Society bc of disagreements with Freud; believed Freud overemphasized the sexual drive in explaining personality; argued that primary drive is social not sexual; said the young child is inevitably weak when compared to adults so the rest of child's life they strive to overcome the inferiority; considered the first "self" theorist; first to stress the importance of birth order as determinant of personality

psychological model

Emphasize importance of mental functioning, social experiences, and learning histories in trying to explain causes of abnormal behavior

monoamine oxidase (MAO)

Enzyme that breaks down the neurotransmitter norepinephrine; drugs that inhibit this increase levels of norepinephrine and cause individuals to be euphoric, impulsive, and aggressive

parapraxes

Errors that are believed to reveal our unconscious feelings, thoughts, and conflicts

heritability

Estimates the size of the genetic effect

20% and 50%

Evidence from the studies of identical twins reared apart indicated that heredity plays a role in a wide range of personality characteristics, as evidenced, by heritability estimates between....

substance-related disorders

Excess, persistence use of substances such as alcohol or cocaine

mania

Excessive activity, accelerated speech, poor judgment, elevated self-esteem, and euphoria that occur in bipolar disorder; symptoms can result from cocaine/amphetamine use or hyperthyroidism

histrionic personality disorder

Excessive emotionality and attention seeking

dependent personality disorder

Excessive need to be taken care of, leading to submissive and clinging behavior

anima/animus

Exhibition of both feminine and masculine characteristics, respectively

flat affect

Failure to experience any emotion

pyrophobia

Fear of fire

acrophobia

Fear of heights

acceptance and support

Feeling a sense of belongingness and being valued by the other group members

internal

In Rotter's social learning theory, a person who believes he/she can influence events

pharmacotherapy (drug therapy)

Focuses on the biological underpinnings of a disorder

family therapy

Focuses on the larger family unit; a parent and a child at minimum, or both parents, stepparents, or grandparents, depending on the environment in which the child lives.

hyperthyroidism

For weeks, Rod was unable to sleep more than an hour a night, yet was energetic. He was developing plans for his own "Las Vegas on the Ohio River." When a friend asked about his plans, Rod berated him and physically attacked him. The police were called and took Rod to an emergency room, where a physician suspected bipolar disorder. The physician ran tests, however, to rule out physical causes such as

schizophrenia

For which disorder was ECT originally developed?

covert sensitization

Form of aversion therapy that involves having clients visualize or imagine adverse consequences that might accompany unwanted behavior

sublimation -direction of sexual energy toward creation of works of art -turning aggressive energy toward socially desirable goals such as performing surgery to save lives rather than harming others

Form of displacement in which a sexual/aggressive impulse is moved for an unacceptable object to on that is acceptable and ultimately has value to society -ex?

psychoanalysis

Form of psychotherapy that strives to bring unconscious conflicts to the surface so that an individual can deal with them more effectively

cold reading

Fortune tellers don't ask for information directly, but use clues such as clothing, physical features, speech, gestures, and eye contact.

psychosexual stages

Freud proposed that an individuals personality develops through a series of 5 stages stretching from infancy to adulthood called what?

tardive dyskinesia

Gary takes antipsychotic drugs to control symptoms of schizophrenia. After taking drug for some time, he begins exhibiting symptoms such as smacking his lips and flailing his limbs. Gary is showing signs of..

humanistic psychology

General approach to psychology, associated with Abraham Maslow & Carl Rogers, that emphasizes individuals' control of their behavior; focuses on the present and the healthy personality

anxiety

General feeling of apprehension characterized by behavioral, cognitive, or physiological symptoms

sensation seeking

General tendency to seek stimulation from a variety of sources; developed by Marvin Zuckerman

models

General views of what causes abnormal behavior; point out which symptoms are most important, direct attention to their likely causes, and suggest possible treatments

conditional positive regard

Given only if they engage in behaviors that are approved of by others

counselors

Have range of educational backgrounds, bachelor's to doctorate degree; may be members of the clergy or professional educators; some trained to work w/ specific populations like drug/alcohol abusers; some have little formal training in providing psychotherapeutic services

agreeableness

High scorers described as fundamentally altruistic. Likely to yield in interactions with others. Others view them as sympathetic, straightforward, warm, and considerate.

neuroticism (emotional instability)

High scorers described as self-defeating, anxious, & concerned about their personal adequacy. They experience mood fluctuations and negative emotions. Also prone to irrational ideas, are not always able to control impulses, and are less effective than others at coping w/ stress

extraversion (surgency)

High scorers described as talkative & expressive, as indicated by facial expressions/gestures. Are assertive, gregarious, highly active, & good skills in using humor. They like excitement & stimulation and tend to be energetic, optimistic, & upbeat.

conscientiousness (impulsitivity)

High scorers described as well organized, dependable, competent, and responsible. Likely to get things done, able to delay gratification, exhibit highly ethical behavior, and have a high level of aspiration.

openness to experience

High scorers prefer new & unfamiliar experiences, reflected in appreciation of knowledge, various art forms, and nontraditional values as opposed to tradition and the status quo. Are considered highly introspective, attentive to inner feelings/fantasies, intellectual, and creative.

physiological; safety; love and belongingness; self-esteem

How are deficiency needs organized in Maslow's hierarchy?

1)symptoms may be a defense against the distress of difficult situations 2)when we have physical probs, relatives/friends offer attention & sympathy, & these reactions can act as reinforcers for continued presentation of the symptoms

How can we explain the development of somatoform disorders?

histories of reinforcement and punishment

How did B.F. Skinner explain the distinctiveness of individual personalities?

offered naturalistic explanations for the disorders -baths, exercise, & massage

How did the ancient Greeks view psychological disorders? What types of treatments did they use?

by demonstrating unconditional positive regard, empathy, and genuineness

How do client-centered therapists create an environment that makes the client feel accepted and able to find solutions to his/her problems?

classical conditioning and modeling

How do phobias develop?

phenomenological psychologists

Humanistic psychologists are also called ________ because they view the individual's perceptions of events as more significant than the learning theorist's or therapist's perceptions

thought broadcasting

Idea that one's thoughts are being broadcast to others

tricyclic antidepressant drugs, MAO inhibitors, or SSRIs

Identify category of drugs that are most likely to be prescribed for: -major depression

mood stabilizers (especially Lithium but also anticonvulsants)

Identify category of drugs that are most likely to be prescribed for: -mania

antipsychotic

Identify category of drugs that are most likely to be prescribed for: -schizophrenia

behavioral (extinction)

Identify form of psychotherapy described: -staff members at a mental hospital ignore patients when they use odd words

client-centered therapy

Identify form of psychotherapy described: -therapist reflects emotional content of the clients statements

psychoanalytic therapy

Identify form of psychotherapy described: -therapist seeks to uncover the patients unconscious conflicts

rational-emotive behavior therapy

Identify form of psychotherapy described: -therapists use a scientific approach to help clients asses validity of statements made during sessions

a. dopamine; atypical antipsychotic drugs also affect serotonin b. GABA c. serotonin and norepinephrine

Identify neurotransmitter that is affected by each category: a. antipsychotic drugs b. benzodiazepines c. tricyclic antidepressants

conversion disorder

Identify the most likely diagnosis: -A week after reporting for military duty, Dean can't use his arm to fire a gun. Medical causes have been rules out

panic disorder

Identify the most likely diagnosis: -Andrea reports symptoms such as a racing heart and difficulty breathing that last for 10-15 min. several times a week. She thinks she is having a heart attack

-phallic -oral -latency

Identify the stage of psychosexual development (oral,anal,phallic,latency,genital) described in each: -The Oedipus and Electra complexes occur during this stage -A child enjoys biting and chewing on almost any object -This period is relatively calm as far as sexual interests are concerned

psychoanalyst

Identify the type of therapist (clinical psychologist, psychiatrist, social worker, counselor, marriage&family therapist, psychoanalyst) described: -Has undergone personal therapy and strive to uncover unconscious conflicts that are believed to cause distress

psychiatrist

Identify the type of therapist (clinical psychologist, psychiatrist, social worker, counselor, marriage&family therapist, psychoanalyst) described: -Prescribes drugs for symptoms of anxiety

clinical psychologist

Identify the type of therapist (clinical psychologist, psychiatrist, social worker, counselor, marriage&family therapist, psychoanalyst) described: -completed an internship at a community mental health center, earned a Ph.D, and currently maintains a private practice

-positive -positive -negative

Identity following symptoms of schizophrenia as either positive or negative: -patient hears voices in an empty house -patient believes others are controlling his thoughts -patient rarely smiles, doesn't change her tone of voice, and doesn't maintain eye contact

a. increased appetite/loss of appetite b. increased sleep(hypersomnia)/insomnia c.depressed people often see themselves as unattractive & incapable of completing intellectually demanding tasks

Identity the symptoms of depression each of the following areas: a. appetite b. sleep c. self-descriptions

"exposure to very bright light should reduce your symptoms"

If Sally is diagnosed as suffering from a form of mood disorder called SAD, what might her psychiatrist say to her when discussing treatments?

external locus of control

If Woody believes he must have gotten his latest speeding ticket bc the police have it out for him, he may be exhibiting..

symptom substitution

If a symptom is addressed before patient can deal with it effectively, new symptoms will appear in its place b/c the underlying conflict/feeling wasn't solved

75%

If both parents have bipolar disorder, their child's chance of developing the disorder is what?

anal-retentive

If parents are strict and demanding, the child may rebel, and result will be fixation at this stage. Individuals who are fixated at the anal stage may be overly rigid and orderly as adults

100%

If schizophrenia were entirely a genetic disorder, what concordance rate would you expect to find among identical twins?

pleasure principle

Impulsively seeks immediate gratification of wishes through the ego; every wishful impulse should be satisfied immediately, regardless of the consequences.

self-efficacy

In Bandura's theory, a person's belief that he/she has the skills to succeed in a given situation

self-concept

In Carl Roger's theory, our perception of our abilities, behaviors, and characteristics is known as

a. 200 cases in a year b. 5%

In a survey conducted in a city of 20,000 people, researchers found that 200 of them had been diagnosed with ulcers during the past year. Total of 1,000 people reported having an ulcer at some time during their life, a.What is the incidence of ulcers in this city? b.What is the lifetime prevalence of ulcers?

SzGene

In order to assist in the search for the genes involved in schizophrenia, researchers established this database of genetic association studies of schizophrenia

transference

In psychoanalysis, the patient's positive or negative reaction to the therapist, which is believed to reflect the patient's relationship to a significant person outside of therapy

superego

In psychodynamic theory, the element of the mind that incorporates parental and societal standards in what is commonly referred to as the conscience as well as the idealistic ego ideal

ego

In psychodynamic theory, the element of the mind that operates according to the reality principle and serves to satisfy the id and the superego; sometimes called the executive of the personality

id

In psychodynamic theory, the most basic element of the personality; the source of the instincts and operates on the pleasure principle; entirely unconcscious

transsexualism

In what disorder does a person feel uncomfortable with his/her anatomical sex and views it as inappropriate?

blunted affect

Inability to experience the typical range of emotions

Cluster C

Includes people who often appear anxious or fearful

Cluster B

Includes people who often appear dramatic, emotional, or erratic

Cluster A

Includes people who often appear odd or eccentric

sexual and gender identity disorders

Includes the paraphilia (characterized by arousal involving unusual objects, activities, or situations), sexual dysfunctions (inhibition of orgasms), and gender identity disorder

disorganized schizophrenia

Incoherent speech w/ highly unusual verbal associations along w/ flat or inappropriate affect (emotional expressions often the poloist of expected reactions). Patients often seem silly/childlike and may grimace, giggle inappropriately, and appear absorbed in thought. Onset of symptoms usually occur in adolescence and don't seem to be reactions to stressful life events. Continuous nature of disorder leads to a downhill progression that often results in long-term institutionalization

biopsychosocial model

Incorporates biological (medical model) factors along with psychological and sociocultural factors

sociogenic hypothesis

Individuals in lower social classes are subjected to greater stressed and become more vulnerable to schizophrenia overtime

borderline personality disorder

Instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, emotions, and control over impulses

taijan-kyofusho

Intense fear that one's body or its functions are offensive to other people; focus is on offending others rather than on the self

insanity

Legal ruling that a person accused of a crime is not held responsible for that act; defined in most states as the inability to tell the difference between right and wrong at the time the crime is committed

cyclothymic disorder

Less severe/mild, yet chronic form of bipolar disorder

use short-term, more focused forms of therapy

Many clients have become disenchanted with psychotherapy. One response to this concern has been to...

psychiatrists

Medical doctors who completed 3yr residency in psychiatry; can prescribe drugs and hospitalize patients; treat probe ranging from mild emotional probe to severe psychotic disorders; can use full range of individual & group psychotherapies; some use behavior therapy

aggregation

Method researchers use in which they collect evidence of several behaviors; consistencies become visible when this is done

dysthymic disorder

Milder, yet chronic form of depression; so common that its known as the "common cold of psychological disorders"

antianxiety drugs

Minor tranquilizers, such as the benzodiazepines, used to reduce anxiety, usually by increasing the ability of the neurotransmitter GABA to bind at synapses

hypomania

Moderate level of mania

seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

Mood changes related to the seasons; typicaly occurs during the fall and winter months and remits in the spring; associated with increased sleep, increased appetite, weight gain, fatigue, and social withdrawal; occurs more in women & people who live in northern latitudes; symptoms related to melatonin levels

depression

Mood disorder characterized by sadness; a feeling of guilt; changes in sleep, appetite, and motor behavior; and sometimes thoughts of suicide; rate is higher in women than men

bipolar disorder

Mood disorder in which a person experiences episodes of mania and depression, which usually alternate

mood disorders (major depressive disorder & bipolar disorder)

Mood extremes ranging from inappropriately sad to highly elated or swings b/t the 2.

dissociative identity disorder (multiple personality)

Most dramatic dissociative disorder in which a person has 2 or more separate personalities, which usually alternate

Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, Text revision (DSM-IV-TR)

Most frequently used system for classifying psychological disorders; more than 200 disorders listed in current manual; provides rules for diagnosing psychological disorders that have increased reliability

MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory)

Most widely used self-report personality inventory; helps diagnose psychological disorders such as depression and schizophrenia; scales such as hypochondriasis, depression, hysteria, paranoia, and schizophrenia

Lithium

Natural mineral salt, drug of choice for treating the manic episodes of bipolar disorder; also tends to reduce the wild mood swings associated with the disorder; 70%-80% of patients respond to treatment; influences passage of ions into & out of cell membranes, and may regulate levels of norepinephrine

self-actualization

Need to develop one's full potential; "making the full use an exploitation of talents, capacities, potentialities"

Franz Anton Mesmer

Notion of animal magnetism offered a very diff. view of psychological disorders and their treatment; believed he could harness the magnetism as a form of therapy to treat patients-evolved into hypnotism

frontal lobes (involved in planning & thinking) and the basal ganglia (role in motor movement)

OCD may involve elevated levels of activity in the...

vicarious conditioning

Observing the behaviors and emotional reactions of others

reaction formation -people who claim to be morally repulsed by homosexuality, yet been found to be secretively engaged in homosexual behaviors

Occurs when an individual pushes away ideas, thoughts, or impulses that cause anxiety by overemphasizing the opposite thoughts and impulses -exs?

10

Of 1,000 felony cases in a nearby county, how many are likely to involve a plea of "not guilty by reason of insanity"?

100

Of 1,000 randomly selected people, approx. how many are likely to meet the diagnostic criteria for one of the personality disorders?

repression -soldier who saw/participated in attacks on civilians during military actions is overwhelmed by the trauma he witnessed and has no memory of the events that occurred, yet still affect him to this day

Often considered most fundamental of defense mechanisms; occurs when the mind pushes threats (that cause anxiety) into unconscious. Individual believed to be unaware of the process as it occurs -ex?

psychoanalysts

Often hold an M.D and have additional training in psychoanalytic tradition of therapy developed by Freud; person w/out M.D can qualify by completing required training and undergoing psychoanalysis

a. catatonic b. paranoid c. residual

On the basis of the following symptoms, identify the most likely subtype of schizophrenia: a. patient grimaces and assumes unusual postures b. patient is suspicious and has delusions of persecution c. there are no prominent symptoms, but the patient is withdrawn

Karen Horney

Rejected several Freudian notions and added several of own; viewed personality disturbances not as resulting from instinctual strivings to satisfy sexual/aggressive urges but as stemming from the basic anxiety all people share

Carl Jung

One of the best known neo-freudians that developed his own psychodynamic viewpoint-for ex he didn't want to place as much emphasis on sexuality as did Freud; stressed a more generalized life force, emphasized the future, and placed more emphasis on the unconscious than Freud; he suggested that a "collective unconscious" contains images shared by ALL people

cingulotomy and capsulotomy

Operations in which a surgeon cuts or lesion a bundle of nerve fibers that plays a role in the obsessions and compulsions by directly cutting the fibers, using heat or gamma radiations

self-disclosure

Opportunity to tell the group about ones personal problems and concerns

100; 25 will succeed

Out of 10,000 felony indictments, how many defendants will plead "not guilty by reason of insanity," and how many will succeed?

fetishism

Paraphilia involving sexual arousal by unusual objects or body parts; person often masturbates while fondling the desired object

unconscious

Part of the personality that lies outside of awareness yet is believed to be a crucial determinant of behavior; may appear in disguised form in dreams

loose associations

Pattern of speech where the ideas expressed by a person w/ schizophrenia can be like a train that has slipped off a track onto another track; difficult to determine what patient means, despite the fact that the words are recognizable and generally in grammatical form

personality disorder

Patterns of behavior beginning in adolescence/early adulthood that are resistance to treatment and lead to distress or impairment

collectivist conception of the self

People in Asian cultures emphasize a more interdependent response when responding to "describe yourself briefly"

concordance rate

Percentage of twin pairs in which both twins have a disorder that is of interest to an investigator

minimization distortion

Person downplays significance of a success in his/her life

auditory hallucinations

Person may hear voices that give orders, criticize, or offer ongoing commentary; most common

narcissism

Person who scores high on this dimension would probably view the word "I" as their favorite and most important. Tend to be selfish, self-important, focused on their own needs and interest, and interested in the admiration of others. Although their views of themselves tend to be quite exaggerated, they do, believe them and generally dismiss any info that contradicts their self image

delusion of grandeur -computer programmer imagined that end of the world was coming and determined which of his colleagues would survive in the afterlife by the keys he pressed on his keyboard

Person's belief that he/she has special powers or abilities -ex?

Barnum effect

Personality descriptions that have something for everyone fit the....

antisocial personality disorder

Personality disorder characterized by deceitful, impulsive, reckless actions that violate social norms and for which the individual feels no remorse

somatoform disorders (somatization disorder and hypochondriasis)

Physical symptoms such as paralysis without medical explanation

deinstitutionalization

Policy of discharging mentally ill patients from institutions on the assumption that they can be cared for in their communities; policy also lead to the closing of part or all of these institutions

prefrontal lobotomy

Procedure of psychosurgery developed by Egas Moniz

diagnosis

Process of deciding whether a person has symptoms that meet established criteria of an existing classification system

Oedipal complex

Process that occurs during the phallic stage in which a boy wishes to possess his mother sexually and fears retaliation by his father

Electra complex

Process that occurs during the phallic stage in which girl wishes to possess her father sexually

ataque de nervios

Prominent among Spanish-speaking people from Caribbean and other Hispanic groups; most frequent in women; this brief-duration syndrome involves a variety of symptoms and they usually follow family-related stressful events

David Buss

Propose theory that evolution has had an impact on the type of people that men and women choose as dates and mates

Raymond B. Catell

Proposed 16 source traits to describe personality and make predictions of future behaviors

Seymour Epstein

Proposed that both sides of the consistency issue in behavior are correct

rationalization -you didn't do well on an exam, you could admit you found the material hard to understand but this would lead to additional anxiety; so you may tell yourself/anyone else you "don't want to be an economist anyway"

Proposing socially acceptable feelings or reasons in place of actual, unacceptable feelings or reasons for a behavior -ex?

Community Mental Health Centers Act

Provided funds for establishment of community mental health centers in which patients would be treated on an outpatient basis

you may be asked to breathe into a paper bag as part of research on the cause of panic disorder

Psychiatric Research Center seeks volunteers for research involving a "biological challenge." B/c the center is willing to pay volunteers, you are interested but would like to know what is involved. When you call for more info, what will they tell you about the procedure?

countertransference

Psychoanalyst transfers feelings to the client; based on the psychoanalysts responses to significant persons in his/her life

free association

Psychoanalytic technique in which the patient is asked to say whatever comes to mind without censoring anything; provides clues that psychoanalysts use to help their patients identify hidden conflicts

defense mechanism

Psychodynamic term used to describe primarily unconscious methods of reducing anxiety or guilt that results from conflicts among the id, ego, and superego

comorbid

Psychological disorders that occur with other disorders

self-report inventory

Psychological test in which individuals answer questions about themselves, usually by responding yes or no or true or false

projective test

Psychological test that involves the use of unstructured or ambiguous stimuli in an effort to assess personality

William Sheldon

Psychologist who suggested that the shape of one's body determines one's personality; subsequent research demonstrated his findings were influenced by preconceptions

autonomic; central

Psychophysiological disorders are likely to affect parts of the body controlled by the _____nervous system; somatoform disorders likely to be found in parts of the body controlled by the _____ nervous system

schizophrenia

Psychotic disorder characterized by positive symptoms (excesses) such as delusions, hallucinations, and fluent but disorganized speech, or negative symptoms (deficits) such as flat or blunted affect; split b/t thoughts & emotions and a separation from reality; "cruelest and most devastating of the various mental illnesses;" usually occurs around 20 & affects 1% of pop.; rate equal in men&women but men develop an earlier and more severe form

reality principle

Realistic plan for obtaining what the id wants; working out realistic ways of satisfying id's demands, often compromising or postponing satisfaction to avoid negative consequences of society.

negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Reductions or losses of function; these behavior deficits or defects include poverty of speech as well as disturbances in affect and volition (will); associated with more cognitive impairment and poorer prognoses

conscious

Refers to the thoughts, wishes, and emotions you are aware of at this moment

moral therapy

Reflected belief that providing a humane and relaxed environment could produce positive changes in a persons behavior

denial -physician tells a parent her son has terminal cancer. Despite evidence the cancer isn't treatable, parent remains convinced her child will recover

Refusing to acknowledge an undesirable experience, memory, or internal need that is anxiety-arousing and behaving as if it did not exist -ex?

psychiatric nurses

Registered nurses who usually earned master's degree, which usually takes 2 yrs; especially proficient in evaluating the effects of a person's environment and physical functioning on his/her mental health status

compulsions

Repeated, irresistible behaviors or mental acts that often follow obsession

ego ideal

Represents the superego's positive side-the things that make us proud. When you achieve good grades in school this "pats you on the back" in recognition of your accomplishment. Aims for what is right and correct; motivates us to strive for perfection

basal ganglia and frontal lobes

Researchers are using sophisticated brain scanning devices to study the brains of people with OCD. Which areas of the brain would they expect to be especially active in these patients?

meta-analysis

Researchers combine the results of a large number of different studies; using this technique, researchers have found that therapy does lead to greater improvement than no treatment and that differences among various forms of therapy aren't great

sensation seeking

Researchers find that Ted's body has low levels of the enzyme MAO. Based on this finding, you conclude that Ted is likely to obtain a high score on a test designed to measure what?

51%-58%

Researchers found that what percentage of individual difference variation among the Big Five is genetic in origin ?

they have less volume in the prefrontal cortex

Researchers have used brain scans to study people w/ antisocial personality disorder. What have they uncovered about the brains of these individuals, as compared to control participants?

regression -an adult as a temper tantrum

Returning to forms of behavior that are indicative of an earlier level of development such as childhood (usually in response to an overwhelming stressor) -ex?

Walter Mischel

Said behavior wasn't consistent; advised psychologists to turn their attention from the search for traits to the study of how situations influence behaviors (like how behavior is different when you are out with friends compared to having dinner with relatives)

-Schizophrenia -Labels can influence our perceptions of behavior

Rosenhan and his colleagues presented themselves as patients with just one symptom-hearing a voice say "empty," "hollow," and "thud." What diagnosis were these pseudopatients given? What is the implication of Rosenhan's pseuopatient study?

locus of control

Rotter's term for generalized experiences

Darryl Bem and Andrea Allen

Said that behavior is consistent for reasons such as: we rely on preconceived notions of how behaviors are related & may jump to conclusions that are consistent with those notions, AND some characteristics such as intelligence, emotional reactions, and physical appearance are consistent over time

internal-external (I-E) scale

Scale to measure individuals' locus of control

anal stage

Second stage of psychosexual development, during which the focus of pleasure is the anus and conflict often occurs as efforts are made to toilet-train the child; occurs from about 18 months to 3 years of age

hallucinations

Sensory experiences that aren't caused by stimulation of the relevant sensory organ; may occur in any of the senses

Ted Brundy

Serial killer/rapist who used his charm to lure dozens of young women to accompany him to isolated places, only 1 of them ever seen alive again; his behavior is consistent with the diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder

tardive dyskinesia

Serious adverse effect of antipsychotic drugs characterized by involuntary motor symptoms such as lip smacking

biomedical therapies

Set of treatments for mental illnesses that include drugs, psychosurgery, & ECT to alter brain functioning and thus reduce symptoms

paraphilia

Sexual arousal by objects or situations not considered sexual by most people

gender identity disorder (transsexualism)

Sexual disorder characterized by a person's belief that he/she was born with the wrong biological sex organs; occurs in 1 in 30,000 males and 1 in 100,000 females

Carl Rogers

Shared Maslow's belief that people are innately good and are directed toward growth, development, and personal fulfillment; proposed that people's self-concepts become distorted by conditions of worth imposed from the outside; in his theory, healthy individuals have a real self-concept that is consistent with their ideal self-concept

body type

Sheldon believed that personality was related to what?

displacement -Want to retaliate against your boss for something she said to you; the ego recognized that that would be ill-advised. Later, you find yourself yelling at the grocery clerk & cutting drivers off on the way home. Each innocent bystander is a safer outlet for aggression and less threatening to the ego

Shifting feelings from one object to a substitute that is not as gratifying but is less anxiety-arousing -ex?

-delirium: confused state of consciousness -dementia: multiple deficits in intellectual functioning -amnestic disorders:affect memory but not other functioning

Significant cognitive deficits resulting from a medial condition or substance use -describe each

increases with the degree of genetic relatedness b/t an individual & family member who has schizophrenia (highest in identical twins)

Since schizophrenia runs in families, how does the risk of developing it increase?

hypochondriasis

Somatoform disorder in which a person believes that he or she has a serious disease despite repeated medical findings to the contrary; people with this detect aches,pains,bodily changes that most of us would ignore

conversion disorder

Somatoform disorder in which a person presents sensory or motor symptoms that don't have a medical explanation and are normally under voluntary control; symptoms can be dramatic such as blindness, deafness, paralysis, and seizures

somatization disorder

Somatoform disorder involving multiple physical complaints that do not have a medical explanation and do not suggest a specific known disease; occurs more frequently in women

Psychotherapy

Special relationship between a distressed person and a trained therapist in which therapist aids the client in developing awareness and changing his/her thinking, feeling, and behavior

resistance

Stage of psychoanalysis in which blocking of free association occurs b/c critical unconscious material is close to conscious awareness; patients flow of words & thoughts stop; the cessation of associations might indicate the defense mechanism of repression is operating to protect ego from anxiety generated by thoughts& feelings that are revealed

genital stage

Stage of psychosexual development that begins at puberty and usually leads to normal adult sexual development; sexual interest reawakened and become stronger; focus on mature sexual adult relationships; occurs from adolescence to adulthood

latency stage

Stage of psychosexual development that extends from about age 6 until the onset of puberty and is characterized by a low level of sexual interest; sexual interests are repressed

schizotypal

Stan's speech described as odd and his perceptions typically don't match those of people around him. He's socially isolated, suspicious, and dresses in unusual clothing. If he had a personality disorder, what would it be?

conversion disorder

Story of Larry Libido(?) and Pamela Punty(?) illustrates the Freudian description of what?

relational frame theory

Stresses the importance of understanding language and cognition in order to understand human behavior; we either directly or indirectly associate words and events

provide a humane and relaxed environment, and patients will recover

Student was asked to describe treatment approach called "moral management" What would be best brief description?

phenomenology

Study of experience just as it occurs

epidemiologists

Study the distribution of factors (prevalence and incidence) associated with accidents, diseases, and psychological disorders

neurodevelopmental model

Suggests that schizophrenia results from a combo of a genetic predisposition along with other factors

undifferentiated

Symptoms may include prominent delusions, hallucinations & disorganized speech that do not fit other subtypes; long-term outcomes are highly variable

schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders

Symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations and deterioration from a previous level of functioning lasting at least 6 months

agitated depression

Symptoms such as wringing of the hands, pacing and bemoaning one's fate

self-monitoring

Technique in which clients carefully monitor and record the occurrences of a specific behavior, such as obsessive hand washing; useful in providing info to the client and opposing an intervention; works well with obsessive-compulsive behaviors and depression

cognitive restructuring

Technique that focuses on client learning how to identify and record occurrence of incorrect or irrational thoughts, then learns how to test the validity of theses thoughts; goal is to bring clients thoughts in line w/ reality; works well w depression & eating disorders

mindfulness training

Technique thats been adapted from the Buddhist philosophy; therapist teaches clients how to observe their own thoughts without judging them as good or bad; doesn't have good long-term results

panic disorder

Ted is sitting in class when he is suddenly overcome by an intense fear that he has never experienced before. His heart is "racing out of control," and he wonders if he is having a heart attack. Which disorder is most consistent with Ted's symptoms?

Barnum Effect

Tendency to accept generalized personality description as accurate descriptions of oneself

experience seeking

Tendency to seek novel experiences through the mind and senses

disinhibition

Tendency to seek sensation through social activities such as parties

abnormal

Term used to describe behavior that is rare or dysfunctional, causes personal distress, or deviates from social norms

dysfunctional

Term used to describe behaviors that adversely affect an individual's day-to-day functioning

melancholia

Term used today to denote an especially severe form of depression; elevated levels of the "humor" black bile said to lead to this thousands of years ago

shadow

The animal instinct or "dark" side of our personality

preventing mental illness

The community mental health movement placed greatest emphasis on ....

surface traits

The correlation of data between objective tests, records of participants lives, & observations of behavior in contrived situations indicate that certain bits of info tend to cluster together....what are these clusters called?

heuristic function

The degree to which a theory guides or influences future research efforts

Usefulness

The degree to which a theory is helpful in the sense of having important practical applications, such as a strategy for therapy

empirical validity

The degree to which a theory is supported by scientific research

expressed emotion (EE)

The degree to which family members' spontaneous talk about the patient can be scribed as critical, hostile or overinvolved

comprehensiveness

The extent to which a theory explains a broad range of personality phenomena. Other things being equal, the more this theory is preferred.

oral stage -infants/toddlers biting, sucking, or placing objects in their mouths

The first stage of psychosexual development in which the mouth is the focus o pleasure-seeking activity -ex?

explanatory style

The habitual way we explain good and bad events; serves as the mediator of whether we will suffer greatly from helplessness and possibly depression

panic disorder

The most severe anxiety disorder, characterized by intense physiological arousal not related to a specific stimulus

creative power of the self

The notion that we are able to mold our own destinies (that is, we possess free will)

client-centered therapy

Therapy designed by Carl Rogers to create an environment in which client is able to find solutions to his or her own probs

group therapy

Therapy in which clients discuss probs in groups that may include individuals with similar problems

self

The part of our personality that provides unity and stability and attempts to integrate the different aspects of the personality

psychic determinism -sexual conflicts occurring in childhood can bring on physical symptoms in adulthood -freudian slip

The psychodynamic assumption that all behaviors result from early childhood experiences, especially conflicts related to sexual instincts; refers to the influence of the past on the present -ex?

secondary gain

The response of others; tends to increase use of the symptoms in conversion

real self

The self as it really is, a product of our experiences

ideal self

The self we would like to be

Parsimony

The simplicity of a theory. When comparing theories with equal explanatory power, the more this theory is preferred.

identical twins reared apart

The strongest evidence for a genetic role in personality is found in similar personality characteristics between what?

phallic stage

The third stage of psychosexual development, in which the genital organs become the focus of pleasure-seeking behavior; begins at about age 4-5 to age 6

castration anxiety

The young boy fantasizes that the father's retaliation for the forbidden sexual and aggression impulses would involve injury to his genitals

social learning theory

Theory that learning occurs through watching and imitating the behaviors of others

cognitive therapies

Therapies designed to change conditions in order to eliminate maladaptive behaviors; effective in treating phobias & depression & in helping patients cope w/ medical procedures;

humanistic therapies

Therapies that emphasize the present and the ability of clients to solve their own problems once they are able to accept themselves; seek to reduce blocks to growth that can create a poor self-concept; believe that clients who are more accepting will be better able to solve own probs

participant modeling

Therapist model encourages and guides client in taking a progressively more active role in interacting with the anxiety-provoking stimulus

nondirective therapy

Therapists dont initiate therapy, ask questions, give advice, or encourage clients to make certain choices; they respond to client, & the responsiveness helps the client develop self-understanding

away from the norm

What does "abnormal" literally mean?

Nai-Kan

Therapy practiced in Japan thats designed to discover how a client has been ungrateful and troublesome to people who have extended themselves, such as parents and teacher; find ways for client to demonstrate gratitude to and alliance with these people

psychopathy

This dimension focuses on the characteristics that define the diagnostic category known as antisocial personality disorder. Among the characteristics are lack of shame, inability to learn from punishment, recklessness, deceitfulness, and a distinct lack of empathy

hostility

This dimension overlaps with the 5-factor trait called neuroticism. These people tend to misinterpret the actions and words of others as directed at them. They are remarkably impatient, and are given to either direct or passive actions. Has been shown to be one of several factors that can put one at risk for heart disease.

phototherapy

Treatment for SAD that exposes you to greater amounts of bright light during winter

psychoanalytic therapy

Treatment of maladaptive behavior developed by Sigmund Freud; its goal is to uncover unconscious conflicts and feelings and bring them to the conscious level

psychological therapies

Treatments for psychological disorders such as psychotherapy and therapies based on classical or operant conditioning principles; range from "talk therapies," to treatments based on principles of learning

fear of the market place

What does "agoraphobia" literally mean?

Rorschach Inkblot test

Type of projective test where ink is dropped on a piece of paper and folded in half, creating a symmetrical pattern; 5 cards are black/white and other 5 are colorful; participant is to report what they see in each card

latent content

Underlying meaning of the dream

catatonic schizophrenia

Unusual motor symptoms ranging from rigidity to wild hyperactivity and occasional alterations between inactivity and excitement; less common today b/c drug treatments reduce/eliminate the symptoms

elective/integrative approach

Use of components from several therapies

You could interpret the failure to be selected as evidence that you have notability at all, and consequently you may feel depressed. On contrasting side, you might recognize there were many qualified actors who have more experience than you and that you have skills that are apparent in other areas besides acting

Using Ellis' ABC framework, suggest 2 contrasting interpretations: You tried out for class play but weren't selected. What consequences is each interpretation likely to have?

marriage and family therapists

Usually complete 2-yr master's program; training focuses on therapy w/ couples & families and followed by 2+yrs of supervised work; specially trained to deal w/ marital probe and child-parent conflicts; some states require licenses

sociocultural model

View that emphasizes the importance of society and culture in causing psycholog

cognitive model

View that emphasizes thinking as the key element in causing psychological disorders

medical model

View that mental disorders are like physical illnesses and have underlying organic causes

50%

What % of genetic material do fraternal twins share?

30% -schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, panic disorder

What % of individuals with a psychological disorder seek treatment? Those with which disorders are more likely to seek treatment than individuals with substance-use disorders?

30%-40%

What % of patients with schizophrenia do not respond adequately to typical antipsychotic drugs?

50%

What % of people with a blood-injection-injury phobia report a history of fainting?

80%

What % of suicide victims give direct warnings like "I'm going to end it all?"

difficulty falling asleep (sleep-onset insomnia) and awakening early in the morning with an inability to return to sleep

What 2 forms of insomnia are associated with depression?

-norepinephrine and serotonin -antidepressant drugs

What 2 neurotransmitters play significant roles in depression? and What increases the availability of these neurotransmitters at synapses in the brain?

avolition (difficulty making decisions) & apathy

What 2 things are characterized by a lack of energy and drive such that a person is unable to initiate or persist in tasks?

emotional, cognitive, motivational, somatic/behavioral

What 4 broad categories do the symptoms of depression fall into?

-Atypical antipsychotic drugs such as Clozapine -reduce levels of white blood cells

What are alternative drug treatments for schizophrenia? What is a disadvantage of these alternative treatments?

oral: chewing pencils or overating personality: excessive dependency, optimism, gullibility

What are examples of fixation at the oral stage and in personality characteristics?

no genetic abnormality yet believes he/she has sex organs of wrong sex

What are key symptoms of transsexualism?

stress and hostile family communication

What are some environmental influences on schizophrenia?

mental retardation and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

What are some examples of disorders usually first diagnosed in infancy, childhood, or adolescence

individual's learning history, cultural factors

What are some factors that account for differences in locus of control?

case studies, interviews, naturalistic observations, lab investigations, psychological tests

What are some methods used to examine personality?

phobias, alcohol & drug abuse/dependence, and major depressive disorder

What are some of the most common psychological disorders?

psychological health, psychopathy, hostility, narcissism, dysphoria

What are some selected dimensions of personality produced by clinical judgment and clinical sorting?

hypochondriasis, somatization disorder, conversion disorder

What are some somatoform disorders listed in the DSM-IV-TR?

openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

What are the "big 5" traits? (OCEAN)

1. each persons's pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving makes him or her distinctive 2. an individuals personality is relatively consistent

What are the 2 components of personality?

-eros: for life-giving and pleasure-producing activities -thanatos: for aggression or destruction

What are the 2 key instincts Freud described?

schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

What are the 2 most compelling examples of psychotic disorders?

conscience and ego ideal

What are the 2 parts of the superego?

disordered: not being able to take a bath, cook meals, or get dressed -catatonic: range from non movement, like remaining in a bizarre posture for long periods of time, to excessive movements

What are the 2 types of behaviors of a schizophrenic? provide examples

in-vivo (real life) graduated exposure & imaginal graduated exposure

What are the 2 versions of systematic desensitization?

1) seeking a # of temporary mates 2) seeking a single long-term mate

What are the 2 ways men perpetuate their genes by?

1. Moving toward people=person seeks affection/approval 2. Moving against people=uses power to control/exploit other people 3.Moving away from people=withdraws from a situation

What are the 3 basic adjustment patterns that Horney believes all people use in order to reduce anxiety?

extraversion, neuroticism, psychoticism

What are the 3 basic traits Eysenck said we can describe personality?

endomorphs=round mesomoprhs=rectangular extomorphs=thin

What are the 3 body types that Sheldon proposed?

1. is your distress level intense enough that you want to do something about it now? 2. are you no longer able to handle your problems on your own? do you feel the need for more support? 3. is your distress affecting your personal life, family, or work?

What are the 3 key issues to consider when deciding to enter psychotherapy?

tricyclic depressants, monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, & selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

What are the 3 main classes of antidepressant drugs?

1. psychologist must identify target behaviors 2. contingencies for each target must be established 3. developer of token economy must set exchange rules for using tokens

What are the 3 major steps in establishing a token economy?

-past performances -watching others in similar situations and nothing the consequences they experience -verbal persuasion -physiological arousal

What are the 4 sources of info that can influence self-efficacy?

-free association -dream interpretation -resistance -transference

What are the 4 special therapeutic processes that are the hallmarks of psychoanalytic therapy?

comprehensiveness, parsimony, usefulness, heuristic function, and empirical validity

What are the 5 guidelines for evaluating the various theories or perspectives to explain human personality?

oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital

What are the 5 stages of psychosexual development?

catatonic, disorganized, paranoid, residual, and undifferentiated

What are the 5 types of schizophrenia?

disinhibition, thrill seeking, experience seeking, and boredom susceptibility

What are the components that sensation seeking can be divided into?

persona, anima/animus, shadow, and self

What are the different archetypes that Jung proposed?

irresponsible, deceitful, manipulative, &remorseless. They don't exhibit anxiety, depression, hallucinations, or delusions

What are the key symptoms of antisocial personality disorder? In what ways do antisocial individuals appear to be quite normal?

1. behavior is specific to a situation 2. people exhibit broad, stable tendencies to respond in certain ways across situations

What are the reasons that both sides of the behavior consistency debate are both correct?

1. introduction 2. setting goals 3. intervention 4. evaluation 5. termination

What are the stages of therapy?

-strengths: b/c it considers only observable behavior, parsimony is high; has empirical support; has stimulated considerable research -weaknesses: may not be able to describe personality fully w/ only behavior

What are the strengths/weaknesses of the Behavior Perspective?

-strengths: focuses on biological aspects of individuals' differences, w/ a special emphasis on genetic influences -weaknesses: may misinterpret research to conclude that environmental factors aren't important or that personality can't change

What are the strengths/weaknesses of the Biological Perspective?

-strengths: focuses on conscious influences on behavior & on the more positive aspects of human nature -weaknesses: uses concepts, like self-actualization, that are difficult to define/measure, takes an overly optimistic view of human nature

What are the strengths/weaknesses of the Humanistic Perspective?

-strengths: uses case studies to provide in-depth assessment of individuals; focuses on importance of unconscious processes & conflict as key factors in development of personality -weaknesses: uses concepts that are difficult to define and study; overemphasizes importance of early development

What are the strengths/weaknesses of the Psychodynamic Perspective?

-strengths: adds a cognitive focus to learning-theory explanations of personality -weaknesses: doesn't appear to account for broad consistencies in behavior; doesn't account for genetic influences on personality

What are the strengths/weaknesses of the Social-cognitive Perspective?

-strengths: describes major dimensions on which individuals differ from one another -weaknesses: sometimes emphasizes diff. traits as key ones; may not provide an explanation of the development of traits

What are the strengths/weaknesses of the Trait Perspective?

-repeated reexperience of the event(dreams/flashbacks) -persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the event -emotional numbness -increased arousal

What are the symptoms of and criteria for PTSD diagnosis?

-psychosurgery -SSRIs -ERP

What are the treatments of OCD?

-antipsychotic meds such as Thorazine, Prolixin, Stelazine, Haldol -side effect of Tardive Dyskinesia; Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome

What are treatments for schizophrenia? What is a disadvantage of the treatments?

low levels of physiological arousall

What biological factor is related to antisocial personality disorder?

carol, who has a phobia of small, enclosed spaces

What client has best chance of improving?

permanent-universal-internal

What combo of the dimensions of explanatory style is especially self-defeating?

-patients suffering from a variety of disorders improved whether they received psychotherapy or not -researchers were challenged to present evidence for effectiveness of therapy and to identify its key elements

What conclusions did Eysenck draw from his study of the effectiveness of psychotherapy? What was the impact of his research?

an iceberg with 3 levels of consciousness and 3 structures (id, ego, superego)

What did Freud compare the mind to?

based ideas on small, unrepresentative samples of disturbed individuals; many of his concepts aren't directly testable; subjective method of data collection; view of the denigration of women

What did critics of psychodynamic theory critique about Freud's ideas?

PTSD

What disorder has marginal relief?

learning

What do behavior therapists see as cause of maladaptive behavior?

-rates of depression have risen steadily for each successive generation -depression begins at an earlier age with each successive generation

What were the 2 major findings of surveys of people in the US, Western Europe, Middle East, and Asia about depression?

(B)ABHN antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic

Whats the (acronym) and personality disorders that are in cluster B?

(C)ADO avoidant, dependent, OCD

Whats the (acronym) and personality disorders that are in cluster C?

concordant

When both twins have mood disorders, the twin pair is often called

when there is a high level of nerve impulses in brain circuits related to fear and vigilance

When does anxiety often occur?

Jean-Baptise Pussin

When he became superintendent of a ward for incurable patients he insisted the staff should be kind & gentle, dismissed those who mistreated patients, & removed the chains from mental patients in France

double depression

When major depressive disorder and dysthymic disorder occur together; affected people are chronically dysthymic and then occasionally experience a major depressive episode

rationalization

When you use an alternative, acceptable reason to replace the actual, unacceptable reason for a behavior, you are using...

locus of control

Whether the person sees his or her behavior as controlled by external factors or internal forces; measures of generalized expectancy; related to a variety of outcomes, including academic and health behaviors

extraversion

Which Big Five trait is related to sensation seeking?

projective

Which assessment technique requires individuals to respond to unstructured or ambiguous stimuli?

grave disability

Which criterion is used in cases of involuntary commitment?

specific phobias

Which disorder considered almost curable?

somatoforum disorder

Which disorder involves "bodily" symptoms?

panic

Which disorder is considered curable?

OCD, depression, agoraphobia

Which disorders have moderate or mild relief?

cocaine and amphetamines

Which drugs can induce some symptoms of schizophrenia and are known to increase the dopamine levels in the brain?

superego

Which element in Freud's personality theory consists of the conscience and the ego ideal?

behavioral

Which form of therapy is preferred treatment for phobias?

drama who suffers from agoraphobia

Which individual is suffering from the most common phobia treated in mental health centers? -alice who suffers from zoophobia -ben who suffers from belonephobia -dan who suffers from a social phobia -darla who suffers from agoraphobia

confrontation

Which is NOT stage in therapy process? a. evaluation b. confrontation c. intervention d. goal setting

Alfred Adler

Which neo-freudian believed that the primary drive in personality is social rather than sexual?

dopamine

Which neurotransmitter has been most often implicated in the development of schizophrenia

serotonin

Which neurotransmitter is implicated in the development of OCD?

dopamine

Which neurotransmitter plays a role in schizophrenia?

norepinephrine and serotonin

Which neurotransmitters have been implicated in the development of depression?

conscientiousness

Which of these is a Big Five trait we would expect to be related to success in jobs requiring order and attention to details?

Carl who's been accused of assault

Which person is most likely to plead "not guilty by reason of insanity"?

CPI

Which psychological test might be used in this circumstance?: -A company wants to use a self-report inventory to select new salespeople

MMPI

Which psychological test might be used in this circumstance?: -A hospital needs to determine the most likely diagnosis of mental patients

Rorschach Inkblot test

Which psychological test might be used in this circumstance?: -A psychologist is interested in assessing a person's unconscious thought processes but has no direct access to those processes

rational-emotive

Which therapy is based on assumption that our emotional responses are an outgrowth of our cognitions?

extraversion

Which trait is the focus of Hans Eysenck's research on personality?

cognitive factors

While acknowledging the importance of learning, what did Julian Rotter and Albert Bandura incorporate into their theories of personality?

dissociative identity disorder -schizophrenia, depression, & alcohol/drug abuse

While watching a talk show you hear the announcer describe today's guests as suffering from multiple personality. What is the current name for this disorder? It takes several years before a proper diagnosis is made; give examples of typical diagnoses made in the meantime

Eugen Bleuler "splitting of the mind"

Who coined the term "schizophrenia," and what does it literally mean?

unmarried white men over age 50

Who has the highest suicide rate?

high correlations b/t identical twins reared together could be the result of similarities in the environment. When the twins are reared separately, the high correlations reflect hereditary influences on personality

Why are identical twins reared apart so important in research designed to detriment the influence of nature and nurture on personality?

they don't experience anxiety

Why do antisocial individuals behave without regard for the feelings or well-being of others?

it can be understood only in relation to specific behaviors and specific situations

Why is self-efficacy not a "trait"?

word salad

Words may be strung together in ways that seem to follow grammatical rules, yet the words form an incoherent collection called...

self-efficacy

You're about to undergo delicate brain surgery that requires great skill on the part of the surgeon. As the surgical team wheels you to the operating room, you hope the surgeon has a high level of...

penis envy

Young girls become aware they don't have penises, which Freud believed they both value and desire

fetishism and voyeruism

Young man spends part of his typical night peeking into windows watching people as they undress; the rest of the night he kisses and fondles a black boot. What 2 sexual disorders does this person exhibit?

more than one disorder has been diagnosed in this client

Your roommate, a psych major, is completing an internship at the mental health center. Today he told you about a client who was described during a case conference as "comorbid." You don't want to reveal your ignorance, so you look up the word later. What will you learn from the dictionary entry?

bedlam

contraction of Bethlehem; described conditions of the hospitals that housed the mentally ill in 16th & 17th centuries

it

what is "id" latin for?