PSY 1605 - Diversity Final
In terms of time orientation, American Indians and Alaskan Natives are much more oriented toward: (A) the future (B) the present (C) the past (D) time does not exist
(B) the present (A) is incorrect because American Indians and Native Alaskans are not future oriented; however, European Americans are.
Essay: Describe indigenous healing.
According to Edwards (2011, as cited in Sue 8th edition), indigenous healing can be defined as helping beliefs and practices that originate within the culture or society. It is not simply transported from other regions, and it is designed for treating the inhabitants of the given group.
Essay: Define what acculturation is and what conflicts may occur in the process of acculturation.
Children of Asian descent who are exposed to different cultural standards often attribute their psychological distress to their parents' backgrounds and different values. The issue of not quite fitting in with their peers yet being considered "too Americanized" by their parents is common. Parent-child conflicts are among the most common presenting problems for Asian American college students seeking counseling (R. M. Lee, Su, & Yoshida, 2005, as cited in Sue 8th edition) and are often related to dating and marriage issues (Ahn et al., 2009, as cited in Sue 8th edition). Chinese immigrant mothers report a larger acculturation gap with sons than with daughters (Buki, Ma, Strom, & Strom, 2003, as cited in Sue 8th edition). The larger the acculturation gap between parents and children, the greater the number of family problems. Parents may complain, "My children have lost their cultural heritage" (Hwang et al., 2010, as cited in Sue 8th edition). The inability to resolve differences in acculturation results in misunderstandings, miscommunication, and conflict (R. M. Lee, Choe, Kim, & Ngo, 2000, as cited in Sue 8th edition). Parents may feel at a loss in terms of how to deal with their children. Some respond by becoming more rigid.
__________ and other _______________ strategies are useful in working with Asian American clients.
Cognitive-behavioral; solution-focused According to S.W.-H. Chen & Davenport (2005, as cited in Sue 8th edition), cognitive-behavioral and other solution-focused strategies are useful in working with Asian Americans. However, these may need to be modified to address a collectivistic focus.
True or False: A father takes his adolescent son to the store to buy a skateboard. The salesperson overcharges the son for the skateboard, so the son proceeds to raise his voice and demands to see the manager. When they return home, the father would likely compliment his son for standing up to the manager.
False Emotional restraint is often valued. Strong displays of emotion, especially in public, are signs of immaturity and lack of self-control
True or False: American Indians/Alaska Natives are a heterogeneous group composed of approximately 159 distinct tribes, some consisting of only four to five members.
False At the time of the 8th edition, American Indians/Alaska Natives form a highly heterogeneous group composed of 566 distinct tribes, some consisting of only four or five members
True or False: In Asian psychology, the shamanic drumming circle is the most widely used form of therapy to reach enlightenment and liberation.
False Research findings indicate that yoga and meditation are the most widely used of all therapies
True or False: Asian American college students report higher self-esteem and more satisfaction with their racially defined characteristics than their White counterparts.
False Research suggests that the opposite is true that Asian American college students have lower self-esteem due to their racially defined characteristics. More specifically, Asian American college women report lower self-esteem and less satisfaction with their racially defined features than do their Caucasian counterparts (Mintz & Kashubeck, 1999, as cited in Sue 8th edition). C.-R. Lee (1995, as cited in Sue 8th edition) described his experiences as "straddling two worlds and at home in neither" and tells how he also felt alienated from both American and Korean cultures.
True or False: Because of the importance of spirituality in many cultures, religious beliefs systems are considered harmless
False The authors share that although they have discussed the important role that indigenous healing plays in many societies and cultures, there are downsides reflected in our historical past where an uncritical acceptance of religious belief systems may actually harm rather than heal or enlighten. For example, this was the case during the Middle Ages, when supernatural explanations of human behavior led to a total eclipse of science and resulted in the deaths of many innocent people, primarily those accused of being witches (women, the mentally ill, those with disfigurements, gypsies, and scientists who voiced beliefs that differed from the Church's doctrines). Early forms of Christianity did little to promote science and in many ways actively discouraged it.
True or False: The indigenous African approach teaches that human beings should be oriented toward individual survival.
False The indigenous African approach teaches that humans should be orientated toward collective rather than individual survival.
True or False: The largest Latinx ethnic group is Puerto Rican.
False The largest Latinx group is Mexican, and Mexican Americans are the dominant Latinx group in metropolitan areas throughout the United States.
True or False: With respect to crime, it has been found that darker-skinned women experience shorter sentences than women with lighter skin.
False With respect to crime, it has been found that lighter-skinned women experience shorter sentences than women with darker skin. The textbook reports that in a study involving African American defendants who were convicted of killing White victims, Eberhardt and colleagues (2006 as cited in Sue 8th edition) found that defendants with darker skin and broader noses were twice as likely to receive the death penalty compared to African Americans who looked less stereotypically black. Similarly, Viglione, Hannon, and DeFina (2011, as cited in Sue 8th edition) found that African American women with lighter skin received shorter sentences than women with darker skin who committed similar crimes.
True or False: Clients who are at the pre-encounter stage of racial identity may believe that race is an important factor in their lives.
False Clients who are at the pre-encounter stage of racial identity generally do not believe that race is an important factor in their lives. Furthermore, African Americans who are at the pre-encounter level are less likely to report racial discrimination, whereas those in the immersion stage tend to be least satisfied with societal conditions.
True or False: You are a counselor in private practice and are working with a 42-year-old Native American woman going through a life transition. In your initial intake, she reports living with her White, American husband and 8-year-old daughter in your city. As such, you do not assess the importance of tribal affiliation. This is the correct action to take because she does not live on a reservation.
False Even though she does not live on a reservation, it does not mean that tribal affiliation is not important to her. The authors report that counselors need to discuss the client's tribal affiliation (if any), languages spoken, self-identity, and residential background, and find out whether there is a current relationship to a tribe or tribal culture (Garrett & Pichette, 2000, as cited in Sue 8th edition). In reference to this particular question, however, the types of problems and the therapeutic process and goals appropriate for someone living on a rural reservation may be very different from those appropriate for an urbanized Indian who retains few traditional beliefs.
True or False: Prayers are not generally considered a source of strength for Latinx.
False For many Latinx religion and prayer serve as sources of strength. Religion, often but not always, Catholicism, is important to many Latinx, although less so among younger individuals
True or False: Traditional Asian American families tend to be egalitarian and matriarchal in structure.
False The traditional Asian American families tend to be hierarchical and patriarchal in structure, with males and older individuals occupying a higher status
True or False: Although African Americans represent only 13 percent of the U.S. population, 40 percent of those incarcerated are Black.
True Although African Americans represent 13 percent of the U.S. population, 40 percent of those incarcerated are Black. Whites who make up 64 percent of the population account for only 39 percent of those in prison
True or False: Asian psychologies focus on enlightenment and ideal mental health rather than psychopathology
True Asian perspectives concentrate less on psychopathology and more on enlightenment and ideal mental health.
True or False: In an Asian American family, it is not atypical for a parent to induce guilt or shame and love withdrawal when a child misbehaves.
True In an Asian American family, it is not atypical for a parent to induce guilt or shame and love withdrawal when a child misbehaves. In fact, shame, the induction of guilt, and love withdrawal are often used to control and train the children
True or False: Assessing spiritual strengths and beliefs is recommended when working with African American clients.
True Spiritual beliefs are important to many African Americans and may serve as a protective factor in response to stressors. For example, if a client is heavily involved in church activities or has strong religious beliefs, the counselor might consider enlisting church leaders to help the client (or family) deal with social and economic stressors or conflicts involving the family, school, or community. Church personnel are also often aware of the family dynamics and living conditions of parishioners. Moreover, churches often sponsor parenting programs or activities that enrich family life.
The __________ person is conversant with both sets of values and communicates in a variety of contexts.
bicultural Bicultural is defined as a person who is conversant with both sets of values and can communicate in a variety of contexts.
When working with an Asian American client, assess not just from an individual perspective but include _________, ________ and ________ ________ on the problem.
family; community; societal influences Clinical implications teach counselors to assess not just from an individual perspective but include family, community and societal influences on the problem. In addition, obtain the worldview, degree of acculturation, and ethnic identity of the Asian American client.
In regards to discrimination and racism, even fourth- and fifth-generation Asian Americans are sometimes identified as "_______."
foreign Asian Americans have been exposed to discrimination and racism throughout history and continue to face anti-Asian sentiments. Even fourth- and fifth-generation Asian Americans are sometimes identified as being "foreign"
Perceived racial ________________________ and discrimination are associated with higher psychological distress, anxiety, depression and somatic symptoms.
microaggressions Perceived racial microaggressions and discrimination are associated with higher psychological distress, anxiety, depression and somatic symptoms
What are some things counselors should consider during assessment and problem definition? (A) Consider the family context. (B) Consider community context. (C) Define the problem as related to family enmeshment. (D) Begin to develop client autonomy.
(A) Consider the family context & (B) Consider community context Because of a possible collectivistic orientation, it is important for counselors to consider the family and community context during assessment and problem definition. A therapist should also be open to different family orientations and to avoid automatically considering interdependence as a sign of enmeshment.
Counselors' acceptance of potential benefits of spirituality as a means of coping with hopelessness, powerlessness, and identity issues is: (A) increasing (B) decreasing (C) staying the same (D) not known
(A) increasing Counselors' acceptance of the potential benefits of spirituality as a means of coping with hopelessness, powerlessness, and identity issues is increasing.
Counselors working with economically disadvantaged African American families may need to assume which of the following roles? (A) problem solver (B) babysitter (C) help do chores (D) facilitating mentor (E) advocate (F) case manager (G) navigate community resources
(A) problem solver, (D) facilitating mentor, (E) advocate, (F) case manager, (G) navigate community resources In working with economically disadvantaged African American families, the counselor may need to assume various roles, including advocate, case manager, problem solver, and facilitating mentor and to help the family navigate community systems, including the educational or judicial system.
In general, how is honor and respect gained among American Indians? (A) sharing (B) educational achievement (C) material wealth (D) None of the choices is correct.
(A) sharing
When do American Indian children appear to do well in their formal education? (A) the first few years (B) high school years (C) middle school years (D) never
(A) the first few years The authors report that the children appear to do well during the first few years of school. However, by the fourth grade, there is a pattern of academic decline and truancy develop and there is a significant drop in achievement motivation often occurs in middle school
The term Thùôc Nam spoken by Mrs. Nguyen to the counselor signified: (A) traditional medicine (B) child abuse (C) discipline (D) medicine man
(A) traditional medicine
According to the U.S. Census Bureau (2017, as cited in Sue 8th edition), Latinx Americans are ________ percent of U.S. population. (A) 25.2 (B) 17.6 (C) 14.7 (D) 8.9
(B) 17.6
The Asian American population is growing rapidly, and, as of 2013, was almost at: (A) 6 million (B) 18 million (C) 38 million (D) 52 million
(B) 18 million
The American Indian and Alaska Native population was ____ in 2015 representing ____ of the total U.S. population. (A) 10 million; 15 percent (B) 5.4 million; 2 percent (C) 3.8 million; 5 percent (D) 28 million; 22 percent
(B) 5.4 million; 2 percent According to the 2015 U.S Census, there were 5.4 million American Indian and Alaskan Native individuals totaling nearly 2 percent of total U.S. population.
What has been found regarding African American adolescents/young adults (ages 16 to 24)? (A) Unemployment rates among this population are low. (B) African American youth have the lowest rate of substance abuse. (C) Most do not feel that race is a factor in terms of how people are judged. (D) Their suicide rate is lower than that of White youth.
(B) African American youth have the lowest rate of substance abuse. African American adolescents have low rates of substance use compared to Whites and other ethnic groups
What is accurate regarding the educational experience of African Americans? (A) The educational attainment gap between Black and White children has widened considerably in the last 10 years. (B) Approximately 25 percent of African American adults do not graduate from high school. (C) The percentage of African Americans in higher education has increased dramatically in the last few years, even with the dismantling of affirmative action programs. (D) In general, African American college students report few instances of discrimination and prejudice on college campuses
(B) Approximately 25 percent of African American adults do not graduate from high school. Although gains have been made, the gap in high school graduation between African American and White children persists. In the 2014-2015 school year, the adjusted cohort graduation rate for African Americans was 75 percent compared to White Americans at 88 percent
Counseling techniques that focus directly on emotions may be uncomfortable and produce _________ for traditional Asian Americans. (A) guilt (B) shame (C) aggressiveness (D) depression
(B) shame Counseling techniques that focus directly on emotions may be uncomfortable and produce shame for traditional Asian Americans; shame is a group-oriented emotion.
What is true regarding the case of Vang? (A) His distressing symptoms involved severe headaches and hearing voices. (B) The shaman attributed the symptoms to spirits. (C) Treatment was only temporarily successful. (D) Before coming to the United States, his past life was relatively peaceful
(B) The shaman attributed the symptoms to the spirits. (A) is incorrect because severe headaches and hearing voices were not his symptoms. (C) is incorrect because his treatment was fully successful. (D) is incorrect because his life prior to arriving in the United States was very difficult.
In American Indian culture, children having direct eye contact with an elder would probably be seen as a sign of (A) anger (B) disrespect (C) agreement (D) resentment
(B) disrespect
Fatalism refers to (A) respect and loyalty to the family (B) the male is the head of the household (C) acculturation conflicts (D) resignation to misfortunes
(D) resignation to misfortunes
What has been found regarding value differences and their impact on counseling practice? (A) Most Asian immigrants and refugees believe in the value of talking about problems to a counselor. (B) Physical complaints are expressed in terms of emotional or psychological problems. (C) Among many Asian groups restraint of emotions is equated with maturity. (D) Asian immigrants and refugees tend to view mental illness as similar to any other problem.
(C) Among many Asian groups restraint of emotions is equated with maturity.
Vang Xiong suffered from which of the following illnesses/disorders? (A) Dissociative disorder (B) Sleep terror disorder (C) Hmong sudden death syndrome (D) Catatonic disorder (E) None of the choices is correct.
(C) Hmong sudden death syndrome
Studies suggest that which two pathologies are most frequently found with refugees from Southeast Asia? (A) Schizophrenia and dependent personality disorder (B) PTSD and borderline personality disorder (C) PTSD and major affective disorders (D) Schizophrenia and PTSD
(C) PTSD and major affective disorders Studies suggest that the two pathologies most frequently found with refugees from Southeast Asia are PTSD and major affective disorders.
Approximately what percentage of American Indian children were being placed by state courts and child welfare workers into non-Indian homes prior to the enactment of the Indian Child Welfare Act? (A) under 30 percent (B) over 50 percent (C) over 90 percent (D) under 50 percent
(C) over 90 percent Over 90 percent of American Indian children were being placed by state courts and child welfare workers into non-Indian homes prior to the enactment of the Indian Child Welfare Act.
Which is NOT an acculturation orientation? (A) marginal (B) pantraditional (C) pannational (D) bicultural
(C) pannational (A) is incorrect because marginal is an acculturation value where the individual may speak both languages but has lost touch with his or her cultural heritage and is not fully accepted in mainstream society. (B) is incorrect because pantraditional is an acculturation value focusing on going back to the old ways. (D) is incorrect because bicultural is an acculturation value focusing on being knowledgeable and flexible in two cultures.
Demographics on the African American population show: (A) within 20 years, they will be the largest minority group in the United States. (B) the number of African American men in their 20s who are in prison, in jail, or on parole has decreased in recent years. (C) the poverty rate of African Americans remains nearly two times as high as that of White Americans. (D) their unemployment rate is now only slightly higher than that of White Americans
(C) the poverty rate of African Americans remains nearly two times as high as that of White Americans. A is incorrect because within 20 years, Latinos will be the largest minority group B is incorrect because the number of African American men in their 20s who are in prison, in jail or on parole has increased in recent years. D is incorrect because the unemployment rate for African Americans is not only slightly higher than that of White Americans.
The author asserts that it is important to understand indigenous healing practices in order to: (A) anticipate potential conflicts in belief systems that might hinder the ability to be therapeutically effective (B) begin to use them to replace current methods that deal with racial minorities (C) fully understand the worldview of culturally different clients (D) All of the choices are correct.
(D) All of the choices are correct It is important to understand indigenous healing practices in order to anticipate potential conflicts in belief systems that might hinder the ability to be therapeutically effective, begin to use them to replace current methods that deal with racial minorities, and fully understand the worldview of culturally different clients.
The reason so many American Indian/Alaska Native populations endured extermination and assimilation efforts was (A) spirituality and respect for the land (B) respect for traditional values and extended family networks (C) allegiance to the family, community, and tribe and respect for elders (D) All of the choices are correct.
(D) All of the choices are correct. All of the stated factors in this response contributed to American Indian/Alaskan Native resilience to extermination and assimilation efforts.
Which of the following is true regarding Western forms of healing? (A) Reality consists of distinct and separate units or objects. (B) Reality consists of what can be observed and measured via the five senses. (C) Space and time are fixed and are absolute constructs of reality. (D) All of the choices are correct.
(D) All of the choices are correct. Western forms of healing reality consists of distinct and separate units or objects, reality consists of what can be observed and measured via the five senses, and space and time are fixed and are absolute constructs of reality.
Which of the following refers to the Native Hawaiian termination ritual in which food is offered to the gods and the participants? (A) Pule weke (B) Oia'i'o (C) Mahiki (D ) Pani
(D) Pani (A) is incorrect because Pule weke is an opening prayer. (B) is incorrect because Oia'i'o refers to truth telling. (C) is incorrect because Mahiki is a process of getting to the problems.
Which of the following is TRUE regarding the health of African Americans? (A) African Americans are underrepresented among AIDS cases. (B) African Americans are more likely to undergo corrective surgeries than White Americans are. (C) There is little evidence that the blood pressure of African Americans can be influenced by psychological factors. (D) The average lifespan of African Americans is up to five to six years shorter than that of White Americans.
(D) The average lifespan of African Americans is up to five to six years shorter than that of White Americans.
Espiritismo refers to: (A) an Indian belief (B) the enlightenment of personal spirit (C) the destruction of the physical world (D) a world where spirits reside and impact people in the physical world
(D) a world where spirits reside and impact people in the physical world.
Which of the following is an approach often used in indigenous healing methods in Korea? (A) reliance on communal, group, and family networks to shelter the disturbed individual (B) reliance on communal, group, and family networks to problem solve in a group context (C) reliance on communal, group, and family networks to improve the life of only one family member (D) reliance on communal, group, and family networks to reconnect an individual with family or significant others (E) None of the choices is correct.
(D) reliance on communal, group, and family networks to reconnect an individual with family or significant others
Which of the following culture-bound syndromes are attributed to "an excess loss of semen"? (A) amok (B) koro (C) susto (D) shenkui
(D) shenkui (A) is incorrect because amok is a dissociative episode preceded by introspective brooding and then an outburst of violent, aggressive, or homicidal behavior toward people and objects. (B) is incorrect because koro is a Malaysian term refers to an intense fear of the shrinkage or retraction of one's genitals—typically the penis for males or breasts for females. Sometimes referred to as the genital retraction syndrome. (C) is incorrect because susto is a disorder associated with fright or soul loss and is a prevalent folk illness among some Latino/as.
References to the higher median income of Asian Americans do not take into account: (A) the higher percentage of Asian American families having more than one wage earner (B) a higher prevalence of poverty despite the higher median income (C) the discrepancy between education and income (D) a and c only (E) All of the choices are correct
(E) All of the choices are correct References to the higher median income for Asian Americans do not take into account the higher percentage of Asian American families having more than one wage earner, a higher prevalence of poverty despite the higher median income, and the discrepancy between education and income.
Over ____percent of African American households are middle income and _____ percent upper income versus ______percent and _______percent of White households.
38; 12; 44; 26 The text reports that 38 percent of African American households are middle income and 12 percent are upper income, compared with 44 percent and 26 percent of White households respectively
Between-group differences within the Asian American population are quite large, since the population is composed of at least _______ distinct subgroups.
40 Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders are nearly 6 percent of the population, but are composed of 40 distinct subgroups, each with its own language, religion and customs.
The median income of Latinx families is _____ that of U.S. median family income.
80% The median income of Latinx families ($47,675) is about 80 percent of the U.S. median family income ($59,039), with nearly 1 in 5 Latinx individuals living in poverty; and in 2016 about 16 percent of Latinx individuals did not have health insurance
Essay: Describe why the educational environment is often a negative one for African American youth.
: The educational environment is often negative for African American youth. They are two to five times more likely to be suspended from school and often receive harsher consequences than their White peers (Rudd, 2014, as cited in Sue 8th edition). School personnel often hold stereotypes of African American parents as being neglectful or incompetent and blame children's problems on a lack of parental support for schooling. As one teacher stated, "The parents are the problem! They [the African American children] have absolutely no social skills, such as not knowing how to walk, sit in a chair, . . .it's cultural" (Harry et al., 2005, p. 105, as cited in Sue 8th edition); but when these researchers visited the homes of parents who were criticized, they often observed parental love, effective parenting skills, and family support for education.
Essay: Describe a typical "Indian family."
According to the authors it is difficult to describe "the Indian family." They vary from the matriarchal structures seen in the Navajo, where women govern the family, to patriarchal structures, in which men are the primary authority figures. However, some generalizations can be made. A high fertility rate and strong roles for women are commonly seen. For most tribes, the extended family is the basic unit. Children are often partially raised by relatives such as aunts, uncles, and grandparents, who live in separate households
The high incidence of suicide among American Indians is thought to be the result of ______ ________, _________, __________, and __________ ___________.
Alcohol abuse; poverty; boredom; family stress The high incidence of suicide is associated with alcohol abuse, poverty, boredom, family breakdown and disconnection from their culture and community
Which of the following are examples of cultural syndromes? (A) amok (B) ataque de nervios (C) brain fag (D) koro (E) ghost sickness
All of the choices are examples of cultural syndromes which the authors describe as disorders specific to a cultural group or society but not easily given a DSM diagnosis. These illnesses or afflictions all have local names, with distinct culturally sanctioned beliefs surrounding causation and treatment.
Essay: What are the collectivistic orientation implications for a therapist with Asian American clients?
Because of a possible collectivistic orientation, it is important to consider the family and community context during assessment and problem definition. A therapist should be open to different family orientations and to avoid automatically considering interdependence as a sign of enmeshment. After doing a client-centered analysis of the problem, counselors can ask, "How does your family see the problem?" For traditionally oriented Asian Americans, a focus on individual client needs and wishes may run counter to the values of collectivism. Goals and treatment approaches may need to include a family focus.
True or False: More American Indians are high school graduates that the general U.S. population (96% versus 72%).
False According to the text, fewer Indians are high school graduates that the general U.S. population (83.4% versus 86.9%).
Ture or False: African Americans in the immersion stage are less likely to report instances of racial discrimination.
False African Americans who have attitudes and behaviors consistent with the preencounter level are less likely to report racial discrimination, whereas those in the immersion stage tend to be least satisfied with societal conditions.
True or False: According to research, African Americans have the highest birth rates among unmarried women.
False Although there has been a significant decline in nonmarital births in the U.S. across racial and ethnic groups, African Americans have the second highest birth rates among nonmarried women (63 per 1000 compared to Hispanic women's 73 per 1000)
Essay: How do the educational practices of many Indian and Native American youth contribute to current trends seen in the population?
Educational gaps between AI/AN youth and White youth persist (Education Trust, 2013, as cited in Sue 8th edition). Native children appear to do well during the first few years of school. However, by the fourth grade, a pattern of academic decline, disengagement, and truancy develops; a significant drop in achievement motivation often occurs in middle school. Although some have argued that traditional cultural values and beliefs are incompatible with those of the educational system, there is increasing support for the view that perceived barriers to mobility are the culprit for reduced academic performance. In other words, academic success is not perceived as leading to rewards or success. Others argue that structural issues within the school including limited resources, lack of teacher preparation or cultural sensitivity, and racial discrimination are in fact pushing AI/AN youth out of traditional school settings (Johnston-Goodstar & VeLure, 2017, as cited in Sue 8th edition). In addition, some of the youth from low income communities see that jobs are available in casinos or on the reservation; jobs in turn provide the youth with opportunities to contribute financially to their families, making it difficult to see the value in pursuing a "White man's education."
True or False: Approximately 68 percent of Latinx are immigrants.
False A little over a third of Latinx individuals are immigrants (U.S. Census Bureau, 2017, as cited by 8th edition). However, of that percentage approximately one-fourth of the Latinx adults are undocumented immigrants; about two-thirds of all undocumented immigrants are from Mexico
True or False. A Shaman is a male healer who is able to communicate with the spirit world.
False A shaman can be a man or a woman.
Essay: Describe the Latinx concept of familismo. How may this impact counseling services
Familismo refers not only to family cohesiveness and interdependence but also to loyalty and placing the needs of close friends and family members before personal needs (Baumann, Kuhlberg, & Zayas, 2010, as cited in Sue 8th edition). Counselors can inquire about this connectedness with extended and nuclear family members and the value placed on familismo. It is important to note that because of these strong familial and social relationships, Latinx often wait until resources from extended family and close friends are exhausted before seeking help. Even in the cases of severe mental illness, many delay obtaining assistance
___________ and __________ protective factors have been hypothesized to account for the finding that African Americans have lower levels of heavy binge drinking among any ethnic group except for Asians.
Family and religious Family and religious protective factors have been hypothesized to account for the findings that African Americans have lower levels of heavy and binge drinking than any other ethnic group, with the exception of Asian Americans
Essay: Describe fatalism and how it may impact counseling interventions.
Fatalism is a term that describe Latinx beliefs that life's misfortunes are inevitable and feel resigned to their fate. Therefore, they may take a seemingly passive approach to problems and lack experience assertively addressing challenges. Some Latinx groups believe that evil spirits cause mental health problems and rely on indigenous healing practices. It is important to consider religious or spiritual beliefs and to explore the spiritual meanings of presenting problems. For example, if there is a strong belief in fatalism, instead of attempting to change this view, the therapist can acknowledge this attitude and help the individual or family determine the most adaptive response to the situation.
Essay: Why does Western science remain skeptical of using supernatural explanations to explain phenomena experienced by non-Westerners?
One of the main reasons is that these phenomena cannot be verified empirically. The authors posit that Western science remains skeptical of using supernatural explanations to explain phenomena and certainly does not consider the existence of spirits to be a scientifically sound belief.
Essay: Why is it important for mental health professionals to become familiar with the cultural background of their clients?
It is very important for mental health professionals not only to become familiar with the cultural background of their clients but also to be knowledgeable about specific cultural syndromes. One of the primary dangers from lack of cultural understanding is the tendency to overpathologize (overestimate the degree of pathology). For example, the mental health professional would have been wrong in diagnosing Vang as a paranoid schizophrenic suffering from delusions and hallucinations. Furthermore, most might have prescribed powerful antipsychotic medication or even institutionalization. The fact that he was cured so quickly by the shaman indicates that such a diagnosis would have been erroneous. It is equally dangerous to underestimate the severity or complexity of a refugee's emotional condition.
___________ ____ ________________ is likely to guide selection of therapeutic interventions.
Level of acculturation The client's level of acculturation should be a factor that guides the therapist's selection of therapeutic interventions. For instance, acculturated and bicultural American Indians/Native Americans have found success with all components of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT). Whereas those who are traditionally oriented are responsive to the short-term focus, activity schedule, and homework assignments in CBT but have difficulty with the underlying theoretical assumptions regarding the association between thoughts and emotional symptoms
Essay: What are three specific challenges the African American male faces?
Responses will vary but should cover several of the challenges the chapter describes such as poverty rate, unemployment rate, health issues, racism, crime, school failure, family issues.
Essay: Based on the readings, why do the Asian population appear to underutilize mental health services?
Responses will vary but should encompass the fact that there is a lot of stigma with mental health issues. The authors point out that although Asian Americans underutilize mental health services, it is unclear if this is due to low rates of socioemotional difficulties or cultural values inhibiting self-referral (Zane & Ku, 2014, as cited in Sue 8th edition). It is very possible that a large portion of the mental illness, adjustment problems, and juvenile delinquency among Asians is hidden. There is a discrepancy between official and real rates of adjustment difficulties. This may be due to cultural factors, such as the shame and disgrace associated with admitting to emotional problems, the handling of problems within the family rather than relying on outside resources, and the manner of symptom formation, such as a low prevalence of acting-out disorders.
Essay: What was your first impression when reading about Vang's experience with the spirit world and the shaman practice employed
Responses will vary depending on the worldview of the student. Some Western-trained or -oriented students may express doubt and confusion. Other worldview-oriented students may resonate with both the belief in the spirit world and the shaman practices. The authors postulate that these worldview differences pose problems for Western-trained mental health professionals, who may quickly dismiss these belief systems and impose their own explanations and treatments on culturally diverse clients. However, most researchers now acknowledge that attitudes, beliefs, and emotional states are intertwined and can have a powerful effect on physiological responses and physical well-being.
_______________________ is described by the authors as the life force that resides within individuals that makes them inherently worthy and connects them to other living creatures.
Spirituality The authors define spirituality as the life force that resides within individuals that makes them inherently worthy and connects them to other living creatures. Throughout the text various forms of spirituality are described and may be culturally specific as well as understood.
_______________ _____________ is one of the greatest problems faced by American Indian/Alaska Native populations.
Substance abuse The authors report that substance abuse is one of the greatest problems faced by American Indian/Native American and Alaska Native populations. Many youth begin substance use at an early age and use multiple substances, and maintain high levels of use during adolescence (Boyd-Ball, Véronneau, Dishion, & Kavanagh, 2014, as cited in Sue 8th edition). Although rates of alcohol use vary across tribes and regions, American Indians/Native American and Alaska Natives have the highest weekly alcohol consumption of any ethnic group
Essay: Explore why the first therapy session is crucial in determining if an African American client will return for subsequent sessions.
The authors describe that the first therapy sessions are crucial in determining whether a client will return. African Americans have a high rate of therapy termination (Fortuna, Alegria, & Gao, 2010, as cited in Sue 8th edition). Termination often reflects the counselor's inability to establish an effective therapeutic alliance. Prior experiences may render issues of trust very important. The counselor can deal with these issues by discussing them directly and by being open, authentic, and empathetic. Clients often make a decision regarding continuation of therapy based on their personal evaluation of the counselor. Counselors may need to have a broader role and more flexible style, including being more direct, serving in an educative function, and helping the client deal with agencies or with issues involving health and employment.
Essay: What might be some acceptable practices in working with Asian American clients?
The authors share that there is a range of acceptable practices in working with Asian American clients. The highlight qualities such as attitudinal similarity between the counselor and the Asian American client and agreement on the cause and treatment of a disorder are more important than racial match in promoting counselor credibility and a strong therapeutic alliance (Meyer, Zane, & Cho, 2011, as cited in Sue 8th edition). Asian Americans view counselors who can demonstrate multicultural competence by addressing the cultural beliefs of clients as more competent (Wang & Kim, 2010, as cited in Sue 8th edition). Also helping Asian American clients formulate culturally acceptable strategies can improve their problem-solving abilities and facilitate the development of skills for successful interactions within the larger society, including balancing conflicting values. In addition, many of the counseling skills learned in current mental health programs, such as cognitive behavioral therapies, can be effective, especially if modifications are made for less acculturated clients
Essay: Describe why it is important when working with Indians and Native Americans to consider the historical sociopolitical relationships. Give an example of a past practice that may still be a factor in working with this population.
The authors state that when working with children and families, it is important to consider the historical sociopolitical relationship between American Indians/Native Americans and the local, state and federal government. The counselor should understand not only the national history of oppression but also local issues and specific tribal history that affects them. The historic disruption of families resulting in the Indian Child Welfare Act has important implications for how AI/ANs might view child protective services or respond to runaway youth. Currently, decisions regarding the placement of their children are held in tribal courts. Testimony from expert witnesses familiar with the specific tribal or cultural group must be obtained before children can be removed from their homes. Additionally, if children are removed from their parents, residence with extended family members, other tribal members, or other AI/AN families is given primary consideration.
Essay: Based on the chapter and some of the family characteristics that are noted, what are some of the ways a therapist might work with African American families?
The authors suggest that therapists should work to strengthen and increase functionality of the existing family structure rather than attempt to change it. One of the strengths of the African American family is that men, women, and children are allowed to adopt multiple roles within the family structure. For example, older children might adopt a caretaking role, and friends or grandparents might help raise children. In such cases, therapy might focus on enhancing the working alliance among caregivers
Essay: Why is the contemporary image of Asian Americans that of a very successful minority that has made it in society?
The contemporary image of Asian Americans is that of a highly successful minority that has "made it" in society. Indeed, a close analysis of census data (U.S. Census Bureau, 2016, as cited in Sue 8th edition) seems to support this contention. Of those over the age of 25, over half of AAPIs have a bachelor's degree, versus a little over 30 percent of their White counterparts; 21.4 percent have an advanced degree, compared with 12.1 percent of Whites (U.S. Census Bureau, 2016, as cited in Sue 8th edition). Words such as intelligent, hardworking, enterprising, and disciplined are frequently applied to this population (Lim, 2014, as cited in Sue 8th edition). The median income of Asian American families was $77,166 as compared with $56,516 for the U.S. population as a whole
Essay: Why should a therapist working with African Americans examine their own beliefs about family structure and roles within families?
The counselor's reaction to a client's family structure may be affected by a Eurocentric, nuclear-family orientation. Many assessment forms and evaluation processes are based on a middle-class EuroAmerican perspective of what constitutes a family. For family therapy to be successful, counselors must first identify their own set of beliefs and values regarding appropriate roles and communication patterns within a family. They should take care not to impose these beliefs on other families. It is helpful to move away from a deficit model to an asset or strengths perspective when evaluating families
Essay: In the case study presented in this chapter, do you consider the practice of Thùôc Nam a form of child abuse? How would you have handled this case if this child presented to you in a counseling session with fresh bruises?
Thùôc Nam, or traditional medicine, involves using natural fruits, herbs, plants, animals, and massages to heal the body. Massage treatment is the most common cause of misdiagnosis of child abuse because it leaves bruises on the body. The authors state that if the social worker could have understood Mrs. Nguyen, he would have known that Phuoc's four-day absence from school was due to illness and that he was treated by his parents via traditional folk medicine. The massage treatments are a widespread custom practiced not only by Vietnamese but also by Cambodians, Laotians, and Chinese. These treatments aim at curing a host of physical ailments, such as colds, headaches, backaches, and fevers. In the mind of the practitioner of this treatment, such treatments have nothing to do with child abuse. However, the question still remains. Is it considered child abuse when traditional healing practices result in bruises? The authors proffer that this is a very difficult question to answer because it raises larger questions. Some questions might arise such as Can culture justify a practice, especially when it is harmful? The authors point out that many medical practitioners in California do not consider it child abuse because (a) medical literature reveals no physical complications as a result of Thùôc Nam, (b) the intent is not to hurt the child but to help him or her, and (c) it is frequently used in conjunction with Western medicine. However, that being said, the authors add that health professionals and educators have a responsibility to educate parents concerning the potential pitfalls of many folk remedies and indigenous forms of treatment.
True or False: Feelings of shame or embarrassment may interfere with self-disclosure in Asian American clients
True As counseling techniques that focus directly on emotions may be uncomfortable and produce shame for traditional Asian Americans, emotional behavior can be recognized in a more indirect manner. The authors have found that many Asian Americans are more responsive to a more indirect acknowledgment of emotions. Feelings of shame or embarrassment may interfere with self-disclosure and need to be addressed in counseling, and the process may be facilitated by affirming that the sharing of personal information, although it may be uncomfortable, is a natural process in therapy (Zane & Ku, 2014, as cited in Sue 8th edition). It is also helpful to focus on behaviors more than emotions.
True or False: Factors such as conflict over exposure to two different cultures may result in failure to develop a positive self-image or strong ethnic identity for Native American adolescents.
True Garrett and Portman (2011, as cited in Sue 8th edition) state that not only do Indian children and adolescents face the same developmental issues as other youth, but they also may experience conflict over exposure to two very different cultures, a factor that may result in failure to develop a positive self-image or strong ethnic identity.
True or False: Most non-Western indigenous forms of healing take a holistic outlook on well-being.
True Most non-Western indigenous forms of healing take a holistic outlook on well-being, in that they make minimal distinctions between physical and mental functioning and believe strongly in the unity of spirit, mind, and matter. Additionally, the interrelatedness of life forms, the environment, and the cosmos is a given. As a result, the indigenous peoples of the world tend to conceptualize reality differently
True or False: African American clients who sense that the counselor is willing to "go the extra mile" with the client are more likely to continue with counseling.
True The authors share one particular example of this when one African American client stated, "I am assessing to see if that person [counselor] is willing to go that extra mile and speak my language and talk about my Blackness" (Ward, 2005, p. 475, as cited in Sue 8th edition). Counselors may need to have a broader role and more flexible style, including being more direct, serving in an educative function, and helping the client deal with agencies or with issues involving health and employment.
True or False: Statistics indicate that American Indian women suffer a higher rate of domestic violence as compared to other ethnicities.
True The authors state that the rate of domestic violence, along with physical and sexual assault, is quite high in many native communities. Statistics indicate that American Indian/Native American and Alaska Native women experience domestic violence and physical assault at much higher rates than women of other ethnicities
True or False: According to the Bureau of Indian Affairs, since American Indian/Alaska Natives comprise such a small percentage of the U.S. population, they are relatively "invisible" and thus susceptible to stereotypes. This is a reason that people are opposed to the use of Indian-themed mascots and logos.
True The text reads that because American Indian/Native American and Alaska Natives (AI/AN) comprise such a small percentage of the U.S. population, they are relatively "invisible," which makes information about them susceptible to stereotypes. This is one of the reasons that many oppose the use of Indian-themed mascots and logos.
True or False: The unemployment rate for African Americans is nearly twice as high as that of all households.
True The unemployment rate is over twice that of White Americans (9.5% versus 4.6%)
True or False: The poverty rate for African Americans remains nearly two times higher than that of all households.
True This is a true statistic as reported in the text that the poverty rate for African Americans remains nearly twice as high as that of all households (25.4% versus 14.7%)
True or False: According to current research, enculturation or identification with racial/ethnic background can result in pride and serve as a buffer against prejudice and discrimination.
True This is because the achievements and success of an individual are considered a source of pride for the family rather than the individual; group harmony is primary. Enculturation or identification with one's racial and ethnic background may serve as a buffer against prejudice, discrimination, and family conflicts
The _______________________ ________________________ ________________________ encompasses the centuries of recognition of healers within communities and refers to people known as witches, witch doctors, wizards, sorcerers, magic men or women, and medicine men or women.
Universal shamanic tradition What is called the universal shamanic tradition, which encompasses the cen- turies-old recognition of healers (shamans) within a community, refers to people often called witches, witch doctors, wizards, medicine men or women, sorcerers, and magic men or women
Essay: Describe some of the cultural and spiritual values among American Indians/Native Americans. Why might some of these issues be important in the counseling relationship?
Various parts of the chapter refer to spirituality issues among American and Native Indians. The spirit, mind and body are all interconnected; therefore, they believe that illness involves disharmony between these elements. Spiritual and traditional practices act as a protective factor (Garroutte et al., 2003, as cited in Sue 8th edition). Many Indians believe that mental health issues are due to unbalanced spiritual relationships (Limb & Hodge, 2010, as cited in Sue 8th edition). In work with AI/NA/AN, counselors need to understand how the values of sharing, cooperation, noninterference, time orientation, spirituality, and nonverbal communication are all relevant to mental health practice
______________ ________________ is used by some American Indians as a religious renewal or rite of passage.
Vision quest The vision quest, in conjunction with the sweat lodge experience, is used by some American Indians as a religious renewal or rite of passage.
Essay: What constitutes an Indian?
What constitutes an Indian is often an area of controversy. The U.S. Census depends on self-report of racial identity. Congress has formulated a legal definition: An individual must have an Indian blood quantum of at least 25 percent to be considered an Indian. This definition has caused problems both within and outside the Indian community. Some tribes have developed their own criteria and specify either tribal enrollment or blood quantum levels. Tribal definitions typically allow inclusion of the 60 percent of American Indians who have mixed heritage, including Black, White, and Latino/a backgrounds
One of the most important counselor characteristic for African Americans is the _______ _______ of the counselor.
cultural sensitivity The most important counselor characteristic for African Americans is the cultural sensitivity of the counselor. Culturally sensitive counselors are those who acknowledge the possibility that race or culture might play a role in a client's problem. These counselors are seen as more competent than culture- or color-blind counselors, those who do not assess for environmental issues such as prejudice
