PSY 201: Chapter 6

In real life, information that has just entered iconic memory will be pushed out very quickly by new information. Research suggests that after _____, old information is replaced by new information

a quarter of a second

A research study found that people who look at real visual images and then are asked to simply imagine looking at visual images

are often unable later to distinguish between the images they had really seen and the imagined images.

Ebbinghaus's _____ shows that forgetting happens quickly, within the first hour, and then tapers off gradually.

curve of forgetting

To help students learn new psychology terms, Professor Williams encourages them to think deeply about the meaning of the words, to provide examples of each term, and to use each one in a sentence. Professor Williams is using which model of memory?

levels of processing

A common side effect of electroconvulsive therapy is

loss of memory

A(n) _____ is a memory expert or someone with exceptional memory ability.

mnemonist

The _____ can be used to explain how rapidly the points on the semantic network can be accessed.

parallel distributed processing model

Some evidence by other researchers suggests that for false memories to be created, even by children, they must be _____, which is contrary to the design of some of Loftus's experiments.

plausible

The difficulty some individuals experience when adapting to driving on the left side of the road in England after years of driving on the right side of the road in America is an example of

proactive interference.

If you move from the United States to England and have trouble adjusting to driving on the left side of the road, you are experiencing

proactive preference

To answer the questions in this test, which type of memory recall will you most frequently use?

recognition

The ultimate recovery of stored information at a later time is referred to by psychologists as _____

retrieval

If you learn a new foreign language, and then have trouble remembering vocabulary from a previously learned foreign language, you are experiencing

retroactive interference.

On the Internet, each website has its own specific information but is also linked to many other related sites. In addition, a person can have open more than one site at the same time. This pattern of organization may be very similar to how

selective memory

____ memory refers to the awareness of the meanings of words, concepts, and terms as well as names of objects, math skills, and so on.

semantic

Mrs. Tuttle was 97 years old and suffered from forgetfulness and mental confusion. She was probably experiencing

senile dementia

Bill was interviewing people for a job opening in his department. The _____ effect suggests that the first and last person interviewed for a job will be better remembered by the interviewer than all the people in the middle.

serial position

___ is the ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all sensory input.

Selective attention

Why do flashbulb memories seem so vivid and exact?

Emotional reactions seem to stimulate a person's ability to engage in elaborative rehearsal that is known to enhance the formation of sensory memories

The fact that everyone remembers George Washington was the first president points to the primacy effect as a result of

LTM

Which of the following best describes psychologist John Kihlstrom's comments when talking about Bartlett's book on memory?

Memory is more like making up a story than it is like reading a book.

A study discussed in the textbook researched the effects of different types of information on memory. Its subjects viewed a slide presentation of a traffic accident. The actual slide presentation contained a stop sign, but in a written summary of the presentation, the sign was referred to as a yield sign. What were the results of this study?

Subjects who were given misleading information after viewing the slides were far less accurate in their memories for the kind of sign present than were subjects who were given no such information.

Psychologists consider memory to be

an active system

What comorbid Axis I conditions might develop as a result of awareness of one's cognitive decline in dementia?

both depressive and anxiety

When a memory is being formed, several changes take place in the brain in a process called

consolidation

Dr. Loftus and her team have found much evidence supporting the _____, which says that memories are created and built from stored pieces, new pieces, and even fabricated pieces.

constructive process

The phrase "use it or lose it" refers to which theory of forgetting?

decay

Which theory of forgetting purports that memories become harder to access as we get older?

decay or disuse theory

According to Craik and Lockhart, information that is _____ will be remembered more effectively and for a longer period of time.

deely processed

According to Craik and Lockhart, information that is _____ will be remembered more effectively and for a longer period of time

deeply processed

The phrase "use it or lose it" refers to which theory of forgetting?

disuse/decay

The most efficient way of transferring short-term memory into long-term memory is by using

elaborative rehearsal

Information that we cannot recall because we never committed it to memory is due to

encoding failure

A false memory, also called a false positive, occurs when people recognize something or someone, or remember a particular event, but in reality _____.

they did not have this memory

Marcos and his friends enjoy watching football together on Sundays. After some of the games are over, Marcos tells his friends that he knew all along who would win the game. His belief that he could predict the outcome of some of the games without having been told the winners in advance is an example of

hindsight bias

Riva, an eyewitness to a crime that took place on her street, was asked to testify in court about her memory of the crime. Prior to her testimony, an attorney provided her with a written statement from another neighbor who had also viewed the crime. As a result of reading her neighbor's statement, which was different from her own, the accuracy of Riva's memory was altered, which eventually affected her testimony. This is an example of

hindsight bias

The _____ is the part of the brain that is responsible for the formation of new long-term declarative memories.

hippocampus

As opposed to _____ memories, _____ memories are easily made conscious.

implicit; explicit

The Tower of Hanoi study found that people with anterograde amnesia

still formed new procedural memories.

What is the best way for a person to overcome the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon?

stop trying to remember the info you're trying to retrieve

Sensory information is converted into a form usable in the brain's storage systems by a set of mental operations called

storage

In a room filled with people, where several conversations are going on, you are able to hear your name being spoken. This is

the "cocktail-party effect."

Donyelle finds that she performs better on the exams that are given in her regular psychology classroom than in the large lecture room that is used to give midterms and finals to several sections at once. Donyelle's experience illustrates

the importance of retrieval cues in memory

Memory studies can be applied in rethinking police procedures and reviewing criminal investigations, says Loftus, particularly because faulty eyewitness memory is _____.

the major cause of hundreds of wrongful convictions

On the Internet, each website has its own specific information but is also linked to many other related sites. In addition, a person can have open more than one site at the same time. This pattern of organization may be very similar to how

the mind organizes the information stored in short-term memory.

When trying to remember a crime or accident, people may hear a different version by another witness, or be asked leading questions hinting at different views. They often end up adopting these new suggestions as memory, as Loftus found in her traffic accident experiments. This key factor in memory distortion is called _____.

the misinformation effect

In follow-up studies with her subjects, Dr. Loftus has found that when comparing "true" memories to "false" memories in terms of real-life consequences over time, _____.

there are very few differences, regardless of whether the memories were pleasant or unpleasant

In her "shopping mall" experiment, Loftus presented subjects with true childhood memories gathered from family members, along with a "pseudo-memory" of being lost, frightened, and rescued. She found that this manufactured memory _____.

was believed and "remembered" by about one-quarter of the subjects

Elizabeth Loftus's research determined that

what people see and hear about an event after the fact can easily affect the accuracy of their memories of that event.

Explicit memory begins to form after about age two

when the hippocampus is more fully developed

is the ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all sensory input.

working memory