PSY 201 Final Exam

Active listening behaviours

-Asking for clarification -Paraphrasing back to the speaker

Strategies for reducing prejudice

-Cognitive strategies (override stereotypes by using controlled processing) -Intergroup contact (superordinate goals --> decrease intergroup hostility)

Stress responses occur at three levels:

1) Emotional responses. 2) Physiological responses. 3) Behavioural responses.

Strategies that can aid memory.

1) Engage in adequate practice. 2) Use distributed practice. 3) organize information. 4) Emphasize deep processing. 5) Use mnemonic devices.

Self-Concept (Roger's)

A collection of beliefs about one's own nature, unique abilities, and typical behaviour.

Hardiness

A disposition marked by commitment, challenge, and control that is purportedly associated with strong stress resistance.

Secure

Adult Attachment Style: -low attachment anxiety -low attachment avoidance -comfortable with intimacy and autonomy

Avoidant fearful

Adult attachment style: -high attachment anxiety -high attachment avoidance -fearful of rejection, socially avoidant

Avoidant-dismissing

Adult attachment style: -low attachment anxiety -high attachment avoidance -dismissing of intimacy, unconcerned about rejection

Collective unconsciousness (Jung)

Is a storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from people's ancestral past that is shared with the entire human race.

Behaviorism

Is a theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study observable behaviour.

Primary appraisal

Is an initial evaluation of whether an event is (1) irrelevant to you, (2) relevant but not threatening, or (3) stressful.

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Is made up of the nerves that connect to the heart, blood vessels, smooth muscles, and glands. (involuntary)

Beginning

Is self-disclosure higher at the beginning of relationships or when they are well-established?

Psychology

Is the science that studies behaviour an the physiological and metal processes that underlie it, and it is the profession that applies the accumulated knowledge of this science to practical problems.

Dependent variable

Is the variable that is thought to be affected by the manipulations of the independent behaviour.

Status

Is visual dominance (ie. eye contact behaviours) more a function of status or gender?

Major Depressive Disorder

Persistent feelings of sadness and despair and a loss of interest in previous sources of pleasure.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Persistent, uncontrollable intrusions of unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and urges to engage in senseless rituals (compulsions)

Histrionic Personality, neuroticism

What personality factors increase the likelihood of one developing a somatoform disorder?

average weight, hourglass figure, medium-sized breasts

What physique is considered attractive for females?

broad shoulders, slim waist, tall, small buttocks

What physique is considered attractive for males?

Mid-20th century

When did anorexia nervosa become more common?

1970s

When did bulimia nervosa become common?

Adolescence or early adulthood

When does schizophrenia emerge?

Positive psychotherapy

attempts to get clients to recognize their strengths, appreciate their blessings, savor positive experiences, forgive those who have wronged them, and find meaning in their lives.

Jenna tends to keep her distance from others and is unconcerned about social rejection. She would be classified in which of the following attachment styles: secure? preoccupied? avoidance-dismissing? or avoidance-fearful?

avoidance-dismissing

Self-preoccupation

barriers to effective communication: being so self-absorbed the other person cannot equally participate -pseudolistening -talking to hear yourself speak

Defensiveness

barriers to effective communication: excessive concern with protecting oneself from being hurt

Motivational distortion

barriers to effective communication: hearing what you want to hear (selective attention)

Ambushing

barriers to effective communication: listening carefully only to then verbally attack the speaker

Which of the following statements regarding self-disclosure in online communication is accurate?

because online communication is anonymous, people take greater risks in online self-disclosure.

Discrimination

behaving differently, usually unfairly, towards members of a group

Ingratiation

behaving in ways to make oneself likeable to others.

Attitudes

beliefs and feelings about people, objects, and ideas

Collectivism

involves putting group goals ahead of personal goals and defining one's identity in terms of the groups one belongs to.

Individualism

involves putting personal goals ahead of group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group memberships.

Relationship maintenance

involves the actions and activities used to sustain the desired quality of a relationship

sex therapy

involves the professional treatment of sexual dysfunctions

Social skills training

is a behavior therapy designed to improve interpersonal skills that emphasized shaping, modeling, and behavioral rehearsal

Aversion therapy

is a behavior therapy in which an aversive stimulus is paired with a stimulus that elicits an undesirable response

Systematic desensitization

is a behavior therapy used to reduce clients' anxiety responses through counterconditioning

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

is a biomedical treatment in which electric shock is used to produce a cortical seizure accompanied by convulsions

Nutrition

is a collection of processes through which an organism utilizes the materials required for survival and growth.

intimate partner violence

is aggression toward those who are in close relationship to the aggressor

Overdose

is an excessive dose of a drug that can seriously threaten one's life.

Client-centered therapy

is an insight therapy that emphasizes providing a supportive emotional climate for clients, who play a major role in determining the pace and direction of their therapy

Psychoanalysis

is an insight therapy that emphasizes the recovery of unconscious conflicts, motives, and defenses through techniques such as free association, dream analysis, and transference

Health Psychology

is concerned with how psycho-social factors relate to the promotion and maintenance of health and with the causation, prevention and treatment of illness.

Type B Personality

is marked by relatively relaxed, patient, easygoing, amicable behavior.

Immune Response

is the body's defensive reaction to invasion by bacteria, viral agents or other foreign substances.

Cannabis

is the hemp plant from which marijuana, hashish, and THC are derived.

Group therapy

is the simultaneous treatment of several or more clients in a group

Psychopharmacotherapy

is treatment of mental disorders with medication

Type A Personality

it includes three elements: 1.a strong competitive orientation 2. impatience and time urgency 3. anger and hostility

Snap judgement

judgement made quickly and based on a few bits of information and preconceived notions. Use automatic processing

Systematic judgement

judgement that requires more controlled processing and tends to occur when forming impression of others that can affect our happiness or welfare (ie. friends, mates, employees)

hypoactive sexual desire

lack of interest in sexual activity

Marriage

legally and socially sanctioned union of 2 sexually intimate adults

Intimacy alone=

liking

cohabitation

living together in a sexually intimate relationship without legal bonds of marriage

Jack and Liz have been dating for 2 years. They are a good example of the matching hypothesis. This means that they are matched on the basis of:

looks

Door-in-the-face technique

making a large request that is likely to be turned down in order to increase the chances that people will agree to a smaller request later

orgasm

occurs when sexual arousal reaches its peak intensity and is discharged in a series of muscular contractions that pulsate through the pelvic area

Premature ejactulation

occurs when sexual relations are impaired because a man consistently reaches orgasm too quickly

Primacy effect

once a perceiver has formed an impression of someone, he or she tunes out subsequent information

Possible selves

one's conceptions about the kind of person one might become in the future.

Comparison level for alternatives

one's estimation of the available outcomes from alternative relationships

Chronic loneliness

ongoing loneliness affecting those unable to establish relationships

Normative influence on conformity

operates when people conform to social norms for fear of negative social consequences

Informational influence on conformity

operates when people look to others for how to behave in ambiguous situations

fellatio

oral stimulation of a man's genitals

family life cycle

orderly sequence of developmental stages that families tend to progress through

Old-fashioned discrimination

overt discrimination ex. endorsement of traditional gender roles

Self-defeating behaviors

these behaviors are seemingly intentional actions that thwart a person's self-interest.

Self-discrepancy

this consists of a mismatch between the self-perceptions that make up the actual self, ideal self, and ought self.

Disengagement

I refuse to believe that the divorce is happening.

Problem-focused

I save money in anticipation of layoffs.

Engagement

I work on finding a new place to live after the looming divorce.

Alarm

Initial response to threat, fight-or-flight response engages.

Fixation

Is a failure to move forward from one stage to another as expected.

Provide some examples of people's search for direction.

"Self realization" programs, scientology, Mars vs. Venus relationship, cults, radio talk shows, i.e. Dr. Laura.

Martin Seligman

-Developed model of Learned helplessness -Proposes that people's cognitive interpretation of aversive events determines whether they develop learned helplessness (helplessness seems to occur when individuals come to believe that events are beyond their control; likely in pessimistic people)

Why does optimism promote a variety of desirable outcomes?

-Optimists are more likely to engage in action-oriented, problem-focused, carefully planned coping and are more willing than pessimists to seek social support -Pessimists are more likely to deal with stress by avoiding it, giving up, or engaging in denial -Optimists also enjoy greater social support than pessimists, in part because they work harder on their relationships

Anxious-Ambivalent Adults

-Theory of Adult Attachment Styles: -obsessive and preoccupied with relationship, want more closeness than their partners, jealous, fear of abandonment -short relationships -describe parents as less warm and UNHAPPY MARRIAGES

Milgram's study

-a researcher (authority figure) asking a person to administer a series of gradually increasing shocks every time a person gets a question wrong -found that people's tendency to obey is strong, even if they are asked to harm another person

source factors of persuasion

-high credibility (expertise / trustworthiness) -likable (attractiveness / similarity)

Threats to a relationship can be...

-internal to the individual (insecure attachment, low self-esteem) -internal to the relationship (unwillingness to sacrifice, waning commitment) -external (attractive alternatives, familial disapproval)

receiver factors of persuasion

-mood (optimistic) -need for cognition (high need --> prefer logical arguments) -forewarning -compatibility with existing beliefs (confirmation bias)

75-95%

What percentage of people with depression will experience a repeat episode?

message factors of persuasion

-one-sided vs. two-sided arguments -emotional appeals (ex. fear & anti-smoking) -inducing positive feelings

Central route

-persuasion based on content and logic of message -high elaboration (careful processing of message) -persuasion is more durable, more difficult to change, more predictive of behaviour

Peripheral route

-persuasion based on non-message factors (attractiveness, credibility, emotion) -low elaboration (minimal processing of information) -persuasion is more temporary, easier to change, less predictive of behaviour

Key symptoms of NPD are:

1) A grandiose sense of importance. 2) Preoccupation with fantasies of unlimited power and success. 3) A constant need for attention. 4) Difficulty dealing with criticism. 5) A sense of entitlement. 6) Interpersonal exploitativeness.

Benson's relaxation response. Four factors:

1) A quiet environment. 2) A mental device (or focal point) 3) A passive attitude. 4) A comfortable position.

Summarize the philosophy underlying this textbook.

1) Accurate knowledge of psychology can be of value to you in every day life. 2) Enhance critical thinking skills. 3) Resource book that "opens many doors". 4) Effective adjustment means taking charge of your own life.

Emotional intelligence has four components:

1) Accurately perceiving emotions in yourself and others. 2) Knowing how your emotions shape your thinking. 3) An understanding of complex or contradictory emotions. 4) Regulation of emotions, especially negative ones.

How to get more out of lectures.

1) Actively listen. 2) Read ahead. 3) Take notes in your own words. 4) Be aware of signs from teacher about what is important. 5) Ask questions.

There are three basic categories:

1) Acute stressors. 2) Chronic stressors. 3) Anticipatory stressors.

Three stages of the general adaptation syndrome:

1) Alarm. 2) Resistance. 3) Exhaustion.

Emotional responses are usually negative and fall into three categories:

1) Annoyance, anger, and rage. 2) Apprehension, anxiety, and fear. 3) Dejection, sadness, and grief.

There are three main categories of constructive coping strategies:

1) Appraisal-focused. 2) Problem-focused. 3) Emotion-focused.

Internal conflicts come in three types:

1) Approach-approach. 2) Avoidance-avoidance. 3) Approach-avoidance.

Future-orientated individuals:

1) Are less likely to procrastinate. 2) Are better able to meet their gaols and commitments.

Catastrophic thinking:

1) Attributing failures to personal shortcomings. 2) Focusing on negative feedback. 3) Being overly pessimistic about the future.

Using systematic problem-solving

1) Clarify the problem. 2) Generate alternative courses of action. 3) Evaluate your alternatives and a select a course of action. 4) Take action while maintaining flexibility.

2 major advantages to using the scientific approach.

1) Clarity an precision - empiricism demands that scientist state exactly what they are referring to in their hypothesis. 2) Relative intolerance for error.

What to look for in quality self-help books.

1) Clarity in communication. 2) Books that are realistic, don't promise too much change too soon. 3) Author is reliable. 4) Books based on theory or research. 5) Books that provide detailed, explicit directions on how to alter your behaviour. 6) Books that focus on a particular kind of problem or behaviour.

Constructive coping involves:

1) Confronting problems directly. 2) Effort. 3) Realistic appraisals of stress and coping resources. 4) Learning to recognize and manage disruptive emotional reactions to stress. 5) Learning to exert some control over potentially harmful or destructive habitual behaviours.

Compare the advantages and disadvantages of experimental versus correlational research.

1) Correlational research broadens the cope of the phenomena that can be studied. 2) Correlational research can not demonstrate conclusively that two variables are casually related.

Why do students procrastinate:

1) Desire to minimize time on a task. 2) Desire to optimize efficiency. 3) Close proximity to reward.

Ways attention can be distorted

1) Elevated self-consciousness can disrupt attention to task, creating a distraction 2)on well-learned tasks that should be executed almost automatically, the self-conscious person may focus too much attention on the task

Describe the five-factor model of personality.

1) Extraversion (or positive emotionality). 2) Neuroticism (or negative emotionality). 3) Openness to experience. 4) Agreeableness. 5) Conscientiousness.

Other categories of stressors:

1) Frustration. 2) Internal Conflict. 3) Life Changes 4) Pressure

Common coping patterns of limited value:

1) Giving up. 2) Acting Aggressively. 3 Indulging yourself. 4) Blaming yourself.

Increase your efficiency:

1) Handle paper once. 2) Tackle one task at a time. 3) Group similar tasks together. 4) Make use of your "downtime". 5) Build in some time to relax.

What is somewhat important (happiness).

1) Health. 2) Social activity. 3) Religion. 4) Culture.

2 pieces of information provided by the correlation coefficient.

1) How strongly related the two variables are. 2) The direction (positive or negative) of the relationship.

Terror Management Theory is based on the the following assumptions:

1) Human cognition is unique in that it allows us ti be aware of our own mortality. 2) This creates great anxiety, which can be reduced by cultural world views that promote self-esteem and faith. 3) These constructs give people a sense of order, context, and meaning. 4) These, along with self-esteem, serve as buffers against the anxiety that death awareness creates.

The causes of wasted time:

1) Inability to set or stick to priorities. 2) Inability to say "no" to others demands on our time. 3) Inability to delegate responsibility. 4) Inability to throw things away. 5) Inability to avoid interruptions. 6) Inability to accept anything less than perfection.

Disruption of cognitive function:

1) Increased tendency to jump to conclusions. 2) Decreased ability to carefully review options. 3) Decreased memory function.

Stress can have positive effects in at least three ways:

1) It can promote positive psychological change. (posttraumatic growth) 2) It can help satisfy a need for simulation and challenge. 3) It can inoculate us against future stress.

What is very important (happiness).

1) Love, marriage, and relationship satisfaction. 2) Work. 3) Genetics and personality.

Identify the various factors that are surprisingly unrelated to happiness.

1) Money. 2) Age. 3) Gender. 4)Parenthood. 5) Intelligence. 6) Physical attractiveness.

Time management techniques:

1) Monitor your use of time. 2) Clarify your goals. 3) Plan activities using a schedule. 4) Protect your time. 5) Increase your efficiency.

Describe three correlational research methods.

1) Naturalistic observation - careful observation of behaviour without intervening directly with the subjects. 2) Case studies - in-depth investigation of an individual participant. 3) Surveys - structured questionnaires designed to gain information about specific aspects of participant behaviour.

Describe the two key facets of psychology.

1) Observable responses or activity. 2) Clinical psychology, concerned with diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders.

Freud's Stages of Psychosexual Development:

1) Oral (0-1). 2) Anal (2-3). 3) Phallic (4-5). 4) Latency (6-12). 5) Genital (puberty onward).

Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory of personality is somewhat controversial and is based on three main assumptions:

1) Personality is governed by unconscious forces that we cannot control. 2) Childhood experiences play a significant role in determining adult personality. 3) Personality is shaped by the manner in which individuals cope with sexual urges.

Strengths and weaknesses of the psychodynamic approach to personality:

1) Poor testability. 2) Unrepresentative samples. 3) Inadequate evidence. 4) Sexism.

The two types of pressure:

1) Pressure to perform. (you are expected to execute tasks and responsibilities quickly, efficiently, and successfully) 2) Pressure to conform.

Strategies to improve reading comprehension.

1) Preview reading assignments section by section. 2) Actively process the meaning of the information. 3) Identify the key ideas of each paragraph. 4) Carefully review key ideas after each section. 5) Use chapter outlines, summaries and learning objectives.

Types of coping strategies:

1) Problem-focused vs. emotion-focused. 2) Engagement vs. disengagement. 3) Meaning-focused. 4) Proactive. 5) Using defensive coping.

Defence mechanisms:

1) Repression. 2) Projection. 3) Displacement. 4) Reaction formation. 5) Regression. 6) Rationalization. 7) Identification.

The two main types of personality tests:

1) Self-Report Inventories. 2) Projective Test.

List three steps for developing sound study habits.

1) Set up a schedule for studying. 2) Find a place to study where you can concentrate. 3) Reward your studying.

Stress has several characteristics:

1) Stress is a common, everyday event. 2) Stress is subjective. Not everyone feels the same degree of stress from the same event. 4) Stress is influenced by culture.

Conclusions about determinants of happiness.

1) Subjective feelings of happiness are more important than objective measures. 2) Happiness is relative. 3) It is hard for people to predict what will make them happy. 4) People adapt to their own circumstances.

The ANS is broken into two divisions:

1) Sympathetic. 2) Parasympathetic.

Two brain-body pathways control our physiological responses to stress:

1) The catecholamine pathway. 2) The corticisteraioid pathway.

Freud's 3 components of personality and how they work.

1) The id is the primitive component that operates according to the pleasure principle. 2) The ego is the decision-making component that operates according to the reality principle. 3) The superego is the moral component that incorporates social standards about what represents right and wrong.

4 common problems with self-help books.

1) Their message is too vague (psychobabble). 2) They are not based on solid scientific research. 3) They don't provide explicit directions for changing behaviour. 4) They encourage a narcissistic approach to life.

4 traits of sensation seeking:

1) Thrill - and adventure- seeking. 2) Attraction to unusual experiences. 3) Lack of inhibitions. 4) Easily susceptibility to boredom.

Describe three examples of the paradox of progress.

1) We have many time saving devices, but still we complain about not having enough time. 2)We have many more choices, but we still have difficulty choosing. 3) We have more control of the world around us, but cause problems with our environment.

Exercising rules:

1) You must want to exercise. 2) Engage in aerobic exercise. 3) Exercise on a regular basis.

guidelines for dealing effectively with interpersonal conflict

1)Make communication honest and open 2)Exhibit trust 3)Use specific behaviors to describe another person's annoying habits rather than general statements about their personality. 4)Avoid "loaded" words. 5)Use a positive approach and help the other person save face. 6)Limit complaints to recent behavior and to the current situation 7)Assume responsibility for your own feelings and preferences 8)Use an assertive (not submissive or aggressive) communication style

5 factors contributing to romantic breakups

1)Premature commitment 2)Ineffective communication and conflict management skills. 3)Ineffective communication and conflict management skills. 4)Availability of a more attractive relationship 5)Low levels of satisfaction

Steps in a self-modification program

1)Specify your target behavior 2)Gather baseline data -determine the initial response level of your target behavior -monitor the antecedents of your target behavior -monitor the typical consequences of your target behavior 3)Design your program 4)Execute and evaluate your program 5)Bring program to an end

Four categories of qualities that cause someone to be seen as more or less attractive:

1)neonate (baby-face) qualities 2)mature features 3)expressiveness 4)grooming

6 Friendship standards or expectations

1)symmetrical reciprocity: relates to mutual loyalty and trust, characteristics that are often seen as central to relationships. 2) agency: refers to the rewards or benefits friends provide us (such as popularity or money). 3)enjoyment: reflects the importance of having fun with friends. 4)instrumental aide: reflects direct support friends provide (for example, advice, a shoulder to cry on). 5)similarity in terms of attitudes, dispositions, and preferred activities is important. 6)communion: involves intimacy and self-disclosure.

5 sources of information for person perception

1. Appearance 2. Verbal behaviour 3. Actions 4. Nonverbal Messages 5. Situations

Predictors of Marital Success What are some factors that researchers have looked at?

1. Family background, success of parents marraige. 2. Couples who marry young have higher divorce rate. 3. Length of courtship is positvely correlated with marital success. 4. Personality traits of individuals generally not predictive of marital success, but there are modest correlations. 5. Quality of premarital communication appears to be especially crucial 6. Stressful situations surrounding a marriage can cause conflict & harm marital stability

How can gaps in role expectations affect marital adjustment?

1. Gaps appear to have negative impact on marital satisfaction. 2. Modern couples need to negotiate & renegotiate role responsibilities throughout the family life cycle. 3. Husbands careers continue to take priority over their wives' 4. Wives still do the bulk of household chores 5. Couples should discuss role expectations before marriage.

What are the 3 major categories of treatment

1. Insight therapies 2. Behavior therapies 3. Biomedical therapies

Know principal sources of therapeutic services (Figure 15.16)

1. Private practitioners 2. Community mental health centers 3. Hospitals 4. Human service agencies 5. Schools and workplaces

Effects of divorce on children

1. Published research (Wallerstein) suggested bleak picture for children of divorced parents. 2. Recent research suggest that while divorce can be difficult for children, a substantial majority adjust after a few years. 3. After divorce children may exhibit depression, anxiety, nightmares, dependency, aggression, substance abuse etc. 4. Divorce can have beneficial effects for children if their parents' relationship is dominated by conflict 5. Divorces have highly varied effects on children that depend on a complex constellation of interacting factors

The 3 elements of psychotherapies

1. The treatment 2. The therapist 3. The client

Assertiveness Training

1. Understand what assertive communication is. 2. Monitor your assertive communication. 3. Observe a model's assertive communication 4. Practice assertive communication by using covert rehearsal and role playing. 5. Adopt an assertive attitude.

4 causes of prejudice

1. authoritarianism 2. cognitive distortions and expectations --> stereotyping, fundamental attribution error, defensive attributions, expectations 3. competition between groups 4. threats to social identity

general principles of nonverbal communication

1. conveys emotions 2. multichannel (gestures, facial expressions, eye contact etc. all happen simultaneously) 3. ambiguous 4. can contradict verbal communication 5. culture-bound

3 key themes in person perception

1. efficiency (default to automatic processing) 2. selectivity ("see what we expect to see" by focusing on aspects of the person that confirm our expectations) 3. consistency (once we have made a first impression, we generally stick to it)

2-steps of making attributions

1. focusing on the person (internal attribution) 2. taking the situation into account (external attribution)

making successful small-talk

1. indicate you are open to conversation by commenting on your surroundings 2. introduce yourself 3. select a topic others can relate to 4. keep the conversation ball rolling 5. make a smooth exit

6 components of communication process

1. sender 2. receiver 3. message 4. channel 5. noise 6. context

4 elements of persuasion

1. source 2. receiver 3. message 4. channel

What percentage of women and men have been victims of partner abuse?

25% of women & 7% of men

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A chronic, high level of anxiety that is not tied to any specific threat

Dissociative Disorders

A class of disorders in which people lose contact with portions of their consciousness or memory, resulting in disruption in their sense of identity

Schizophrenic disorders

A class of disorders marked by disturbance in thought that spill over to affect perceptual, social, and emotional processes.

Anxiety Disorders

A class of disorders marked by excessive apprehension and anxiety

Personality trait

A durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations.

Expressed Emotion

A families ___________ is a good predictor of the course of a schizophrenic illness.

Meditation

A family of mental exercises in which a conscious attempt is made to focus attention in a non-analytical way.

Agoraphobia

A fear of going out in public places

Prognosis

A forecast about the probable course of an illness

Skinner's Operant Conditioning.

A form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences. (reinforcers and punishers)

Optimism

A general tendency to expect good outcomes.

For low complexity tasks:

A high level of arousal is best.

Research consistently demonstrates that those who live together before marriage have:

A higher risk of their marriage ending in divorce

Somatization Disorder

A history of diverse physical complaints that appear to be psychological in origin -Occurs mostly in females -Symptoms linked to stress

For high complexity tasks:

A low level or arousal is best.

For medium complexity tasks:

A medium level of arousal is best.

Schizophrenias with positive symptoms

A new classification of schizophrenia characterized by schizophrenias who have something the normal population does not have (ie. hallucinations, delusions, and bizarre behaviour)

Schizophrenias with negative symptoms

A new classification of schizophrenia characterized by schizophrenias who lack something the normal population has (ie. behaviour deficits, such as flat affect, social withdrawal, poor grooming).

Correlation coefficient

A numerical index of the degree of a relationship that exists between two variables.

Phobic Disorder

A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger

2-3%

What percentage of the population does true OCD occur in?

Narcissim

A personality trait marked by an inflated sense of importance, a need for attention and admiration, a sense of entitlement, and a tendency to exploit others.

Problem-focused strategies:

Active problem solving, seeking social support, enhancing time management, improving self-control, becoming ore assertive.

Fight-or-flight

A physiological reaction to threat that mobilizes an organism for attacking (fight) or felling (flight) from an enemy.

Experiment

A research method in which the investigator manipulates one (independent) variable under carefully controlled conditions, and observes whether any changes occur in a second (dependent) variable as a result.

Conversion Disorder

A significant loss of physical function with no apparent organic basis, usually in a single organ system

Psychological test

A standardized measure of a sample of a person's behaviour.

Undifferentiated type

A subtype of schizophrenia characterized by a idiosyncratic mixture of the other subtypes.

Paranoid type

A subtype of schizophrenia characterized by delusions of prosecution and grandeur.

Disorganized type

A subtype of schizophrenia characterized by incoherence, deterioration in adaptive behaviour, and social withdrawal.

Catatonic type

A subtype of schizophrenia characterized by motor disturbances

Dissociative Amnesia

A sudden loss of memory for important personal information that is too extensive to be due to normal forgetting

Burnout

A syndrome involving the physical and emotional exhaustion, cynicism, and a lowered sense of self-efficacy that is attributable to work-related stress.

Token Economy

A system for doling out symbolic reinforcers that are exchanged later for a variety of genuine reinforcers.

Behavior Modification

A systematic approach to changing behavior through the application of the principles of conditioning

Hierarchy of needs (Maslow's Theory of Self-Actualization)

A systematic arrangement of needs, according to priority, in which basic needs must be met first before less basic needs are aroused.

Humanism

A theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique abilities of humans, especially their free will and their potential for personal growth.

Pavlov's Classical Conditioning.

A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus. (Classical conditioning may explain how people acquire particular emotional responses such as anxiety or phobias).

Preoccupied

Adult Attachment Style: -high attachment anxiety -low attachment avoidance -preoccupied with relationship

Material resources

According to parental investment theory, what do females seek in male partners in order to maximize reproductive success?

physical attractiveness

According to parental investment theory, what do males seek in female partners in order to maximize reproductive success?

Intimate Partner Violence

Aggression toward those who are in close relationships to the aggressor.

Heritability ratio

An estimate of the proportion of trait variability in a population that is determined by variations in genetic inheritance.

Mere exposure effect

An increase in positive feelings toward a novel stimulus (such as a person) based on frequent exposure to it (does not involve interaction with that person)

Personality

An individual's unique constellation of consistent behavioural traits.

STD

An infectious disease that is spread from person to person by sexual contact.

Family life cycle

An orderly sequence of developmental stages that families tend to progress through.

Stress

Any circumstances that threaten or are perceived to threaten one's well-being and thereby tax one's coping abilities.

Life Changes

Any noticeable alterations in one's living circumstances that require readjustment.

Psychosexual stages

Are development periods with a characteristic sexual focus that leave their mark on adult personality.

Archetypes (Jung)

Are emotionally charged images and though forms that have universal meaning.

Homosexuals

Are homosexuals or heterosexuals more likely to maintain social contact with former sex partners?

Self-Report Inventories

Are personality scales that ask individuals to answer a series of questions about their characteristic behaviour. (A vast range of traits can be measured with these tests, but responses can be inaccurate)

Women

Are women or men better at nonverbal sensitivity?

Lisa Diamond

Argued for sexual fluidity

Relationship satisfaction

Assessed by comparing relationship outcomes (rewards - costs) to our subjective expectations (comparison level)

Undoing

Attempting to counteract feelings of guilt through acts of atonement.

Sensation seeking

Is a generalized preference for high or low levels of sensory stimulation.

The task of having a job, a family and leisure activities requires:

Balancing

Adult Attachment styles

Based on attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance

Culture and Personality.

Basic dimensions of personality may be universal. Rather, people's perceptions of national character seem to be rooted in inaccurate stereotypes.

Aggression

Behavior intended to hurt someone, either physically or verbally.

6 stages of family life

Between families: the unattached young adult As people postpone marriage, this stage will likely lengthen. Joining together: the newly married couple This "honeymoon" phase is characterized by high levels of satisfaction. Family with young children: Birth of the first child brings a major transition and potential stress, especially for mothers. The key to reducing stress during this transition is having realistic expectations. Family with adolescent children: Adolescence is rated as the most difficult stage of parenting, and marital satisfaction is at its lowest point. Conflict is especially likely between teens (both males and females) and mothers. In addition, many couples are also caring for their own aging parents. These double responsibilities spurred the term, the "sandwich generation." Launching children into the adult world: Also called the "empty nest" phase, it was traditionally thought to create feelings of loss. However, women's roles extend beyond parenthood, and this is now generally associated with greater marital satisfaction. Problems usually only occur when adult children return to "the nest." The family in later life: Marital satisfaction tends to climb in the postparental period when couples have more time to devote to one another. This continues until a spouse's health begins to decline and/or a spouse dies.

Manic periods

Bouts of extreme exuberance and a feeling of invincibility

Exposure therapies

Clients are confronted with situations that they fear so they learn that these situations are harmless.

Free association

Clients spontanously express their thoughts and feelings exactly as they occur, with as little censorship as possible.

Tardive dyskinesia

Is a neurologist disorder marked by chronic tremors and involuntary spastic movements.

Dimensional approach

Change from DSM-4 to DSM-5 from a multiracial system to a __________________: -Describes disorders in terms of how people score on a limited number of continuous dimensions.

most divorces occur during the 1st decade of marriage because of:

Communication difficulties Infidelity Jealousy Growing apart Foolish spending behavior Substance abuse

Ambient Stress

Consists of chronic environmental conditions that, although not urgent, are negatively valued and place adaptive demands on people (Ex: noise, traffic, and pollution)

Control group

Consists of similar subjects who do not receive the special treatment given to the experimental group.

Experimental group

Consists of the subjects that receive some special treatment in regard to the independent variable.

5 communication patterns that are risk factors for divorce:

Contempt Criticism Defensiveness Stonewalling Belligerence

Display rules

Culture-specific norms that govern the expression of emotion -ex. USA not allowed to show anger in defeat

Intellectualization

Dealing with difficulties by looking at them in a detached, abstract way, thus suppressing one's emotional reactions.

effects of divorce on children

Depression and/or anxiety Nightmares, dependency Aggression, withdrawal, or distractibility Lowered academic performance Reduced physical health Precocious sexual behavior Substance abuse

Learned helplessness

Depression could be caused by what cognitive factor that is associated with a pessimistic explanatory style?

Decreased

Depression is correlated with increased or decreased hippocampal volume?

Explain what is meant by the paradox of progress and how theorists have explained it.

Despite progress, we are not necessarily healthier or happier.

Appraisal-focused strategies:

Detecting and disputing negative self talk, rational thinking, using positive reinterpretation, finding humour in the situation, turning to religion.

Early

Does passion peak early or late in a relationship?

Power of the situation

Does the power of the situation or the character of the person determine human behaviour more?

Coping

Efforts to master, reduce, or tolerate the demands created by stress.

Compensation

Efforts to overcome imagined or real inferiorities by developing one's abilities.

Extreme Stress

Dissociative amnesia is usually the result of:

Parasympathetic

Division conserves energy, has calming effect on the body. (slows heart rate and promotes digestion to help the body save and store energy)

Sympathetic

Division mobilizes energy during emergencies, engages the fight-or-flight response.

adjusting to divorce

Divorce is stressful for both spouses. It has a more negative impact on men's health and mortality. It is more difficult and disruptive to women, especially if there are children.

Increase

Do intimacy and commitment increase or decrease as time progresses?

Males

Do males or females prefer physical attractiveness more?

Positive

Do the majority of users on online dating sites report positive or negative experiences?

commitment alone=

Empty love

Antecedents

Events that typically precede the target response

Inferiority complex

Exaggerated feelings of weakness and inadequacy.

Evolutionary Psychology

Examines behavioural processes in terms of their adaptive value for members of a species over the course of many generations.

Hypochondriasis

Excessive preoccupation with health concerns and incessant worry about developing physical illnesses

Correlation

Exists when two variables are related to each other.

Fantasy

Fulfilling conscious or unconscious wishes and impulses in one's imagination.

What are some alternative relationship lifestyles?

Gay relationships Remaining single Cohabitation

gay parenting

Gays and lesbians are thought of more as individuals, than as members of families. In fact, gays and lesbians are very involved with their families.

Delusions

False beliefs that are maintained even though they are clearly out of touch with reality.

What are identified as principal psychosocial influences on a person's sexual identity?

Families and Peers Schools Media

predictors of marital status

Family background - people whose parents were divorced are more likely to divorce themselves. Age - those who marry at a younger age are more likely to divorce. Length of courtship - longer periods of courtship are associated with marital success. Personality - perfectionism and insecurity are loosely associated with marital problems. Premarital interaction - quality of premarital communication is especially crucial. In particular, negativity, sarcasm, insulting remarks and being unsupportive are all associated with marital distress.

why people stay in abusive relationships

Fear of economic hardship They have nowhere else to live They feel guilt and shame and do not want to face family and friends They fear that leaving will cause more severe abuse or murder (statistics support this fear)

Date Rape

Forced and unwanted intercourse in the context of dating.

Psychosomatic diseases

Genuine physical ailments thought to be caused in part by stress and other psychological factors. -Classic illnesses include: high blood pressure, peptic ulcers, asthma, skin disorders such as eczema and hives, and migraine and tension headaches

emotional and social support

Good friends supply:

William Masters and Virginia Johnson

Groundbreaking research of human sexual response

Alder's Individual Psychology.

Human drive is not sexuality, but a striving for superiority.

Catecholamine pathway

Hypothalamus activates sympathetic system; adrenal glands release catecholamines that mobilize the body for action. (Hypothalamus->ANS->Adrenal medulla ->secretion of catacholamines) -Heart rate and blood flow increase, pumping more blood to the brain and muscles. -Respiration and oxygen consumption speed up, facilitating alertness. -Digestive processes are inhibited to conserve energy. -The pupils of the eyes dilate, increasing visual sensitivity

Corticosteroid pathway

Hypothalamus signals pituitary gland to secrete ACTH; adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids that increase energy.

Emotion-focused

I engage in self-soothing relaxation exercises to handle the stress brought about by layoffs.

Proactive

I know that this confrontation with my friend is going to be challenging, so I'm going to make sure I have thoughts organized before I bring up our issues.

favorable adjustment after divorce

Having higher income Getting remarried Having more positive attitudes about divorce Being the partner who initiated the divorce

Polygamy

Having more than one spouse at one time.

Eysenck's Theory.

Hierarchy of traits.

Compulsions

Highly ritualistic acts that temporarily reduce anxiety brought on by obsessions

Incongruence

If our ideas about ourselves do not match reality.

Congruent

If our ideas about ourselves match our actual experiences.

Exhaustion

If the threat continues too long, the body's resources are depleted, leading to physical exhaustion and illness.

Resistance

If threat continues, physiological changes stabilize, coping beings.

Where does the fight-or-flight response occur?

In the autonomic nervous system (ANS).

Psychodynamic theories

Include all the diverse theories descended from the work of Sigmund Freud that focus on unconscious mental forces.

which of the following characteristics in young children is related to maternal employment:

Increased prosocial behavior

Negative correlations

Indicate that two variables covary in the opposite direction.

Positive correlations

Indicate that two variables covary in the same direction.

Projective Tests

Individuals respond to ambiguous stimuli in ways that may reveal aspects of their personalities. (It is more difficult for the respondent to deceive the tester, but reliability and validity are lower.

According to Robert Sternburg, his triangular theory of love includes three components:

Intimacy, passion, and commitment

Regression

Involves a reversion to immature patterns of behaviour.

Projection

Involves attributing one's own thoughts and feelings, or motives to another person.

Reaction formation

Involves behaving in a way that is exactly the opposite of one's true feelings.

Identification

Involves bolstering self-esteem by forming an imaginary or real alliance with some person or group.

Forgiveness

Involves counteracting the natural tendencies to seek vengeance or avoid an offender, thereby releasing this person from further liability for his or her transgression.

Diagnosis

Involves distinguishing one illness from another

Binge-eating disorder

Involves distress-inducing eating binges that are not accompanied by purging, fasting, or excessive exercise seen in bulimia

Displacement

Involves diverting emotional feelings (usually anger) from their original source to a substitute target.

Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Involves enduring psychological disturbances attributed to the experience of a major traumatic event.

Pressure

Involves expectations or demands that one behave in a certain way.

Bulimia Nervosa

Involves habitually engaging in out-of-control overeating followed by unhealthy compensatory efforts, such as self-induced vomiting, fasting, abuse of laxatives and diuretics, and excessive exercise

Anorexia Nervosa

Involves intense fear of gaining weight, disturbed body image, refusal to maintain normal weight, and dangerous measures to lose weight

Repression

Involves keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious.

Resistance

Involves largely uncouncious defensive manuevers intended to hinder the progress of therapy.

Dissociative Identity Disorder

Involves the coexistence in one person of two or more largely complete, and usually very different personalities -Each personality has its own name, memories, traits, and physical mannerisms

Rationalization

Involves the creation of false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behaviour.

Interpretation

Involves the therapist's attempts to explain the inner significance of the client's thoughts, feelings, memories, and behaviors.

Family therapy

Involves the treatment of a family unit whole, in which the main focus is on family dynamics.

Couples therapy or marital therapy

Involves the treatment of both partners in a committed, intimate relationship, in which the main focus is on relationship issues.

Catastrophic thinking

Involves unrealistic appraisals of stress that exaggerate the magnitude of one's problems.

Delusions of Grandeur

Irrational beliefs that one is extremely important or famous

Independent variable

Is a condition or event that an experimenter varies in order to see its impact on another variable.

Defensive mechanisms

Largely unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasant emotions such as anxiety and guilt.

Serotonin, norepinephrine

Mood disorders are correlated with decreased levels of what two neurotransmitters?

Cohabitation

Living together in a sexually intimate relationship without the legal bonds of marriage.

d

Loneliness is correlated with: a) shyness b) poor social skills c) self-defeating attributional style d) all of the above

d

Loneliness is most prevalent among: a) the young b) single, divorced, and widowed adults c) the elderly d) all of the above

Meaning-focused

Losing my house and possessions in a fire reminded me of what is truly important in life - my family and friends.

Overcompensation

Making up for real or imagined deficiencies by focusing on, or exaggerating, desirable characteristics.

Bipolar disorder

Marked by the experience of both depressed and manic periods.

The four sources of self-efficacy

Mastery experiences, vicarious experiences, persuasion and encouragement, interpretation of emotional arousal.

Preconscious

Material just below the surface of awareness.

Conscious

Material we are fully aware of at a particular point in time.

Unconscious

Material well below the surface of conscious awareness, but that greatly influences behaviour.

Anorexia

Medical complications of _________ Nervosa include: -amenorrhea -GI problems -dental problems -osteoporosis -low BP -metabolic disturbances

activity

Men's friendships are more ________-based

General adaptation syndrome

Model of the body's stress response consisting of three stages.

30

Most cases of OCD emerge before age __:

Approach-avoidance

Must choose whether to pursue one goal, which has both pros and cons. -Ex: you're offered a job promotion that will mean a large increase in pay. The catch is that you will have to move to a city that you hate

Approach-approach

Must make a choice between two attractive goals. (tends to be the least stressful)

Avoidance-avoidance

Must make a choice between two unattractive goals. (highly stressful)

The Neuroscience of Personality.

Neuroscientist have begun examining the link between variations on the "Big Five" traits and variations in the relative size of various areas of the brain.

Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory:

Observational learning.

Research indicates that in our culture men trade their________ for youth and physical attractiveness in females

Occupational status

Frustration

Occurs in any situation in which the pursuit of some goal is thwarted.

Positive reinforcement

Occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by a pleasant stimulus.

Negative reinforcement

Occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an unpleasant stimulus.

Punishment

Occurs when a response is weakened (decreases in frequency) because it is followed by an unpleasant stimulus.

Observational learning (Bandura)

Occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models.

Internal conflict

Occurs when two or more incompatible motivations or behavioural impulses compete for expression.

The consistency principle

Once people agree to something, they tend to stick with it

Self-efficacy (Bandura)

One's belief about one's ability to perform behaviours that should lead to expected outcomes.

cunnilingus

Oral stimulation of the female genitals

HPA axis

Over activity in what stress pathway may play a role in the development of depression?

Learned helplessness

Passive behaviour produced by exposure to unavoidable aversive events.

Present-orientated

People are less concerned with the impact of current behaviour on future goals.

Outgroup

People perceived to be dissimilar (ie. "them")

Ingroup

People perceived to be similar (ie. "us")

Future-orientated

People see the consequences of their behaviour on future goals.

Battering

Physical abuse, emotional abuse, and sexual abuse, of an intimate partner.

Somatoform Disorders

Physical ailments that cannot be explained by organic conditions and are largely due to psychological factors

Alfred Kinsey

Pioneer of sexuality research

Neurodevelopmental hypothesis

Posits that schizophrenia is caused in part by various disruptions in the normal maturation process of the brain before or at birth. -Potential disruptions may include: -prenatal exposure to viral infection -Malnutrition during prenatal development -Obstetrical complications during birth

Emotions

Powerful, largely uncontrollable feelings, accompanied by physiological changes

The advantage of using experiments.

Precise control allows cause and effect conclusions to be drawn.

Autism

Profound impairment of social interaction and communication and by severely restricted interests and activities apparent by age 3

Medical model

Proposes that it is useful to think of abnormal behaviour as a disease.

Matching hypothesis

Proposes that people of similar levels of attractiveness gravitate towards each other

Test norms

Provide information about where a score on a psychological test ranks in relation to other scores on that test.

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual

Provides detailed information about various mental illnesses that allow clinicians to make consistent diagnoses

What are the 3 factors that underlie Initial attraction during initial encounters between strangers?

Proximity (more likely to be involved with people we are geographically, or spatially, close to), familiarity (the more we see them, the more positive we will be about them), and Physical attractiveness

different forms of intimate partner violence

Psychological abuse-humiliation, control, withholding money Physical abuse-kicking or choking Sexual abuse- using sex to control, manipulate, or demean the other

Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of biological theories of personality.

Recent research has generally supported many of the assumptions of this perspective, but: 1) there are statistical problems with the estimation of hereditary influence (hard to separate genes from environment). 2) Hindsight bias (tendency to mold one's interpretations of the past to fit how events actually turned out) may be present.

Panic Disorder

Recurrent attacks of overwhelming anxiety that usually occur suddenly and unexpectedly

Coping

Refers to active efforts to master, reduce, or tolerate the demands created by stress.

Constructive coping

Refers to efforts to deal with stressful events that are judged to be relatively healthful.

Validity

Refers to the ability of the test to measure what it was designed to measure.

Etiology

Refers to the apparent causation and developmental history of an illness

Reliability

Refers to the measurement consistency of a test.

Prevalence

Refers to the percentage of the population that exhibits a disorder during a specified time period

Standardization

Refers to the uniform procedures used to administer and score a test.

Denial

Refusal to acknowledge or face up to unpleasant realities in one's life.

Emotion-focused strategies:

Releasing pent-up emotions, distracting oneself, managing hostile feelings and forgiving others, exercising, meditating, using systematic relaxation procedures.

Intimacy+Passion=

Romantic love

based on trends in the data, which of the following couples has the greatest liklelihood of marital success:

Ruth and Randy who had a very long courtship

More likely

Schizophrenia patients who return to families high in expressed emotion (EE) are more likely or less likely to relapse?

Sudden; later; negative

Schizophrenia patients with a favourable prognosis: -have a gradual/sudden onset of the disorder? -experience onset at an earlier/later age? -were well-adjusted before the onset -have a low proportion of positive/negative symptoms? -have well-preserved cognitive function -show good adherence to treatment -have a relatively healthy, supportive family environment to return to

Narcissistic

Self-centred, attention seeking, a sense of entitlement, exploitive.

Hallucinations

Sensory perceptions that occur in the absence of a real external stimulus or that represent gross distortions of perceptual input

financial difficulties

Serious financial worries tend to cause: Increased hostility in husbands Increased depression in wives Lower marital happiness in both spouses

Eating Disorders

Severe disturbances in eating behaviour characterized by preoccupation with weight and unhealthy efforts to control weight

gay relationships

Similar levels of love and commitment Similar overall levels of satisfaction Similar levels of sexual satisfaction The same relationship goals Similar predictors of success Similar sources of conflict and patterns of conflict resolution

Comorbidity

Simultaneous presence of two or more chronic diseases or conditions in a patient

Internet addiction

Spending an inordinate amount of time on the internet and inability to control online use.

Strengths and Weaknesses of behavioural theories of personality:

Strength: personality and situational factors work together to shape personality. Weaknesses: It relies too heavily on animal models.

Evaluate the strength and weaknesses of humanistic theories of personality.

Strength: self-concept as a key element of personality and positive outlook on human behaviour and personality. Weaknesses: Poor testability, unrealistic view of human nature, inadequate evidence.

True

T or F. Attachment styles can be altered by life events

False

T or F. Excessive parental involvement in children's lives decreases their child's risk of developing an eating disorder.

True

T or F. Homosexual romance and relationships seem to be basically the same as heterosexuals.

True

T or F. Men are more romantic than women and fall in love more easily than women.

True

T or F. Precipitating stress may trigger the onset of schizophrenia in someone who is vulnerable to the disease.

True

T or F. The concordance rates in twins show that their is a genetic basis to mood disorders.

True

T or F. The modern-day implications of parental investment theory are that females have: less interest in uncommitted sex; a smaller # of sexual partners over the lifetime; and look for income, status, and ambition in male partners.

True

T or F. The modern-day implications of parental investment theory are that males have: more interest in uncommitted sex; a greater # of sexual partners over the lifetime; and look for youth and physical attractiveness in female partners

True

T or F. There is a genetic basis in eating disorders.

False

T or F. There is less self-disclosure in virtual relationships than face-to-face relationships.

False

T or F. There is no genetic basis for schizophrenia.

False

T or F. There is no link between stress and the onset of mood disorders.

True

T or F. Those who ruminate about problems put themselves at risk for depression.

False

T or F. Virtual relationships are less stable than traditional relationships.

True

T or F. We are drawn to those with similar qualities because it reduces conflict.

Hedonic adaptation

The mental scale that people use to judge the pleasantness-unpleasantness of their experiences shifts so that their neutral point, or baseline for comparison, is changed.

The disadvantage of using experiments.

There are some variables of interest that cannot, for ethical reasons, be manipulated in an experiment.

Emotional intelligence

The ability to perceive and express emotion, use emotions to facilitate thought, understand and reason with emotion, and regulate emotion.

Expressed Emotion

The degree to which a relative of a schizophrenic patient displays highly critical or emotionally overinvolved attitudes towards a patient.

Self-actialization

The fulfillment of one's potential.

Attraction

The initial desire to form a close relationship

Divorce

The legal dissolution of a marriage.

Marriage

The legally and socially sanctioned union of sexually intimate adults.

Monogamy

The practice of having only one spouse at a time.

Empiricism

The premise that knowledge should be acquired through observation.

Adjustment

The psychological processes through which people manage or cope with the demands and challenges of every day life.

Epidemiology

The study of the distribution of mental or physical disorders in a population

Homogamy

The tendency of people to marry others who have similar personal characteristics.

Endogamy

The tendency of people to marry within their own social group.

Avoidant adults

Theory of Adult Attachment Styles: -fear getting close to others, reluctant to trust others, maintain emotional distance from others -low in positive relationship experiences -describe parents as COLD and REJECTING

Secure adults

Theory of Adult Attachment Styles: -trust others, find it easy to be close to them, comfortable with mutual dependence -do not worry about abandonment -longer-lasting relationships -describe parents as WARM

Anxiety-Sensitivity Theory

Theory that posits that some people are more sensitive to internal physiological symptoms of anxiety and overreact with fear when they occur

Autism

These are symptoms of _________: -lack of interest in other people -tendency to avoid eye contact -failure to bond -delayed or inability to develop speech -echolalia (rote repetition of others' words) -inflexibility with changes in routine

Conversion Disorder

These are the symptoms of _________________________: -partial or total loss of vision or hearing -partial paralysis -laryngitis or mutism (inability to speak) -seizures or vomiting -loss of function of limbs

Investments

Things that people contribute to a relationship that they cannot get back if the relationship ends (time, money...)

Chronic Stressors

Threatening events that have a relatively long duration and no readily apparent time limit. -Ex: persistent financial strains produced by unemployment, ongoing pressures from a hostile boss at work, or the demands of caring for a sick family member over a period of years

Acute stressors

Threatening events that have a relatively short duration and a clear endpoint. -Ex: having a difficult encounter with a belligerent drunk, waiting for the results of a medical test, or having your home threatened by severe flooding

Histrionic Personality

Thriving on the attention that illness brings

Catharsis

To refer to this release of emotional tension.

False

True of False. People are likely to disclose social transgressions to others

True

True of False. Research suggests there has been a increase in prevalence of psychological disorders.

True.

True or False. It is best to confront conflicts constructively so that issues can be aired and resolved.

False

True or False. Judgements about attractiveness do not change as one learns about a person's personality.

True

True or False. People recount stories of emotional events about themselves.

True

True or False. Physical attractiveness is an important factor in initial attraction to both romantic relationship prospects and friendship prospects.

characteristics of batterers

Unemployment Drinking and drug problems Tendency to anger easily Attitudes that condone aggression High stress Males exposed to violence as children

Anticipatory stressors

Upcoming or future events that are perceived to be threatening. -Ex: We may worry about breakups that never occur, bad grades we never receive, or hurricanes that never make landfall

Cognitive-behavioral treatments

Use varied combinations of verbal intervention and behavior modification techniques to help clients change maladaptive patterns of thinking.

Social support

Various types of aid and succour provided by members of one's social networks.

1%

What is the lifetime prevalence of schizophrenic disorders?

15-20%

What is the lifetime risk for suicide in people with bipolar disorder?

10-15%

What is the lifetime risk for suicide in people with depression?

Duration

What is the most meaningful aspect of eye contact?

1%

What is the prevalence of autism disorder in children?

Early adolescence

What is the typical age of onset for anorexia nervosa?

Late adolescence

What is the typical age of onset for bulimia nervosa?

Negative

What kind of thinking (ie. +/-) may cause depression?

Dopamine

What neurotransmitter is related to schizophrenia in excess?

90-95%

What percentage of eating disorder cases are young females?

65%

What percentage of participants in Milgram's study administered the full 450V (XXX) shock?

90%

What percentage of people who complete suicide suffer from some type of psychological disorder?

proximity, familiarity, physical attractiveness

What 3 factors underlie initial attraction?

kindness, humour, intelligence, honesty

What 4 factors are ranked before physical attractiveness as important for mate selection?

40

What age does the onset of major depressive disorder usually occur before?

Fear of contamination, harming others, suicide, sexual acts

What are common obsessions in OCD?

Deviance, Maladaptive, Personal Distress

What are the 3 criteria for "abnormal behaviour"?

Substance abuse, anxiety, mood disorders

What are the 3 most common classes of psychological disorders?

1) reproach (the offended party acknowledges the problem and asks the offender for an explanation) 2)remedy (the offender takes responsibility and offers a justification, a concession, an apology, or a combination of these three) 3)acknowledgement (the offended party acknowledges the remedy and the friendships progresses)

What are the 3 steps of repair after conflict among friends?

Irrational thought, deterioration of adaptive behaviour, distorted perceptions, disturbed emotion

What are the 4 symptoms of schizophrenia/

fear, disgust, happiness, anger, surprise, sadness

What are the 6 universally recognized facial expressions?

GABA

What brain neurotransmitter appears to be involved in anxiety?

Enlarged brain ventricles

What brain structural abnormality is associated with schizophrenia?

Collectivistic

What cultures do disclosures about one's group membership occur more in?

Individualistic

What cultures do personal self-disclosures occur more in?

Severe emotional childhood trauma

What do clinicians suspect that Dissociative Identity Disorder may result from?

Marijuana

What drug use in adolescence is associated with the onset of schizophrenia?

large eyes, small nose, full lips, prominent cheekbones

What facial features are considered attractive for females?

strong jawline, broad forehead

What facial features are considered attractive for males?

Biological factors, Conditioning and Learning, Cognitive Factors

What factors are involved in the etiology of anxiety disorders?

Females

What gender is 2X as likely to be diagnosed with depression?

Poor social skills

What interpersonal factor has depression been correlated with?

Anxiety

What is the 7th possible distinct facial expression that occurs in ambiguous situations where threats may be unclear? -darting eyes, swiveling head

0-18"

What is the acceptable distance to be from someone in the intimate distance zone? -parents, children, spouses/partners, lovers

18"-4'

What is the acceptable distance to be from someone in the personal distance zone? -Close friends

12'+

What is the acceptable distance to be from someone in the public distance zone? -total strangers, actors, officials

4'-12'

What is the acceptable distance to be from someone in the social distance zone? -co-workers, social gatherings, friends, work situations

Genetics

What is the etiology of autism?

13-14%

What is the lifetime prevalence of depression?

Secondary appraisal

Which is an evaluation of your coping resources and options for dealing with the stress.

15-20%

With early intervention and proper treatment plans, what percent of autistic individuals can live independently?

3; 4

Women are ___X as likely to attempt suicide, but men are ___X as likely to complete suicide.

gender and mate selection

Women place more value on a potential partner's socioeconomic status, intelligence, ambition, and financial prospects. Men place more value on a potential partner's youthfulness and physical attractiveness.

closeness, power

Women touch to display _________, men touch to display ____________.

emotionally

Women's friendships are more ________-based

Downward social comparison

a defensive tendency to compare oneself with someone whose troubles are more serious than one's own.

Obedience

a form of compliance that occurs when people follow direct commands, usually from someone in a position of authority

Resource Exchange Theory

an evolution-based theory proposing that "in heterosexual dating, males 'trade' occupational status for physical attractiveness in females"

A public self

an image presented to others in social interactions.

Listening

a mindful activity and complex process requiring one to select and organize information, interpret and respond to communications, and recall what was heard.

Asch's conformity study

a mock perception test with 3 choices for line length that people had to select the correct match with a given picture -people conformed easily to wrong answers given by others

Prejudice

a negative attitude towards members of a group

Authoritarian personality

a personality type characterized by prejudice towards any group perceived to be different from oneself

Tolerance

a progressive decrease in a person's responsiveness to a drug with continued use

Reference group

a set of people who are used as a gauge in making social comparisons.

Parental investment theory

a species mating patterns depend on what each sex has to invest - in the way of time, energy, and survival risk - to produce and nurture offspring (members of the gender that makes the smaller investment will compete with each other for mating opportunities with the gender that makes the larger investment, and the gender with the larger investment will tend to be more discriminating in selecting its partners)

token

a symbol of all the members of a group

refractory period

a time following male orgasm during which males are largely unresponsive to further simulation

Behavioral Contract

a written agreement outlining a promise to adhere to the contingencies of a behavior modification program

Personal space

a zone of space surrounding a person that is felt to "belong" to that person

Social categorizations

cognitive "shortcuts" in which we categorize people on the basis of nationality, race, gender, etc.

the evidence suggests that the negative effects of divorce on former spouses psychological adjustment are:

about the same for men and women

Shaping

accomplished by reinforcing closer and closer approximations of the desired response

Self-verification theory

according to this theory people prefer to receive feedback from others that is consistent with their own self-views.

Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love

all loving relationships are comprised of some combination of intimacy, passion, and commitment

labor force

all people who are employed as well as those who are currently unemployed but are looking for work

Paralanguage

all vocal cues other than the content of the verbal message itself (how it is said)

Minding

an active and ongoing process of continuing mutual self-disclosure and maintaining relationship-enhancing beliefs and attributions about one's partner

work

an activity that produces something of value for others

Interpersonal communication

an interactional process in which one person sends a message to another (3 characteristics) -involves 2+ people -is a process (involving a series of actions) -Is interactional (2 way street)

glass ceiling

an invisible barrier that prevents most women and ethnic minorities from advancing to the highest levels of an occupation

Self-concept

an organized collection of beliefs about the self. These beliefs are also called self-schemas.

Communication apprehension

anxiety caused by having to talk to others

Noise

any stimulus that interferes with accurately expressing or understanding a message (poor hearing, hunger, anxiety)

Hallucinogens

are diverse group of drugs that have powerful effects on mental and emotional functioning, marked most prominently by distortions in sensory and perceptual experience.

Narcotis (or Opiates)

are drugs derived from opium that are capable of relieving pain

Stimulants

are drugs that tend to increase central nervous system and behavioral activity.

Psychiatrists

are physicians who specialize in the treatment of psychological disorders

Biomedical therapies

are physiological interventions intended to reduce symptoms associated with psychological disorders

Sedatives

are sleep-inducing drugs that tend to decrease central nervous system and behavioral activity.

Antipsychotic drugs

are used to gradually reduce psychotic symptoms, including hyperactivity, mental confusion, hallucinations, and delusions

erogenous zones

areas of the body that are sexually sensitive or responsive

Internal attributions

ascribe the causes of behavior to personal dispositions, traits, abilities, and feelings.

External attributions

ascribe the causes of behavior to situational demands and environmental constraints.

what can an individual do to reduce the likelihood of being victimized by date rape:

beware of alcohol and drug use

Transient loneliness

brief, sporadic loneliness

Paradox of Close Relationships

close relationships can arouse both positive and negative intense feelings -Positive: well-being, happiness, health -Negative: abuse, deception, rejection

Acculturation

changing to adapt to a new culture (major source of stress for immigrants)

Ideal self

characteristics you would like to have.

Arranged marriages are most common in:

collectivist cultures

Empty love

commitment alone

Withdrawal

communication apprehension behaviour: "clamming up" in conversation you cannot escape

Avoidance

communication apprehension behaviour: choosing not to participate in conversation

Disruption

communication apprehension behaviour: inability to make fluid statements

Overcommunication

communication apprehension behaviour: nervous speech, talking nonstop

Aggressive communication style

communication style that focuses on saying and getting what you want at the expense of others feelings and rights

Assertive communication style

communication style that involves acting in your own best interests by expressing your thoughts and feelings directly and honestly

Submissive communication style

communication style that involves giving-in to others (pushovers)

Intimacy+commitment=

companionate love

Tracey's personal standard of what constitutes an acceptable balance of rewards and costs in a relationship is termed:

comparison level

sexual identity

complex set of personal qualities, self-perceptions,attitudes,values,and preferences that guide one's sexual behavior

Interdependence or Social Exchange Theory

decision of commitment is based on a "cost-benefit" analysis of the relationship's outcome. If the rewards (emotional support, status, sexual gratification) outweigh the costs (time and energy, emotional conflicts), we stay committed.

Realistic conflict theory

conflict for limited resources can lead to prejudice and discrimination -co-existence is not necessarily sufficient for reducing negative attitudes -when groups are interdependent on each other, prejudice is reduced

The endocrine system

consists of glands that secrete chemicals called hormones into the bloodstream (brain sends signals to this when stressed)

Behavioral therapies

involve the application of the principles of learning to direct efforts to change clients' maladaptive behaviors

Shyness

discomfort, inhibition, and excessive caution in interpersonal relationships

Theory of Adult Attachment Styles

draws connection between attachment patterns early in life and adult attachment

Mood stabilizers

drugs used to control mood swings in patients with bipolar mood disorders

sensate focus

exercise in which partners take turns pleasuring each other while giving guide verbal feedback and in which certain kinds of stimulation are temporarily forbidden

Physical Dependence

exists when a person must continue to take a drug to avoid withdrawal illness (which occurs when the drug is terminated)

Psychological Dependence

exists when a person must continue to take a drug to satisfy intense mental and emotional craving for it.

vasocongestion

engorgement of blood vessels

Context

environment in which communication takes place (environment, relationship, history, mood, cultural backgrounds)

The reciprocity principle

exploits the tendency for people to think they should pay back in kind what they receive from others

3 factors contributing to passion peaking early and then dissipating

fantasy, novelty, and arousal

passion+commitment=

fatuous love

Social loneliness

feeling that occurs with a lack of friendship network

Emotional loneliness

feeling that occurs with absence of intimate attachment figures

spermarche

first ejaculation

menarche

first occurrence of menstruation

which of the following has been supported by research on intimate relationships among gay men and lesbians

gay couples want the same thing out of relationships that heterosexuals want

Foot-in-the-door technique

getting people to agree to a small request so that they agree to a larger request later

Lowball technique

getting someone to commit to an attractive proposition before its hidden costs are revealed

Superordinate goals

goals that require two or more groups to work together to achieve mutual ends

What are current trends and issues in treatment

grappling with the constraints of managed care blending approaches to treatment increasing multicultural sensitivity in treatment

A sociocultural explanation for the finding that women are more selective than men in choosing partners is that women:

have less economic power than men

Polygamy

have more than one spouse at a time

Insight therapies

involve verbal interactions intended to enhance client's self-knowledge and thus promote healthful changes in personality and behavior

If a researcher fails to determine the sexual orientation of her research participants and reports her findings without any mention of homosexuals, her study suffers from:

heterosexism

Bio-psycho-social Model

holds that physical illness is caused by a complex interaction of biological, psychological, and social-cultural factors.

dual-earner households

households in which both partners are employed

Attachment Anxiety

how much a person worries that a partner will not be available when needed

The scarcity principle

if something is scarce, it must be good, and people are more likely to buy it ex. "limited supplies available"

sexual dsyfunctions

impairments in sexual functioning that cause subjective distress

Displaced workers

individuals who are unemployed because their jobs have disappeared

Self-attributions

inferences that people draw about the causes of their own behavior.

Attribution

inferences that people draw about the causes of their own behaviour, others' behaviour, and events

Women's same-gender friendships are based on _______; men's typically based on __________.

intimacy and self-disclosure ; shared activities

Message

information or meaning that is transmitted from the sender to the receiver -Sender encode and receiver decode ideas & feelings

coitus

inserting penis into vagina

anal intercourse

insertion of the penis into the partner's anus and rectum

homophobia

intense fear and intolerance of homosexuals

Passion

intense positive or negative feelings, including sexual desire

A self-defeating attributional style associated with loneliness involves attributing loneliness to:

internal, stable factors

Electronically-mediated communication

interpersonal communication that takes place via technology

Companionate love

intimacy + commitment

Romantic love

intimacy + passion

Consummate love

intimacy + passion + commitment

Liking

intimacy alone

Implicit Association Test

matching words such as white and good or black and bad -people respond more quickly to white = good & black = bad than white = bad & black = good ---> shows prejudice

Truc and Hiroshi have plenty of financial resources. In the marriage arguments about money:

may be common

research on cohabitation indicates that:

most cohabitants would like to marry eventually

When you have none of the characteristics in the triangular theory, it's called:

no love

Compliance

occurs when people yield to social pressure in their public behaviour, even though their private beliefs have not changed

Loneliness

occurs when a person has fewer interpersonal relationships than desires, or when these relationships are not as satisfying as desired

Transference

occurs when clients start relating to their therapist in ways that mimic relationship in their lives.

Conformity

occurs when people yield to real or imagined social pressures

two most common types

partner abuse and date rape

Fatuous love

passion + commitment

Infatuation

passion alone

Infatuation=

passion alone

Modern discrimination

people privately harbour negative attitudes towards minority groups, but express them only when they feel such views are justified, or it is safe to do so

homogamy

people who marry others who have similar personal characteristics

Comparison level

personal standard of what constitutes an acceptable balance of rewards and costs

Relationship maintenance strategies

positivity, openness, assurances, social networking, task-sharing, joint activities, mediated communication, avoidance (respecting privacy), humours, no flirting with others

Monogamy

practice of having only one spouse at a time

The inverted-U hypothesis

predicts that task performance should improve with increased emotional arousal—up to a point, after which further increases in arousal become disruptive and performance deteriorates.

estrogen

principal class of female sex hormones

Social comparison theory

proposes that individuals compare themselves with others in order to assess their abilities and opinions.

Settling-Point Theory

proposes that weight tends to drift around the level at which the constellation of factors hat determine food consumption and energy expenditure achieve an equilibrium.

Set- Point Theory

proposes the body monitors fat-cell levels to keep them fairly stable.

Actual self

qualities you believe you actually possess.

which of the following is a recent social trend that is undermining the traditional model of marriage:

reduced premium on permanence in marriage

Sexual orientation

refers to a person's preference for emotional and sexual relationships with individual's of the same sex, opposite sex, or both sexes

Proximity

refers to geographic, residential, and other forms of spatial closeness

Reciprocal-liking

refers to liking those who show that they like you -related to self-fulfilling prophecy

Self-efficacy

refers to one's belief about one's ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes.

Self-esteem

refers to one's overall assessment of one's worth as a person.

Self-monitoring

refers to the degree to which people attend to and control the impressions they make on others.

Explanatory style

refers to the tendency to use similar causal attributions for a wide variety of events in one's life.

Impression management

refers to usually conscious efforts by people to influence how others think of them.

Close relationships

relationships that are important (time & energy), interdependent, and long lasting

The mere exposure effect (familiarity) refers to an increase in positive feelings due to:

seeing someone often

Channel

sensory channel through which the message reaches the receiver (hear, see, touch)

underemployment

setting for a job that does not fully utilize one's skills, abilities, and training

gonads

sex glands

Clinical psychologists & counseling psychologists

specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and everyday behavioral problems

masturbation

stimulation of one's genitals

Proxemics

study of people's use of interpersonal space

Collaborating

style of managing conflict: -high concern for self -high concern for others (involves a sincere effort to find a solution that will optimally satisfy both parties)

Competing/Forcing

style of managing conflict: -high concern for self -low concern for others (Will do anything to win)

Accommodating

style of managing conflict: -low concern for self -high concern for others (give in easily to end conflict)

Avoiding/Withdrawing

style of managing conflict: -low concern for self -low concern for others

Compromising

style of managing conflict: -moderate concern for self -moderate concern for others (meets the other person halfway)

Transitional loneliness

temporary loneliness after experiencing a disruption in one's social network -ex. moving to a new city, relationship break-up

Endogamy

tendency for people to marry within their own social group

endogamy is

tendency to marry within ones social group

Need for cognition

tendency to seek out and enjoy effortful thought, problem-solving activities, and in-depth analysis

occupational interest inventories

tests that measure one's interests as they relate to various jobs or careers

Nonverbal sensitivity

the ability to accurately encode (express) and decode (understand) nonverbal cues

Self-disclosure

the act of sharing information about yourself with another person

Heterosexism

the assumption that all individuals and relationships are heterosexual

Persuasion

the communication of arguments and information intended to change another person's attitude

Commitment

the decision and intent to maintain a relationship in spite of the difficulties and costs that may arise

Attachment Avoidance

the degree to which a person distrusts a partner's good will and their tendency to maintain emotional and behavioural distance from a partner

work-family conflict

the feeling of being pulled in multiple directions by competing demands from job and family

Neurogenesis

the formation of new neurons

the transition to parenthood tends to be easier when:

the parents have realistic expectations

Concordance Rates

the percentage of twin pairs or other pairs of relatives that exhibit the same disorder

androgens

the principal class of male sex hormones

Self-regulation

the process of directing and controlling one's behavior.

Person perception

the process of forming impressions of others

Kinesics

the study of communication through body movements

industrial/organizational (I/O) psychology

the study of human behavior in the workplace

sexual harassment

the subjection of individuals to unwelcome sexually oriented behavior

Bystander effect

the tendency for individuals to be less likely to provide help when others are present than when they are alone (diffusion of responsibility) -problem of information influence

The self-serving bias

the tendency to attribute one's successes to personal factors and one's failures to situational factors.

Defensive attribution

the tendency to blame victims for their misfortune so that one feels less likely to be victimized in a similar way

Basking in reflected glory

the tendency to enhance one's image by publicly announcing one's association with those who are successful.

Fundamental attribution error

the tendency to explain other people's behaviour as the result of personal rather than situational factors

Self-enhancement

the tendency to maintain positive feelings about oneself.

Self-handicapping

the tendency to sabotage one's performance to provide an excuse for possible failure.

Confirmation bias

the tendency to seek information that supports one's beliefs while not pursing disconfirming information

Dream analysis

the therapist interprets the symbolic meaning of the client's dreams.

Nonverbal communication

the transmission of meaning from one person to another through means or symbols other than words

Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)

this scale is designed to measure the change-related stress in one's life

Elaboration Likelihood Model

thoughts about a persuasive message are most important in determining whether attitudes will change -central route - high elaboration -peripheral route - low elaboration

gay

to homosexual men and women who seek committed emotional-sexual relationships with members of the same gender."

Ought self

traits you believe you should possess.

Antidepressant drugs

used to gradually elevate mood and help bring people out of a depression

Antianxiety drugs

used to relieve tension, apprehension, and nervousness

Cognitive Therapy

uses specific strategies to correct habitual thinking errors that underline various types of disorders

deciding on divorce

usually the decision of divorce is a complex one that is a result of long series of smaller events that unfold over a period of time

Intimacy

warmth, closeness, and sharing

Erectile Difficulties

when a man is persistently unable to achieve or maintain an erection adequate for intercourse

Self-fulfilling prophecy

when expectations about a person cause him or her to behave in ways that confirm the expectations

Internal attribution

when people attribute the causes of others' behaviour to personal dispositions, traits, abilities, or feelings

External attribution

when people attribute the causes of others' behaviour to situational demands and environmental constraints

orgasmic difficulties

when people experience sexual arousal but have persistent problems in achieving orgasm

Interpersonal Conflict

whenever two or more people disagree.

Unrealistic Optimism

wherein they are aware that certain health-related behaviors are dangerous, but they erroneously view those dangers as risks for others rather than themselves.

Stereotypes

widely held beliefs that people have certain characteristics because of their membership in a particular group