PSY 210 Final Exam
Dr. Morimoto is curious as to whether exposing people to violent video games causes them to be more aggressive. He assigns half his participants to play a video game for five minutes and the other half to play for seven minutes. He finds that there is no relationship between playing the game longer and being more aggressive. What might be to blame for this null effect?
A weak manipulation
Horselenberg et al. (2003) conducted an experiment based on Kassin and Kieche (1996) in which the participant was falsely accused of striking a computer key that caused the data to be deleted. The earlier study showed that 69 percent of the participants were willing to sign a confession that they had struck the key. Horselenberg's study included a change in procedure where the signed confession included giving up part of the participation fee. Horselenberg et al. conducted their study in the Netherlands and found similar results to Kassin's. That this finding was observed in multiple contexts supports which validity?
external
A Pearson r correlation coefficient can range from _____ to _____.
-1; 1
Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite-sex friend pairs. Given the scenario above, Dr. Ewell is concerned that the children will behave differently because of the presence of research assistants. Which of the following could he do to address this concern? -Make the observations himself instead of using a research assistant -Hide a video camera in the daycare center and record the children playing without them knowing -Have two undergraduate research assistants make the observations instead of just one -Observe the same-sex friend pairs on the first day and the opposite-sex friend pairs on the second day
Hide a video camera in the daycare center and record the children playing without them knowing
A researcher is interested in studying the impact of gender and time pressure on the ability to read maps. She randomly assigns college men and women to read a series of complicated maps in 5 minutes or 25 minutes. Then she administers a map-reading test to the participants; the number of correct responses is recorded for each of the participants. What statistical test should be run to analyze these results?
factorial ANOVA
Jenny recently learned of plans to cut down an old beautiful tree on her campus to make way for a new bike path. Jenny is opposed to cutting down the tree, and she decides to survey some students at her university to see if others also oppose cutting down the tree. She plans to share the results of her survey with the school administration to argue to keep the tree. One question on Jenny's survey asks, "Do you oppose not cutting down this tree?" A problem with this question is that it is a _____________.
negatively worded question
Assume that a researcher conducts a 2 x 2 factorial ANOVA and finds a significant interaction between two independent variables. What is the first step to understanding the nature of the interaction effect?
split the file by one independent variable and perform t-tests on the other independent variable
Vida is studying the connection between school grades and time spent using social media. She finds a strong correlation, showing the students with lower grades spend more time using social media. She decides that before she can claim that increased use of social media causes grades to drop she must make sure that the social media came before the low grades. What criterion of causality is she concerned with?
temporal precedence
In his measure of "need for cognition" (the degree to which people like thinking and problem-solving), Dr. Jonason asks his participants to rate their agreement with the following statement: "I have never not enjoyed thinking." What is the problem with this question?
It has a double negative.
The belief that the participants in a research study should be representative of the type of people who would also benefit from the findings of the research stems from which principle of the Belmont Report?
The principle of justice
Dr. Oswald submits her study for publication in a scientific journal. If one of the peer reviewers is concerned about the external validity of her study, which of the following is the most important aspect of Dr. Oswald's study to consider?
The random sampling technique used to recruit the participants
Which of the following is an association claim?
"Owning a dog is related to higher life satisfaction."
Linda is studying how different kinds of images and the gender of the experimenter affect people's responses to pain. She randomly assigns research participants to either a male of female experimenter; the experimenter shows the participants images of food, images of animals, or images of children. If Linda wants to have 20 participants per cell, how many participants does she need in total?
120
Dr. Gavin is conducting a 2x4 independent-groups factorial design. How many main effects will Dr. Gavin need to examine?
2
Dr. Gavin is conducting a 2x4 independent-groups factorial design. How many cells are in his design?
8
____________ is an extra dependent variable that can be used to help researchers quantify how well an experimental manipulation worked.
A manipulation check
Dr. Lonsbary's decision to randomly assign participants to the three groups is an example of what effect?
A selection effect
Benjamin is a social psychologist who studies marriage. He believes that marital satisfaction has two components: the ability to trust one's partner and a belief that one can be a good spouse. This is known as:
A theory
Dr. Ramon makes the following claim: "Watching television leads people to spend less time communicating with their spouses, study says." Dr. LaSalle makes the claim: "Research shows that making more money correlates with spending less time talking with your spouse.Which type of claim is Dr. LaSalle making?
Association claim
What is the correct order for an APA-style reference to an entire book? -Author, A. A. (date). Title of work. Location: Publisher. -Title of work. (date). Author, A. A. Location: Publisher. -Author, A. A. Title of work. (date). Publisher: Location. -Author, A. A. (date). Title of work. Publisher: Location.
Author, A. A. (date). Title of work. Location: Publisher.
What is the difference between data that is collected anonymously and data that is collected confidentially?
Confidential research collects participants' names but separates them from the data; anonymous research does not collect participants' names.
An alternative explanation for an outcome is known as a/an:
Confound
Of the options listed below, which of the following is the last section of an empirical journal article?
Discussion
Which of the following in-text citations is correct? (Assume that the study being describe has four authors: Ekkekakis, Hall, VanLanduyt, and Petruzzello. Assume that this is the first citation to the study.) -Ekkekakis & Hall, et al. (2000) found that short (10-minute) bouts of walking resulted in increased positive affect and energetic arousal. -Ekkekakis et al. (2000) found that short (10-minute) bouts of walking resulted in increased positive affect and energetic arousal. -Ekkekakis, Hall, VanLanduyt, and Petruzzello found that short (10-minute) bouts of walking resulted in increased positive affect and energetic arousal (2000). -Ekkekakis, Hall, VanLanduyt, and Petruzzello (2000) found that short (10-minute) bouts of walking resulted in increased positive affect and energetic arousal.
Ekkekakis, Hall, VanLanduyt, and Petruzzello (2000) found that short (10-minute) bouts of walking resulted in increased positive affect and energetic arousal.
Dr. Lonsbary is considering doing a follow-up study in which instead of asking participants to listen to music to induce mood, she has them write either a story about a character who just won the lottery or a story about a character who just experienced the death of their spouse. This change in the mood variable is designed to enhance the study's:
External validity
Mark conducts a study for his research methods class to determine if consuming caffeine causes people to perform better on cognitive tasks. In his study, he gives half of his participants a glass of water and half of his participants a glass of cola, and then has them attempt to solve 15 math problems. He finds that people who drink caffeine beforehand solve more math problems than those who drink water beforehand. Mark decides to conduct a conceptual replication. Which of the following could be in the study to make it this type of replication?
Having participants drink a caffeinated energy drink rather than a caffeinated cola
Dr. Lonsbary is a cognitive psychologist who is curious about how mood affects memory. She recruited 60 high school students and divided them into three groups. Group A listened to a five-minute piece of music intended to make them feel happy (a song titled "Don't Worry, Be Happy"). Group B listened to a five-minute piece of music intended to make them feel sad (a song titled "Alone Again"). Group C listened to no music and instead was asked to sit quietly for five minutes (thought to make them feel neutral).When a participant would come to her laboratory, Dr. Lonsbary would greet the participant and then ask him or her to draw a card. Participants who drew a 1, 2, or 3 were assigned to Group A. Participants who drew a 4, 5, or 6, were assigned to Group B. Participants who drew a 7, 8, or 9, were assigned to Group C. The participants were then given an unlabeled CD to listen to based on their group assignment. The CD contained either the song selection or five minutes of silence. They were then escorted into a different room, where they were greeted by a research assistant who conducted the experiment. The research assistant sat the participants in front of a computer screen and told them that a list of 25 words would be displayed on the screen. They were instructed to listen to the CD with headphones while trying to memorize the list of words. All participants were given the same list of 25 words to remember.When five minutes had passed, the screen displayed a question asking them whether they felt happy, sad, or neutral. After the participant responded, a new screen was displayed asking them to type in all the words they could remember from the list of 25 words. All participants were given three minutes to type the words they remembered. Afterward, the participant was thanked and dismissed. In response to the mood question, a majority of Group A participants said they were happy, a majority of Group B participants said they were sad, and a majority of Group C participants said they were neutral in their mood. Dr. Lonsbary found the following results in response to the number of words remembered.Which of the following allows Dr. Lonsbary to conclude that she met the temporal precedence rule for causality?
Having people listen to music or silence before they wrote down the list of words they remembered
Dr. Oswald conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in the Memphis, Tennessee, area in the southern United States. Below are her findings. In evaluating Dr. Oswald's study, you question the construct validity of the study. Which of the following questions would you be asking?
How reliable is the measure of daily stress?
Generally, what is the main priority for experimental studies?
Internal validity
Which of the following regarding an APA-style method section is TRUE? -It identifies the statistical analyses used to test hypotheses -It provides a rough overview of how a study was done -It describes previous literature on a given topic -It is written in past tense
It is written in past tense
Compared with doing a generic Internet search, why is PsycINFO a superior way to find scientific sources?
It searches only sources in psychology and related fields.
Below are examples of a journal article title. Which example shows how the title should appear when it is part of a reference list? -Natural versus Urban scenes: Some Psychophysiological Effects -Natural versus urban scenes: Some psychophysiological effects -Natural versus urban scenes: some psychophysiological effects -Natural Versus Urban Scenes: Some Psychophysiological Effects
Natural versus urban scenes: Some psychophysiological effects
For his research methods class, Felipe plans to watch how students treat other children in their classrooms who have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). He will evaluate how positively or negatively the children are treated by their classmates. This is an example of what type of measurement?
Observational measurement
Who is responsible for deciding which validity is prioritized in a study?
The researcher
A more general term for practice effects and carryover effects is:
Order effects
Dr. Kline plans to use deception in his study and is thinking about a debriefing session. Which of the following is true of the debriefing?
Participants must be told the reasons for the deception.
Below are four descriptions of a study. Assume that the study has two authors: Gatersleben and Andrews. Assume that this is the first citation. Indicate which of the following in-text citations is correct (you may choose more than one): -Research shows that participants who walked through a park demonstrated greater pretest-posttest improvements in attention/concentration than participants who watched a video of the walk (Gatersleben et al., 2013). -Research shows that participants who walked through a park demonstrated greater pretest-posttest improvements in attention/concentration than participants who watched a video of the walk (Gatersleben & Andrews, 2013). -Gatersleben et al. (2013) found that participants who walked through a park demonstrated greater pretest-posttest improvements in attention/concentration than participants who watched a video of the walk. -Gatersleben and Andrews (2013) found that participants who walked through a park demonstrated greater pretest-posttest improvements in attention/concentration than participants who watched a video of the walk.
Research shows that participants who walked through a park demonstrated greater pretest-posttest improvements in attention/concentration than participants who watched a video of the walk (Gatersleben & Andrews, 2013). Gatersleben and Andrews (2013) found that participants who walked through a park demonstrated greater pretest-posttest improvements in attention/concentration than participants who watched a video of the walk.
In considering whether research is ethical, which of the following are balanced against each other?
Risk to participants versus value of the knowledge gained
A researcher's attempt to control sounds, smells, and even temperature in a testing environment is meant to reduce which of the following?
Situation noise
To be a history threat, the external event must occur:
Systematically, affecting most members of the group
Dr. Rhodes notices an interaction in his factorial study. In describing this, which statement might he use to explain the link between Independent Variable A and Independent Variable B in predicting the dependent variable?
The effect of Variable A depends on Variable B.
Imagine that you are reading a journal article and you see the following sentence: "The study used a 2x2x4 design." Based on this sentence alone, you would know all of the following pieces of information EXCEPT: -The number of participants in the study -The number of main effects that need to be examined -The number of cells -The number of independent variables
The number of participants in the study
Dr. Gavin decides that instead of conducting a 2x4 independent-groups factorial design, he is going to conduct a 2x4 within-subjects factorial design. Which of the following things will change?
The number of participants needed
The need to balance the potential costs and benefits to participants taking part in a research study is done to address which principle of the Belmont Report?
The principle of beneficence
Dr. Kline's decision about the type of participants to recruit should be informed by which of the following principles of the Belmont Report?
The principle of justice
In a direct replication, which of the following is NOT allowed to be dissimilar from the original study? -The research assistant helping with the study -The variables in the study -The time of year when the study is run -The participants in the study
The variables in the study
All of the following are true of ceiling and floor effects EXCEPT:
They are only problematic in pretest/posttest designs
Which of the following characteristics sets scientific journals apart from magazines?
They are peer-reviewed.
Research studies are superior to personal experience because:
They include at least one comparison group
Which of the following is true about open-ended questions? -They are more efficient than asking forced-choice questions. -They are the most common format for psychologists to ask questions. -They provide rich data, but they can be time-consuming for researchers because the responses need to be coded. -They completely lack construct validity
They provide rich data, but they can be time-consuming for researchers because the responses need to be coded.
Which of the following is NOT a reason that a study might yield a null result?
Use of a within-subjects design
Professor Law wants to construct a survey to assess involvement with computer games. Which of the following would be an example of an open-ended question? -On a scale of 1 (Strongly agree) to 5 (Strongly disagree) scale, rate the following statement: Computer games are a great pastime. -On a scale of 0 (Not at all) to 5 (Very much), rate how much you like and play your favorite game. -Which is truer of you? a) I have little interest in computer games or b) I would miss computer games if I couldn't play anymore. -What computer games have you played?
What computer games have you played?
All of the following belong in the Participants section of an APA-style method section, EXCEPT: -Whether participants were randomly assigned to condition -How participants were recruited (or solicited) to participate in the study -Whether the researchers obtained approval from an institutional review board -Whether participants were paid to participate in the study
Whether participants were randomly assigned to condition
What is a manipulation check?
a question to see if participants paid attention to the independent variable
Dr. Berman is interested in the effects of natural environments on mood. He randomly assigns research participants to spend either 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, or one hour in a natural environment each day for two weeks. At the end of two weeks, he measures participants' mood. Dr. Berman is varying the independent variable according by its:
amount
Which information from a journal article should be included in an in-text citation?
authors' last names and year article was published
In an analysis of variance, the F statistic reflects the ratio of _____ to _____. -between-groups variability; within-groups variability -sums of squares of the interaction; sums of squares of the main effect -sums of squares of the main effect; sums of squares of the interaction -within-groups variability; between-groups variability
between-groups variability; within-groups variability
The univariate factorial ANOVA is to _____ designs, as the repeated measures ANOVA is to _____ designs. -within-groups; between-groups -within-groups; mixed model -between-groups; within-groups -mixed model; between-groups
between-groups; within-groups
You want to create a variable, PosAff, that represents the average of a participant's responses to all ten items on the PANAS that measure positive affect. Which command in SPSS should you use to create this variable?
compute
You want to examine the change in positive affect from pre-test to posttest. Which command in SPSS should you use to create a variable representing this change?
compute
Eric designs a study to examine drink preferences of university freshmen. He is planning to have all of the freshmen who participate in his study drink a cup of coffee then rate their enjoyment of the coffee, then drink a cup of tea and rate their enjoyment of the tea, and finally drink a cup of milk and rate their enjoyment of the milk. Eric tells Theresa about the plans for his study and she says she is concerned that he could have a problem with order effect in his study. How can Eric fix this problem?
counterbalancing
In psychology lab, Tetiana is conducting an experiment on depth perception using the Howard-Dolman box. Inside the box are two vertical rods and a horizontal ruler. The participant manipulates the rods until they appear to be aligned at the same distance away, then the experimenter measures how far out of alignment they are. There are three conditions: left eye only, right eye only, and both eyes. Tetiana is using a repeated-measures design. What is the dependent variable in this experiment?
distance out of alignment of the rods
In psychology lab, Tetiana is conducting an experiment on depth perception using the Howard-Dolman box. Inside the box are two vertical rods and a horizontal ruler. The participant manipulates the rods until they appear to be aligned at the same distance away, then the experimenter measures how far out of alignment they are. There are three conditions: left eye only, right eye only, and both eyes. Tetiana is using a repeated-measures design. What is the independent variable in this experiment?
eye/eyes used
A researcher studies the effects of loud noise on the ability to solve difficult word puzzles. She randomly assigns college men to work these puzzles while listening to 80 decibel noise or 30 decibel noise, and she times how long each participant takes to solve three word puzzles. How should the researcher analyze these data?
independent samples t-test
SPSS uses the term factor to refer to the _____.
independent variable
You are interested in comparing the incomes of Democrats and Republicans in your voting district. Which statistical test is appropriate?
independent-samples t-test
The hypothesis can be found in which section of a manuscript?
introduction
The reason the authors have chosen to do a study is usually found in which section of a manuscript?
introduction
When a researcher describes on an IRB application how participants will be recruited for a study, the IRB committee considers the researcher's description in relation to what principle in the Belmont Report?
justice
Each of the following is a way to reduce the likelihood of making a Type II error, EXCEPT: -incorporating a repeated measures design -strengthening the manipulation of the independent variable -increasing the number of participants in one's sample -lowering the alpha level for deciding whether an effect is statistically significant
lowering the alpha level for deciding whether an effect is statistically significant
You have tested 100 houses for the presence of radon, a radioactive gas. You are interested in comparing the data against the national normed value of 2. Which is the appropriate statistical test?
one-sample t-test
Assume you are interested in comparing the incomes of Democrats, Republicans, and Independents in your district. Which statistical test should you use?
one-way ANOVA
Dr. Stephens studies the effect of socioeconomic status (SES) on college completion. She measures research participants' SES by asking them to circle the rung on a ladder that best represents their SES. What type of variable is this?
operational variable
You are interested in whether a new treatment for depression works. You have data before and after the intervention from the same participants. Which statistical test is appropriate?
paired-samples t-test
What type of research misconduct involves representing the ideas or words of others as one's own?
plagiarism
Cara is running a study to examine the effect of music on mood. She randomly assigns participants to three conditions — rock, jazz, and country. She has the participants rate their mood with a short questionnaire, then listen to their assigned music for 20 minutes, and then fill out the mood questionnaire again. What kind of design is she using?
pretest/posttest
A step-by-step description of what the participants did in a study is given in the _____ section of an APA-style method section.
procedure
Which of the following reports of a bivariate correlation analysis is in correct APA format? -r(65) = -0.47, p = .025 -r(65) = -.47, p = .025 -r(65) = -.47, p = .025 -r(65) = -0.47, p < .025
r(65) = -.47, p = .025
Linda is studying how different kinds of images affect people's responses to pain. She randomly assigns research participants to view images of food, images of animals, or images of children. She then measures how long in seconds participants can tolerate a painful electric stimulus applied to the skin. Pain tolerance is measured using a _____ scale of measurement
ratio
Each of the following is true of an APA-style reference list, EXCEPT -references are arranged by date -the title of the journal is italicized -the title of the article is not italicized -the reference list is double-spaced
references are arranged by date
Studies with a mixed experimental design should be analyzed using a/an:
repeated-measures ANOVA
The wellness coordinator for a university hypothesizes that aerobic exercise will help employees with chronic headaches reduce their troubling symptoms. She asks a psychology professor to design a study to test the hypothesis. With their permission, the professor randomly assigns employees with chronic headaches to participate in a daily aerobic exercise program, a daily strength training program, or no exercise program. She measures the severity of their symptoms on a series of Likert rating scales before the program starts and again 6 weeks later. How should the researcher analyze these data?
repeated-measures ANOVA
You run an independent samples t test. Your Levene's test shows a significance value of .021. What should you do?
report the t-statistic for equal variances not assumed
You want to organize the SPSS data file, so that all the participants in the nature condition are grouped together, and all the participants in the urban condition are grouped together. Which SPSS command should you use?
sort cases
Assume that you conducted an experiment to examine how viewing pictures of nature versus urban areas affects mood. You measured participants' mood using the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) prior to and immediately following their viewing of the pictures. You wish to compare mean scores on the PANAS for females and males. Which SPSS command should you choose?
split file
Jenny reads the headline, "Tea Party Supporters Have Slipped To 20 Percent." She asks, "What is the margin of error of the estimate?" What validity is she interrogating?
statistical validity
A Pearson product moment correlation provides information about the _____ and _____ of the relationship between two variables.
strength; direction
Which of the following reports of results is correct, according to APA style? -t(50) = 4.29, p < .04 -t(50) = 4.29, p = .032 -t(50)=4.29, p=.032 -t(50) = 4.29, p = .032
t(50) = 4.29, p = .032
Which of the following should have a zero before the decimal, according to APA style? -the correlation coefficient between measures of narcissism and materialism -the distance between the participant and the computer screen, reported in meters -the proportion of participants who dropped out of the study before the final wave of data collection -the p-value associated with the correlation between narcissism and materialism
the distance between the participant and the computer screen, reported in meters
What is the relationship between the size of the F statistic and the probability of an effect being statistically significant?
the larger the F, the more likely the effect is significant
Which of the following conclusions may we draw about this Pearson correlation coefficient: r = .55? Choose ALL that apply. -the relationship between the two variables is weak -the relationship between the two variables is strong -the variables are negatively correlated -the variables are positively correlated
the relationship between the two variables is strong, the variables are positively correlated
A standard deviation is (choose all that apply): -an indication of the middle data point -the square root of the variance -an example of an inferential statistical test -an indicator of the dispersion of data
the square root of the variance, an indicator of the dispersion of data
Professor Nakum designs a memory experiment to test the effect of word familiarity on memory. Three lists of words are created: common words, uncommon words, and made-up words. Participants study one of the lists of 30 words for 5 minutes, do math problems for 5 minutes, then write all the words they recall from the list. Their score is the number of words correctly recalled. Which of the following is the independent variable in this study?
the type of word list
The results of a bivariate correlation analysis produce a Pearson r correlation coefficient of -.09. What is the best interpretation of the relationship between the two variables?
there is a weak negative correlation
A t-test is conducted to compare how many means?
two
Susan ran a study in which she had a group of younger adults (18-24 year-olds) and older adults (50-65 year-olds). She had both groups recite a poem by memory once in front of an audience of 50 people and once in a room by themselves. She counterbalanced the order of these tasks between participants. She had the participants rate their level of anxiety right before they recited the poem each time. Susan found that there was a main effect for age such that younger people reported being more anxious than older people. She found a main effect for audience size such that people were more anxious in the room with 50 people than they were in the room by themselves. She did not find an interaction in the results. If Susan were to graph her results, what would they look like?
two parallel diagonal lines
When would you need to run a one-way ANOVA instead of a t-test?
when your independent variable has more than two levels
A researcher would run a paired-samples t-test when the independent variable is manipulated _____ and the level of measurement of the dependent variable is _____.
within-subjects; interval or ratio
Which of the following in-text citations is correct? (Assume that the study being describe has four authors: Ekkekakis, Hall, VanLanduyt, and Petruzzello. Assume that this is the second citation to the study.) -Ekkekakis, Hall, VanLanduyt, and Petruzzello found that short (10-minute) bouts of walking resulted in increased positive affect and energetic arousal (2000). -Ekkekakis & Hall, et al. (2000) found that short (10-minute) bouts of walking resulted in increased positive affect and energetic arousal. -Ekkekakis et al. (2000) found that short (10-minute) bouts of walking resulted in increased positive affect and energetic arousal. -Ekkekakis, Hall, VanLanduyt, and Petruzzello (2000) found that short (10-minute) bouts of walking resulted in increased positive affect and energetic arousal.
Ekkekakis et al. (2000) found that short (10-minute) bouts of walking resulted in increased positive affect and energetic arousal.
Dr. Lonsbary is a cognitive psychologist who is curious about how mood affects memory. She recruited 60 high school students and divided them into three groups. Group A listened to a five-minute piece of music intended to make them feel happy (a song titled "Don't Worry, Be Happy"). Group B listened to a five-minute piece of music intended to make them feel sad (a song titled "Alone Again"). Group C listened to no music and instead was asked to sit quietly for five minutes (thought to make them feel neutral).When a participant would come to her laboratory, Dr. Lonsbary would greet the participant and then ask him or her to draw a card. Participants who drew a 1, 2, or 3 were assigned to Group A. Participants who drew a 4, 5, or 6, were assigned to Group B. Participants who drew a 7, 8, or 9, were assigned to Group C. The participants were then given an unlabeled CD to listen to based on their group assignment. The CD contained either the song selection or five minutes of silence. They were then escorted into a different room, where they were greeted by a research assistant who conducted the experiment. The research assistant sat the participants in front of a computer screen and told them that a list of 25 words would be displayed on the screen. They were instructed to listen to the CD with headphones while trying to memorize the list of words. All participants were given the same list of 25 words to remember.When five minutes had passed, the screen displayed a question asking them whether they felt happy, sad, or neutral. After the participant responded, a new screen was displayed asking them to type in all the words they could remember from the list of 25 words. All participants were given three minutes to type the words they remembered. Afterward, the participant was thanked and dismissed. In response to the mood question, a majority of Group A participants said they were happy, a majority of Group B participants said they were sad, and a majority of Group C participants said they were neutral in their mood. Dr. Lonsbary found the following results in response to the number of words remembered. What type of design did Dr. Lonsbary use in her study?
Independent-groups design
Which of the following is NOT a reason why basing one's conclusions on research is superior to basing one's conclusions on intuition?
Intuition is always wrong.
An independent variable is one that:
Is manipulated
A dependent variable is one that:
Is measured
As part of an assignment for his Introduction to Psychology class, Gilbert has to read a journal article, summarize it, and compare it to what is reported in his textbook. Gilbert selects the article "Effects of Severe Daily Events on Mood," Stone & Neale (1984). If Gilbert wanted to repeat the study, which section would he consult to find the details of the study's design?
Method
Matthew is reading an empirical journal article and wants to know whether the authors used the Big Five Inventory (BFI-44) or the NEO-PI to measure extraversion. In which section would he find this information?
Method
In the theory-data cycle, theories first lead to ________.
Questions
The text states that the first step in establishing a study's importance is to establish its ________.
Replicability
It has been reported that half of Americans show road rage. For this claim to have strong external validity, which of the following would have been the best sample for the researcher to have used?
a cross-section of American drivers representing men and women; people from the city, suburbs, and farms; of all ages
Franchesca read about Elliot et al.'s (2007) study in which students scored lower on a cognitive test when the test had a red booklet cover. Franchesca is interested in the idea that the color red influences the perception of caution. Franchesca decides to conduct a similar study in which she has students rate themselves on several achievement-related characteristics, including critical reasoning skills, vocabulary, and math ability. Like the original study, the students write their self-ratings in booklets of either red, green, or white color. Franchesca predicts that, in line with the original study, students with red booklets would rate themselves lower than students with white or green booklets. Franchesca runs the study and finds that the results match her prediction.Which of the following is the data in this study?
the self-ratings of the students