PSY 215 Exam #3
Dx checklist for personality disorder
(1) Individual displays a long-term, rigid, and wide-ranging pattern of inner experience and behavior that leads to dysfunction in at least two of the following realms - cognitve - emotion - social interactions - impulsivity (2) The individual's pattern is significantly different from ones usually found in his or her culture. (3) Individual experiences significant distress or impairment
Dx Checklist: Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
(1) for at least a year, individual repeatedly displays severe outbursts of temper that are extremely out of proportion to triggering situations and different from ones displayed by most other people his/her age (2) the outbursts occur at least 3x per week and are present in at least two settings (home, school, with peers) (3) individual repeatedly displays irritable or angry mood between the outbursts (4) individual receives initial diagnosis between 6 and 18 years of age
Dx Checklist for intellectual disability
(1) individual displays deficient intellectual functioning in areas such as reasoning, problem-solving, planning, abstract thinking, judgement, academic learning, and learning from experience. The deficits are reflected by clinical assessment and intelligence tests (2) individual displays deficient adaptive functioning in at least one area of daily life, such as communication, social involvement, or personal independence, across home, school, work, or community settings. The limitations extend beyond those displayed by most other persons of his/her age and necessitate ongoing support at school, work, or independent living (3) the deficits begin during the developmental period (before the age of 18)
Dx Checklist for separation anxiety disorder
(1) individual displays fear or anxiety concerning separation from attachment figures, anxiety that is unreasonable or excessive for his/her age (2) individual's excessive anxiety features three or more of the following symptoms: - repeated separation-related upset; repeated loss-related concern; repeated fear of experiencing separation-caused events; repeated resistance to leaving home; repeated resistance to being alone; repeated resistance to sleepaways; repeated separation-focused nightmares; repeated separation-triggered physical symptoms (3) individual's symptoms last 4 or more weeks for children and at least 6 months for adults (4) significant distress or impairment
Dx Checklist of mild neurocognitive disorder
(1) individual displays modest decline in at least one of the following areas of cognitive function: - memory and learning - attention - perceptual-motor skills - planning and decision-making - language ability - social awareness (2) cognitive deficits don't interfere with the individual's everyday independence
Dx Checklist of major cognitive disorder
(1) individual displays substantial decline in at least one of the following areas of cognitive function: - memory and learning - attention - perceptual-motor skills - planning and decision-making - language ability - social awareness (2) cognitive deficits inference with the individual's everyday independence
Dx Checklist of neurocognitive disorder due to alzheimer's disease
(1) individual displays the features of major or mild neurocognitive disorder (2) memory impairment is a prominent feature (3) genetic indications or family history of alzheimer's disease underscores diagnosis, but are not essential to diagnosis (4) symptoms are not due to other types of disorders for medical problems
Dx Checklist for ADHD
(1) individual presents one or both of the following patterns: (a) for 6 months or more, individual frequently displays at least 6 of the following symptoms of inattention, to a degree that is maladaptive and beyond that shown by most similarly aged persons: - unable to properly attend to detail or frequently makes careless errors - finds it hard to maintain attention - fails to listen when spoken to by others - fails to carry out instructions and finish work - disorganized - dislikes or avoids mentally effortful work - loses items that are needed for successful work - easily distracted by irrelevant stimuli - forgets to do many everyday activities (b) for 6 months or more, individual frequently displays at least 6 of the following symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity, to a degree that is maladaptive and beyond that shown by most similarly aged persons: - fidgets, taps hands or feet, or squirms - inappropriately wanders from seat - inappropriately runs or climbs - unable to play quietly - in constant motion - talks excessively - interrupts questioners during discussions - unable to wait for turn - barges in on others' activities or conversations (2) individual displayed some of the symptoms before 12 years of age (3) individual shows symptoms in more than one settings (4) individual experiences impaired functioning
Dx Checklist for anorexia nervosa
(1) individual purposely takes in too little nourishment, resulting in body weight that is very low and below that of other people of similar age and gender (2) individual is very fearful of gaining weight, or repeatedly seeks to prevent weight gain despite low body weight (3) individual had a distorted body perception, places inappropriate emphasis on weight or shape in judgments of herself/himself, or fails to appreciate the serious implications of her/his low weight
Dx Checklist for conduct disorder
(1) individual repeatedly behaves in ways that violate the rights of other people or ignores the norms or rules of society, beyond the violations displayed by most other people his/her age (2) at least 3 of the following features are present over the past year (and at least one in the past 6 months): - frequent bullying or threatening of others - frequent provoking or physical fights - using dangerous weapons - physical cruelty to people - physical cruelty to animals - stealing during confrontations with a victim - forcing someone into sexual activity - fire-setting - deliberately destroying others' property - breaking into a house, building, or car - frequent lying - stealing items of value under non-confrontational circumstances - frequent staying out beyond curfews, starting before the age of 13 - running away from home overnight at least 2x - frequent truancy from school, starting before the age of 13 (3) significant impairment
alzheimer's disease progression
(1) mild memory problems, lapses of attention, and difficulties in language and communication (2) trouble completing completing complicated tasks and remembering important appointments (3) difficulty with simple tasks, distant memories, and changes in personality often become very noticeable (4) less and less awareness of limitations shown (5) eventually fully dependent with no knowledge of past and failure to recognize familiar faces (6) usually in good health until later stages of disease
Dx Checklist for delirium
(1) over the course of hours or few days, the individual experiences fast-moving and fluctuating disturbances in attention and orientation to the environment (2) individual also displays a significant cognitive disturbance
Dx Checklist of binge-eating disorder
(1) recurrent binge-eating episodes (2) binge-eating episodes include at least three of these features: - unusually fast eating - absence of hunger - uncomfortable fullness - secret eating due to sense of shame - subsequent, feelings of self-disgust, depression, or severe guilt (3) significant distress (4) binge-eating episodes take place at least weekly over the course of 3 months (5) absence of excessive compensatory behaviors
Dx Checklist for bulimia nervosa
(1) repeated binge-eating episodes (2) repeated performance of ill-advised compensatory behaviors (e.g. forced vomiting) to prevent weight gain (3) symptoms take place at least weekly for a period of 3 months (4) inappropriate influence of weight and shape on appraisal of oneself
general problems with insanity defense
- Fundamental difference between the law and the science of human behavior - Uncertainty of scientific knowledge about abnormal behavior - Defense allows dangerous criminals to escape punishment
types of substance abuse in later life
- alcohol-related disorders - prescription drug misuse - nursing home medication misuse
parent training (autism spectrum disorder)
- behavioral programs train parents to apply behavioral techniques at home - individual therapy and support groups help parents deal with their own emotions and needs
biological causes of intellectual developmental disorder
- chromosomal causes: down syndrome is the most common chromosomal disorder cause of IDD; fragile x syndrome is the second most common chromosomal cause - metabolic causes: phenylketonuria (PKU); tay-sachs disease - prenatal and birth-related causes: cretinism; fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS); prenatal maternal infections; anoxia
community integration (autism spectrum disorder)
- many of today's school-based and home-based programs for autism teach self-help and self-management, as well as living, social, and work skills - greater numbers of group homes and sheltered workshops are available for teens and young adults with autism spectrum disorder
four levels of intellectual developmental disorder
- mild (IQ 50-70): primary causes of mild IDD (environmental; biological factors may be operating in some cases - moderate (IQ 35-49) - severe (IQ 20-34) - profound (IQ below 20): primary causes of moderate, severe, and profound IDD (biological; people who function at these levels are also greatly affected by their family and social environments
what causes eating disorders (family environment)
-Families may play an important role in the development of eating disorders -As many as half of the families of those with eating disorders have a long history of emphasizing thinness, appearance, and dieting -Mothers of those with eating disorders are more likely to be dieters and perfectionistic themselves -Abnormal interactions and forms of communication within a family may also set the stage for an eating disorder -Maudsley approach treats families with adolescents who have eating disorders
Three groups of personality disorders
-Odd and eccentric -Dramatic and emotional -Fearful and anxious
how many children and adolescents in North American are diagnosed with a psychological disorder
1/5
what is the peak age of onset for bulimia nervosa
15 and 20
what is the percentage of students reporting periodic binge-eating or self-induced vomiting
25-50%
how many children display ADHD
4-9% schoolchildren (70% of them being boys)
Main symptoms of anorexia nervosa
A refusal to maintain more than 85% of normal body weight Intense fears of becoming overweight Distorted view of weight and shape Amenorrhea
sociocultural causes of ADHD
ADHD symptoms and diagnosis itself may create interpersonal problems and produce additional symptoms in the child
dramatic personality disorders
Behaviors are so dramatic, emotional, or erratic that it is almost impossible for them to have relationships that are truly giving and satisfying
Paranoid Perosnality Disorder
Characterized by deep distrust and suspicion of others - Suspicion usually not "delusional" - Criticism of weakness and fault in others, particularly at work - They often blame others for things that go wrong in their lives and they repeatedly bear grudges
avoidant personality disorder
Characterized by discomfort and inhibitions in social situations, feelings of inadequacy, and extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation - Feel unappealing or inferior and often have few close friends (fear close relationships)
histrionic personality disorder
Characterized by extreme emotionality and attention-seeking - Always "on stage" - Approval and praise are the lifeblood - Vain, self-centered, and demanding
narcissistic personality disorder
Characterized by grandiose behavior, need for admiration, feeling no empathy with others - Exaggerate achievements and talents, often appear arrogant, and seldom interested in others' feelings - Many take advantage of others to achieve their own ends
borderline personality disorder
Characterized by great instability, including major shifts in mood, an unstable self-image, impulsivity, and unstable interpersonal relationships - Bouts of anger, which sometimes result in physical aggression/violence toward others or self-intense conflict-ridden relationships while struggling with recurrent fears of impending abandonment
schizoid personality disorder
Characterized by persistent avoidance of social relationships and limited emotional expression - Withdrawn and reclusive - Self-focus, flat, cold, humorless, and dull
antisocial personality disorder
Characterized by persistent disregard and violation of others' rights, repeated lying, recklessness, and impulsiveness - Person can be cruel, sadistic, aggressive, and violent
dependent personality disorder
Characterized by pervasive, excessive need to be taken care of; clinging and obedient, fear of separation from loved ones - Many people with this disorder feel distressed, lonely, sad, and dislike themselves
obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
Characterized by preoccupation with order, perfection, and control; often leads to loss of all flexibility, openness, and efficiency - Unreasonably high standards set for self and others, fear of making a mistake - Trouble expressing affection and their relationships are often stiff and superficial
immediate goals of treatment for bulimia nervosa
Eliminate binge-purge patterns and underlying causes; Establish good eating habits;
personality disorder
Enduring, rigid pattern of inner experience and outward behavior that impairs sense of self, emotional experience, goals, and capacity for empathy and/or intimacy
what are the causes of conduct disorder
Linked to genetic and biological factors, drug abuse, poverty, traumatic events, and exposure to violent peers or community violence. Most often been tied to troubled parent-child relationships, inadequate parenting, family conflict, marital conflict, and family hostility.
schizotypal personality disorder
Marked by extreme discomfort in close relationships, odd (even bizarre) ways of thinking, and behavioral eccentricities - Often have great difficulty keeping their attention focused; conversation is typically digressive and vague, even sprinkled with loose associations - Tend to drift aimlessly and lead an idle, unproductive life, choosing undemanding jobs requiring minimal interaction - Ideas of reference and/or bodily illusions
what causes eating disorders (depression)
Mood disorders set the stage for eating disorders; Clinical diagnosis of major depressive disorder; Higher rates of mood disorders; Serotonin abnormalities; Effective use of antidepressant medications
types of conduct disorder
Overt-destructive Overt-nondestructive Covert-destructive Covert-nondestructive
personality traits
Particular characteristics that lead us to react in a predictable manner
what causes eating disorders
Psychological problems (ego, cognitive, and mood disturbances) Biological factors Sociocultural conditions (societal, family, and multicultural pressures)
immediate aims of anorexia nervosa treatment
Regain lost weight Recover from malnourishment Eat normally again
What Causes Eating Disorders? Societal Pressures
Western standards have changed throughout history toward a thinner ideal; Prejudice against obese people is deep-rooted; dieting and preoccupation with thinness have increased in all socioeconomic classes, as has the prevalence of these eating disorders
bulimia nervosa
a disorder marked by frequent eating binges that are followed by forced vomiting or other extreme compensatory behaviors to avoid gaining weight
anorexia nervosa
a disorder marked by the pursuit of extreme thinness and by extreme weight loss
relational aggression
a pattern found in some cases of CD in which individuals are socially isolated and primarily display social misdeeds
savant
a person with a major mental disorder or intellectual handicap who has some spectacular ability
biological causes of ADHD
abnormal dopamine activity, abnormalities in frontal-striatal brain regions
medical problems that may happen because of anorexia
amenorrhea, low body temperature, low blood pressure, body swelling, reduced bone density, slow heart rate, metabolic and electrolyte imbalances, dry skin, brittle nails, poor circulation, lanugo
neurocognitive disorder due to Huntington's Disease
an inherited progressive disease in which memory problems worsen over time, along with personality changes, mood difficulties, and movement problems
what are the two main eating disorders
anorexia and bulimia
dramatic, emotional, or erratic cluster
antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic
what is common among the elderly
anxiety
delusional disorder
appears to increase in the elderly population
binges
are usually preceded by feelings of great tension; may be pleasurable may include between 1 and 30 binge episodes per week are often carried out in secret involved eating massive amounts of food very rapidly with little chewing
symptoms of ODD
argumentative and defiant, angry and irritable, and in some cases vindictive
negative treatment outcomes of anorexia nervosa
as many as 25% of patients remain troubles for years; even when it occurs, recovery is not always permanent; lingering emotional problems are common
anxious or fearful cluster
avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive
anxious personality disorders
avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive
what is the key goal for people with anorexia nervosa
becoming thin and driving motivation is fear of being obese
when do suicidal thought and attempts common is children
before age of 13: no gender difference by age 16: girls 2x as likely to be depressed
similarities between bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa
begins after a period of dieting; fear of becoming obese; drive to become thin; preoccupation with food, weight, appearance; feelings of anxiety, depression, obsessiveness, perfectionism; heightened risk of suicide attempts; substance abuse; distorted body perception; disturbed attitudes toward eating
separation anxiety disorder
begins as early as the preschool years and is displayed by 4% of all children
Types of therapy for depression
behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy, antidepressant medications, combination of these approaches
what is the peak age of onset for anorexia
between 14 and 18
Is ODD more common in boys or girls?
boys
biological causes of autism spectrum disorder
brain abnormalities - examination of relatives keeps suggesting a genetic factor in the disorder - prenatal difficulties or birth complications - specific biological abnormalities - no proven MMR vaccine link
what is the major problem in the minds of most younger respondents
bullying
psychological causes of autism spectrum disorder
central perceptual or cognitive disturbance or limitations - theory of mind (an awareness that other people base their behaviors on their own beliefs, intentions, and other mental states, not on information they have no way of knowing) - "mind-blindness"
conduct disorder
characterized as a serve problem; children repeatedly violate the basic rights of others
delirium
characterized by a major disturbance in attention and orientation to the environment
Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)
characterized by extreme hostility and defiance
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
characterized by great difficulty attending to tasks, overactivity and impulsively, or both
autism spectrum disorder
characterized by lack of responsiveness and social reciprocity, communication problems, wide range of highly rigid and repetitive behaviors, interests, and activities
neurocognitive disorders
characterized by significant decline in at least one area of cognitive functioning
Treatments of Autism Spectrum Disorder
cognitive-behavioral therapy; communication training; parent training; community integration
nutritional rehabilitation program
combination of supportive nursing care, nutritional counseling, high calorie diet
school phobia/school refusal
common problem in which children fear going to school and often stay home for a long period of time
Main goals of treating eating disorders
correct dangerous eating pattens; address broader psychological and situational factors that have led to, and are maintaining, the eating problem
what is the most common health problems of older adults
depression
psychological problems that people with anorexia nervosa display
depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, insomnia or other sleep disturbances, substance abuse, obsessive-compulsive patterns, perfectionism
binge-eating disorder
display frequent eating binges but not forced vomiting or other such behaviors (fear or weight gain is not to the same degree as with anorexia or bulimia)
symptoms of binge eating disorder
don't perform inappropriate compensatory behavior; are not driven to thinness or efforts at extreme dieting; often become overweight or obese
How can ADHD be treated?
drug therapy (methylphenidate/ritalin); behavioral therapy (operant conditioning based); combination; diagnostic interviews, rating scales, and psychological test
When does Alzheimer's begin?
early onset: middle age late onset: occurs after the age of 65
cognitive-behavioral therapy (autism spectrum disorder)
education and training in special education classes and programs (LEAP) treatment can help people with autism spectrum disorder adapt better to their environment
how has a higher rate of psychotic symptoms
elderly
symptoms of bulimia nervosa
engaging in repeated bouts of uncontrolled overeating during a limited period of time (binges); eating objectively more than most people would/could eat in a similar period
communication training (autism spectrum disorder)
even with treatment, half of people with autism spectrum disorder remain speechless other forms of communication taught - sign language and simultaneous communication - augmentative communication systems -child-initiated interactions
sociocultural causes of autism spectrum disorder
family dysfunction and social stress
neurocognitive disorder due to prion disease (creutzfeldt-jakob disease)
has symptoms that include spasms of the body and is caused by a slow-acting virus
what causes eating disorders (cognitive perspective)
improper labeling of internal sensations and needs; little feelings of control over life and resultant excessive levels of control over body size, shape, and eating habits
features of intellectual developmental disorder
learning very slowly; difficulty in attention, short term memory, planning, and language; institutionalization may increase these limitations
restricting type (anorexia)
lose weight by cutting out sweets and fattening snacks, eventually eliminating nearly all food; show almost no variability in diet
binge-eating/purging type (anorexia)
lose weight by forcing themselves to vomit after meals or by abusing laxatives or diuretics; like those with bulimia nervosa, people with this subtype may engage in eating binges
compensatory behaviors of bulimia
may temporarily relieve the negative feelings attached to binge eating
areas of significant decline in Neurocognitive Disorder
memory and learning; attention; visual perception; visual perception; planning and decision making; language ability; social awareness; personality and behavior changes
juvenile delinquency
occurs when children between the ages of 8 and 18 break the law
When is alzheimer's diagnosed?
only after death with certainty, when structural changes in the brain can be fully examined (senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles)
Odd or Eccentric Cluster
paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal
differences between bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa
people with bulimia nervosa are more concerned abut pleasing others, being attractive to others, and having intimate relationships; people with bulimia nervosa tend to be more sexually experienced and active; people with bulimia nervosa are more likely to have histories of mood swings, low frustration tolerance, and poor coping
What are the leading causes of death among young children
physical abuse and neglect
frontotemproal neurocognitive disorder (pick's disease)
rare disorder that affects the frontal and temporal lobes and is clinically similar to alzheimer's disease
how do therapist help clients with anorexia nervosa
recognize their need for independence and control; recognize and trust their internal feelings; change their attitudes about eating and weight; correct disturbed cognitions and learn about body distortions using cognitive approaches
children with elimination disorders
repeatedly urinate (enuresis) or pass feces (encopresis) in their clothes, in bed, or on the floor
what are the subtype of anorexia nervosa
restricting type and binge-eating/purging type
Parkinson's disease
slowly progressive neurological disorder marked by tremors, rigidity, and unsteadiness that can cause neurocognitive disorder
How do clinicians treat conduct disorder?
sociocultural treatments - family interventions (parent-child interaction therapy, video modeling, parent management training) - residential treatment in community and programs at school (treatment foster care) - institutionalization (juvenile training centers) *most effective with children younger than 13
Geropsychology
the field of psychology dedicated to the mental health of elderly people
alzheimer's disease
the most common type of neurocognitive disorder and accounts for as many as 2/3 of all cases
weight set point
the weight level that a person is predisposed to maintain, controlled in part by the hypothalamus
personality
unique and long-term pattern of inner experience and outward behavior
positive treatment outcomes of anorexia nervosa
weight gain is often quickly restored; menstruation often returns with return to normal weight; death rate is declining
common reason for people to get hospitalized for borderline disorder
when they have intentionally hurt themselves
vascular neurocognitive disorder
which blood flow to specific areas of the brain was cut off, with resultant damage
What Causes Eating Disorders? Biological Factors
-Biological theorists suspect certain genes may leave some people particularly susceptible to eating disorders -These findings may be related to low serotonin -Other theorists believe that eating disorders may be related to dysfunction of the hypothalamus -Researchers have identified two separate areas that control eating: 1. Lateral hypothalamus (LH) 2. Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)