PSY 223-201: Notes for Exam 4

Globally, in 2019, approximately _______________ of the world population was undernourished.

10%

elderspeak

A condescending way of speaking to older adults that resembles baby talk, with simple and short sentences, exaggerated emphasis, repetition, and a slower rate and a higher pitch than used in normal speech.

Osteoporosis

A condition in which the body's bones become weak and break easily.

Golden rice__________________ .

All of these choices are correct

control beliefs

Beliefs about internal and external factors that may inhibit or facilitate the performance of the behavior

The __________ provides low-income elderly persons with nutritious USDA foods to supplement their diets.

Commodity Supplemental Food Program

An example of ageism is the stereotype that entering late adulthood automatically brings about _____________.

Declines in all types of cognition

83 year old Matthew is experiencing serious memory loss, decreased intellectual ability, and impaired judgment. He decides to go to his doctor for an evaluation. What diagnosis is Matthew's doctor most likely going to make?

Dementia

During menopause the body's production of two hormones fluctuate and decrease. One is progesterone, the other is_______________.

Estrogen

An increase in subjective well-being was linked to what social living arrangement?

Marriage

Jonah is 78. According to demographers, which age category is he in?

Old old

plaster hypothesis

Personality traits don't change after early adulthood

Quality of life

The general well-being of individuals and societies, outlining negative and positive features of life.

Socioemotional selectivity theory is connected to the idea of mortality salience. What does that mean?

This is the idea that humans are aware of the inevitability of their own death and adopt thoughts and behaviors which seek to deny or suppress such knowledge.

Osteoporosis

a "silent disease" which progresses until a fracture occurs. It is often associated with women due to the fact that bone mass can deteriorate in women much more quickly in middle age due to menopause.

vertigo

a sense of whirling, dizziness, and the loss of balance, that is often combined with nausea and vomiting

presbycusis

age-related sensorineural hearing loss resulting from degeneration of the cochlea or associated structures of the inner ear or auditory nerves.

Psychological abuse:

aggressive behavior that is intended to control someone else. Such abuse can include threats of physical or sexual abuse, manipulation, bullying, and stalking

Delirium

also known as acute confusional state, is an organically caused decline from a previous baseline level of mental function that develops over a short period of time, typically hours to days

Diabetic retinopathy

also known as diabetic eye disease, is a medical condition in which damage occurs to the retina due to diabetes mellitus. It is a leading cause of blindness. There are three major treatments for diabetic retinopathy, which are very effective in reducing vision loss from this disease: laser photocoagulation, medications, surgery

otosclerosis

another cause of hearing loss in middle age; a physiological condition affecting the middle ear and its bone structure. This occurs when one of the bones in the middle ear, the stapes, acquires a rigidity via abnormal bone growth which it should not have.

Cataracts

are cloudy or opaque areas of the lens of the eye that interfere with passing light, frequency develop. Cataracts can be surgically removed or intraocular lens implants can replace old lenses

Working memory

cognitive system with a limited capacity responsible for temporarily holding information available for processing.

chronic inflammation

continuous injury or irritation to tissue

tacit knowledge

each individual had a huge store of knowledge based on life experience, but that it was often difficult to describe, codify, and thus transfer

Cochlear implants

electronic devices consisting of a microphone, a speech processor, and an electrode array.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D)

formerly known as adult-onset diabetes, is a form of diabetes characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance, and relative lack of insulin

Hypertension

high blood pressure and associated heart disease and circulatory conditions increase with age

arthritis

inflammation of a joint

Long-term memory

involves the storage of information for long periods of time.

sarcopenia

loss of muscle tissue and function as we age

primary aging

senescence or biological aging is the gradual deterioration of functional characteristics. It is the process by which cells irreversibly stop dividing and enter a state of permanent growth arrest without undergoing cell death.

free radical theory of aging (FRTA)

states that organisms age because cels accumulate free radical damage over time

Activity theory

strongly supports the avoidance of a sedentary lifestyle and considers it essential to health and happiness that the older person remains active physically and soically

Continuity theory

suggests as people age, they continue to view the self in much the same way as they did when they were younger

Sexual abuse:

the act of forcing someone to participate in a sex act against his or her will. Such abuse is often referred to as sexual assault or rape. A marital relationship does not grant anyone the right to demand sex or sexual activity from anyone, even a spouse

andropause

the decrease in libido and lower testosterone (androgen) levels

macular degeneration (MD)

the most common cause of blindness in people over the age of 50. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) affects the macula, a yellowish area of the eye located near the retina at which visual perception is most acute. A diet rich in antioxidant vitamins (C, E, and A) can reduce the risk of this disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD)

the most common cause of dementia; a progressive disease causing problems with memory, thinking, and behavior

rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

the third most common form of arthritis; occurs when antibodies attack normal synovial fluid in the joints mistaking them for an alien threat. It affects women more than men by a factor of around 3 to 1.

Physical abuse:

the use of intentional force to cause harm. Sratching, pushing, shoving, throwing, grabbing, biting, choking, shaking, slapping, punching, and hitting are common forms of physical abuse

generalized slowing hypothesis

theory suggests that processing in all parts of the nervous system, including the brain, are less efficient with age

Dementia

umbrella category used to describe the general long-term and often gradual decrease in the ability to think and remember that affects a person's daily functioning.

A midlife adult who is struggling with generativity would be described as someone experiencing stagnation. How might this be described?

An absence of involvement, inclusivity, and concern for others.

_________________describes the experience of biological males during the climacteric.

Andropause

Divided attention impairments see in older adults have been significantly associated with_____________________.

Increased automobile accidents in older adults

Eliza is 75 years old active retiree. She exercises daily and volunteers at her local library reading stories to children. Although Eliza is capable of keeping up with her daily routine, she finds herself having a hard time retaining information. Giver her age, the most challenging information for Eliza to remember is ___________.

Information presented quickly and orally, such as complicated instructions

Fluid intelligence is concerned with the the cognitive mechanics of the human mind: Crystallized intelligence with the skills and experience acquired over a period of time. Nunes & Kramer compared older and younger air traffic controllers in Canada. They found a significant difference between information processing speeds in tasks unrelated to their occupation which factored the younger group. However, with regard to cognitive tasks related to the job, the results were largely identical. How did they explain this?

It's trade-off with crystallized intelligence gained from experience compensating for a decline in information speeds

Of the following age categories, which group is likely to experience some health problems and some limitations on physical activity?

Old old

Which of the following factors does NOT typically contribute to under nutrition?

Physical inactivity

__________ is also known as senescence.

Primary aging

Anna Mae is 72 years old. She recently got involved in an intergenerational playgroup at the Senior Community Center where she was already involved in tutoring school children in reading and math. This is just an example of how people in late adulthood continue to be ____________ in many ways.

Productive

If a person successfully navigates Erikson's seventh stage of psychosocial development, they will have mastered the virtue of _____________.

Providing for the next generation

Patricia is 83 and healthy. She is hoping to continue leading an active life. Which of the following is the best advice for helping Patricia achieve her goal?

Remain sexually active if desired, exercise, and have good friends

In 2019, which of the following countries had the highest under-5 mortality rate?

Sierra Leone

The volunteers in this photo are providing a free prepared meal to those in their community experiencing hunger. This is an example of a __________.

Soup kitchen

osteosarcopenia

The decline of both muscle tissue (sarcopenia) and bone tissue (osteoporosis)

What are personal control beliefs?

The idea that the individual can dictate outcomes in a specific situation.

American who are more likely to be food insecure include all of the following except________________.

Those living in the northern region of the country

Albert has come into hard times after recently losing his job. With little money saved, Albert has had to significantly reduce both the quality and quantity of his diet due to his inability to purchase enough food. Albert is experiencing______________________.

Very low food security

Which of the following are examples of measures of crystallized intelligence?

Vocabulary tests, interpretation of texts

sensorineural hearing loss

When the hearing problem is associated with a failure to transmit neural signals from the cochlea to the brain

The Midlife in the United States Studies

a second source of longitudinal research data on this part of the lifespan; the data supports the view that this period of life is something of a trade-off with some cognitive and physical decreases of varying degrees. The cognitive mechanics of processing speed, often referred to as fluid intelligence; physiological lung capacity, and muscle mass, are in relative decline.

Life expectancy

a statistical measure of the average time an organism is expected to live, based on the year of their birth, their current age and other demographic factors including sex.

Selective Optimization with Compensation

a strategy for improving health and wellbeing in older adults and a model for successful aging

gerontocracy

a type of social structure wherein the power is held by a society's oldest members

Disengagement theory

emphasizes that older adults should not be discouraged from following their inclination towards solitude and greater inactivity.

Crystallized intelligence

encompasses abilities that draw upon experience and knowledge. Measures of crystallized intelligence include vocabulary tests, solving number problems and understanding texts.

Parkinson's disease (PD)

long-term degenerative disorder of the central nervous system which mainly affects the motor system, although as the disease worsens, non-motor symptoms because increasingly common.

Conductive hearing loss

may occur because of age, genetic predisposition, or environmental effects, including persistent exposure to extreme noise over the course of our lifetime, certain illnesses, or damage due to toxins

leader generativity

mentoring and passing on off skills and experience that older adults can provide at work to feel motivated

sandwich generation

middle-aged people in this set of circumstances are commonly referred to

climacteric

midlife transition where men may experience a reaction in their ability to reproduce, and women lose their ability to reproduce once they reach menopause

presbycusis

most common cause of hearing loss, afflicting one out of four persons between ages 65 and 74, and one out of two by age 75. This loss accumulates after years of being exposed to intense noise levels, and is generally due to the loss or damage of nerve hair cells inside the cochlea.

socioemotional selectivity theory

older adults become more selective in their friendships than when they were younger

kinkeeping

organizing events and communication in order to maintain family ties

Maritza is the member of the family who generally is responsible for informing other family members about the wellbeing of other people in the family. This helps facilitate making sure that family members get emotional and physical support when they need it. Academics would refer to Maritza's role as being responsible for _______________.

Kinkeeping

There are a number of federally subsidized programs that supply food aid to people in need in the United States. Match the population group with the nutrition program available to assist them.

Low-income families: Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) Low-income children of school age: National School Lunch and School Breakfast Programs Low-income pregnant/lactating women, infants, and children less than 5 years old who are at nutritional risk: Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) Those aged 60 or older who are home bound: Home-delivered meals

T/F According to research by the USDA, in the United States, households with children especially if a single woman is the head oft he household, are more likely to experience food insecurity.

True

T/F Challenges with food access and unemployment occurred as a result of the COVID-19 global pandemic. Globally, the number of people undernourished in 2020 was 20% higher than in 2019.

True

T/F Unlike sustainable agriculture, conventional agriculture requires a lot of pesticides and water, increases global warming, and has more damages and impact on the environment and ecosystems

True

Hayflick limit

evidenced in cells studied in test tubes which divide about 50 times before becoming senescent

Hearing loss

experienced by 25% of people between ages 65 and 74 then by 50% of people above age 75. Among those who are in nursing homes, rates are even higher. Older adults are more likely to seek help with vision impairment than with hearing loss, perhaps due to the stereotype that older people who have difficulty hearing are also less mentally alert.

stagnation

feeling of lethargy and a lack of enthusiasm and involvement in both individual and communal affairs.

hedonic set-point

most individuals have set happiness point or level, and that both good and bad life events-marriage, bereavement, unemployment, births and so on

Glaucoma

occurs when pressure in the fluid of the eye increases either because the fluid cannot drain properly or because too much fluid is produced. Glaucoma can be corrected with drugs or surgery. It must be dented early enough.

Centenarians

people aged 100 or older

socioemotional selectivity theory

this theory maintains that as time horizons shrink, as they typically do with age, people become increasingly selective, investing greater resources in emotionally meaningful goals and activities.

Jay is 72 years old and is someone who sees himself as having lived a satisfying and successful life. He is grateful to have had a good career at the division of motor vehicles for over 40 years and even more grateful for the loving family he has. He coached his children and grandchildren in football. Even now, he babysits his great grandchildren and does activities with them as well. His life has been filled with productivity, or according to Erik Erikson, _______________.

Integrity

Seattle Longitudinal Study (SLS) of adult cognition

one of the most influential perspectives on cognition during middle adulthood; general findings from this series of studies as follows "We have generally shown that reliably replicable average age decrements in psychometric abilities do not occur prior to age 60, but that such reliable decrement can be found for all abilities by 74 years of age".

peripheral slowing hypothesis

overall processing speed declines in the peripheral nervous system affecting the brain's ability to communicate with muscles and organs

mortality salience

posits that reminders about death or finitude (at either a conscious or subconscious level), fills us with dread.

Ageism

prejudice and discrimination that is directed at older people

Generativity

primarily the concern in establishing and guiding the next generation; a concern for a generalized other (as well as those close to an individual) and occurs when a person can shift their energy to care for and mentor the next generation.

Menopause

refers to a period of transition in which a woman's ovaries stop releasing eggs and the level of estrogen and progesterone production decreases.

secondary aging

refers to changes that are caused by illness or disease

Fluid intelligence

refers to information processing abilities, such as logical reasoning, remembering lists, spatial ability, and reaction time

Meniere's disease

results in a generation of inner ear structures that can lead to hearing loss, tinnitus, vertigo, and an increase in pressure within the inner ear.

empty nest

sadness when their adult children leave the home

active life expectancy

the number of years a person can expect to live without a disability