PSY 260 Exam 2 Chapter 7
According to Collins and Quillian's semantic network model, it should take longest to verify which statement below?
A pig is an animal
How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories? A. Elaborative is more effective than maintenance. B. Maintenance is more effective than elaborative. C. Both are equally effective in all learning circumstances. D. Each one is sometimes more effective, depending on the learning circumstances.
A. Correct- Elaborative is more effective than maintenance. .
Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval. This is called A. transfer-appropriate processing. B. episodic-based processing. C. elaborative rehearsal. D. personal semantic memory.
A. Correct- transfer-appropriate processing.
Which example below best demonstrates state-dependent learning?
Although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love, Steve, she can't help getting caught up in happy memories when "their song" (the first song they danced to) plays on the radio.
According to levels of processing theory, deep processing results in better memory. However, studies have shown that shallow processing can result in better memory when the individual encodes _____ and is tested _____. A. semantically; editorially B. auditorially; editorially C. auditorially; semantically D. semantically; visually
B. Correct- auditorially; editorially
Students, beware! Research shows that _____ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material.
highlighting
Which of the following learning techniques is LEAST likely to lead to deep processing of the information?
Bree has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning, for three weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up.
Which of the following learning techniques is LEAST likely to lead to deep processing of the information? A. Trevor is trying to understand how to use statistics by drawing associations between a set of data describing how adolescents respond to peer pressure and the theories he learned last semester in developmental psychology. B. Maggie is trying to learn new vocabulary words because she is taking the SAT next month. Each day, she selects one word. Throughout the day, she repeats the definition over and over to herself and generates sentences using it in her conversations that day. C. Bree has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning, for three weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up. D. For his history course, Bruce is trying to learn the order of the U.S. presidents by creating a silly sentence where each consecutive word starts with the same letter of the next president to be remembered
C. Correct- Bree has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning, for three weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up.
____ transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption.
Consolidation
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates how effective or ineffective maintenance rehearsal is in transferring information into LTM? A. Lilia recalls her grandmother's house where she grew up, even though she hasn't been there for 22 years. B. Ben learned his martial arts moves by making up "short stories" and mental images to describe each movement. C. Renee starred in the lead role of her high school play a few years ago. Although she helped write the play and based her character on her own life, she cannot remember many of the actual lines of dialogue anymore. D. Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years.
D. Correct- Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years.
According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words?
Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned
Retrograde amnesia is usually less severe for ______ memories.
Remote
_______ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory.
Retrieval
Free recall of the stimulus list "apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants" will most likely yield which of these response patterns?
apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, lamp, chair, pants"
Mantyla's "banana / yellow, bunches, edible" experiment demonstrates that, for best memory performance, retrieval cues should be created
by the person whose memory will be tested.
The elaborative rehearsal task of learning a word by using it in a sentence is generally most effective if the generated sentence is
complex
Elementary school students in the U.S. are often taught to use the very familiar word "HOMES" as a cue for remembering the names of the Great Lakes (each letter in "HOMES" provides a first-letter cue for one of the lakes: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior). This memory procedure usually works better than repeating the names over and over, which provides an example of
elaborative rehearsal
Graded amnesia occurs because
emotional memories are more fragile than nonemotional memories
Hebb's idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of
enhanced firing in the neurons
In Slameka and Graf's (1978) study, some participants read word pairs, while other participants had to fill in the blank letters of the second word in a pair with a word related to the first word. The latter group performed better on a later memory task, illustrating the
generation effect
From the behavior of H.M., who experienced memory problems after a brain operation, we can conclude that the hippocampus is important in
long-term memory acquisition
Donald Hebb proposed that memory is represented in the brain by structural changes in all of the following EXCEPT the
neurotransmitters
Experimental evidence suggesting that the standard model of consolidation needs to be revised are data that show that the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of ____ memories.
recent and remote episodic
Treatment of PTSD has benefitted from recent research on
reconsolidation
According to the multiple trace hypothesis, the hippocampus is involved in retrieval of
remote, episodic memories
Examples from your book describing real experiences of how memories, even ones from a long time ago, can be stimulated by locations, songs, and smells highlight the importance of ____ in LTM
retrieval cues
______ consolidation involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a fairly long time scale, lasting weeks, months, or even years.
systems
Jenkins and Russell presented a list of words like "chair, apple, dish, shoe, cherry, sofa" to participants. In a test, participants recalled the words in a different order than the order in which they were originally presented. This result occurred because of the
tendency of objects in the same category to become organized
Jenkins and Russell presented a list of words like "chair, apple, dish, shoe, cherry, sofa" to participants. In a test, participants recalled the words in a different order than the order in which they were originally presented. This result occurred because of the
tendency of objects in the same category to become organized
Shallow processing of a word is encouraged when attention is focused on
the number of vowels in a word
Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if
the type of encoding and type of retrieval match
Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval. This is called
transfer-appropriate processing