PSY 275 Exam 2

In the context of cognitive development in early childhood, which of the following is true of pragmatics?

It is the appropriate use of language in different contexts.

_______ involves knowing about knowing.

Metacognition

The theory of _____ refers to awareness of one's own mental processes and the mental processes of others.

Mind

In 1965, the federal government began an effort to break the cycle of poverty and substandard education for young children in the United States through

Project Head Start.

A ______ is a cognitive structure, a network of associations that guides an individual's perceptions.

Schema

Briefly state two criticisms leveled against Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development.

Short Answer

Name and briefly describe the two stages of moral reasoning in children as identified by Jean Piaget. Provide an example of each.

Short Answer

What is a characteristic of heteronomous morality?

They think of justice as an unchangeable property of the world.

What is a criticism of Kohlberg's theory of morality?

- misconstrues some important moral concepts in specific cultures - Gender bias - Focus on thoughts and not behaviors

Damon's teachers frequently complain that he disrupts his kindergarten class by fidgeting and moving about all the time. He does not pay any attention to what is being taught in class and behaves impulsively. Considering the presence of the tell-tale characteristics of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, Damon's pediatrician diagnosed him with _____ and put him on a combination of Ritalin and behavior therapy.

ADHD

________ is based on knowledge of the typical progress of a child within an age span as well as the uniqueness of the child.

Developmentally appropriate practice

________ involves a sense of one's own gender, including knowledge, understanding, and acceptance of being a girl/woman, boy/man, another gender, or no gender.

Gender identity

According to Freud, the moral element of personality is called the

superego

According to fuzzy trace theory, _____ consists of the precise details of the information.

the verbatim memory trace

What is moral development?

thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interactions with other people

Using rehearsal, we can keep information in short-term memory for a much longer period. In this context, rehearsal means

repeating information after it has been presented

Which of the following terms refers to domain-specific evaluations of the self?

self-concept

Hans feels ashamed when his parents say "You should feel bad about biting your sister!" To experience a _____ emotion like shame, Hans must be able to refer to himself as distinct from others.

self-conscious

Aiden is 18 years old. He has always found it harder to cope with his studies than his siblings do. He is always the last to finish any assignment or task in class. In a recent IQ test, his IQ score was 60. Aiden most likely has what?

an intellectual disability.

Popular children

are frequently nominated as a best friend and are rarely disliked by their peers

Ursula can set her own schedules for playtime and for studying. Her mother drives her to her ballet classes and soccer practice. However, Ursula needs to keep her grades up and must go to bed early on most weeknights. Ursula's mom is most likely a(n)

authoritative parent

Middle childhood is a period in which some control is transferred from parent to child. This process is gradual and produces

coregulation

In the context of the types of children's play, the play in which infants engage in exploratory and playful visual and motor transactions in the second quarter of the first year of life is known as

sensorimotor play.

An aggressive boy's interpretation of an encounter as hostile and his classmates' perception of his behavior as inappropriate are examples of _____ in behavior development.

social cognition

Broad categories that reflect general impressions and beliefs about males and females, such as "boys play with trucks and girls play with dolls," are known as gender

stereotypes.

Which of the following functions of friendship involves providing interesting information, excitement, and amusement?

stimulation

Samuel is an 8-year-old boy. He has difficulty solving numerical problems; hence, he is not able to solve any of the math tests given by his teacher. His teacher gave him extra assignments and has him attend some remedial classes so that he can improve, but these do not help. His parents finally take him to a doctor, and the doctor diagnoses him with a learning disability called ______, or developmental arithmetic disorder.

dyscalculia

Marshall is in the fourth grade. He finds it hard to keep up with his classmates' writing speed. His handwriting is illegible, and neither his teachers nor his parents can read his notes. He also makes numerous spelling errors because of his inability to match sounds and letters. Marshall likely suffers from

dysgraphia

Sabine is in the second grade. Compared to the other kids in her class, she finds it very challenging to read or spell simple words. What learning disabilities does Sabine suffer from?

dyslexia

The children of _________ parents are better at soothing themselves when they get upset, are more effective in regulating their negative affect, focus their attention better, and have fewer behavior problems than the other children of emotion-dismissing parents.

emotion-coaching

According to McClelland and others (2017), ________ attention involves action planning, allocating attention to goals, error detection and compensation, monitoring progress on tasks, and dealing with novel or difficult circumstances.

executive

Meena is a 3-year-old. She is aware that she is a girl and understands and accepts being a female. This indicates that Meena is conscious of her ________.

gender identity

Eight-year-old Ella can use scissors to cut small paper dolls out of craft paper, something she could not do at age 3. What best accounts for her improving dexterity?

increased myelination of the central nervous system

A (n) ____ is a written statement that spells out a program that is specifically tailored for a student with a disability.

individualized education plan (IEP)

According to Baumrind, a parent who is highly with his/her children but places few demands or controls on them is displaying a (n)____ parenting style.

indulgent

Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky considered play to be valuable because

it advances children's cognitive development.

What is perspective taking?

it is the social cognitive process involved in assuming the viewpoint of others and understanding their thoughts and feelings.

The _____ is a setting is as similar as possible to the one in which children who do not have a disability are educated.

least restrictive environment (LRE)

In the context of birth order, research indicates that firstborn children are _____ than later-born children.

more adult-oriented

Although Casey scores only about average on standardized intelligence tests, she is street-smart and has excellent social skills and good common sense. Given a problem, Casey will try her best to arrive at a solution. Most of her friends and family appreciate this about her, as she seems to be able to find ways to get things done on her own. In the context of Sternberg's theories, she has _______ intelligence.

practical