PSY 300

Which of the following makes it more likely that behavioral observations will have good interrater reliability? A masked study design A codebook with clear instructions and definitions Using naïve untrained coders Open-ended responses

A codebook with clear instructions and definitions

Which of the following NOT is possible? A measure is neither reliable nor valid. A measure is both valid and reliable. A measure is reliable but not valid. A measure is valid but not reliable

A measure is valid but not reliable

Which of the following has the sections of an empirical journal article in the correct order? Abstract, References, Introduction, Results, Discussion Introduction, Results, Discussion, Method, References Introduction, Discussion, Method, Results, Abstract Abstract, Method, Results, Discussion, References

Abstract, Method, Results, Discussion, References

Imagine the leader of a large nation gets sick with a serious infectious disease. She is treated with a newly developed drug that has not yet been tested with clinical trials. The leader quickly recovers and proclaims that, based on their own recovery, this new drug should now be given to everyone who has the disease; clinical trials are no longer needed to test it. It appears that this leader does not realize that personal experience _______ has no comparison group. is confounded. is usually limited to one case. All of the Above.

All of the Above.

The key idea of the "Common Rule" is that _____ All research studies done in the U.S. must share all of their Methods and Results in a government database that is open to everyone. All research of routine daily behaviors are exempt from IRB review so long as the participants respond anonymously. All scholars who conduct research on humans, not just medical doctors or psychologists, must conform to the same ethical standards, including obtaining IRB approval before they begin collecting data. Research on humans can be conducted by any U.S. citizen so long as they inform their local IRB of their plans.

All scholars who conduct research on humans, not just medical doctors or psychologists, must conform to the same ethical standards, including obtaining IRB approval before they begin collecting data.

Which of the following is an example of applied research? A social psychologist who is interested in the components of self-concept. An educational psychologist who looks for a way to increase math skills in 8-year-olds. A personality psychologist who studies the difference between introverts and extroverts. A cognitive psychologist who looks at the difference in problem-solving abilities of men and women

An educational psychologist who looks for a way to increase math skills in 8-year-olds.

Following a study using deception, how does the researcher attempt to restore an honest relationship with the participant? By apologizing to the participant and offering monetary compensation for any discomfort or stress. By debriefing each participant in a structured conversation. By reassuring the participant that all names and identifiers will be removed from the data. By revealing the deception and explaining why it was used.

By revealing the deception and explaining why it was used.

To evaluate how well a study supports a frequency claim, you need to focus on evaluating which of the following validities? Statistical validity and internal validity Internal validity and external validity Internal validity and construct validity Construct validity and external validity

Construct validity and external validity

Your friend Dominic is complaining about having to take the Graduate Record Examination (GRE), a test similar to the ACT and SAT that is required to go to graduate school. Your friend Shakendra tells him he shouldn't complain because statistics show that GRE scores are actually strongly correlated with graduate school GPA. Shakendra is speaking about the ________ of the test. Discriminant validity Content validity Criterion validity Face validity

Criterion validity

"________ " is the approach of collecting data and using it to develop, support, and/or challenge a theory. Application Empiricism Theorizing Falsifiability

Empiricism

If a scientist criticizes the Counting Bones study because they are skeptical that the results will generalize to people who are not graduate students at the University of Illinois, they are challenging the study's______ External Validity Internal Validity Construct Validity Statistical Validity

External Validity

If a scientist criticizes the Counting Bones study because they are skeptical that the results will generalize to situations where people must pay for their food (rather receiving it for free), they are challenging the study's ______ Construct Validity External Validity Statistical Validity Internal Validity

External Validity

External validity is most important for which of the following claims? Answers: Causal claims Frequency claims Association claims External validity is equally important for all claims.

Frequency claims

For his research methods class project, Hiro is studying the effect of pet ownership on stress levels. Although a lot of research has been done on dog and cat owners, not much is known about other pets so Hiro decides to study hamster owners. Which of the following would demonstrate a snowball sampling technique? He is interested in hamster owners and not pet owners in general. He recruits his hamster owners by e-mailing members of the National Hamster Owners Association and asking for participants. His participants are all the people who have purchased hamsters at his local pet store in the past year. He asks hamster owners to give him the names of other hamster owners.

He asks hamster owners to give him the names of other hamster owners.

Stefan wants to make a causal claim in his dissertation. Which of the following is necessary? He must make a frequency claim first. He must manipulate his two variables. He must measure his two variables. He must conduct an experiment.

He must conduct an experiment.

According to Chpt 2, when evaluating the claims made by non-academic sources, such as news articles, blogs, and trade books, which of the following should we pay most attention to? How many articles and books the author has published. How prestigious their university is. How consistently they back up their clams with references. How long their article or book is.

How consistently they back up their clams with references.

IRBs and IACUCs are both committees that evaluate if research is ethical. Which of the following is a difference between them? IRBs evaluate animal research; IACUCs evaluate human research IACUCs evaluate animal research; IRBs evaluate human research IRBs evaluate frequency research; IACUCs evaluate causal and associational research IACUCs evaluate causal research; IRBs evaluate association research

IACUCs evaluate animal research; IRBs evaluate human research

In which of the following ways is an IACUC different from an IRB? IACUCs are optional at universities conducting animal research; IRBs are mandatory at universities conducting human research. Seeking permission from an IACUC is recommended but not required for animal research; IRB approval is required for human research. IACUCs monitor the care and treatment of animals throughout the study; IRBs do not monitor the care of human participants throughout the study. IRBs must follow federal guidelines, but IACUCs do not have federal guidelines to follow.

IACUCs monitor the care and treatment of animals throughout the study; IRBs do not monitor the care of human participants throughout the study.

What does it mean that behavioral research is probabilistic? Conclusions drawn from behavioral research are probably true. It means that behavioral research involves probability sampling. Inferences drawn from behavioral research are not expected to explain all cases. Behavioral research requires the calculation of probability estimates.

Inferences drawn from behavioral research are not expected to explain all cases.

A dependent variable is one that: Is manipulated Is measured Is kept constant Has one level

Is measured

Which of the following is true regarding interrogating (evaluating) frequency claims? Their accuracy can usually be determined. It is critical to look at the sampling technique. The most important thing to consider is the size of the sample. Frequency claims cannot be interrogated.

It is critical to look at the sampling technique.

After two students from his school commit suicide, Marcelino concludes that the most likely cause of death in teenagers is suicide. In fact, suicide is not the most likely cause of death in teens. What went wrong with Marcelino's thinking? Marcelino was a victim of the bias blind spot. Marcelino was influenced by the availability heuristic. Marcelino did not consider possible confounds. Marcelino did not listen enough to authorities.

Marcelino was influenced by the availability heuristic.

Dr. Oishi is an educational psychologist interested in students attitudes toward math and the effect of those attitudes on performance on standardized tests. She chooses her local school district to study. There are 15 middle schools, and she randomly chooses five. Then, of the 1,500 students in each of those five schools, she randomly recruits 250 students. This is an example of which of the following sampling techniques? Answers: Multistage sample Snowball sample Cluster sample Systematic sample

Multistage sample

For his research methods class, Felipe plans to watch how teachers treat children in their classrooms who have ADHD. He will evaluate how positively or negatively the children are treated. This is an example of what type of measurement? Self-report measurement Observational measurement Physiological measurement Archival measurement

Observational measurement

Unobtrusive observation is done to counteract which of the following? Observer bias Observer effects Reactivity Nay-saying

Observer effects + Reactivity

Nina is studying the effect of popularity on academic success for her research methods project. To assess popularity, she has elementary school students rank how popular each member of their class is (e.g., John is the most popular, Vanessa is the second-most popular). Which of the following best describes this variable? Observational measurement Categorical measurement Interval scale of measurement Ordinal scale of measurement

Ordinal scale of measurement

Below are a causal claim, an association claim, a frequency claim, and an anecdotal claim. Which is the association claim? A majority of Americans like dogs. Being visited by dogs in the hospital causes decreases in recovery time. Owning a dog is related to higher life satisfaction. Dog traveled 500 miles to find its owners.

Owning a dog is related to higher life satisfaction.

What kind of research misconduct involves representing the ideas or words of others as your own? Obfuscation Suppression Data falsification Plagiarism

Plagiarism

Dr. Ellison finds a relation between the amount of sleep and problem solving. Specifically, having a higher amount of sleep the night before an exam is associated with higher scores on two measures of problem solving. This is an example of which type of association? Negative association Positive association Zero association There is not enough information to answer this question

Positive association

According to our lecture, Milgram's obedience studies probably would not be approved today because of two major ethical problems. These problems are _____ and ______ No informed consent; Deception was not fully disclosed during debriefing Potential for harm; Deception was not fully disclosed during debriefing Potential for harm; Not all groups of participants were treated fairly No informed consent; Not all groups of participants were treated fairly

Potential for harm; Deception was not fully disclosed during debriefing

Which of the following does NOT result in a representative sample? Cluster sample Simple random sample Quota sample Stratified random sample

Quota sample

Angela reads about a study in which cell phone use is associated with migraine headaches. She says, "Well, that study is not valid because I use a cell phone more than anyone I know and I never get migraines." Based on her comment, Angela may be forgetting which of the following? Science is based on empiricism. The study has been replicated. The study did not properly define cell phone use. Science is probabilistic.

Science is probabilistic.

Angela reads about a study in which cell phone use is associated with migraine headaches. She says, "Well, that study is not valid because I use a cell phone more than anyone I know and I never get migraines." Based on her comment, Angela may be forgetting which of the following? Science is based on empiricism. Science is probabilistic. The study did not properly define cell phone use. The study has been replicated.

Science is probabilistic.

Online surveys commonly suffer from which of the following? Poor reliability Self-selection Probability sampling Over sampling

Self-selection

A sample is always ________ a population. More expensive to measure than Smaller than More interesting than More scientific than

Smaller than

200 people completed a 12-item survey that is supposed to assess their life satisfaction. Each item asks participants how much they agree, on a scale of 1 to 7, with a particular statement. For example, one item was: "I can t imagine my life could be any better than it already is." A researcher decides to examine the internal consistency of the responses to the 12 items. She sums up the response scores for items 1 to 6 and then sums the responses for items 7 to 12. Then she calculates the correlation between these two sums. What is this measure of internal consistency called? Cronbach's alpha Gamma Split-half reliability Convergent validity

Split-half reliability

A county in Indiana needs to choose a jury for a trial. By law, all adults in the county are potential jurors. The presiding judge writes the name of each man and each woman on an individual slip of paper and places the slips in two large boxes, one box containing only men's names and one box containing only women's names. She then draws 6 names from each of the two boxes to obtain 12 jurors in total. What sampling method has the judge apparently used? Answers: Convenience sampling Cluster sampling Stratified sampling Simple random sampling

Stratified sampling

Which of the following is NOT a research claim? Texting interferes with a driver's ability to pay attention. A majority of drivers have reported texting while driving. Texting while driving is associated with poor impulse control. Teens spend too much time texting and driving.

Teens spend too much time texting and driving.

Before using a measure in her study, Dr. Valencia gives the measure to a group of students on Tuesday. She then gives the measure to them again on Friday. She then calculates the correlation between the scores from the two days. This calculation is an assessment of what? Test-retest reliability Internal consistency Construct reliability Interrater reliability

Test-retest reliability

According to the lecture on Chpt 6, which of the following is true? Answers: People are generally excellent judges of the causes of their own behavior. The confidence people have in their memories is not strongly related to the accuracy of their memories. Self-reports are biased in large and unpredictable ways. The Crowne-Marlowe scale typically improves flash-bulb memories.

The confidence people have in their memories is not strongly related to the accuracy of their memories.

Nadia submits her article to a scientific journal for publication. Who makes the final decision on whether her article is published in that scientific journal? The editor of the journal Nadia, the author of the article A panel of experts The publisher of the journal

The editor of the journal

Dr. Hadden wants to conduct a study that will allow her to make claims that apply to all college students. Which of the following validities is she prioritizing? The statistical validity of the study The internal validity of the study The construct validity of the study The external validity of the study

The external validity of the study

The need to balance the potential costs and benefits to participants taking part in a research study is done to address which principle of the Belmont Report? The principle of respect for persons The principle of justice The principle of beneficence The principle of friendship

The principle of beneficence

The belief that the participants in a research study should be representative of the type of people who would also benefit from the findings of the research stems from which principle of the Belmont Report? The principle of beneficence The principle of justice The principle of integrity The principle of respect for persons

The principle of justice

A statement, or set of statements, that describes general principles about how variables relate to one another is a(an) _______ prediction theory empirical observation scientific claim

Theory

In Chpt 1, we learned that there is a cycle of testing and refining scientific ideas. Which of the following correctly lists the order of things in this cycle? Data, Theory, Prediction, Hypothesis Theory, Prediction, Hypothesis, Data Theory, Hypothesis, Prediction, Data Data, Prediction, Theory, Hypothesis

Theory, Hypothesis, Prediction, Data

Dr. Fletcher is concerned about a fence-sitting response set when he conducts his survey. Which of the following might you recommend to decrease fence sitting? Using reverse-worded questions Using scales with an even number of response options Providing a "no opinion" option Using a Likert-type response scale

Using scales with an even number of response options

In which of the following situations do people most accurately answer survey questions? When they are describing the reasons for their own behavior. When they are describing how they personally feel about something. When they are describing what happened to them, especially after important events. People almost never answer survey questions accurately.

When they are describing how they personally feel about something.

Erica is studying the relationship between caffeine consumption and problem-solving ability. Which of the following is a categorical way to operationalize caffeine consumption? The number of glasses of soda consumed in a day The number of milligrams of caffeine consumed during the study Whether or not the participant drank a soda in the 24 hours prior to the study The frequency of buying coffee drinks

Whether or not the participant drank a soda in the 24 hours prior to the study

A survey question that asks participants to rate a response on a 5-point scale from strongly agree to strongly disagree is an example of_______ Answers: a semantic discrimination question. a Likert scale question. a double barreled question. an open-ended question.

a Likert scale question.

According to Chpt 6, one issue that concerns studies prioritizing external validity is that _______ it can be very expensive to conduct analyses of large samples. a research team may identify a representative sample, but many of the people they try to recruit may not end up participating. frequency studies are better than anecdotal studies, but it is difficult to study people for multiple years. convenience sampling is not sufficiently respected by the research community.

a research team may identify a representative sample, but many of the people they try to recruit may not end up participating.

The defining feature of primary journal articles is that they_____ always provide a full review of the literature. always report detailed information about their methods and results. are rarely peer-reviewed. always report experimental studies.

always report detailed information about their methods and results.

The defining feature of primary journal articles is that they_____ are rarely peer-reviewed. always report information about their methods and results. always report experimental studies. always provide a full review of the literature.

always report information about their methods and results.

If researchers measure every member of a population, they have _______ Answers: increased internal validity. conducted a census. collected a sample. biased the study.

conducted a census.

Every two minutes for an entire day, two biologists independently code the activity (e.g., feeding, socializing, resting) of one orangutan. The next day, they examine their data and calculate kappa to assess their agreement. What type of reliability is this? inter-rater internal consistency content validity test-retest

inter-rater

An independent variable is one that ______ is kept constant. is measured. has one level. is manipulated.

is manipulated.

A researcher has developed a new test of "interpersonal skills." It consists of measuring a person's shoe size. The test shows a test-retest reliability of 0.93. It appears that this test has __________ and ___________. low face validity; high reliability high face validity; high reliability low face validity; low reliability high face validity; low reliability

low face validity; high reliability

According to the lecture on Chpt 6, questionnaires, polls, and surveys are similar because they all ______ address the causes of behavior. measure self-reports of behavior. measure feelings, not perceptions. are the only measurement tools used by psychologists

measure self-reports of behavior.

Deception in psychology studies_____ is necessary to discover something interesting. should never be used. must be followed with a debriefing. is very rare, especially in social psychology.

must be followed with a debriefing.

Masked, or blind, study designs are designed to deal with _______ bystander effects observer bias yea-saying biases fence-sitting

observer bias

A study by Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968) involved telling teachers that some of their students were bloomers and would achieve rapid academic success within the next year. In fact, these students were no different than any of the other students in the class. At the end of the year, the bloomers achieved greater academic gains than the other students did. It appeared that the teachers had unintentionally treated the bloomers in special ways. According to the lecture on Chpt 6, this study illustrates _______ Answers: self-report operationalization a masked study design observer blindness observer effects

observer effects

An educational psychologist is testing the discriminant validity of a new measure of numerical learning difficulties. He gives his measure to a group of students along with another measure of verbal learning difficulties, which he predicts should not be strongly related to numerical learning difficulties. Which of the following correlations would the psychologist hope to find in order to establish discriminant validity? r = 1.0 r = -1.0 r = 0.83 r = -0.18

r = -0.18

According to the textbook, the conclusion that family meals prevent eating disorders cannot be considered to be strongly supported because______ the study does not establish temporal precedence and internal validity. there was zero association between the relevant variables. the relevant variables covaried positively. the researchers manipulated too many variables.

the study does not establish temporal precedence and internal validity.

An association claim involves_____ one variable. two manipulated variables. two measured variables. one measured variable and one manipulated variable.

two measured variables.