PSY 302

Your friend Gaby loves reading articles about psychology studies in her monthly women's magazine. Which of the following would you tell her?

"Be careful about reading those articles because they may not present findings accurately."

When reading an empirical journal article "with a purpose," which two questions should you ask yourself as you read?

"What is the argument?" and "What is the evidence to support the argument?"

E4: Which of the following studies would probably require written informed consent?

A confidential study examining income level and voting behavior

E4: You submit a study for approval by the institutional review board (IRB), and they tell you that written informed consent is required. Which of the following can be excluded from your informed consent document?

A description of the study's hypotheses

E5: Todd is studying the effect of popularity on academic success for his research methods project. He decides to measure popularity by asking each elementary school student to tell him how many friends he or she has. He assumes that more friends a student has means the student is more popular. Which of the following best describes this variable?

A ration scale of measurement

E4: Which of the following is NOT an example of coercion?

A researcher offering three points of extra credit to college students to participate in a study

E5: Consider Example #1 described in the previous question. Before using the measure in her study, Dr. Rodriquez gives the measure to a group of participants on the first day of the semester and again on the last day of the semester. Dr. Rodriquez is examining the scatterplot of the data she collected on the first day of the semester and the last day of the semester. On the scatterplot, she sees that the dots are very close to forming a diagonal line. This indicates which of the following?

A strong relationship

Q2: Which of the following is an example of being a producer of research?

Administering an anxiety questionnaire

E5: Naomi is studying the effect of popularity on academic success for her research methods project. To do this, she has elementary school students rate how popular each member of their class is. She then uses this information to rank the students on popularity (e.g., John is the most popular, Vanessa is the second-most popular). Which of the following best describes this variable?

An ordinal scale of measurement

Q3: Which of the following is the difference between claims based on personal experience (anecdotal claims) and frequency claims?

Anecdotal claims are not based on scientific studies but frequency claims are.

Q4: Which of the following has been used as a defense of animal research by animal researchers?

Animal research has resulted in many benefits to both animals and humans.

What is the difference between advice from an authority and that from a researcher?

Authorities often base their advice on intuition, while researchers rely on facts.

Research that is done specifically to add to our general understanding of psychology, like distinguishing the components of extraversion or predicting the time it takes a person to determine whether an object is a face or another object, is known as:

Basic Research

E1:Which of the following questions would be best suited for a social psychologist?

Do people work better when they study with a group of friends?

Which of the following questions assess internal validity when evaluating causal claims?

Does the study establish temporal precedence?

Q2: _______ is the approach of collecting data and using it to develop, support, and/or challenge a theory.

Empiricism

Q1: According to structuralism, the goal of psychology is to

Explore the structures of the mind

Dr. Smitherman insists that all his research assistants know how to be producers of research. All of the following relate to this requirement EXCEPT:

He wants to make sure they have previously been participants in research studies.

E2: Elliott is double majoring in English and psychology. He plans on being a high school English teacher and is only majoring in psychology because he finds the classes interesting. Which of the following is an important reason for him to be a good consumer of research?

He will probably want to read research related to enhancing his teaching

E1:Professor Wrastler is presenting modern approaches to psychology. As a well-prepared student, you notice an error Professor Wrastler makes in his lecture. What was the error you noticed?

He writes on the chalkboard, "Different approaches, same research methods."

Dr. Gonzales is a peer reviewer for a manuscript submitted to a journal. He is likely to provide comments on which of the following?

How well the research was conducted

Q2: Which of the following is true of the relationship between hypotheses and theories?

Hypotheses are used to determine if a theory is accurate

Q4: Which of the following is NOT a suitable reason for using debriefing in a study?

It prevents researchers from being sued.

Q4: Which of the following is true of the Belmont Report?

It was written at the request of the U.S. Congress.

Which of the following is a reason that a journalist may misrepresent a psychology study in a magazine?

Journalists may not personally have the scientific background to understand the study.

E5: Which of the following is NOT an example of physiological measurement?

Number of panic attacks a patient reports

Q2: Another word for data is a(n) .

Observation

Occam's razor states that the simplest solution is the best, all things being equal. This speaks to a theory's:

Parsimony

Q2: Another word for hypothesis is a(n) .

Prediction

How does research overcome the problem of confounds?

Research systematically compares multiple conditions

Which of the following is a benefit of the peer-review process?

Reviewers ' names are kept anonymous so they can be open in their critiques of an article.

E1:Inez was attempting to recite the definition of psychology she read in her psychology textbook. She said that psychology is the systematic study of behavior and mental processes. What important word did she omit?

Scientific

Which of the following is true of the distinction between scientific journals and popular magazines?

Scientific journal articles are peer-reviewed; popular magazine articles are not.

Q1: Psychoanalysis is a type of psychological treatment to resolve unconscious conflicts that cause mental disorders. This treatment was developed by

Sigmund Freud

What makes certain constructs harder to operationalize?

Some constructs are difficult to observe

Q3: Which of the following is true of variables?

Some variables can be either manipulated or measured.

Q1: An early school of psychology used introspection to study the basic elements of mental experiences. This school of psychology was called

Structuralism

Q4: The aim of the Tuskegee Study was to examine which disease?

Syphilis

Q1: Functionalism is the school of thought concerned with

The adaptive purposes of the mind and behavior

Q2: Which aspect of the peer-review cycle allows for the greatest amount of honesty in reviews?

The anonymity of the peer reviewers

Which of the following indicates that an article's claims are based on research?

The article describes how a scientific study measured a variable.

E4: Dr. Kushner's decision about the type of participants to recruit should be informed by which of the following principles of the Belmont Report?

The principal of justice

Q4: The need to balance the potential costs and benefits to participants taking part in a research study is done to address which principle of the Belmont Report?

The principle of beneficence

E5: Hosea is studying the relationship between caffeine consumption and problem-solving ability. Which of the following is a quantitative way to operationalize problem-solving ability?

The time spent solving a math problem

Q2: Which of the following is a reason psychological scientists publish their research in scientific journals?

To have their results reviewed by other psychologists

Vinai learns that people with schizophrenia have a problem labeling their emotions. Using this information, he designs a research study to examine whether teaching patients with schizophrenia to label the emotions of people they see in movie clips helps them to better label their own emotions. Vinai hopes that the findings of this research could then be used to create an intervention to treat schizophrenia. Vinai's study is an example of:

Translational Research

Q3: Which of the following is a problem presented by the availability heuristic?

We do not examine all of the evidence, only what we can quickly think of.

E4: To address the Belmont principle of beneficence, Dr. Kushner would need to ask which of the following questions?

What can I do to decrease the potential harm experienced by my participants?

Q3: In which of the following scenarios should you be skeptical of an authority?

When they based their opinions on their intuition

E5: Hosea is studying the relationship between caffeine consumption and problem-solving ability. Which of the following is a categorical way to operationalize caffeine consumption?

Whether the participant drank a soda in the 24 hours prior to the study

Q1: The psychologist most closely associated with the school of functionalism is

William James

Q1: The person who established the first psychology laboratory, which marked the beginning of experimental psychology, was

William Wundt

E4: An in-person institutional review board (IRB) meeting would probably be required for all of the following studies EXCEPT:

an anonymous survey asking whether students want the campus mascot to be changed

Research that is done specifically to solve a practical problem, like increasing memory ability of decreasing symptoms of depression, is known as:

applied research

Q3: Which of the following statements is an operational definition of "fear of snakes" that could be assessed as a structured question?

asking, "On a scale of 1 to 10, how afraid of snakes are you?"

Q3: Two biases of intuition discussed in the text are:

being swayed by a good story and being persuaded by what comes easily to mind.

Q3: Which of the following allow us to make strong predictions using association claims?

both strong positive associations and strong negative associations

Consider EXAMPLE 2. Because of the design of this study, Sanchez and colleagues are more interested in __________ than ____________.

construct validity; generalizing to all minority groups

Which of the following is the reason that scientific journals use peer review?

it ensures that the studies published are of the highest quality

Which of the following could be an independent variable in a causal claim?

one that is manipulated

Which of the following is a dependent variable?

one that is measured

The use of debriefing in a study such as Milgram's obedience study appeals to which principle of the Belmont Report?

principle of beneficence

Consider EXAMPLE 1. If Dr. Kang decided against using random assignment, which of the following would be threatened?

the internal validity of the study

EXAMPLE 1: Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He than measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Dr. Kang's decision to assign participants randomly to Group A and Group B increases which of the following?

the internal validity of the study

The principle of justice calls for a balance between _______ and ________

the kind of people who participate in research; the kind of people who benefit from it

In addition to the three principles derived from the Belmont Report, which of the following two principles were added in the principles put forth by the American Psychological Association?

the principle of integrity and fidelity

According to the text, the bridge between basic and applied research is known as:

translational research

E9: When interrogating the construct validity of the dependent variable in an experiment, which of the following questions should be asked?

"How well was this variable measured?"

E11: Consider Example #1 described in the previous question, and look again at Table #1. How many participant variables exist in Dr. Elder's study?

0

E11: In Dr. Elder's study, how many possible main effects exist?

2

E11: To determine if there is a main effect for type of activity, Dr. Elder must examine how many marginal means?

2

E11: In graphing the difference between the differences, which of the following values would Dr. Elder use?

9

E11: Example #1: Dr. Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories. For example, what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically, he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first. For example, does a person think differently about the category of "southern" if they first think about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members. Dr. Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group). In Group A, participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines. In Group B, participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines. In Group C, participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs. In Group D, participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs. After doing this for 30 minutes, participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category. Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way. The results of his study are reported in the attached Table #1. Which of the following best describes Dr. Elder's study?

A 2 × 2 crossed factorial design

E6: Which of the following is Dr. Ewell likely to give his research assistants to prevent observer bias?

A codebook

Q8: When conducting an experiment, what is provided by the independent variable?

A comparison group

E10: In previous studies, Dr. Schulenberg has established that finding meaning in one's everyday work activities can lead to greater success in the workplace (e.g., productivity, creativity). He is curious as to whether this can happen in the college classroom. Specifically, he is curious whether finding meaning in one's classroom experience can lead to greater academic performance. In the spring semester, he has his teaching assistant randomly assign half the class to write a paragraph each class period about how the material has meaning for their lives (meaning group). The other half writes a paragraph about what they did to prepare for class (preparation group). He does not know which of his students are writing which paragraph, and the students are not aware they are responding to different writing assignments. To measure academic performance, he gives the students a midterm essay exam and a final exam. The study described above is an example of which of the following?

A double-blind study

Q5: Which of the following is not possible?

A measure is valid but not reliable.

E11: Which of the following could be said of the focus of activity variable in Dr. Elder's study?

A proper statistical test would be necessary to determine the effect of the focus of activity variable.

Q11: If a person describes the results of a study to you by saying that there is a zero difference in one condition but a large difference in another condition, the person is most likely describing which of the following?

A spreading interaction

Q10: Which of the following studies would NOT have a possible threat of observer bias?

A study looking at the effect of tutoring on SAT scores

Q11: A "difference in the difference between the differences" would indicate which of the following?

A three-way interaction

E4: Imagine that Dr. Kushner is a clinical psychologist who volunteers his time at a local prison counseling several inmates. Because of his connections there, he is considering using prisoners as his participants. Why is this choice potentially problematic?

According to the Belmont Report, prisoners are entitled to special protection

E11: To make his study a 2 × 2 × 3 factorial design, which of the following would Dr. Elder need to do?

Add a new manipulated variable (time to complete the task: 5 minutes versus 10 minutes versus 15 minutes)

Q8: Which of the following is true of multiple regression?

Adding more predictors means research is controlling for more variables.

E6: Professor Kramer has decided to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes this semester—Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He gives his students a survey. What is Dr. Kramer's likely population of interest?

All students he is currently teaching

Q2: Which of the following is true of the difference between basic and applied research?

Basic and applied research have different goals

Q1: The psychological approach that emphasizes the role of the environment in influencing behavior is

Behaviorism

After reading the chapter, Cyril says to himself, "I am sure other people might engage in faulty thinking, but I never would." What is Cyril experiencing?

Bias blind spot

Q2: Scientific journals and magazines are similar in which of the following ways?

Both are trying to inform their readers

From an ethical standpoint, in what way is researching prisoners with tuberculosis similar to researching children with ADHD?

Both groups of participants have less autonomy than other types of participants

Q5: In which of the following ways are content and face validity similar?

Both involve subjective judgments.

Q3: You read a news article titled, "New Drug Reduces OCD Symptoms in Mice" about a recent scientific study. To evaluate whether the title's claim is supported, you should do which of the following?

Check whether the authors established covariance, temporal precedence, and internal validity.

E12: Suppose Dr. Fletcher was concerned that students who choose to join fraternities/sororities are more concerned with their appearance overall. How could he test whether this type of selection threat exists?

Compare baseline levels of appearance concerns in fraternity/sorority students versus the average college student.

E12: If a researcher is concerned about external validity, which of the following would you recommend with regard to conducting small-N designs? Which of the following allows Dr. Lonsbary to conclude that she met the covariance rule for causality?

Compare the results of a small-N design with other studies.

Q9: Dr. Alfonse, a developmental psychologist, conducts a study to determine whether children prefer books with drawn illustrations or with photographs. A group of 30 preschoolers are shown two copies of a book (Ferdinand the Bull) at the same time. Although the story is the same, one book is illustrated with drawings and the other is illustrated with photos. Students are then asked to indicate which book they prefer. This is an example of which of the following designs?

Concurrent-measures design

E9: What is the difference between concurrent-measures designs and repeated-measures designs?

Concurrent-measures designs expose participants to the levels of the independent variable at roughly the same time; repeated-measures designs expose participants to the levels of the independent variable sequentially.

Q4: What is the difference between data that is collected anonymously and data that is collected confidentially?

Confidential research collects participants' names but separates them from the data; anonymous research does not collect participants' names.

Q8: Adding several variables to a regression analysis can help do which of the following?

Control for several variables at once

Q8: Which of the following is NOT true of control variables?

Control variables help define the control group.

Q5: A correlation-based statistic called _________ is commonly used to determine internal reliability.

Cronbach's alpha

E10: Dr. Schulenberg likely designed his study so that neither he nor his students knew which group they were in to address which of the following?

Demand characteristics

E9: Dr. Garcia was concerned that asking participants how long it took them to fall asleep would lead them to suspect that was the purpose of the study. Her decision to measure how long it took participants to go to sleep using the EEG instead of self-report was meant to decrease which of the following?

Demand characteristics

Which of the following topics would be especially well suited to a quasi-experimental design?

Do people diagnosed with a mental illness have poorer social abilities?

E11: In graphing the results of his study, which of the following would be true for Dr. Elder?

Dr. Elder would see a difference between the differences for one variable but not the other variable.

Q1: Structuralism is a school of psychology introduced by

Edward Titchener

E7: Consider Example #1. The "not sig." in Dr. Guidry's findings indicates all of the following except:

Effect size could not be calculated.

E12: In addition to measuring the group of participants who joined a fraternity/sorority, Dr. Fletcher decides to give the same measure to another group of 55 participants who decided to not join a fraternity/sorority. Doing this would help Dr. Fletcher address all of the following threats to internal validity EXCEPT:

Experimenter bias

E7: Consider again Example #1: Comparing all three correlations, Dr. Guidry will be most able to accurately predict life satisfaction from the experience of daily stress because the relationship:

Has the largest effect size

E9: In the study depicted in the figure above, how could a researcher transform the study into a within-groups design?

Having participants play both the competitive game and the noncompetitive game

E12: Example #2: Dr. Fletcher is interested in whether joining a fraternity/sorority causes people to become more concerned about their attractiveness and appearance. He recruits a group of 55 freshmen (25 males, 30 females) who are planning to go through fraternity/sorority recruitment on his campus. After they join, he gives them a measure of attractiveness concern/appearance concern (the Body Concern Scale). If Dr. Fletcher is interested in a causal relationship between joining a fraternity/sorority and attractiveness/appearance concern, why doesn't he conduct a true experiment?

He was unable to randomly assign participants to join a fraternity/sorority.

E6: Consider Example #1 described in the previous question. Dr. Ewell is concerned that the children will behave differently because of the presence of research assistants. Which of the following could he do to address this concern?

Hide a video camera in the daycare center and record the children playing without them knowing

E10: The addition of a control group that does not use the drink additive would help Dr. Bloedorn address which of the following threats to internal validity?

History

E7: Example #1: Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings. • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = −.57 (p = .01) • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04) In evaluating Dr. Guidry's study, you question the construct validity of the study. Which of the following questions would you be asking?

How reliable is the measure of daily stress?

A local committee that reviews research that is conducted on animals is known as ________

IACUC

Q3: What does it mean that behavioral research is probabilistic?

Inferences drawn from behavioral research are not expected to explain all cases.

Which of the following CANNOT typically be applied to a small-N experiment?

Inferential statistics

E10: Dr. Hoff is curious as to whether children in a kindergarten classroom will be friendlier after talking about friendship. Immediately before and after the discussion, she has several undergraduate research assistants code the "friendliness" of a group of kindergarteners. Which of the following threats should Dr. Hoff be most concerned about?

Instrumentation

E6: Dr. Ewell decides to collect his data at a neighborhood park. He has his two research assistants pose as a married couple having a picnic. While having their picnic, they take detailed records of the sharing behavior of the children and note whether the pairs are same sex or opposite sex. Given his use of two research assistants, he must establish the ____________ of their measures.

Interrater reliability

Which of the following is NOT a small-N design?

Interrupted time-series design

Q1: Structuralists used a procedure to investigate the conscious parts of the mind. In this procedure an observer described the simple elements of a mental experience in as much detail as possible. This procedure was called

Introspection

According to the textbook, which of the following ethical questions might be posed specifically in reference to a reversal design?

Is it ethical to remove an effective treatment?

Q5: In interrogating the construct validity of a measure, which question should a researcher ask?

Is there enough evidence that this measure is valid?

Q11: Which of the following CANNOT be said of the interaction in a study?

It can be determined by investigating marginal means.

Q8: Why is it problematic when journalists only report on a single study?

It can lead people to value one study over decades of previous research.

Q7: Which of the following is true of statistical significance testing?

It can lead to an incorrect conclusion about the population.

Q9: All of the following are advantages of within-groups designs EXCEPT:

It is less time-consuming for the participants.

The degree to which a quasi-experiment supports a causal claim depends on which of the following?

Its design and its results

E7: Consider Example #1. Dr. Guidry has decided to examine one of her relationships with a scatterplot to double-check for a curvilinear relationship. Which relationship will be most important for her to examine?

Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress

Q11: What is the difference between a main effect and an overall effect?

Main effects are less important than overall effects. Main effects are more complicated to determine than overall effects. NOT: Main effects look at one variable at a time; overall effects look at all variables simultaneously. There is no difference between main effects and overall effects.

Q10: A participant's score on a dependent variable is a combination of which of the following?

Measurement error and their true score

E7: Consider Example #1 described in the previous question. According to the benchmarks established by Cohen, what type of effect size has Dr. Guidry found for the association between number of friends and life satisfaction?

Medium

Q7: What is the relationship between moderators and external validity?

Moderators suggest that associations may not generalize to all subgroups of people.

E10: Dr. LaGuardia is curious as to whether children in a daycare center will share more after watching an educational video on sharing. Immediately before and after the video, he has several undergraduate research assistants code the sharing behavior of a group of 33 four-year-old. Which of the following would you recommend to him to decrease the threat of instrumentation?

NOT: Asking the same research assistants to code the same children at pretest and posttest Establishing different coding manuals for pretest and posttest Using clear coding manuals NOT: Using only one research assistant to code all the videos

Q11: Why are factorial designs useful in testing theories?

NOT: They allow researchers to explore the construct validity of a theory. Results from factorial designs are typically straightforward and easy to interpret. They allow researchers to understand the nuances of how variables interact. Results from factorial designs are always intuitive.

Which of the following designs has elements of both a within-group design and an independent-groups design?

Nonequivalent groups interrupted time-series design

E8: Which of the following allows Dr. Lonsbary to conclude that she met the covariance rule for causality?

Noting that there is a difference between the number of words recalled by the happy and neutral people

Example #2: Lonsbary is a cognitive psychologist who is curious about how mood affects memory. She recruited 60 high school students and divided them into three groups. Group A listened to a 5-minute piece of music intended to make them feel happy ("Happy" by Pharrell). Group B listened to a 5-minute piece of music intended to make them feel sad (a song titled "Home Is Such a Lonely Place" by Blink-182). Group C listened to no music and instead was asked to sit quietly for 5 minutes (thought to make them feel neutral). When a participant would come to her laboratory, Dr. Lonsbary would greet the participant and then ask him or her to roll a six-sided die. Participants who rolled a 1 or 2 were assigned to Group A. Participants who rolled a 3 or 4 were assigned to Group B. Participants who rolled a 5 or 6 were assigned to Group C. The participants were then given an unlabeled CD to listen to based on their group assignment. The CD contained either the song selection or 5 minutes of silence. They were then escorted into a different room, where they were greeted by a research assistant who conducted the experiment. The research assistant sat the participants in front of a computer screen and told them that a list of 25 words would be displayed on the screen. They were instructed to listen to the CD with headphones while trying to memorize the list of words. All participants were given the same list of 25 common words to remember (e.g., desk, gray, plane, car, mask). When 5 minutes had passed, the screen displayed a question asking them whether they felt happy, sad, or neutral. After the participant responded, a new screen was displayed asking them to type in all the words they could remember from the list of 25 words. All participants were given 3 minutes to type the words they remembered. Afterward, the participant was thanked and dismissed. In response to the mood question, a majority of Group A participants said they were happy, a majority of Group B participants said they were sad, and a majority of Group C participants said they were neutral in their mood. Dr. Lonsbary found the following results in response to the number of words remembered. Group A (Happy) Group B (Sad) Group C (Neutral) Number of Words Remembered 16 14 9 Groups A and B vs. Group C Statistically significant difference d = .36 Group A vs. Group C Statistically significant difference d = .30 Group B vs. Group C Statistically significant difference d = .41 Group A vs. Group B No statistically significant difference d = .09 E8: Which of the following is a dependent variable in Dr. Lonsbary's study?

Number of words remembered

E9: Dr. Garcia's participants have only agreed to participate in the study for three nights each. Which type of counterbalancing can she use?

Partial counterbalancing

Q11: In popular media articles, why does the inclusion of participant variable information often denote a factorial design?

Participant variables are often used as moderators.

Q4: Which of the following events did NOT occur in the Tuskegee Study?

Participants in the study were given/infected with the disease.

E8: Which of the following is an independent variable in Dr. Lonsbary's study?

Participants mood

Q9: Which of the following is a threat to internal validity found in within-groups designs but not in independent-groups designs?

Practice effects

Q6: Which of the following is the most direct way to control for question order effects?

Prepare different versions of the survey, varying the order of the questions.

E9: The figure depicts which type of research design?

Pretest/posttest design

E6: Example #1: Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite-sex friend pairs. Dr. Ewell is concerned that the children will behave differently because of the presence of research assistants. He is concerned about:

Reactivity

E10: Imagine that in Dr. Schulenberg's study, he notes that all of the students do extremely well on the midterm exam. When he looks at the results of the final exam, he notices that all the students' exam scores went down. Given this information, which of the following threats might be present in his study?

Regression

E6: If all the students in Dr. Kramer's two classes complete the survey, then Dr. Kramer has done which of the following?

Relied on a census

E9: Dr. Garcia studies sleep and sleep disorders. She is curious as to whether technology exposure before bedtime causes people to fall asleep more slowly. She recruits a sample of 60 middle-aged women from a local church who reported no history of sleep problems. She creates three conditions. All participants come to the sleep lab for three nights in a row and experience all three conditions. In the first condition (A), participants were asked to play an online game (Candy Crush) on an iPad for 10 minutes prior to going to bed. In the second condition (B), participants were asked to read an article using an iPad that discussed tricks and tips for improving one's score on Candy Crush (which took about 10 minutes). In the third condition (C), participants were asked to read a newspaper article about the inventor of Candy Crush (which took about 10 minutes). With the use of an electroencephalograph (EEG), the researcher measures how long it takes participants to fall asleep. Which of the following designs is Dr. Garcia using?

Repeated-Measures design

Advice that is based on _____________ is most likely to be correct.

Research

E7: Consider Example #1. In determining whether the relationship between two of Dr. Guidry's variables was statistically significant, which of the following must be considered?

Sample size and effect size

Q7: Statistical significance depends on which of the following?

Sample size and effect size

E6: Dr. Kramer needs to avoid which of the following if he hopes to avoid having a biased sample?

Sampling only those students who come to class frequently

A wait-list design is helpful in dealing with which of the following threats to internal validity?

Selection

Q8: Which of the following is not true of selection effects?

Selection effects are unimportant for interrogating internal validity.

Q11: What does the author of the textbook mean when she writes, "We don't live in a main effect world"?

She means that interactions are common in everyday life.

E7: Consider Example #1. Dr. Guidry realizes that the women in her study have more friends than the men in her study. This might result in which of the following?

Spurious associations due to subgroups

Q4: Which of the following is true of students' views of deception and harm in research studies?

Students can find deception to be stressful.

E4: Dr. Kushner suspects that the people who will most benefit from his study are high school and college students, who are asked to perform cognitive functions in various states of sleep deprivation. Given this information, what type of participants should Dr. Kushner recruit for his study?

Students from a community college

E6: Dr. Kramer could reasonably use his sample to say something about which of the following populations of interest?

Students who have taken a class with Dr. Kramer

Q8: A threat to internal validity occurs only if a potential design confound varies with the independent variable.

Systematically

E12: Which of the following would Dr. Fletcher need to do to his current study design to make it an interrupted time-series design?

Take measurements of body concern before and after joining a fraternity/sorority

E12: In addition to measuring the Body Concern of the participants who joined a fraternity/sorority both immediately before and immediately after they join, Dr. Fletcher measures them for the 3 weeks before and the 3 weeks after. This type of design would be able to better address which of the following threats to internal validity?

Testing

E10: Dr. Bloedorn is a health psychologist who researches nutrition. She is curious as to whether a new drink additive will help people consume fewer calories during a meal. The drink additive is a white, odorless, tasteless powder that a person can add to any drink. She collects a random sample of 63 overweight students on campus and measures the calories they eat during lunch using a bomb calorimeter. She then gives this additive to the same 63 participants to use at dinner and measures how many calories they eat (again using the bomb calorimeter). Which of the following threats to internal validity will Dr. Bloedorn NOT be worried about?

Testing effect NOT: Attrition Demand characteristics NOT: Placebo effects

E8: One of Dr. Finkel's colleagues argues that he should have considered years of marriage in his study, which is a known predictor of marital satisfaction. If Dr. Finkel conducts his study again and asks people to report on how many years they have been married as well, which of the following statements is true?

The beta value for number of arguments may no longer be statistically significant.

E10: Imagine that in Dr. Schulenberg's study, he notes that all of the students do extremely well on the midterm exam. When he looks at the results of the final exam, he notices that all the students' exam scores went down. Which of the following pattern of results would suggest that there is a threat to internal validity?

The final exam scores were equally low in both groups.

E8: Example #1: Dr. Finkel is a social psychologist who studies romantic relationships. Several researchers have found that there is a link between income and marital satisfaction (e.g., Dakin & Wampler, 2012). Dr. Finkel is curious as to whether there is a causal link between the two variables, such that having a higher income causes higher levels of marital satisfaction. He is confident that he cannot reasonably or ethically manipulate people's income level, so he decides to use a multivariate design. He is also curious as to whether there is a causal link between these two variables or if two other variables (number of arguments and life satisfaction) can explain the relationship. He measures his three variables in a sample of 124 married couples recruited from a local community center. Below are his results. DV: Marital Satisfaction Variable Beta (b) Significance (r) Income .69 .03 Number of arguments -.73 .01 Life satisfaction .13 .81 Consider Example #1 in the attached file. Given Dr. Finkel's design, which of the following issues is his study best able to address?

The issue of possible third variables

E9: What is the primary difference between pretest/posttest designs and within-groups designs?

The number of levels of the independent variable participants are exposed to

E7: Consider Example #1. Which of the following conclusions can Dr. Guidry draw about the number of friends one has and life satisfaction based on her statistical analyses?

The probability of her sample coming from a zero association population is about 4%.

E8: Which of the following can be concluded based on the results of Dr. Finkel's study?

The relationship between life satisfaction and marital satisfaction has the weakest effect size of all of the results.

Q5: Two researchers tell you they study the same thing. However, when you look at their research papers, they do not use similar methodologies or measurements. How is this possible?

The researchers have the same conceptual definitions.

Q5: Which of the following is true of operational definitions?

The specification of operational definitions is one of the creative aspects of the research process.

E11: By examining the marginal means, it appears that in this study:

There is a main effect of focus of the activity.

E4: Dr. Smitherman conducted a study 5 years ago, and his graduate student now recommends that they conduct the study again to see if the effect still occurs. Dr. Smitherman says, "No, I cannot do that study now; I think it is unethical." Which of the following is NOT a reasonable explanation for Dr. Smitherman's response?

There were no ethical guidelines 5 years ago, but there are now

Q9: Which of the following is an advantage of within-groups designs?

These designs rely on fewer participants.

E7: Consider Example #1. Dr. Guidry creates a scatterplot of the relationship between the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. In doing so, she realizes there are three scores that seem to be very extreme and are nowhere near the other points on the scatterplot. Specifically, it appears that three people report very high levels of daily stress and very low levels of life satisfaction. Which of the following statements is not true?

These scores are more likely to have an effect because of the large sample size.

Which of the following is an advantage of using quasi-experimental designs?

They allow researchers to enhance external validity.

Q10: Which of the following is true of instrumentation threats?

They can be avoided with counterbalancing.

Q7: Which of the following is true of moderators?

They can inform external validity.

Q7: All of the following are true of outliers except:

They have the biggest effect when dealing with large sample sizes.

Q6: Why are double-barreled questions problematic?

They may have poor construct validity

Q6: How do reverse-worded items address shortcuts?

They slow down readers, making them answer more carefully.

E6: Dr. Kramer plans to give his survey only to his Psychology and Law students because he sees them on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays and he can spare the class time (unlike in his Introduction to Neuroscience class, which only meets on Tuesdays and Thursdays). Which of the following is true?

This will lead to a biased sample because the type of students who take Psychology and Law may be different from the type of students who take Introduction to Neuroscience.

Q5: How many subcategories of quantitative variables exist?

Three

Why is it important to adopt the mindset of a scientific reasoner?

To avoid falling into the pitfalls of personal biases

Q10: Which of the following is a reason why a researcher might choose to conduct a double-blind placebo control group study?

To control for observer bias

E9: In the study depicted in the figure, why might researchers have measured blood pressure twice?

To make sure the two groups were equal before the manipulation

Q11: What are the two main reasons to conduct a factorial study?

To test limits and to test theories

E11: Consider Example and Table #1. Which of the following reasons is the most likely reason Dr. Elder conducted a factorial design?

To test whether task type interacts with the effect of activity focus

Q10: Which of the following is NOT a reason that a study might yield a null result?

Use of a within-subjects design

E10: Dr. Whetstone is curious about how self-esteem changes as a result of a new counseling program. She is concerned about testing threats in her study. Which of the following would you recommend to her as a way to address this type of threat?

Using a different measure of self-esteem at pretest than at posttest

Q7: In which of the following cases might a small effect still be important?

When the study has life-or-death implications

Q10: Which of the following cannot be found in a one-group, pretest/posttest design?

a comparison group

Q11: A simple difference is also called:

a main effect

E10: Imagine that Dr. Bloedorn finds no difference between the calories consumed with the drink additive and without. This is known as:

a null effect.

Q11: Studies with one independent variable can show:

a simple difference.

Q5: Asking many similar questions when trying to measure a concept is done to:

cancel out measurement error

Q6: If researchers measure every member of a population, they have:

conducted a census

Q9: ____________ is used to control order effects in an experiment.

counterbalancing

Q8: In a multiple regression design, __________ variable is to dependent variable as ________ variable is to independent variable.

criterion; predictor

Q7: The temporal precedence criterion is also known as the ___________ problem.

directionality

Q6: Another word for observer effects is:

expectancy effects

Q9: Random selection enhances __________ validity and random assignment enhances ____________ validity.

external; internal

Q10: When interrogating experiments, on which of the big validities should a person focus?

internal validity

Q9: Generally, what is the main priority for experimental studies?

internal validity

In conducting quasi-experimental designs, researchers tend to give up some ___________ in exchange for _____________ .

internal validity; external validity

E12: In addition to measuring the Body Concern of the participants who joined a fraternity/sorority both immediately before and immediately after they join, Dr. Fletcher measures them for the 3 weeks before and the 3 weeks after. This type of design is known as a(n):

interrupted time-series design

Researchers may be interested in how a variable changes over the course of a major event that is scheduled outside of experimental control. This is called:

interrupted time-series design.

Q6: Which of the following is true of interrater reliability?

it is measured with an ICC

Q9: A variable that the researcher controls is a _____________ variable.

manipulated

E8: Which of the following is NOT a predictor variable in Dr. Finkel's study?

marital satisfaction

E8: Which of the following is a criterion variable in Dr. Finkel's study?

marital satisfaction

Q10: Spontaneous remission in clinical studies is an example of which of the following threats to internal validity?

maturation

Q10: The addition of a comparison group can address which of the following threats to internal validity?

maturation

E8: Which of the following is NOT a control variable in Dr. Lonsbary's study?

mood of participants

E12: Consider again Example #2. In addition to measuring the group of participants who joined a fraternity/sorority, Dr. Fletcher decides to give the same measure to another group of 55 participants who decided to not join a fraternity/sorority. This type of design is known as a(n):

nonequivalent control group design.

Q9: Practice effects and carryover effects are examples of ____________ effects.

order

E7: Consider Example #1. Dr. Guidry creates a scatterplot of the relationship between the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. In doing so, she realizes there are three scores that seem to be very extreme and are nowhere near the other points on the scatterplot. Specifically, it appears that three people report very high levels of daily stress and very low levels of life satisfaction. Dr. Guidry should probably consider these scores __________.

outliers

Q9: The ability for a study to reveal a statistically significant difference between the levels of an independent variable when one truly exists is known as:

power

Q7: Why are curvilinear relationships hard to detect with correlation coefficients (r)?

r always looks for the best straight line to fit the data.

Q7: If there is not a full range of scores on one of the variables, this is known as ____.

restriction of range

E12: Consider Example #2. In addition to measuring the group of participants who joined a fraternity/sorority, Dr. Fletcher decides to give the same measure to another group of 55 participants who decided to not join a fraternity/sorority. After conducting the study, Dr. Fletcher finds out that the people who joined a fraternity/sorority all saw a documentary on body image sponsored by the InterGreek Council the night before recruitment began. This threat to internal validity is known as a:

selection-history threat.

E9: Given that there are three conditions/levels of the independent variable, how many orders of the conditions are possible in Dr. Garcia's study?

six

Q6: A sample is always ___________ a population.

smaller than

E12: Suppose Dr. Fletcher finds that joining a fraternity/sorority reduces self-esteem about one's appearance. Who could his study generalize to? Group of answer choices

students in fraternities/sororities

Q10: To be a history threat, the external event must occur:

systematically, affecting most members of the group.

E8: How many conditions/levels of the independent variable were in Dr. Lonsbary's study?

three

E6: Dr. Ewell decides to collect his data at a neighborhood park. He has his two research assistants pose as a married couple having a picnic. While having their picnic, they take detailed records of the sharing behavior of the children and note whether the pairs are same sex or opposite sex. This technique is known as:

unobtrusive observation

Q6: If a sample is biased, then it is ____________ the population of interest.

unrepresentative of

Q6: A biased sample consists of too many __________ cases.

unusual

E1: Jerry is interested in discovering how people process, store, and use information. His interests reflect which psychological perspective?

Cognitive

Q1: ______ is the scientific study of mental processes, including perception, thought, memory, and reasoning.

Cognitive Psychology

E1: Noreen believes that our behavior often reflects unconscious motives and conflicts. This viewpoint is most consistent with the __________ approach in psychology.

Psychoanalytic

Q2: In the theory-data cycle, theories first lead to .

Questions

When conducting animal research, which guideline states that alternatives to animal research should be considered?

Replacement

Q4: Which of the following ethical violations proposed by the Belmont Report was NOT committed in the Tuskegee Study?

Participants were not given monetary payments for their time.

Q4: According to the Belmont Report, which of the following groups of people is entitled to special protection?

People with developmental disabilities

Q3: Which of the following is a limitation of PsycINFO compared to Google Scholar?

PsycINFO is not free to use.

The belief that the participants in a research study should be representative of the type of people who would also benefit from the findings of the research stems from which principle of the Belmont Report?

The principle of justice

E4: Example #1: Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr. Kushner asks his participants to provide informed consent. Doing this is adhering to which principle of the Belmont Report?

The principle of respect for persons

The issue of obtaining informed consent deals with which of the following principles of the Belmont Report?

The principle of respect for persons

E5: Example #1: Dr. Rodriquez is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer romantic relationships than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Donal scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as I think about myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." Dr. Rodriquez is concerned whether her measure will really measure narcissism or if it will measure some other related concept. She is concerned about the scale's ___________:

Validity