PSY 311 Final Review
True or False: Within culture differences are almost always larger than the between culture differences. Question 19Select one:True False
True
We are more likely to help when the victim is similar to us in some way.
True
We tend to like people who have names that are more similar to our own.
True
When people need our help, we are most likely to provide assistance if we attribute their need to circumstances outside of their control.
True
When using heuristics, we tend to rely on stereotypes and ignore base-information (i.e. knowledge and/or statistics).
True
Viewing individuals who deviate from the stereotype as "exceptions to the rule" is a phenomenon known as ___________________ Question 4Select one:a. subtyping b. subgrouping c. prototype violation d. exceptional model bias
A. Subtyping
People are more likely to help others of the same ethnicity. This might be explained by Question 2Select one:a. kin selection b. reciprocal altruism c. social exchange d. prosocial behavior e. empathy-altruism
A. Kin selection
A theory is: Select one: a. less than a fact. b. a summary that explains facts. c. untestable. d. an agreed-upon statement.
A summary that explains facts
While listening half-heartedly to a commercial, Ken hears a physician suggest that aspirin taken daily promotes good health. Ken accepts this idea solely because this physician has been correct before. In this example, Ken is using Select one: a. the peripheral route b. a planning heuristic c. the central route d. elaborate processing
A. The peripheral route
One of the most important similarities in humans is our capacity Select one: a. to learn and adapt b. for altruism c. to dominate other species d. for self-destruction
A. To learn and adapt
A _____ is an integrated set of principles that can explain and predict observed events. a.theory b.hypothesis c.fact d.correlation
A.Theory
Which of the following is NOT a strategy discussed by the article ("Anger, Aggression, and You - Interventions that Make Us Less Likely to Lash Out") to reduce anger and aggression? Question 11Select one:a. Catharsis b. Mindfulness c. Cognitive reappraisal d. Self-control training
A.catharsis
If two candidates are giving a speech, back-to-back, on why they should be elected, because of the , the candidate who presents should be most persuasive. Question 38Select one:a. primacy effect; first b. primacy effect; last c. anchoring-and-adjustment heuristic; last d. recency effect; first
A.primacy effect; first
According to the article about self-control, which of the following statements is most accurate: Select one: a. Ability to exert self-control is most highly linked to how naturally "zen-like" a person is b. Exerting self-control in the face of temptation is typically easy c. You cannot improve your ability to exert self control d. Ability to exert self-control is most highly linked to how well a person can distract themselves
Ability to exert self-control is most highly linked to how well a person can distract themselves
A researcher is examining if the age of the animal and the type of animal interact to predict ratings of cuteness by preschool children. The independent variable(s) in this research is (are) a. age of animal and type of animal b. age of animal c. type of animal d. cuteness
Age of animal and type of animal
Which statement is NOT true according to attitude research _______. Select one: a. Attitudes best predict behavior when they are formed by direct experience. b. Attitudes best predict behavior when they are thought about. c. Attitudes best predict behavior when they are strong. d. Attitudes best predict behavior when they make you feel good
Attitudes best predict behavior when they make you feel good
After watching Jaws two weeks ago, you believe that sharks are especially deadly. This exemplifies which heuristic? Check ALL that apply Select one: a. anchoring and adjustment b. representative c. gambler's fallacy d. availability e. false consensus effect
Availability
The redirection of aggression to a target other than the source of the frustration is referred to as Question 14Select one:a. projection b. displacement c. substitution d. instrumental aggression
B. Displacement
Taylor hates to wear ties anywhere. Nevertheless, they wears one to their sister's wedding to avoid the disapproval of his family. This is an example of Question 30Select one:a. informational social influence b. normative social influence c. psychological reactance d. identification
B. Normative social influence
You want to ensure that every member of your group contributes and no one slacks off. According to research on social loafing, you should do the following: Select ALL that apply Question 27Select one or more: a. make sure the group is NOT cohesive b. work on an interesting project c. ask for one grade for the whole group d. identify everyone's individual performance
B. Work on an interesting project d. Identify everyone's individual performance
When people experience both a loss of self-awareness and there is no evaluation apprehension, they are in a state of Question 42Select one:a. groupthink b. social loafing c. deindividuation d. social facilitation
C. Deindividuation
When individual efforts are pooled and not evaluated, evaluation apprehension is ______ and the probability of social loafing is _________. Question 41Select one:a. high; low b. high; high c. low; high d. low; low
C. Low; high
Social psychology is defined as the scientific study of how people a. motivate, persuade, and hurt one another b. think about, influence, and relate to one another c. manipulate, use, and betray one another d. conform, help, and form attitudes about one another
C. Think about, influence, and relate to one another
According to the text, personality predicts behavior when social influences are Question 39Select one:a. strong b. obvious c. weak d. covert
C. Weak
Rules for expected and acceptable behavior that vary by culture are called Question 11Select one:a. groupthink b. group polarization c. norms d. schemas e. values
C.norms
Which of the following theories assumes that to reduce discomfort, we justify our actions to ourselves? Check ALL that apply Select one: a. self-perception theory b. self-presentation theory c. cognitive dissonance theory d. self-consistency theory
Cognitive dissonance theory
Identify a true statement about social psychology: a. Compared with sociology, social psychology focuses more on individuals. b. Compared with personality psychology, social psychology focuses more on the differences between individuals. c. Compared with personality psychology, social psychology focuses less on how people view and affect one another. d. Compared with sociology, social psychology performs less experiments.
Compared with sociology, social psychology focuses more on individuals.
The study of naturally occurring relationships among variables is referred to as Select one: a. correlational research b. experimental research c. laboratory research d. field research
Correlational research
Identify the example of random sampling below: a.Eva, a researcher, asks questions in a survey in such a way that they prompt the respondents toward beneficial decisions without restricting their freedom. b.Alma, a researcher, converses with participants after conducting experiments, so that they can share their thoughts about the experiment. c.Anitra, a researcher, does not tell the population being studied the true purpose of the study. d.Arian, a researcher, selects participants so that all potential participants have an equal chance of being included.
D. Adrian, a researcher, selects participants so that all potential participants have an equal chance of being included.
The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next are called Question 15Select one:a. values b. beliefs c. norms d. cultures
D. Cultures
Mary tells you that she thinks the reason people live in poverty is because they are lazy. Mary's thinking is an example of the _______ phenomenon. Question 5Select one:a. ethnocentrism b. retribution c. stereotype invulnerability d. just-world e. ingroup bias
D. Just-world
Although good social skills are positively correlated with objective (i.e., third party) ratings of physical attractiveness, _____ is NOT correlated with physical attractiveness. Question 1Select one:a. having fewer same-sex friends b. greater sexual experience c. popularity d. self-esteem e. lower levels of loneliness
D. Self-esteem
Which study used the autokinetic phenomenon? Question 43Select one:a. Milgram's study b. Langer's Copy Machine Study c. Asch's Line Test d. Sherif's study
D. Sherif's study
The ____ validity of an experiment is high when we can be confident that changes in the dependent variable were caused by changes in the independent variable. a. hypothetical b. external c. theoretical d. internal
D.Internal
As a teenager, you enjoyed jogging. Concerned with your weight, your parents gave you money whenever you went jogging. According to the self-perception theory, your parents' behavior likely did what to your intrinsic motivation for jogging? Select one: a. instilled it b. made it more salient c. increased it d. decreased it
Decreased it
According to drive theory, both easy and difficult tasks become easier in the presence of others. Question 21Select one:TrueFalse
False
An audience is more likely to perceive a speaker as sincere and smart when they Select one:True False
False
Based on the idea of intersectionality, a black male and a white male would face all of the same prejudicial attitudes and discrimination based on their shared identity (being male).
False
Group polarization occurs when group discussion weakens group members' initial inclinations: Select one:TrueFalse
False
In the Milgram study, only 10% of participants delivered the highest shock.
False
In the research close-up, the study found that students who had stronger growth mindsets of people made more global attributions about the boy who misbehaved.
False
Individuals higher in self-monitoring care less about what others think and are internally guided.
False
Offering incentives to get someone to do a task is usually the most effective way to foster a love of that activity.
False
Randomly assigned college roommates are as likely to become enemies as they are to become friends.
False
Realistic group conflict theory suggests that prejudice arises whenever two groups coexist in the same area.
False
Repeatedly playing violent video games does NOT increase aggressive thinking.
False
The United States has personal space and punctuality norms that are very similar to Latin American countries. Question 29Select one:TrueFalse
False
The availability heuristic is the tendency to presume, despite contrary odds, that someone/thing belongs to a particular group if resembling a typical member.
False
The generational explanation suggests that attitudes change as we grow older, whereas the life cycle explanation suggests that that older people hold on to the attitudes they adopted when they were young.
False
The similarity of the communicator to the audience is always more important than the credibility of the communicator.
False
When a driver cuts you off in traffic, you are most likely to make an externalattribution for their behavior.
False
Research done in natural, real-life settings outside the laboratory is referred to as a. correlational research b. experimental research c. laboratory research d. field research
Field research
You are planning an event for work. You ask everyone to vote for which type of food they would like catered at the event: Chik-fil-a, Chipotle, or Papa John's Pizza. When your boss asks which restaurant you think the majority will select, you reply that you do not know. However, after the results come back, you claim that it was obvious all along. This is an example of the: a. retrospective bias b. information bias c. prediction bias d. hindsight bias
Hindsight bias
Often in psychology, ___________ are generated from (come from) ________. a. theories; hypotheses b. hypotheses; theories c. models; hypotheses d. theories; models
Hypotheses; theories
Research on gambling has found that throwing the dice or spinning the wheel increases people's confidence. This illustrates the _________ Select one: a. availability heuristic b. illusory correlation c. representative heuristic d. illusion of control
Illusion of control
Using random assignment helps psychologists to: a. develop correlational relationships. b. infer cause and effect. c. control the independent variable. d. Generalize to a population.
Infer cause and effect
Attitudes include all of the following EXCEPT: Select one: a. intelligence b. cognitions c. behavioral tendencies d. affect
Intelligence
Which of the following is a disadvantage of correlational research? a. It cannot be used to study everyday situations. b. It cannot explain cause and effect. c. It takes place in a laboratory. d. It fails to analyze whether two variables are associated.
It cannot explain cause and effect
People learning new attitudes and behaviors by watching and imitating the people around them best describes: Select one: a. operant conditioning b. classical conditioning c. social facilitation d. modeling/observation
Modeling/observation
After softball practice, Niharika's coach pulls her aside and gives her both positive and negative feedback. Despite the balanced feedback, Niharika is focused on her coach's feedback on what she is doing wrong. What does this reflect? Select one: a. mood congruence effects b. negativity bias c. priming d. perseverance effects
Negativity bias
A set of norms that defines how people in a given social position ought to behave is what social psychologists call a(n) Select one: a. attitude b. upward social comparison c. stereotype d. role
Role
Mental frameworks for organizing and processing social information are known as Select one: a. affective states b. anchoring frameworks c. schemas d. cognitions e. attributions
Schemas
When we compare ourselves with others, most of us tend to Select one: a. view everyone as relatively average b. see ourselves as better than the average person c. view others as superior d. ignore our strengths and focus on their strengths
See ourselves as better than the average person
The ability to resist short term temptations in order to meet long term goals refers to: Select one: a. self-concept b. self-efficacy c. self-worth d. self-control
Self-control
You believe that although you studied for a test, you will do poorly on it. You end up getting a bad grade. This is an example of Select one: a. self-fulfilling prophecy b. behavioral perseverance c. self-conforming validity d. a belief confirmation
Self-fulfilling prophecy
No one wants to look foolishly inconsistent, according to _______ theory. Select one: a. self-perception b. self-justification c. self-presentation d. social orientation
Self-presentation
A group's social power is deflated when just one other person also differs from the majority.
True
A heuristic is a thinking strategy that enables quick, efficient judgments
True
A social psychologist's values may show up in their personal convictions regarding what is good and how people should behave.
True
According to results from the Milgram study, obedience will be higher if the victim is farther away, rather than closer, in proximity. Question 33Select one:True False
True
According to the TED talk given by Dr. Gilbert, synthetic happiness is of equal quality to natural happiness.
True
An internal locus of control is when people believe they can influence external events.
True
As reviewed in the research close-up, individuals with fixed, compared to growth mindsets, rely more heavily on limited information in making judgments and decisions about others.
True
If an individual has a prior commitment to an opposing behavior or belief, conformity is likely to be lower.
True
Which of the following is a predictor of lasting marriages? a. are religiously committed b. cohabitate before marriage c. live in the city d. married younger than 20
a. are religiously committed
Which of the following is NOT an example of the 5 influences on aggression noted in the outline? Question 9Select one:a. punishment b. aversive incidents c. priming d. culture e. media
a. punishment
Which of the following are ways to increase helping? Check all that apply Question 16Select one or more:a. socialize altruism b. model altruism c. reduce responsibility d. reduce concern for self-image
a. socialize altruism b. model altruism
The notion that humans interact in such a way as to minimize costs and maximize rewards to the self is referred to as Question 10Select one:a. the social-exchange theory. b. altruism. c. egoism. d. the reciprocity norm.
a. the social-exchange theory.
Of the following, which is the best example of instrumental aggression? a. a group of mercenaries, hired to kill the dictator of a small country, arrange to poison him. Correct b. an angry football player tackles a quarterback after he has attempted a long pass. c. a jealous wife finds her husband with another woman and shoots them both. d. a man smashes his TV set because he is frustrated about work.
a. a group of mercenaries, hired to kill the dictator of a small country, arrange to poison him.
In the Robber's Cave summer camp study, how did prejudice and discrimination develop? Question 7Select one:a. competition for limited resources b. illusory correlation c. modeling of negative attitudes by authority figures d. protecting individual self-esteem e. mere categorization
a. competition for limited resources
One reason that distractions may increase the persuasiveness of messages is because distractions Question 20Select one:a. prevent systematic processing of message content b. enhance the appearance of humility in the person delivering the message c. prevent heuristic processing from occurring d. enhance the apparent intelligence level of the communicator of the message
a. prevent systematic processing of message content
Berkowitz and LePage, established the aggression cues effect. In their study, they demonstrated that a. the mere presence of weapons caused frustrated individuals to become more aggressive b. aggressive individuals are more likely to use weapons than those who are not aggressive c. items that could be used as weapons are perceived negatively by participants d. participants used the weapons in the study more when they were frustrated
a. the mere presence of weapons caused frustrated individuals to become more aggressive
The following are key elements of a group. Select ALL that apply Question 22Select one or more:a. consists of at least one person b. its members influence one another c. members perceive one another as an "us" d. other people think they are a group
b. its members influence one another c. members perceive one another as an "us"
Samuel sees someone on the side of the road with a flat tire and it makes him feel bad. He decides to help them because he doesn't like to feel bad. This underscores the power of Question 29Select one:a. the "good citizen" effect b. relieving distress c. empathy d. reciprocal altruism e. conformity to social norms
b. relieving distress
Arthur did not work very hard on his last class essay assignment, so he was relieved at first to find that he had gotten a C. But when he learned that most of his classmates had gotten Bs and As, he felt unhappy and angry about his grade. Arthur's experience is best explained in terms of a. displacement b.the relative deprivation principle c.the adaptation-level phenomenon d. Parkinson's second law
b. the relative deprivation principle
Examining behavior through the lens of evolutionary psychology provides insights into which of the following? Select ALL that apply! Question 44Select one or more:a. how humans are different from one another b. the shared goals among humans c. how features that helped our ancestors pass on their genes affect our behavior today d. The unique qualities of humans
b. the shared goals among humans c. how features that helped our ancestors pass on their genes affect our behavior today
Frustration is noted to arise from a. deprivation of elements essential to survival. b. the gap between expectations and attainment. c. learned helplessness and hopelessness. d. a mismatch between achievements and rewards.
b. the gap between expectations and attainment.
Which statement best summarizes the research we reviewed on violent media? a. viewing violent media is a form of catharsis used to effectively reduce aggression. b. those high in trait aggressiveness are particularly strongly affected by violent media. c. violent video games do not have a strong effect on aggression. d. all of the above
b. those high in trait aggressiveness are particularly strongly affected by violent media.
The "Good Samaritan" study is an example of how Question 12Select one:a. selfish desires are rarely factored into helping decisions. b. time pressures influence helping. c. people help others based on their religious training. d. priming religious ideas increases helping. e. it is rare that people help strangers.
b. time pressures influence helping
Gary Slutkin suggested that all of the following were ways to approach treating violence like a disease EXCEPT: a. Identifying and treating those at highest risk b. Interrupting transmission by stopping retaliation c. Isolating and monitoring those at highest risk Correct d. Shifting social norms
c. Isolating and monitoring those at highest risk
Which of the following statements about natural selection are accurate? Select ALL that apply Question 4Select one or more:a. It emphasizes that population characteristics change quickly over time b. It highlights how problems our ancestors faced have little effect on how we think or behave today c. It can help us understand modern behavior by thinking about previous evolutionary challenges d. It suggests that behaviors that increase survival or reproductive chances are selected for
c. It can help us understand modern behavior by thinking about previous evolutionary challenges d. It suggests that behaviors that increase survival or reproductive chances are selected for
Asch's line segment study primarily examined ________ whereas Sherif's point of light studies primarily examined ______. Question 5Select one: a. compliance; persuasion b. an ambiguous situation; an unambiguous situation c. normative social influence; informational social influence d. informational social influence; compliance e. obedience; social norms
c. normative social influence; informational social influence
Prejudice can: :a. only occur consciously b. only occur unconsciously c. occur both consciously and unconsciously d. none of the above
c. occur both consciously and unconsciously
The notion of egoism maintains that a. our self-concept is determined by others' evaluation of us b. self-esteem is a more important motive than social approval c. self-interest motivates behavior d. the healthy personality has a strong ego
c. self-interest motivates behavior
The fact that a person is less likely to help in an emergency when other people are present is called Question 25Select one:a. the self-interest effect b. pluralistic ignorance c. the suppression of responsibility effect d. the bystander effect
d. the bystander effect
How has relationship science in social psychology evolved over time? Question 23Select one:a. none of the above b. It shifted from focusing on attributions to focusing on attitudes toward other people c. It shifted from focusing on attitudes toward other people to focusing on attributions about others d. It shifted from focusing on interactions between people to focusing on attributions e. It shifted from focusing on interactions between people to focusing on attitudes
c. It shifted from focusing on attitudes toward other people to focusing on attributions about others
Which of the following best describes our current understanding of gender? Question 18Select one:a. Gender is NOT influenced by culture b. All of the answers are correct c. Males and females are more similar than they are different d. Differences are driven completely by biology with very little social influence
c. Males and females are more similar than they are different
Which is more influential—reason or emotion? Persuasion research has revealed that Question 12Select one:a. both reason and emotion together in a message are necessary to produce persuasion b. emotion is more influential c. it depends on the audience d. reason is more influential
c. it depends on the audience
Which of the following is FALSE about the mere exposure effect? :a. it continues to work once we know about the effect b. there are limits to the exposure effect because overexposure can actually reduce liking c. it works even when we initially strongly dislike the stimulus d. it works for both people and objects e. it even works for stimuli presented subliminally
c. it works even when we initially strongly dislike the stimulus
If Ernie sees a member of his group donate money to a charity and thinks to himself "we're generous people," but sees a member of an outgroup do the same, and mumbles "they just feel pressured to give money," he is most likely demonstrating: a. ingroup differentiation b. outgroup homogeneity c. the ultimate attribution error d. assumed similarity e. attributional ambiguity
c. the ultimate attribution error
If you are a member of a group (the ingroup) Question 8Select one:a. you will NOT perceive similarity among outgroup members. b. you will perceive similarities between both your group and the outgroup. c. you will perceive your group to have more variability than an outgroup. d. you will perceive the outgroup as more variable than your own group.
c. you will perceive your group to have more variability than an outgroup.
Thinking that all members of an outgroup are dangerous is , whereas acting negatively towards outgroup members is . Question 30Select one:a. prejudice; a stereotype b. a stereotype; prejudice c. prejudice; discrimination d. a stereotype; discrimination e. discrimination; prejudice
d. a stereotype; discrimination
Whereas the purpose of ___________ is solely to injure, the purpose of ____________ is also to injure but only as a means to another end. Question 28Select one:a. direct aggression; passive aggression b. passive aggression; direct aggression c. instrumental aggression; hostile aggression d. hostile aggression; instrumental aggression
d. hostile aggression; instrumental aggression
Which of the following would be an example of the group-serving bias? a. Bill believes that groups outperform individuals when solving problems b. Chuck believes that mistakes made by both men and women are due to low intelligence c. Sue believes that members of her own family are prejudiced, while her husband's family is tolerant d. Cheryl believes that women are unemployed because of discrimination, while men are unemployed because of low motivation
d. Cheryl believes that women are unemployed because of discrimination, while men are unemployed because of low motivation
Nisbett studied whether southerners and northerners have different responses to insults. When reacting to an insult Question 20Select one:a. Southerners were able to "brush off" the provocation b. Northerners were more likely to be angry than amused c. Southerners and northerners were more likely to be amused than angry d. Northerners were more likely to be amused than angry
d. Northerners were more likely to be amused than angry
According to the article, intersectionality is... Question 32Select one:a. a way researchers can understand how only race and gender identities affect people b. a way researchers can understand how people face bias along a single identity dimension c. a way researchers can understand how only gender and sexual orientation identities affect people d. a way researchers can understand how people simultaneously face bias along multiple identity dimensions such as gender, race, and sexual orientation
d. a way researchers can understand how people simultaneously face bias along multiple identity dimensions such as gender, race, and sexual orientation
In terms of adult attachment styles, _______ individuals seem to be possessive and jealous, while _______ individuals are less invested in relationships and more likely to leave them. Question 6Select one:a. avoidant; preoccupied b. insecure; apathetic c. secure; anxious d. anxious; avoidant
d. anxious; avoidant
The impact of a message from a non-credible source may _______, a phenomenon known as the _________________ Question 8Select one:a. decrease; sleeper effect b. decrease; status effect c. increase; status effect d. increase; sleeper effect
d. increase; sleeper effect
The ________ suggests that we should help those less fortunate or in need even if they cannot help us back. Question 37Select one:a. natural selection theory b. social exchange theory c. altruism norm d. norm of social responsibility
d. norm of social responsibility
In the Robber's Cave summer camp study, how were prejudice and discrimination eliminated? a. providing examples that went against the prevailing stereotypes b. giving both groups a common identity c. education about how harmful prejudice is d. superordinate goals e. reducing the illusory correlation
d. superordinate goals
Schachter (1959), in investigating the effects of fear on affiliation, found that people who would have to get painful shocks preferred to Question 47Select one:a. wait with anyone. b. wait alone. c. wait with the professor. d. wait with other people from the same study (who also thought they would get shocked).
d. wait with other people from the same study (who also thought they would get shocked).
Which of the following is a condition that makes us less likely to conform? Question 3Select one:a. Homogeneity of the group b. Admiring the group status c. Cultural mandates for respecting a social standard d. A group size of at least three people e. Having role models who dissent
e. Having role models who dissent
Kevin is a workaholic who typically spends a few hours at the bar every evening, and he has only had very casual romantic relationships. We might think that Kevin has a(n) attachment style, which was a result of style of caregiving. Question 24Select one:a. secure; warm and supportive b. anxious; inconsistent c. avoidant; inconsistent d. secure; cold and distant e. avoidant; cold and distant
e. avoidant; cold and distant
In terms of reducing prejudice, people should focus on a. competing against the outgroup b. ways in which their ingroup is different from the outgroup c. avoiding contact with the outgroup d. adopting a mindset of color-blindness e. encouraging multiculturalism
e. encouraging multiculturalism
Zajonc resolved the debate between social facilitation and social inhibition by introducing his _______. He thought that increased arousal would _______. Question 9Select one:a. mere presence theory; facilitate dominant responses b. evaluation apprehension theory; facilitate dominant responses c. drive theory; inhibit dominant responses d. evaluation apprehension theory; inhibit dominant responses e. drive theory; facilitate dominant responses
e. drive theory; facilitate dominant responses
Which of the following is an example of how our attitudes and behaviors are shaped by external social forces? Select one: a. our personality disposition affects our choices b. our inherited human nature predisposes us to react in certain ways c. our political attitudes influence our voting behavior d. our standards regarding promptness, beauty, and equality vary with our culture
our standards regarding promptness, beauty, and equality vary with our culture
Individuals who commit the fundamental attribution error tend to do which of the following? Select one: a. hold beliefs that lead to their own fulfillment. b. underestimate dispositional influences upon others' behaviors. c. overestimate situational influences upon others' behaviors. d. presume that others are the way they act.
presume that others are the way they act.
There is a very strong relationship between ice cream sales and warm weather, in that the warmer the temperature is outside, the more ice creams sales there are. Which of the following correlation coefficientsrepresents the relationship between ice cream sales and warm weather that is stated above? a. .09 b. .90 c. -.09 d. -.90
0.90
You strongly support unlimited days off for all employees. However, your boss does not support unlimited days off. He offers you a small bonus if you hold several meetings with coworkers to discuss the negative sides of unlimited days off. Dissonance theory predicts that your attitude will undergo the most change if you: Select one: a. refuse to hold the meetings even after being offered a $200 bonus b. agree to hold the meetings for a $200 bonus c. agree to hold the meetings for no pay d. must hold the meetings in order to keep your job e. refuse to hold the meetings
Agree to hold the meeting for a $200 bonus
Education is more _____, whereas propaganda is more _____. Select one: a. useful; important b. factual; coercive c. coercive; factual d. important; useful
B. Factual; coercive
In the health information avoidance study, discussed in the research close-up video, which group elicited the highest levels of avoidance? Question 10Select one: a. Employees b. Insurers c. Students d. Employers
B. insurers
Which of the following is an example of the representative heuristic? Select one: a. Bill sees a man wearing scrubs and decides he must be a doctor b. Todd thinks all dentists make a lot of money because his uncle is a wealthy dentist c. Sam thinks the next flip of the coin must be heads because the last five flips have been tails d. Sally estimates that teen violence is very likely after watching the news about a school shooting
Bill sees a man wearing scrubs and decides he must be a doctor
Suppose you want to research the influence of fear on the immune system. An operational definition of fear a.must use a physiological test b.Is the same as the hypothesis c.is a specific way to measure fear d.must avoid demand characteristics
C. Is a specific way to measure fear
My best friend wins first place in the climbing competition we were both in, and I feel unhappy and threatened as a result. According to the Self-evaluation Maintenance Model, I have experienced a __________ effect, because climbing is __________ to my self-concept: Select one: a. comparison; important b. reflection; relevant c. reflection; irrelevant d. comparison; irrelevant
Comparison, important
According to a study in Germany, one thing that does not improve persuasion is... Question 35Select one:a. the communicator talks fast b. the communicator argues against his or her own self-interest c. the communicator is not trying to persuade them d. Direct eye contact
D. Direct eye contact
Students who join extracurricular groups on campus tend to find their attitudes regarding the groups' purpose increase if they stay in the group. This is an example of Select one:a. social facilitation b. groupthink c. minority influence d. group polarization e. all of the above
D. Group polarization
Which of the following are accurate descriptions of automatic processing? Mark ALL that apply Select one or more: a. takes cognitive energy b. develops after extensive experience c. rational d. effortless
Develops after extensive experience effortless
Dr. Burnette, in her online lecture on mindsets noted three examples of WHEN mindsets matter. Which of the following were mentioned? Check ALL that apply Select one or more: a. during difficult transitions b. failing a test c. working on an easy task d. getting first place in a race
During difficult transition failing a test
Milly generally likes to go home to visit her family during vacation. However, after her father tells her she must be home during spring vacation, Milly decides to remain at college. We can probably best understand Milly's behavior in terms of Question 26Select one:a. social influence b. misattribution c. regression d. self-serving bias e. reactance
E.reactance
Sam is asked to recall a time he was given the cold shoulder and is then asked to rate the temperature in the room. He rates it as colder than, Mary who was asked to recall a time she was given a warm reception. These findings are an example of: Select one: a. embodied cognition b. attitudinal consistency c. social desirability d. false consensus
Embodied cognition
Which of the following are reasons why the self-serving bias can occur? Check ALL that apply Select one or more: a. to help us learn from mistakes b. self-serving motives c. errors in processing d. self-comparisons
Errors in processing self-serving motives
A researcher wants to know if watching commercials that have thin women in them, relative to watching neutral commercials, produces body-image concerns for females. This researcher randomly assigns students to these two conditions. She is conducting _______ research. Select one: a. survey b. correlational c. experimental d. field
Experimental
Ariel watches her sister yell and throw her toys. While observing these behaviors, Ariel places more focus on her sister's personal traits and focuses less on the role of the social environment. Arial is engaging in: Select one: a. schema activation b. the fundamental attribution error c. the self-fulfilling prophecy d. heuristic bias
The fundamental attribution error
According to Wilson and Gilbert (2003), people have difficulty predicting the _______ of their future emotions. Please select ALL that apply Select one or more: a. the intensity b. the duration c. the valence d. All of the above are correct e. none of the above are correct
The intensity the duration
The habit of using how we imagine another person perceiving us, as a mirror for perceiving ourselves, is referred to as Select one: a. social comparison theory b. self-fulfilling prophecy c. self-control theory d. the looking-glass theory e. self-evaluation maintenance theory
The looking-glass theory
The tendency to attribute our positive outcomes to internal factors and negativeoutcomes to external factors is called Select one: a. the fundamental attribution error (correspondence bias) b. the actor-observer bias c. the self-serving bias d. the self-enhancing motive
The self-serving bias
You have recently earned a promotion at work and are now a manager. You decide to use your knowledge of social psychology to improve the working conditions of your new subordinates. You know that the dissonance theory predicts that attitudes will follow behaviors for which we feel some responsibility; therefore you decide to use _______ to elicit the desired behaviors in your subordinates. Select one: a. only social punishments and rewards b. the smallest possible incentive c. reminders of your legitimate authority d. promises rather than threats
The smallest possible incentive
Samantha, a researcher, conducts an experiment in a research laboratory to find out the effects of music volume on a participant's state of mind. For this purpose, she exposes the participant to background music at different volume levels. Identify the independent variable in this experiment. a. the participant's sensitivity to varying volumes of music b. the volume of the music c. the results of the study d. the participant's state of mind and emotions
The volume of the music
Counterfactual thinking involves imagining alternative outcomes and scenarios that might have happened, but did not.
True
Illusory correlation involves the perception of a relationship between random events where none exists
True
Information avoidance is defined as delaying or preventing the acquisition of available but potentially unwanted information. Select one:True False
True
Processing beliefs and judgements involves two brain systems: System 1: automatic, out of our awareness (intuition) System 2: conscious, requires attention and effort
True
Self-concept is what we know and believe about ourselves. Self-schemas are beliefs about the self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information.
True
The belief that others are paying more attention to one's appearance and behavior than they actually are is referred to as the spotlight effect.
True
We want to see how extroverts act in an experiment, and thus make sure that we are truly measuring extroversion and not inadvertently measuring something else like intelligence. This is an example of making sure are measures are _________ Select one: a. valid b. reliable c. accurate d. operationalized
Valid
Which of the following were mentioned as ways to develop a growth mindset? Mark all that apply Select one or more: a. remember to try hard b. view challenges as opportunities c. compare yourself to others d. focus on the process
View challenges as opportunities focus on the process
A researcher is studying how therapy prior to marriage may affect the likelihood that couples will divorce. In this experiment, the dependent variable is a. whether couples receive therapy b. whether couples divorce c. whether couples are satisfied d. whether couples have children
Whether couples divorce
Samantha thinks that if she fails her upcoming exam, she will be incredibly depressed and feel extremely shameful. According to research on , if she ends up failing the exam, she will probably actually feel . Select one: a. affective forecasting; worse than she predicts she will b. mood and inference; worse than she predicts she will feel c. mood and inference; roughly equal to how she predicts she will feel d. affective forecasting; better than she predicts she will feel e. anchoring and adjustment; worse than she will feel
affective forecasting; better than she predicts she will feel
According to evolutionary mating theory, males tend to prefer in females, whereas females prefer in males. Select one: a. youth & ambition; earning potential & physical attractiveness b. physical attractiveness & youth; ambition & earning potential c. ambition & physical attractiveness; earning potential & youth d. physical attractiveness & earning potential; ambition & youth
b. physical attractiveness & youth; ambition & earning potential
You are in charge of organizing a summer planning meeting for your student organization's year-long goals and objectives. Which of the following characteristics would help reduce groupthink? Question 31Select one:a. Making sure voting happens in a large group, in front of everyone b. Scheduling plenty of time between this meeting and the decision deadline for more discussion c. Having team-building activities to increase group cohesiveness d. Ensuring you have a directive leader e. Planning a retreat where the group is isolated
b. Scheduling plenty of time between this meeting and the decision deadline for more discussion
According to evolutionary psychology, the two goals of human behavior are: Question 13Select one:a. aggression and dominance b. survival and reproduction c. connectedness and survival d. reproduction and cultural advancement
b. survival and reproduction
A researcher finds a correlation between two variables: the more books someone reads, the happier they are. Which of the following explanations includes the most likely third variable? Select one: a. reading books causes people's increase in happiness b. happy people feel compelled to read books c. people who are reading books are usually apart of a book club, and being in a book club with their friends is really what makes them happier d. there are no possible third variable explanations
c. people who are reading books are usually apart of a book club, and being in a book club with their friends is really what makes them happier
Jason has been listening to a talk show concerning animal rights. This is an issue that he cares deeply about, and he is very knowledgeable about the topic. Jason is most likely persuaded by Question 34Select one:a. all of the above b. any message delivered by an attractive and competent speaker c. strong, convincing arguments d. emotional appeals e. any message that challenges his knowledge
c. strong, convincing arguments
Asch's studies of conformity differ in important ways from those of Sherif because Question 14Select one:a. Sherif's participants were dealing with facts rather than opinions b. Asch's participants faced a more ambiguous task c. Asch's participants could clearly see the correct judgment and were therefore, conforming to normative social influence d. Sherif's participants were in the physical presence of the pressuring group while Asch's participants were not
c. Asch's participants could clearly see the correct judgment and were therefore, conforming to normative social influence
