PSY 315 Final Exam- Chapter Quizzes (ALL CHAPTERS)

the controversy around the DSM revolved around different viewpoints from ___ and ___

"old guard" clinicians; scientifically oriented psychologists

a researcher computes a correlation coefficient between variables X and Y using a handheld calculator. which of the following values would automatically tell the researchers that he or she made a mistake?

2.50

according to the text, which of the following is considered to have a collectivist-vertical society?

China

according to the text, personality's greatest strength, understanding whole persons, is also its greatest weakness. which term describes this fundamental observation?

Funder's First Law

according to William James, the ___ does the thinking and sensing, whereas the ___ is the object of thoughts about the self

I; me

___ data are fairly easily verifiable, real-life outcomes of possible psychological significance

L

personality psychology shares with clinical psychology

a common obligation to try to understand the whole person

Julie is a serious and conscientious employee; however, with her friends at happy hour on Friday afternoon she is the life of the party. according to Snyder's theory, Julie would MOST likely be

a high self-monitor

which of the following explanations is a correct statement regarding the shared genetic material between a mother and her child?

a mother shares 50% of the genetic material that varies across individuals

which of the following is LEAST likely to be considered B data?

a psychologist's interpretation of a participant's responses to an unstructured clinical interview

according to the text, ___ describes a context where social norms tend to restrict what people do

a strong situation

why haven't personality psychologists combined all paradigms into One Big Theory?

a theory that tries to explain everything would probably not provide the best explanation for any one things

what might be the evolutionary function of crying, according to recent research described in the text?

a way to elicit social support

David McClelland would argue that a culture that emphasizes children's stores, such as "The Little Engine That Could," has a high need for

achievement

the highest need proposed by Maslow was self-

actualization

the trait approach, the behaviorist approach, and the psychoanalytic approach

address different sets of questions about human psychology

which of the following is NOT an example of something that can limit how reliable a measure is?

after comparing the self-report to informant reports, a researcher realizes their measure isn't accurate

the MOST important and generally useful way to enhance reliability is to

aggregate your measurements

according to a study investigating personality change among young Germans, those who completed community service increased in ___ at a higher rate than those who entered into the military

agreeableness

what term associated with Japanese culture refers to indulgence and dependence that may exist between a parent and child?

amae

Sam is schematic for agreeableness. when he is asked to make judgments about whether he is friendly, kind, and modest, he will

answer more quickly than someone who is aschematic for his trait

Mario is extremely manipulative, deceitful, and callous, and his behavior is negatively affecting those around him. the personality disorder he may have would fall into which of the DSM-5 dimensions?

antagonism

when individuals have rank-order personality consistency, they maintain the ways in which they ___ other people the same age

are different from

according to the text, correlational and experimental methods are not entirely different. for example, they both

assess the relationship between two variables

which of the following is NOT one of the basic approaches to personality?

assessment

Janet consistently expects criticism, contempt, and rejection from others. which disorder is she MOST likely to have?

avoidant

Susie is an infant participating in a strange situation. when her mother leaves the room, Susie does not seem to care. upon her mother's return, Susie ignores her. what kind of attachment does Susie have to her mother?

avoidant

Jacqueline is visiting the Notre Dame cathedral in Paris. upon entering the cathedral for the first time, she is overcome by its vastness and her own feelings of humility. what is Jacqueline currently experiencing?

awe

when compared to high self-monitors, people who score low in self-monitoring tend to

be regarded as more honest

personality is an individual's characteristic patterns of

behavior, thought, and emotion

the field of study that attempts to explain how individual differences in behavior (i.e., personality traits) are shared by biological relatives is called

behavioral genetics

the personality paradigm that focuses on rewards and punishments is known as the ___ paradigm

behaviorist

why do behaviorists believe that useful information only comes from direct observation?

behaviorists cannot verify internal thoughts or feelings

the point of view that scientists will eventually be able to explain everything about the mind via biology is called

biological reductionism

Funder and Ozer (1983) converted the results of three classic social psychological studies to effect sizes. after comparing those effect sizes with those typically obtained by personality psychologists, Funder and Ozer concluded that

both situational and personality variables are important determinants of behavior

the ___ is a personality assessment device consisting of a deck of 100 cards, each of which describes an aspect of personality. these cards are sorted into categories by the respondent

california q-set

which of the following is an expression of Funder's First Law?

characteristics that are strengths in one sense are weaknesses in other ways

according to a classic study, individuals who grew up during the Great Depression had different attitudes regarding work and financial security than those who did not grow up during this time. these findings provide evidence for

cohort effects

shy people fear social interactions and often feel lonely. others typically perceive them as

cold and aloof

when gathering data or clues about personality, the best policy is to

collect as many clues as possible

___ cultures tend to emphasize the needs of the group

collectivist

it has been suggested that the only way psychologists can address the generalizability issue is to

conduct research using participants from around the world

according to the text, individuals high in ___ are usually valued employees

conscientiousness

what trait is the MOST predictive of job performance?

conscientiousness

the ___ method is NOT a basic method for constructing objective personality tests

consensus validation

in simple language, questions about reliability concern ____, whereas questions about validity concern ___

consistency; accuracy

the Binomial Effect Size Display is a method for illustrating the size of

correlation coefficients

factor analyses are mostly based on which of the following pieces of information?

correlation matrices

the trait approach is based on empirical research that is mostly from ___ studies

correlational

according to Cohen, Nisbett, Bowdle, and Schwartz (1996), the American South has a culture that involves elaborate displays of mutual respect. this idea is called the

culture of honor

which of the following behaviors would be the easiest to predict accurately?

david will generally be on time for work most days next week

in addition to serving as a way for psychologists to construct objective tests, the factor analysis method has also been used to

decide how many fundamental traits exist

what is a key difference between the declarative self and the procedural self?

declarative self contains information about who we are, whereas the procedural self contains information about what you do

self-knowledge can be divided into ___ knowledge and ___ knowledge

declarative; procedural

A(n) ___ goal is one in which an individual is interested in self-improvement, and a(n) ___ goal is one in which an individual seeks to validate a personal attribute

development; judgment

behavioral genetics, like trait psychology, focuses on aspects of personality that ___, whereas evolutionary psychology more typically focuses on aspects of personality that ___

differ from one individual to another; all humans share

the finding that more observable traits yield better interjudge agreement suggests that peer judgment is based more on ___ than on ___

direct behavioral observation; a manufactured reputation

which of the maladaptive personality traits in the DSM-5 bears the closest resemblance to low conscientiousness in the Big Five?

disinhibituation

Ben is often seen as arrogant and disagreeable yet also emotionally fragile and insecure. For what trait does Ben likely score high?

dispositional contempt

people who have ego-syntonic personality disorders

do not think anything is wrong

all of the following are true about narcissistic personality disorder EXCEPT it is

ego-dystonic

components of ideas that are particular to a specific culture are called ___, and components that are universal across cultures are called ___

emics, etics

the hallmark of borderline personality disorder is

emotional instability

___ occurs when a child picks up the cultural influences of the place where he or she grows up

enculturation

Sharon believes that intelligence and ability are innate and you cannot do anything to change them. Sharon has a(n) ___ theory of ability

entity

a researcher using factor analysis to identify basic traits is likely to favor the ___ approach

essential-trait

according to the text, what two factors are hypothesized to influence whether a culture is high in tightness?

ethnic homogeneity and population density

which of the following accurately describes evolutionary mismatch?

evolutionary mismatch is the idea that certain traits have evolved in the past may not be useful or may even be detrimental to survival today

Darwin's book The Origin of Species is one of the basic foundations for which area of psychology?

evolutionary psychology

which design is best suited for addressing the third-variable problem?

experimental

peer acceptance is associated with what trait?

extraversion

all of the following make up Maslow's hierarchy of needs EXCEPT

extraversion and openness

the Big Five

factor analytically derived dimensions of personality

the psychological goal of attachment is to

feel secure and protected

Kevin is setting up his online dating profile. according to evolutionary predictions about mate selection, he will most likely highlight his

financial resources

Jennifer is so immersed in a video game that she doesn't realize how late it has gotten or that her mother has been calling her to dinner. What is Jennifer currently experiencing?

flow

a major criteria for personality disorders is that they cause major problems

for the person who has the disorder or for others

the MOST important advantage of Q-sorting is that it

forces the judge to compare all the items directly against each other

according to Carl Rogers, you can become a ___ only if you experience ___ from important others in your life

fully functioning person; unconditional positive regard

which of the following types of studies is the MOST recently developed method for understanding the roles of genes in determining our behavior?

genome-wide association studies

the ___ refers to the underlying genetic structure that leads to the observable ___

genotype; phenotype

a major advantage of personality psychology is that it focuses on the whole person and real-life concerns, yet this can often lead to overinclusive and unfocused research. which of the following is a major theme of your textbook that speaks to this conflict?

great strengths are usually great weaknesses

the idea that, in time, you can get used to almost anything is associated with which learning mechanism?

habituation

according to the central ideas of behaviorism, what are the three main types of learning?

habituation, classical conditioning, operant conditioning

according to the text, we can be 100 percent certain that all of our ancestors have done which of the following?

had children

which of the following is/are NOT a major characteristic for obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD)?

hallucinations

after Lenny Skutnik dove into a freezing river to save a women in danger of drowning, he rejected the media's assertion that he was a hero and claimed that anyone would have done the same thing. according to Funder, why was it difficult for Lenny to accept that he had behaved heroically?

he did not have the perspective to judge his actions against that of others

according to self-determination theory, which of the following should be limited?

hedonic pleasure

as a child, Brett always had a lot of energy at his parent's social gatherings. as an adult, he makes a point to talk to everyone attending a party. this is an example of

heterotypic continuity

the lower your score is on measures of psychological health and well-being, the ___ your score is on ___

higher; neuroticism

___ psychology is based on the premise that to understand a person, you must understand his or her unique view of reality

humanistic

the phenomenological approach leads to which two directions of research?

humanistic and cross-cultural perspectives on personality

the factor analytic technique of test construction is designed to

identify groups of test items that seem to be alike

according to attachment theory, attachment behaviors are learned ___ and reinforced in a self-fulfilling manner ___

in early childhood; across young adulthood

Joaquim is 65 years old. relative to his personality as a 20-year-old, John has likely ___ in openness to experience

increased

consistency of individual differences in personality typically ___ over the life span

increases

although individuals from a(n) ___ culture may become discouraged after negative feedback, individuals from a(n) ___ culture tend to be more encouraged to do better next time

individualistic; collectivist

the primary criterion for item selection in the empirical method of test construction is determining whether the item

is cross-validated between two known groups

researchers must use clues to personality in their research because personality

is something difficult to measure that resides inside an individual

what is one of personality psychology's biggest advantages over other areas of psychology?

it appreciates the uniqueness of the individual

what is the biggest disadvantage of the case study method?

it is not generalizable

experiments have shown that if one receives rewards and/or punishments randomly (i.e., regardless of what one does), then one is likely to develop depression. this phenomenon is known as

learned helplessness

behaviorists believe that personality differences can be entirely explained by

learning

the Bobo doll studies of aggression demonstrated that

learning can occur vicariously through observation

according to the textbook, what behavior led to a Danish mother's arrest in New York?

leaving her 14-month-old daughter asleep in a stroller

someone who is ___ is likely to express his or her personality consistently from one situation to the next

low in self-monitoring

which trait is NOT associated with making more money?

low neuroticism

in which sample would you expect the heritability of IQ to be the lowest?

low socioeconomic status twins

according to the principles on enhancing reliability described in the text, it would be relatively difficult to create a reliable measure of attitudes toward

lumber tariffs

according to the textbook, one purpose of the DSM is to ___, and a second is to ___

make psychiatric diagnosis more objective; facilitate insurance billing

___ generally refers to the traits that help a person to fulfill socially important adult roles such as being a spouse, a parent, or a worker

maturity

personality development is the

mean level change of a trait over time

a variable that affects the relation between two other variables is known as a

moderator

which trait is associated with positive first impressions but more negative impressions in longer-term relationships?

narcissisim

as the author of one's own autobiography, one forms a(n)

narrative identity

if Sally believes that anything natural is morally acceptable, she is committing a(n) ___ fallacy

naturalistic

according to one survey, what trait did the greatest number of people report wanting to change?

neuroticism

which Big Five domain captures a tendency to experience negative emotions?

neuroticism

eliminating the use of personality tests in employment screening will

not prevent traits from being judged but will change the ways traits are judged

a judge may see a target's behavior, pay attention to the behavior, and use the behavior in his or her judgment about the target's personality. however, for the personality judgment to be accurate, the

observed behavior must be relevant to the trait being judged

according to the text, anxious-ambivalent adults typically display what type of behavior in a relationship?

obsessive and jealous

Pavlov's experiments on the timing of associations demonstrated that two things become associated because

one event changes the meaning of the other event

which of the Big Five traits appears to be the most complex and "difficult to grasp"?

openness

according to Skinner's terminology, behavior that acts on the environment and changes environmental conditions to the organism's advantage is ___ behavior

operant

which of the following does NOT describe a type of person-situation interaction?

people generally prefer situations that are pleasant

which of the following is NOT one of the responses to the situationist argument?

personality researchers worked harder to find single traits that could strongly predict single responses at a particular point in time

in one study, researchers found that personality trait scores from the same people measured 10 years apart correlated between r = .60 and r = .90. this is evidence for

personality stability

according to the text, which of the following is NOT part of the situationist argument?

persons and situations interact to predict behavior

Kara is setting up her online dating profile. according to evolutionary predictions about mate selection, she will most likely highlight her

physical attractiveness

in a speed-dating contest, people that rate themselves as ___ are less likely to report being attracted to someone

picky

according to recent research, individuals high in ___ might actually be more consistent

preference for consistency

according to Lee Jussim (1991), the source of real-life expectancies is likely

previous observations of behavioral tendencies

what is the correct definition of the p-value?

probability that the observed result occurred by chance given that the null hypothesis is true

___ tests aim to gain insight into personality by interpreting individuals' open-ended responses, whereas ___ tests evaluate individuals' responses to specific questions with predetermined response options

projective; objective

what is actually measured by the Implicit Association Test (IAT)?

reaction time

Paul used to abuse alcohol and at his lowest point, his father helped him become sober. now Paul and his father are closer than they ever have been. Paul's story is an example of a(n) ___ story

redemptive

which of the following is NOT an open science practice?

refraining from using deception in experimental studies

what term refers to self-schemas based on our past experiences that direct how we relate to the important people in our lives?

relational self-schema

Funder notes that the person who is most talkative at a party is also likely to be the most talkative at the department of motor vehicles (DMV). which of the following terms describes this principle?

relative consistency

what are the steps in the realistic accuracy model (RAM) of personality judgment?

relevance/availability/detection/utilization

the basic reason that research on the accuracy of personality judgements experienced a lengthy hiatus between 1955 and the mid-1980s was that

researchers lacked consensual criteria for deciding the accuracy of personality judgments

an individual's environment, from a behaviorist perspective, includes his or her

rewards and punishments in the physical and social world

your ___ is how you see yourself, whereas your ___ is what you think you are capable of accomplishing

self-concept; self-efficacy

the overall opinion of the self is called

self-esteem

the ___ effect describes the enhancement of long-term memory that comes from relating information to the self

self-reference

what is the name of the cognitive structure that contains the declarative self?

self-schema

On the first day of kindergarten, the teacher responds to the students every time they ask her a question. By the end of the first week, the teacher will only respond to students who are sitting quietly at their desks. At the end of the second week, the teacher will only respond to students' questions if they are quietly seated, raise their hands, and wait to be called on before asking their questions. The teacher is using ________ to change the students' behavior.

shaping

which of the following conclusions does Funder draw about the role of persons versus situations in affecting behavior?

situations have an important influence on behavior, but people also tend to be consistent

Flow most likely arises when one's activity entails a balanced ratio of ________ to ________.

skills; challenges

the idea that feelings of self-esteem evolved to gauge social acceptance is known as the ___ theory

sociometer

what term describes the willingness to engage in sexual activities in the absence of a committed relationship?

sociosexuality

all of the following elements make up humanistic psychology EXCEPT

spiritual

positive psychology seeks to study human ___ rather than ___

strengths; faults

if measurement errors are truly random, then they should

sum to zero

according to research that shows a link between a trait's observability and the accuracy with which it is judged, which of the following traits would be easiest to judge accurately?

talkativeness

what dramatic conclusion did some psychologists and non-psychologists draw from Mischel's claims regarding personality and behavior?

that personality did not exist

situationism is the position that

the ability of personality traits to predict behavior is severely limited

what is one advantage of collecting descriptions of a participant's personality from his or her acquaintances?

the acquaintances' descriptions of the participant are likely based on many behaviors in many situations

what was the boundary on the acquaintanceship effect identified by Colvin and Funder (1991)?

the advantage of close acquaintances vanishes when the criterion is the ability to predict behavior in a situation similar to one that strangers have seen but acquaintances have not

Pooja is a strong proponent of the lexical hypothesis. where would she likely begin her search for the essential traits of personality?

the dictionary

what is likely to happen if every morning a person low in self-esteem repeats self-affirmations such as "Every day, in every way, I am getting better and better"?

the individual will start to report feeling worse

longitudinal studies survey ___, whereas cross-sectional studies survey ___

the same people over time; people at different ages

which of the following is NOT one of the concerns associated with the practice of null-hypothesis significance testing?

the smaller the sample size, the easier it is to find a significant effect

what is the common relationship outcome for people who score high on rejection sensitivity?

their partners do what they fear the most and reject them

from an optimistic humanism perspective, what is true of all human beings?

they are basically good

one reason why people high on conscientiousness have especially good health is because

they are more likely to do things that make good health more likely

why are personality disorders considered social?

they manifest in interactions with other people

___ is a term for the time, place, and circumstances into which you happened to be born

thrown-ness

according to Triandis, cultures that tolerate very little deviation from cultural norms are high in

tightness

one reason that research on type A personality was so popular for so long may be because research on it was funded by the

tobacco industry

the task of an employer who attempts to identify dependable, conscientious, and hard-working job applicants is similar to the task of the ___ psychologist, who attempts to identify and assess individual differences

trait

what is the largest and most dominant approach in personality psychology today?

trait

the ___ approach to personality usually assumes that all people can be characterized by points on a continuous score of measurement; the ___ approach to personality suggests that people might differ in kind more than in degree

trait; typological

imagine that a researcher conducts a study and fails to find a statistically significant correlation between exercise and weight loss. however, there is a real association between exercise and weight loss in the population. what kind of error has this researcher made?

type II

one study reported in the text demonstrates that people are more inclined to like others who they perceive as ___ and less inclined to like people who they perceive as ___

warm and trustful; moody and irritable

in a study of social expectancies, Snyder, Tanke, and Berscheid (1977) found that if male participants were shown a photograph of an attractive women and told they would be interacting with her by telephone, the female participant they actually spoke with

was rated by other people as behaving in a warm, humorous, and friendly manner

what condition or conditions seem to facilitate the development of honor cultures?

weak central governments and a lack of police

which of the following illustrates converging criteria that could be used to establish the accuracy of a personality judgment?

you always show up to work on time, and your colleagues say that you are dependable and conscientious

according to the text, which of the following contributes to your happiness the MOST?

your genes