PSY 319, Physiological Psychology Exam 3 Review, Psychology: Chapter 13: Learning and Memory, Quiz 13, Psy 319 Ch. 13 and 15 Quiz, Chapter 12 Learning and Memory, Ch 13 Learning & Memory, Unit 9 Ch 13, PSY 106 Quiz 7 (Memory & Learning), PSYCH 3: Lea...
Which chemical or combination of chemicals would most stimulate eating behavior?
2-DG and mercaptoacetate
A person with semantic dementia would be expected to show
A difficulty in recalling factual information
Which of the following is an explanation of hippocampal damage produced by anoxia?
Activation of NMDA receptors produces an accumulation of calcium ions, which is toxic to the neuron
Which of the following is an explanation of hippocampal damage produced by anoxia?
Activation of NMDA receptors produces an accumulation of calcium ions, which is toxic to the neuron.
______ is a strong candidate to act as a retrograde messenger from the dendrite to the terminal button. a. Norepinephrine b. Nitric oxide c. Glutamate d. NMDA e. Nitrous oxide
B
Which of the following is not a common feature of semantic and episodic memory? The operations of neither system depend on language. Behavioral expression of what is retrieved is obligatory. The shared features of both systems are present in a wide range of animals. Both systems allow the organism to know about aspects of its world that are not immediately present. Storage of information is highly structured.
Behavioral expression of what is retrieved is obligatory.
Ca++ enters and activates what enzyme
Cam-Kii
In perceptual STM, this part of the brain filters out irrelevant info while connecting relevant info.
Basal Ganglia
Most basic form of emotional learning is
Conditioned Emotional Response; produced by a neutral stimulus that has been paired with an emotion-producing stimulus
________ is the process by which immediate memories are transformed into long-term memories
Consolidation
________ is the process by which immediate memories are transformed into long-term memories.
Consolidation
__________ is the process by which immediate memories are transformed into long-term memories.
Consolidation
____________ is the process by which immediate memories are transformed into long-term memories
Consolidation
If ghrelin levels remain high continuously, an individual would likely experience
Continuous eating behavior
A correctional mechanism for low blood volume involves:
Contracting the muscles of the arteries and veins
Standard consolidation theory:
During learning, the Medial Temporal Lobe relays information to the cortex. -Over time, however, the cortex gets the message and the memories become independent of the MTL.
A serotonin antagonist would
Facilitate aggressive attack
A substance derived from the breakdown of triglycerides, along with glycerol, that can be metabolized by most cells of the body except for the brain
Fatty Acid
A key structural change that accompanies long-term potentiation is the
Formation of new synaptic contacts
Testosterone stimulates
Growth of facial, auxiliary, and pubic hair, lowers the voice, alters the hairline, stimulates muscular development, and causes genital growth
Too much blood plasma volume
High blood pressure, ruptured blood vessels, stroke
The process of ________ is involved in the regulation of the fluid that bathes our cells.
Homeostasis
Prenatal exposure to androgens
Increases aggressive behavior in all studied species
Which of the following is true regarding the peptide cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART)?
Infusion of an antibody to CART increases feeding
Which of the following is true regarding the peptide cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART)?
Infusion of an antibody to CART increases feeding
Which of the following is true regarding the peptide cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART)?
Infusion of an antibody to CART increases feeding.
Severe Anterograde Amnesia, may be caused by alcoholism
Korsakoff's Syndrome
Damage to human visual association cortex would be expected to impair the ability to
Recognize familiar objects
An example of a task that measures perceptual learning would be ____.
Recognizing broken drawings.
Eyewitness accounts of crimes have sometimes been found to vary after more is learned about an incident. What mechanism is most likely responsible for this phenomenon?
Reconsolidation
In perceptual STM, this part of the brain organizes the "to-be" remembered info
PFC
Long-lasting LTP requires the formation of the protein _______.
PKM-zeta
What enzyme holds AMPA receptors in the postsynaptic membrane?
PKM-zeta
Dorsal: Parietal or Inferior?
Parietal
Disorder of BG: impairments in tasks guided by visual cues. Decrease in movement
Parkinson's disease
Long-term potentiation (LTP) can be produced in areas CA1 and CA3 of the hippocampus. Which of the following is strong evidence that non-NMDA mechanisms can mediate LTP?
NMDA receptors are sparse in area CA3
Long term potentiation (LTP) can be produced in areas CA1 and CA3 of the hippocampus. Which of the following is strong evidence that non-NMDA mechanisms can meditate LTP?
NMDA receptors are sparse in area CA3.
A serious difficulty with the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass procedure is
Risk of death after the procedure
The optimal value of the system variable in a homeostatic system is termed the
Set point
________ memory lasts on the order of seconds
Short-term
What is primarily involved in the breakdown and utilization of stored nutrients
Sympathetic Nervous System
No ovaries develop- still develops as a female (sex chromosomes: X)
Turners Syndrome
Human Pheromones:
Synchronized estrous cycles for women living in close proximity over long periods of time
A female mouse given daily injections of ________ for two weeks is more likely than a placebo-treated female to fight with a strange female mouse.
Testosterone
Aggression is facilitated by
Testosterone
The entire short term reservoir (cells of the liver and muscles) is reserved primarily for
The Central Nervous System
Which of the following is true of the success rate of therapy for anorexia nervosa?
The treatment success rate has not improved in 50 years
Which of the following is true of the success rate of therapy for anorexia nervosa?
The treatment success rate has not improved in 50 years.
Studies of patients with conduction aphasia have led to which of the following conclusions about the neural control of language?
There are different neural paths for sounds and for meanings of words.
Which of the following is true of meal-related signals?
There are two sources of satiety signals that act to stop a meal
To maintain proper fluid balance, the body contains two sets of receptors, one that measures the volume of the ________ and the other that records the volume of the ________.
blood; cells
What part of BG is active during early operant conditioning?
caudate
The induction of long-term potentiation in the hippocampus would be blocked by
a drug such as AP5 that blocks NMDA receptors
A serious difficulty with the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass procedure is a. constipation. b. the risk of death after the procedure. c. bacterial overgrowth in the intestines. d. risk of vitamin deficiencies. e. increases in blood pressure after the procedure
b. the risk of death after the procedure.
The obsession with food noted in anorexia may be related to
an effect of starvation
The term "neuraxis" refers to
an imaginary line drawn through the spinal cord up to the front of the brain.
Water loss from the body through evaporation results in
an increased concentration of solute within the interstitial fluid
Water loss from the body through evaporation results in
an increased concentration of solute within the interstitial fluid.
A key aspect of anorexia nervosa is
an intense fear of obesity
Photopigments are molecules found in rods and cones that consist of
an opsin and a retinal
The primary symptom of Prader-Willi syndrome is a disturbance of
appetite
A person who sustains damage to the ________ will be unable to ________ .
arcuate fasciculus; repeat nonwords
Both episodic and semantic memory are stored in
association cortex
The meaning of a particular word is most likely stored in
association cortex
A baby that has fetal alcohol syndrome would be expected to
be smaller than size in average
An action potential that occurs in some type of pyramidal cells, and plays a role in learning, is called a
dendritic spike
A correctional mechanism for low blood volume involves
contracting the muscles of the arteries and veins.
Which treatment has the best utility for Parkinson's disease currently?
deep brain stimulation implants
With more AMPA receptors, the membrane is ____ by controlling a sodium ion channel
depolarized
Which of the following is correct regarding the role of the liver in the regulation of eating?
deprivation of lipid metabolism within the liver after mercaptoacetate treatment leads to eating
Neurons within the amygdala are activated by
detection of emotionally relevant stimuli
A person with semantic dementia would be expected to show
difficulty in recalling factual information
Hair cells within the semicircular canals are activated by
movement of the cupula
Hair cells within the vestibular sacs are activated by
movement of the otoconia
Osmoreceptors change their firing rate in response to
movement of water out of the osmoreceptor as the interstitial fluid becomes hypertonic
an example of relational learning is
orming a mental map of a room based on your experience in the room
Imagine that you are suffering chronic pain from a medical condition that cannot be treated. In order to minimize the long-term emotional response to your pain, you would choose a modification of your
prefrontal cortex
With regard to the genetic basis of schizophrenia
genes impart a susceptibility to develop schizophrenia
Inactivation of the central amygdaloid nucleus results in
reduced blood levels of stress hormones
Cholecystokinin
inhibits eating
Activation of the fusiform face area is involved in
learning a new person's face, recognizing it later, and remembering that she is still in the room when not directly in the visual field
Reinforcing effects of electrical brain stimulation and of drugs such as amphetamine reflect an action on ________ projections of the ________ .
dopamine; mesolimbic pathway
Reinforcing effects of electrical brain stimulation and of drugs such as amphetamine reflect an action on ________ projections of the ________.
dopamine; mesolimbic pathway
Reinforcing effects of electrical brain stimulation and of drugs such as amphetamine reflectan action on ________ projections of the ________.
dopamine; mesolimbic pathway
The behavior of an animal is strongly reinforced by electrical stimulation of the
medial forebrain bundle
Cochlear implants restore the ability to understand speech by
electrically stimulating different regions of the basilar membrane
The most important input to the hippocampal formation is the ____
entorhirnal cortex
Your ability to recall a series of events you have witnessed is referred to as serial memory. observational learning. perceptual learning. episodic learning. spatial learning.
episodic learning.
Video gamers often find that they are able to beat difficult stages that require accurate timing of button pushes after taking a break from the game. This phenomenon supports the fact that:
memory of motor behavior is improved through consolidation.
The ________ pathway connects the ventral tegmental area with the nucleus accumbens.
mesolimbic
VTA to nucleus accumbent to _____ to detect unexpected reinforcing stimuli; when one prepares to learn something new
mesolimbic DA reward system
____ and ____ pathways are responsible for the reinforcement of operant conditioning
mesolimbic and mesocortical
Which of the following is used by the text author to explain why people exhibit differences in metabolic efficiency?
metabolic efficiency is advantageous for surviving a famine
Select the correct sequence for processing of information in the primary visual pathway:
retina - > dorsal lateral geniculate (LGN) -> striate cortex
The brain interprets increased blood levels of insulin as a(n)
satiety signal
Echoic memory, the ability to "hear" what was just said for a second after it was actually said, is part of
sensory memory
Echoic memory, the ability to �hear� what was just said for a second after it was actually said, is part of
sensory memory.
The flow of information into and from the basal ganglia is
sensory signals → caudate nucleus/putamen → globus pallidus → frontal cortex/primary motor cortex
Memories for a stimulus or an event can be retained in ________, which lasts for ________ .
short-term memory; a few seconds
Classical conditioning is considered to be a form of
stimulus-response learning
Participants had an infusion of a glucose solution. Participants reported increased fullness and reduced hunger when the solution was infused into the
stomach.
Sexual behavior in a castrated male rat can be restored by infusion of ________ into the ________
testosterone; medial preoptic area
When depleted of water, individuals only drink a certain amount before stopping; they do not drink until their cells have received the needed fluid. Satiety mechanisms monitor ___________ and stop the behavior in anticipation of replenishment to occur later.
the activity of the correctional mechanism
After long-term potentiation, the strengthening of an individual synapse is caused by:
the addition of more AMPA receptors into the post-synaptic membrane.
Which behavioral capacity below is retained in the decerebrate rat?
the capacity to respond to hunger and satiety signals
During the fasting phase of metabolism,
the pancreas secretes glucagon rather than insulin.
The entry of ingested food into the duodenum can suppress further eating via
the suppression of ghrelin secretion from the stomach
The entry of ingested food into the duodenum can suppress further eating via
the suppression of ghrelin secretion from the stomach.
The gender of the internal sex organs of a fetus is determined by the presence or absence of hormones secreted by
the testes
Which of the following is true of the success rate of therapy for anorexia nervosa?
the treatment success rate has not improved in 50 years
Our long-term fuel reservoir contains ________ and is located in ________.
triglycerides; fat cells
CaM-KII
type II calcium-calmodulin kinase, an enzyne most be activated by Ca; important for establishment of LTP
An instrumental response that produces a favorable consequence
will occur more frequently.
Are orexins and hypocretins synonymous?
yes
The Mullerian system is a precursor to
Female sex organs
Presynaptic Changes can include
Increase in amount of glutamate released; Nitric Oxide synthase
Imagine that you have been handed a list of drugs and that beside each drug name is a number that represents the potency of that drug for blocking dopamine receptors (where a low number means a greater potency at blocking). Which drug would you choose for the treatment of schizophrenia?
Potency value = 0.1
New Therapies for PTSD
Propanol
The connection of the vestibular system with the third, fourth, and sixth cranial nerves allows the vestibular system to
adjust eye movements to compensate for head movements
When insulin is not present, glucose can be utilized by
cells of the brain
Osmoreceptors are specialized neurons that detect
changes in solute concentration of the interstitial fluid around the cell.
The primary input to the hippocampus is from the granule cells of field CA2. granule cells of the dentate gyrus. pyramidal cells of field CA1. entorhinal cortex. nucleus accumbens.
entorhinal cortex.
A type of declarative: events
episodic
Your ability to recall a series of events you have witnessed is referred to as
episodic learning
Your ability to recall a series of events you have witnessed is referred to as
episodic learning.
The modules of primary visual cortex project their information mostly to the
extrastriate cortex
The key aspect of speech sounds that allows a person to recognize a word resides in
he short-duration starts and stops of speech sounds
The acquisition of specific behaviors and skills is the most important form of __________ memory.
implicit
Neurogenesis is stimulated within the ______ for tasks that involve relational learning.
hippocampus
Water Retention
Vasopressin
important mesolimbic pathway
Ventral-Tegementum Area to Nucleus Accumbens
A person who suffers from surface dyslexia
is unable to use whole-word reading
The primary location of osmoreceptors within brain is within the
lamina terminalis
Ob mice lack which satiety signal?
leptin
Which of the following is an example of stimulus-response learning task?
making a classically conditioned eyeblink response
Which of the following is a strong candidate to act as a retrograde messenger from the post-synaptic dendrite to the pre-synaptic terminal button, potentially affecting neurotransmitter release?
nitric oxide (NO)
Movement of cargo from one end of the axon to the other involves ________ along the ________.
axoplasmic transport; microtubules
Receptors for ________ are involved in long-term potentiation. Select one: a. serotonin b. glutamate c. acetylcholine d. dopamine e. GABA
b. glutamate
Plasma levels of ghrelin are highest ____ and lead to ____
before a meal; eating
The major components of an emotional response include
behavior, autonomic activity, and hormonal secretions
The key function of instrumental conditioning is to allow the organism to
adjust behavior according to its consequences
perceptual learning: identities where objects are located
posterior parietal cortex
A type of declarative: facts
semantic
"Paris is the capital of France" is an example of:
sematic memory.
The most profound symptom of Korsakoff's syndrome is
severe anterograde amnesia.
The size of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis is an indicator of
sexual identity
Memories for a stimulus or an event can be retained in ________, which lasts for ________.
short-term memory; a few seconds
People with anterograde amnesia
show impairment of complex relational learning
People with anterograde amnesia
show impairment of complex relational learning.
A female rodent exposed to high levels of testosterone while in the mother's uterus is likely to
show more interfemale aggression as an adult
In classical conditioning, an organism
shows a species-typical behavior in response to a previously unimportant stimulus
In classical conditioning, an organism
shows a species-typical behavior in response to a previously unimportant stimulus.
The stroke victim described in Chapter 14 had difficulty in perceiving ________ after damage to her ________.
spatial directions; right parietal lobe
The right hippocampal formation is activated by
spatial information
Angiotensin II within the blood stimulates drinking by acting on cells within the
subfornical organ
Damage to which of the following brain areas disrupts spatial learning?
the hippocampus
The NMDA receptor is unusual in that it is ________-dependent and ________- dependent. neurotransmitter; hormone voltage; neurotransmitter ligand; ion Na+; Mg2+ Ca2+; Cl¬
voltage; neurotransmitter
The NMDA receptor is unusual in that it is ________-dependent and ________- dependent.
voltage; neurotransmitter
Which of the following is true of rate coding along the basilar membrane?
Frequencies lower than 200 Hz are coded by a rate of firing that is cued to the movement of the apical end of the basilar membrane
_________ does not stimulate insulin secretion or enhance leptin production, so it is less likely to trigger satiety mechanisms.
Fructose
___________ does not stimulate insulin secretion or enhance leptin production, so it is less likely to trigger satiety mechanisms.
Fructose
What indicates the importance of peripheral nutrient receptors in satiety?
Fructose infusions into the hepatic portal vein inhibit eating
Which of the following indicates the importance of peripheral nutrient receptors in satiety?
Fructose infusions into the hepatic portal vein inhibit eating
Which of the following indicates the importance of peripheral nutrient receptors in satiety?
Fructose infusions into the hepatic portal vein inhibit eating.
In Huntington's disease, damage to _________ neurons in the putamen removes some inhibitory control exerted on the premotor and supplementary motor areas of the frontal cortex, leading to involuntary movements.
GABAergic
Too much fluid
Gain of water can cause rupture (plasmolysis)
The key factor that determines whether the undifferentiated gonads develop into testes is the
Gene SRY located on the Y chromosome
_______________ disease causes uncontrollable movements, especially jerky limb movements.
Huntington's
Disorder of BG: Impairments in learning a sequences of buttons releases--excess movement
Huntingtons' disease
The characteristic of a solution that contains enough solute that it will draw water out of a cell placed in it, through the process of osmosis
Hypertonic
The distinction between implicit and explicit memories is that a. explicit memories are unavailable to consciousness. b. we are unable to talk about implicit memories. c. hippocampal damage impairs implicit, but not explicit memory. d. anterograde amnesia involves implicit memory. e. implicit memories are rapidly forgotten.
B
The most profound symptom of Korsakoff's syndrome is a. impaired intelligence. b. severe anterograde amnesia. c. delirium tremens. d. auditory and visual hallucinations. e. combative behavior.
B
High water potential
Hypotonic
Which of the following statements about Parkinson's disease is accurate?
If calcium is involved in regulating the spontaneous activity of dopamine cells, these cells are more affected by Parkinson's disease.
Brain damage in humans that involves the lamina termalis
Impairs the capacity of a person to experience thirst after injection of hypertonic saline
When an individual _____ to receive reinforcement, such as money, neurons in VTAs are _____. A. does not expect; firing at a similar rate to baseline B. expects; active C. does not expect; inactive D. expects; inactive
B
You have been driving a manual transmission vehicle for 5 years and no longer need to think about what you are doing in order to drive. Which pathway is involved? a. retinogeniculostriatal pathway B. basal ganglia pathway C. Transcortical pathway D. spinothalamic pathway
B
_____ receptors are unique in that they have a Mg plug that prevents calcium ions from entering the cell A. AMPA B. NMDA C. MGluR D. Kainate
B
During a PET scan, a London cabby is asked to describe the route she would take a fare from the west end theater district to herrods dep store. Her description would be associated with ____.
Increased activity of the right hippocampal formation.
When looking at pictures of her daughter playing soccer, Martha's ___________ is active, indicating that Martha has memory of the motions that went along with the photographs.
MT/MST
When looking at pictures of her daughter playing soccer, Martha�s ___________ is active, indicating that Martha has memory of the motions that went along with the photographs.
MT/MST
Long-term potentiation (LTP) can be produced in areas CA1 and CA3 of the hippocampus.Which of the following is strong evidence that non-NMDA mechanisms can mediate LTP? NMDA receptors are sparse in area CA1. AMPA blocks the LTP produced in area CA1. AP5 blocks the LTP produced in area CA3. NMDA receptors are sparse in area CA3. AMPA agonists block the LTP produced in area CA3.
NMDA receptors are sparse in area CA3.
Ghrelin acts on ___ neurons to stimulate feeding
NPY
Ghrelin acts on ________ neurons to stimulate feeding.
NPY
_______________ receptors are glutamate receptors found in the hippocampal formation that control calcium ion channels.
NMDA
________________ receptors are unique in that they have a Mg 2+ plug that prevents calcium ions from entering the cell.
NMDA
inotropic, glutenotic receptor
NMDA
CER is blocked by AP5 (_______) in the __________.
NMDA antagonist; amygdala
CER is blocked by AP5 (_______) in the __________. NMDA agonist; amygdala NMDA agonist; medial geniculate NMDA antagonist; hippocampus NMDA antagonist; amygdala NMDA agonist; hippocampus
NMDA antagonist; amygdala
The fact that the CA1 region of the hippocampus has many ______________ is both a blessing and a curse. These receptors allow LTP and the ability to learn quickly, but they also can allow too much calcium into cells when activated by excess glutamate.
NMDA receptors
There are many substances in the brain and body that trigger hunger. This one, however, triggers hunger even if giving into that hunger involves eating bitter foods or receiving shocks to the mouth during eating.
NPY
Which pair below act as orexigens?
NPY; AGRP
The ________ regions of the lamina terminalis contain osmoreceptors
OLVT and subfornical orgin
The ________ regions of the lamina terminalis contain osmoreceptors.
OVLT and subfornical organ
Which of the following is true of leptin?
Obese humans have high plasma leptin levels and are insensitive to leptin injection.
Which of the following is true of leptin?
Obese humans have normal plasma leptin levels and are insensitive to leptin injection
Which of the following is true of leptin?
Obese humans have normal plasma leptin levels and are insensitive to leptin injection.
Organizational Effects
Occur during prenatal development and are permanent
Activation Effects
Occur later in life, activate production of sperm, make erection and ejaculation possible, and induce ovulation
Which of the following results from studies of people with spinal cord injuries supports the James-Lange theory of emotion?
People who could not feel reactions from most of their bodies reported that they no longer felt intense emotions
________ learning involves the recognition of particular stimuli or categories of stimuli.
Perceptual
Consists primarily of changes in perceptual systems hat make it possible for use to recognize stimuli so that we can respond to them appropriately; learning to categorize stimuli in our environment; part of operant conditioning. sensory association cortex
Perceptual Learning
Primary function of this type of learning is the ability to identify and categorize objects and situations
Perceptual Learning
Recognizing people by the shape of their faces and recognizing objects by how they feel or smell are examples of
Perceptual learning
The ability to recognize a series of photos seen a month ago is an example of?
Perceptual learning
"Head factors" in satiety
Permit an animal to learn to adjust the amount consumed of food containing different amounts of calories
Operant Conditioning
Permits an organism to change a behavior according to consequences New behaviors that have been learned Association between stimulus and response A reinforcing or punishing outcome follows a specific behavior in a specific situation
Failure of the anti-Mullerian system leading to development of both sex characteristics (less than 200 cases in known history)
Persistant Mullerian Duct Syndrome
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia symptoms:
Poor feeding or vomiting, dehydration, electrolyte changes (more Na+ and K+ in the blood), abnormal heart rhythm
The opening vignette described the case of Carrie, who suffered from
Prader-Willi syndrome
________ cortex neurons play a key role in short-term memory for all sensory systems.
Prefrontal
The ____ controls the behaviors of walking, writing, and dancing. This area is also organized such that areas of the body that require greater innervation are more represented cortically.
Primary motor cortex
Reactivation
Process during which hippocampus replays neural activity associated with a memory -eventually the cortical areas do not need the hippocampus
Volumetric Thirst
Produced by hypovolemia (decreased blood volume)
An important physiological effect of angiotensin II is to
Promote the consumption of salt
An important physiological effect of angiotensin is to
Promote the consumption of salt
This person had severe epilepsy, which resulted in the removal of hippocampi
RB
A hormone secreted by the kidneys that causes the conversion of angiotensinogen in the blood into angiotensin
Renin
New drivers learn to stop at red lights. This form of learning ______ learning
Stimulus-response
________ learning involves the ability to exhibit a specific behavior in the presence of a specific stimulus
Stimulus-response
Participants had an infusion of a glucose solution. Participants reported increased fullness and reduced hunger when the solution was infused into the
Stomach
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can disrupt neural circuits in awake humans. The notion that short-term memory (STM) for a visual stimulus involves continued activation of the appropriate visual association cortex is supported by studies in which
TMS applied to the ventral stream disrupted STM for a visual pattern.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can disrupt neural circuits in awake humans. Thenotion that short-term memory (STM) for a visual stimulus involves continued activation ofthe appropriate visual association cortex is supported by studies in which
TMS applied to the ventral stream disrupted STM for a visual pattern.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can disrupt neural circuits in awake humans. Thenotion that short-term memory (STM) for a visual stimulus involves continued activation ofthe appropriate visual association cortex is supported by studies in which TMS applied to the ventral stream disrupted STM for a visual pattern. TMS of the motor cortex disrupts visual STM. TMS can be used to elicit perceptual memories. global amnesia is noted after chronic TMS in depressed humans. TMS applied to the ventral stream disrupted STM for a visual location.
TMS applied to the ventral stream disrupted STM for a visual pattern.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can disrupt nuetral circuits in awake humans. The notion that short term memory (STM) for a visual stimulus involves continued activation of the appropriate visual association cortex is supported by studies in which ____.
TMS applied to the ventral stream disrupted STM for a visual pattern.
Perceptual Learning
The ability to learn to recognize stimuli that have been percieved before
Which of the following is consistent with the "all-or-none law"?
The action potential is produced whenever the membrane potential reaches threshold.
Angiotensin II acts on what gland to stimulate the release of __________
The adrenal gland to stimulate the release of Aldosterone
Which of the following is true of learning and memory?
The capacity to learn allows an organism to profit from experience.
Long-term potentiation requires activation of synapses and depolarization of the postsynaptic neuron. True or False?
True
Memory for skills and habits are not formed in the hippocampus.
True Hippocampal damage produced by anoxia releases glutamate, which in turn activates NMDA
Memory for skills and habits are not formed in the hippocampus.
True; Hippocampal damage produced by anoxia releases glutamate, which in turn activates NMDA
H.M. could learn parts of new motor skills.
True; Patient H.M. was able to perform all of the following tasks quite well except consolidating
Of the following, which would NOT be an example of prosody?
Using an active rather than a passive verb
In motor learning, _____ is involved in learning bx by consequences
VTA
Before getting to the hippocampal formation, the ____ carries signals from 4 main areas
VTA, LC, RN, MS, Posterior hypothalamus
Group of dopaminergic neurons in ventral midbrain whose axons form mesolimbic and mesocortical systems and are important in reinforcement
Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)
Perceptual Learning: Extrastriate cortex. Receives info from Striate cortex about stimuli. analyses shape and color. Sends info to inferior temporal cortex
Ventral stream
________ thirst refers to drinking provoked by the loss of blood plasma.
Volumetric
__________ thirst is caused by loss of blood volume, whereas _______ thirst is caused by loss of cellular fluids.
Volumetric, Osometric
_____________ thirst is caused by loss of blood volume, whereas __________ thirst is caused by loss of cellular fluids.
Volumetric; osmoetric
_____________ thirst is caused by loss of blood volume, whereas __________ thirst is caused by loss of cellular fluids.
Volumetric; osmometric
One simple strategy for promoting weight loss without serious risk may involve:
Wasting energy by fidgeting
Too little fluid
Water diffuses out of cell; Osmometric Thirst
Ventral Stream: What or Where?
What
LTP
a long-term increase in the excitablity of a neuron to a particular synaptic input caused by repeated high-frequency activity of that input
Electrical stimulation of axons to the dentate gyrus cause
a long-term increase in the magnitude of EPSP's in the post-synaptic cells
cerebellum
a neural center in the hindbrain that processes implicit memories.
Which of the following is a current explanation of the role of the hippocampus in memory? A. The efferent connections of the hippocampus tie together the memories that are consolidated in other brain regions. B. The hippocampus processes and stores the immediate contents of memory. C. Memories are translated in the hippocampus and transmitted to other regions to be stored in immediate memory. D. The hippocampus directs attention to environmental stimuli. E. The hippocampus relays information to the amygdala for storage.
A. The efferent connections of the hippocampus tie together the memories that are consolidated in other brain regions.
The dorsal stream of the visual association cortex continues into the ________ and carries information relating to ________. A. inferior temporal cortex; object location B. posterior parietal cortex; object location C. posterior parietal cortex; object recognition D. primary visual cortex; object shape and color E. inferior temporal cortex; object recognition
B. posterior parietal cortex; object location
Caffeine blocks __________ receptors, the normal functioning of which is:
Adenosine; facilitating slow wave sleep, blocks faulty circuitry in the heart, a part of ATP which is used as energy across many bodily functions
Acts on the kidneys to stimulate reabsorption of salt (NaCl) and water (H2O)
Aldosterone
Sodium Retention
Aldosterone
Broca's aphasia involves the speech deficit(s) of
All but C are correct
Which of the following structures might contain a postsynaptic density?
All but D are correct
The structures that comprise the basal ganglia include the
All except for D are correct
A person can reduce his or her risk of stroke by lifestyle changes such as
All of the Above
The symptom known as ______ is an abnormality of REM sleep.
All of the Above
Which of the following is a characteristic of Parkinson's disease?
All of the Above
Which of the following is true about prosody?
All of the Above
Which of the following is true of pain?
All of the Above
Communication of neural signals across the synapse involves
All of the above
Which of the following is used to record the electrical potentials generated in an axon?
All of the above
Key functions of the autonomic nervous system include the control of
All of the above are correct
Persistence of a long-term potentiation for more than an hour requires
All of the above are correct
The common structures or regions that form a motor neuron include the
All of the above are correct
The symptom known as ______ is an abnormality of REM sleep
All of the above are correct
Which of the following statements is not true about anterograde amensia? Longterm memories from before the event which caused the amnesia remain intact. All of the above are false. All of the above are true.
All of the above are true.
Which statement is false about semantic dementia? Memory in the sense of remembering to do things at the right time, remembering events and the way to the shops is often well preserved. Semantic dementia results from shrinkage of the temporal lobes of the brain. Semantic dementia refers to a progressive loss of the ability to remember the meaning of words, faces and objects. It is common for sufferers to have difficulty recognising people whom they do not see regularly. Although patients can no longer speak fluently, they remember the words and the meaning of words.
Although patients can no longer speak fluently, they remember the words and the meaning of words.
Which statement is false about semantic dementia?
Although patients can no longer speak fluently, they remember the words and the meaning of words.
Which statement is false about semantic dementia? Memory in the sense of remembering to do things at the right time, remembering events and the way to the shops is often well preserved. Although patients can no longer speak fluently, they remember the words and the meaning of words. It is common for sufferers to have difficulty recognising people whom they do not see regularly. Semantic dementia refers to a progressive loss of the ability to remember the meaning of words, faces and objects. Semantic dementia results from shrinkage of the temporal lobes of the brain.
Although patients can no longer speak fluently, they remember the words and the meaning of words.
Other areas of the brain that produce LTP
Amygdala, Cortex, Cerebellum
Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex is composed of what two brain regions and what do they do?
Amygdala- provoking anger and violence, matures early in development Prefrontal Cortex- supresses violent behavior by pointing attention to negative consequences; matures later in development
The ___________ plays an important role in provoking anger and violent emotional reactions and the _________ plays an important role in suppressing such behavior by making us see its negative consequences
Amygdala; prefrontal cortex
Males who never shut down the Mullerian system and never develop the Wollfian system (0.00002%)
Androgen Insensitivity Disorder
A protein in the blood that can be converted by renin into angiotensin
Angiotensinogen
The distinction between bulimia and anorexia nervosa is
Anorexia nervosa involves weight loss while bulimia involves binging
Peter was in a car accident and suffered from damage to his posterior parietal parietal cortex. In numerous trial, he is able to identify objects unable to location them in space. Peter probably suffered damage to his ____ stream of perceptual learning. A. rostral B dorsal C. caudal D. ventral
B
Presynaptic changes due to LTP include: A. insertion of AMPA receptors into the membrane B. increases in the amount of GLU that is released C. enlargement of dendritic spines D. growth of new dendritic spines
B
Which is true of anterograde amnesia? A.It results from a failure of memory encoding and storage. B.Both A and C. C.They may not recognize people they met just moment's before. D.They may not recognize their daughter standing in front of them. E. All of the Above.
B.Both A and C.
Damage to the ____ would be expected to impair instrumental learning in rats.
Basal ganglia
______ deficits in Parkinson's disease result in impairment of learning a visually cued operant conditioning task.
Basal ganglia
You have been driving a manual transmission vehicle for 5 years and no longer need to think about what you are doing in order to drive. Which pathway is involved?
Basal ganglia pathway
Patient H.M. shows deficits in motor learning, perceptual learning, and stimulus-response learning. True or False?
False
Place cells are neurons in the hippocampus that turn off when the animal occupies a specific location within its environment.
False
Ghrelin is a neuropeptide secreted from the ________ which functions to ________. a. stomach; initiate eating b. pancreas; inhibit eating c. liver; alter insulin secretion d. duodenum; control CCK levels in the plasma e. PVN; inhibit eating
a. stomach; initiate eating
Angiotensin II within the blood stimulates drinking by acting on cells within the a. subfornical organ. b. nucleus of the solitary tract. c. lateral hypothalamus. d. kidney. e. atria of the heart.
a. subfornical organ.
A key sign that a child born to a mother who consumed alcohol during the pregnancy suffers from fetal alcohol syndrome involves
abnormal facial development
Loss of dopaminergic neurons and the associated decreased activation of the supplementary motor area result in ______________.
akinesia
Zhang and colleagues report that ________ are mechanoreceptors that induce membrane ______. a. volumetric receptors; spike discharge b. osmoreceptors; depolarization c. volumetric receptors; hyperpolarization d. osmoreceptors; inhibition e. osmoreceptors; hyperpolarization
b. osmoreceptors; depolarization
A genetic manipulation of the lateral amygdala that inactivates AMPA receptors would be expected to
block the acquisition of a conditioned emotional response
A genetic manipulation of the lateral amygdala that inactivates PKM-zeta protein would be expected to
block the acquisition of a conditioned emotional response.
Inactivation of type II calcium calmodulin kinase would be expected to
block the formation of long-term potentiation
Inactivation of type II calcium calmodulin kinase (CaMKII) would be expected to
block the formation of long-term potentiation.
Inactivation of type II calcium calmodulin kinase would be expected to
block the formation of long-term potentiation.
Inactivation of type II calcium calmodulin kinase would be expected to block the entry of calcium into the postsynaptic cell. facilitate the production of long-term potentiation. block the formation of long-term potentiation. promote the creation of new NMDA receptors. promote the formation of new memories.
block the formation of long-term potentiation.
During the absorptive phase of metabolism
blood glucose levels rise, which triggers the release of insulin by the pancreas
During the absorptive phase of metabolism,
blood glucose levels rise, which triggers the release of insulin by the pancreas
During the absorptive phase of metabolism,
blood glucose levels rise, which triggers the release of insulin by the pancreas.
To maintain proper fluid balance, the body contains two sets of receptors, one that measures the volume of the ____ and the other that records the volume of the ____
blood; cells
Human brains are about three times larger than chimpanzee brains when corrected for
body size
_______ are _______ neurons that react when an edge/outline is present in the proximal environment.
border cells; entorhinal
place cells
a neuron that becomes active when the animal is in a particular location in the environment; most typically found in hippocampal formation
________ includes classical and instrumental conditioning a. Stimulus-response learning b. Perceptual learning c. Motor learning d. Relational learning e. None of the above
a. Stimulus-response learning
Which of the following is true of meal-related signals? a. There are two sources of satiety signals that act to stop a meal. b. There is only one satiety signal. c. Ghrelin represents a short-term satiety signal. d. Long-term satiety signals are generated by secretion of insulin and ghrelin. e. Short-term satiety signals are secreted into the blood from adipose tissue.
a. There are two sources of satiety signals that act to stop a meal.
The induction of LTP in the hippocampus would be blocked by a. a drug such as AP5 that blocks NMDA receptors b. using high-frequency electrical pulses c. a drug that activates NMDA receptors d. injection into the postsynaptic cell of a drug that activates calcium ions e. All of the above are correct
a. a drug such as AP5 that blocks NMDA receptors
Which of the following would be expected to be useful for the treatment of obesity? a. a drug that activates leptin, CCK, CART, or MC4 receptors b. a drug that activates NPY or ghrelin receptors c. a drug that promotes fat absorption d. fenfluramine e. a drug that induces more sleep per day
a. a drug that activates leptin, CCK, CART, or MC4 receptors
Associative long-term potentiation (LTP) requires ________ occur about the same time as _______. a. activation of a strong input to a given synapse to; a weak input is activated b. that a single electrical pulse; a recording is made of the presynaptic axon c. that a conditional stimulus; a response d. that a reinforcing stimulus; a response e. that a low-frequency series of electrical pulses; the postsynaptic neuron is hyperpolarized
a. activation of a strong input to a given synapse to; a weak input is activated
The key function of instrumental conditioning is to allow the organism to a. adjust behavior according to its consequences b. learn new species-typical behaviors c. recognize familiar objects d. acquire new physical skills e. understand the relationship between stimuli
a. adjust behavior according to its consequences
A key aspect of anorexia nervosa is a. an intense fear of obesity. b. the binging and subsequent purging of food. c. an intolerance for exercise. d. an understimulation of NPY and ghrelin receptors. e. a defect in insulin metabolism.
a. an intense fear of obesity.
An important determinant of body weight in adult humans is the a. level of leptin in the blood stream of a person. b. physical energy expended while asleep. c. amount of physical exercise a person gets each day. d. amount of protein consumed each day. e. amount of salt in the diet.
c. amount of physical exercise a person gets each day.
The obsession with food noted in anorexia may be related to a. a failure of menstruation brought on by excessive exercise. b. a deficiency of NPY in brain. c. an effect of starvation. d. excessive consumption of protein, which is highly satiating. e. elevated levels of CCK in brain
c. an effect of starvation.
To maintain proper fluid balance, the body contains two sets of receptors, one that measures the volume of the ________ and the other that records the volume of the ________. a. cerebrospinal fluid; cells b. extracellular fluid; cells c. blood; cells d. interstitial fluid; intravascular e. sodium ions; blood
c. blood; cells
Mice that lack ________ insulin receptors show ________. a. gut; obesity b. brain; altered metabolism c. brain; obesity d. brain; rejection of a high-fat diet e. gut; enhanced thermogenesis
c. brain; obesity
general function of the prefrontal cortex may be to Select one: a. generate rage and anger. b. guide the planning of motor acts. c. dampen or inhibit emotional reactions. d. promote sexual arousal. e. facilitate gambling decisions.
c. dampen or inhibit emotional reactions.
memory that can be verbally expressed, such as memories for events in a person's past is considered... a. short term memory b. consolidation c. declarative memory d. implicit memory e. none of the above
c. declarative memory
In Long Term Depression, synaptic stimulation___________. a. increases b. stops c. decreases d. spikes
c. decreases
ZIP does what to established memories? a. reinforces them b. stores them c. erases them d. duplicates them e. none of the above
c. erases them
The NMDA receptor is unusual in that it is ________-dependent and ________- dependent. Select one: a. Ca2+; Cl- b. neurotransmitter; hormone c. voltage; neurotransmitter d. Na+; Mg2+ e. ligand; ion
c. voltage; neurotransmitter
One simple strategy for promoting weight loss without serious risk may involve a. gastric surgery. b. the use of powerful stimulants such as amphetamine. c. wasting energy by fidgeting. d. stapling the stomach. e. prolonged bouts of exercise.
c. wasting energy by fidgeting.
If ghrelin levels remain high continuously, an individual would likely experience
continuous eating behavior
If ghrelin levels remain high continuously, an individual would likely experience
continuous eating behavior.
A correctional mechanism for low blood volume involves
contracting the muscles of the arteries and veins
A key function of the rubrospinal tract is to
control independent movements of the forearms and hands
James Olds and Peter Milner reported that electrical stimulation of rat brain
could have reinforcing effects
James Olds and Peter Milner reported that electrical stimulation of rat brain
could have reinforcing effects.
James Olds and Peter Milner reported that electrical stimulation of rat brain altered arousal. acted as an aversive stimulus. delayed memory processing. could have reinforcing effects. can induce eating and drinking.
could have reinforcing effects.
One striking aspect of H.M.'s memory deficit is that he
could learn some new tasks, but is unaware of having learned them
One striking aspect of H.M.�s memory deficit is that he
could learn some new tasks, but is unaware of having learned them.
One striking aspect of H.M.'s memory deficit is that he
could learn some new tasks, but was unaware of having learned them.
Which of the following is true of MC4 receptors? a. MC4-receptor activation stimulates eating. b. A targeted mutation against the MC4-receptor leads to aphagia and death. c. MC4-receptors are highly concentrated in the stomach and duodenum. d. AGRP stimulates eating by blocking MC4-receptors. e. NPY stimulates eating by stimulating MC4-receptors
d. AGRP stimulates eating by blocking MC4-receptors.
Which of the following is an example of the systems variable in a regulatory system such as a cooking oven?
the air temperature in the oven
The end of a meal may be signaled by a(n) a. decrease in plasma leptin. b. increase in plasma leptin. c. decrease in plasma CCK d. decrease in plasma ghrelin levels. e. decrease in plasma peptide YY levels.
d. decrease in plasma ghrelin levels.
Which of the following drugs would be expected to inhibit aggression? Select one: a. amphetamine b. methysergide c. cocaine d. fluoxetine e. haloperidol
d. fluoxetine
The capacity of circuits involving the vlPOA and the locus coeruleus, raphe nuclei, and dorsal pons to show mutual inhibition may result in
the alternation between sleep and waking
If LTP is prevented or blocked:
the animal will not display fear conditioning.
Studies of feeding using decerebrate rats indicate that
the brainstem contains circuits that allow a rat to chew and to swallow
Studies of feeding using decerebrate rats indicate that
the brainstem contains circuits that allow a rat to chew and to swallow.
When a person continues to fast beyond the short-term reservoir, the fat in the long-term reservoir is broken down into glycerol and fatty acids. Fatty acids can be metabolized by
the cells of the body
When a person continues to fast beyond the short-term reservoir, the fat in the long-term reservoir is broken down into glycerol and fatty acids. Fatty acids can be metabolized by
the cells of the body.
The cerebral cortex has a grayish-brown appearance because
the cortex contains many cell bodies.
An action potential that occurs in a dendritic branch after an action potential in a pyramidal cell is termed
the dendritic spike
An action potential that occurs in a dendritic spine is termed
the dendritic spike
An action potential that occurs in a dendritic branch after an action potential in a pyramidal cell is termed
the dendritic spike.
An action potential that occurs in a dendritic branch after an action potential in a pyramidalcell is termed a presynaptic potential. the perforant potential. an axon potential. the dendritic spike. a population postsynaptic potential.
the dendritic spike.
The most important input of the hippocampus is from
the entorhinal cortex
Cutaneous receptors signal information about stimuli that interact with
the external surface of the skin
Which of the following is considered to be an important factor that contributes to obesity?
the fact that some persons are efficient at storing ingested calories as fat
We would expect to find single-unit smooth muscle in
the gastrointestinal tract
Based on the study of Patient H.M., it has been concluded that
the hippocampus converts immediate memories into long-term memories
Based on the study of Patient H.M., it has been concluded that
the hippocampus converts immediate memories into long-term memories.
ased on the study of Patient H.M., it has been concluded that
the hippocampus converts immediate memories into long-term memories.
Based on the study of Patient H.M., it has been concluded that
the hippocampus converts short-term memories into long-term memories
Hebb Rule
the hypothesis that cellular basis of learning involves strengthening of a synapse that is repeatedly active when the postsynaptic neuron fires
Apraxia is characterized by
the inability to properly carry out a learned, skilled movement
The brain interprets increased blood levels of insulin as a(n) a. hunger signal. b. indicator of the entry of fat into the duodenum. c. indicator that the body is in the fasting e phase of metabolism. d. satiety signal. e. indicator that the stomach is full.
d. satiety signal.
Studies by Schultz and colleagues suggest that release of dopamine within the nucleus accumbens
does not occur for an expected reinforcing stimulus (fruit juice)
What occurs when neural circuits detect a reinforcing stimulus and cause the activation of dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area a. bonding b. connection c. neural explosion d. fusing e. reinforcement
e. reinforcement
If the detector in a physiological system were to fail, one would expect a. that the regulatory system would work, but more slowly than usual. b. that positive feedback would spin the system out of control. c. no change in the system variable. d. that the set point would increase. e. that the system variable would not be constant.
e. that the system variable would not be constant.
The primary input to the hippocampus is from the granule cells of field CA2. entorhinal cortex. nucleus accumbens. pyramidal cells of field CA1. granule cells of the dentate gyrus.
entorhinal cortex.
Stimulus-response learning involves the ability to
exhibit a specific behavior in the presence of a specific stimulus
Stimulus-response learning involves the ability to
exhibit a specific behavior in the presence of a specific stimulus.
Patient R.B., who sustained brain damage while in cardiac arrest, exhibited profound anterograde amnesia. Which region of his brain was injured?
field CA1 of the hippocampal formation
Research has shown that memories older than approximately ____ years are relatively intact in people with __________ amnesia.
fifteen, retrograde
The process of accommodation involves
the lens becoming more rounded to focus on near objects.
The results of cortical stimulation studies indicate that a disproportionate amount of motor cortex is devoted to the control of movements of the
fingers
A ________ is a large groove found in the surface of the human cortex.
fissure
Cells of the liver convert ____________ into _____________.
glucose; glycogen
Induction of long-term potentiation involves activation of receptors for ________.
glutamate
Receptors for ________ are involved in long-term potentiation
glutamate
Receptors for ________ are involved in long-term potentiation.
glutamate
Receptors for ________ are involved in long-term potentiation. a. serotonin
glutamate
Receptors for ________ are involved in long-term potentiation. acetylcholine dopamine glutamate GABA serotonin
glutamate
The NMDA-type _______ receptor is critical for some forms of long term potentiation, in particular longterm potentiation at the ______ synapse in the _________. glutamate; CA3-CA1; entorhinal cortex glutamate; CA3-CA1; hippocampus dopamine; CA3-CA1; hippcampus dopamine; CA2-CA4; entorhinal cortex dopamine; CA2-CA4; hippocampus
glutamate; CA3-CA1; hippocampus
The NMDA-type _______ receptor is critical for some forms of long term potentiation, in particular longterm potentiation at the ______ synapse in the _________. glutamate; CA3-CA1; entorhinal cortex dopamine; CA2-CA4; hippocampus dopamine; CA2-CA4; entorhinal cortex dopamine; CA3-CA1; hippcampus glutamate; CA3-CA1; hippocampus
glutamate; CA3-CA1; hippocampus
The NMDA-type _______ receptor is critical for some forms of long term potentiation, in particular longterm potentiation at the ______ synapse in the _________. dopamine; CA2-CA4; hippocampus dopamine; CA2-CA4; entorhinal cortex dopamine; CA3-CA1; hippcampus glutamate; CA3-CA1; hippocampus glutamate; CA3-CA1; entorhinal cortex
glutamate; CA3-CA1; hippocampus The most important input of the hippocampus is from the entorhinal cortex.
Most of the elements of REM sleep are triggered by infusion of ________ into the ________ .
glutamate; sublateral dorsal nucleus
A fall in glucose levels causes the secretion of glucagon, which converts ____________ into _____________.
glycogen; glucose
Evidence that long-term potentiation has occurred is obtained by periodically delivering single pulses to the perforant path and recording the response in the dentate gyrus. If the response is _____________ what it was before the burst of pulses was delivered, long-term potentiation has occurred.
greater than
Androgens (testosterone & dihydrotestosterone)
have a masculinization effect
A genetic male has a hormone receptor deficiency that resulted in this person having a penis and both sets of internal sex organs. The most likely explanation for this case is that the person might
have persistent Müllerian duct syndrome
________ is a key dietary factor for inducing obesity.
high-fructose corn syrup
Where is the only part in the brain that can grow new neurons form stem cells before integrated into DG
hippocampal area
The fact that retrograde amnesia from hippocampal damage usually affects a limited duration of time rather than an entire childhood suggests:
hippocampal damage affects memory consolidation and older memories are more likely to have completed that process at the time of damage.
The _____ receives info about what is going on from sensory and motor association cortexes from some subcortical areas such as the basal ganglia and amygdala.
hippocampus
Procedural memory does not rely on the _______ and ________ memory system in the same way as ________ memory.
hippocampus; medial temporal lobe; declarative
Procedural memory does not rely on the _______ and ________ memory system in the same way as ________ memory. hippocampus; medial temporal lobe; declarative hippocampus; amygdala; implicit hippocampus; amygdala; declarative hippocampus; medial temporal lobe; implicit amygdala; medial temporal lobe; explicit
hippocampus; medial temporal lobe; declarative
Procedural memory does not rely on the _______ and ________ memory system in the same way as ________ memory. hippocampus; amygdala; implicit hippocampus; amygdala; declarative hippocampus; medial temporal lobe; implicit amygdala; medial temporal lobe; explicit hippocampus; medial temporal lobe; declarative
hippocampus; medial temporal lobe; declarative
Damage to the ________ disrupts ________ in pigeon
hippocampus; spatial navigation
Damage to the ________ disrupts ________ in pigeons.
hippocampus; spatial navigation
The key event that resulted in the treatment of Larry's schizophrenia was
his attack on his mother
The process of ___ is involved in the regulation of the fluid that bates our cells
homeostasis
The process of ________ is involved in the regulation of the fluid that bathes our cells.
homeostasis
The process of ________ is involved in the regulation of the fluid that bathes our cells. a. allostasis b. homeostasis c. hemostasis d. negative feedback e. hypovolemia
homeostasis
The term ________ refers to an aqueous solution whose solute concentration is less than that of the intracellular fluid.term-205
hyoptonic
A change in the axon membrane potential from -70 mV to -90 mV would be termed a(n)
hyperpolarization
The term ________ refers to an aqueous solution whose solute concentration is greater than that of the intracellular fluid.
hypertonic
The term ________ refers to an aqueous solution whose solute concentration is greater than that of the intracellular fluid. a. hypertonic b. isotonic c. volumetric d. cytoplasmic e. hypotonic
hypertonic
The term ___ refers to an aqueous solution whose solute concentration is less than that of the intracellular fluid
hypotonic
The term ________ refers to an aqueous solution whose solute concentration is less than that of the intracellular fluid.
hypotonic
The primary function of perceptual learning is to
identify and categorize objects
The primary function of perceptual learning is to
identify and categorize objects.
The primary function of perceptual learning is to identify and categorize objects. train a sensory system to detect accurately the location of a stimulus. exhibit a specific behavior in the presence of a specific stimulus. learn to adjust behavior according to its consequences. make an association between two stimuli.
identify and categorize objects.
H.M. was shown a series of picture cards that had incomplete images on them. Each successive card completed the picture a bit more, allowing H.M. to better see what the image might be. In a training session such as this, it is likely that H.M. would:
identify the pictures sooner than he did during baseline testing.
Damage to the hippocampus in rats would be expected to
impair episodic memory
Damage to the caudate nucleus/putamen in rats would be expected to
impair instrumental conditioning
Damage to the caudate nucleus/putamen in rats would be expected to
impair instrumental conditioning.
Damage to the caudate nucleus/putamen in rats would be expected to promote the formation of new motor memories. impair episodic memory. impair the acquisition of a stimulus-response relationship. impair instrumental conditioning. impair spatial memory.
impair instrumental conditioning.
It is considered a bad idea to skip breakfast because
the liver holds a limited amount of glucose for use by the brain, and this supply can be depleted after an overnight fast
It is considered a bad idea to skip breakfast because
the liver holds a limited amount of glucose for use by the brain, and this supply can be depleted after an overnight fast.
Damage to the caudate nucleus/putamen in rats would be expected to promote the formation of new motor memories. impair spatial memory. impair episodic memory. impair instrumental conditioning. impair the acquisition of a stimulus-response relationship.
impair instrumental conditioning.
Brain damage in humans that involves the lamina terminalis
impairs the capacity of a person to experience thirst after injection of hypertonic saline
Brain damage in humans that involves the lamina terminalis
impairs the capacity of a person to experience thirst after injection of hypertonic saline.
Jules experiences a stroke that affects his ability to remember his family and friends. However, he still remembers how to play the piano although he has no memory of ever learning how to play. It appears that Jules' ___________ memory is still intact.
implicit
An increased risk of developing schizophrenia is associated with
the mother experiencing obstetric complications.
The analysis of complex visual perception as one moves through the environment is referred to as
the optic flow
During the fasting phase of metabolism,
the pancreas secretes glucagon rather than insulin
Jules experiences a stroke that affects his ability to remember his family and friends. However, he still remembers how to play the piano although he has no memory of ever learning how to play. It appears that Jules� ___________ memory is still intact.
implicit
Driving a car is an example of classical conditioning. declarative memory. priming. implicit memory. explicit memory.
implicit memory.
We know that nutrient receptors are located within the intestines because
infusion of glucose into the duodenum increases the firing rate of afferent axons from the gut
We know that nutrient receptors are located within the intestines because
infusion of glucose into the duodenum increases the firing rate of afferent axons from the gut.
In the experiment by Tordoff and Friedman (1988), reduced eating in a hungry rat was noted after
infusions of glucose or fructose into the hepatic portal vein
In the experiment by Tordoff and Friedman (1988), reduced eating in a hungry rat was noted after
infusions of glucose or fructose into the hepatic portal vein.
A potent stimulus for producing osmometric thirst involves
ingestion of a bag of salted potato chips
A potent stimulus for producing osmometric thirst involves
ingestion of a bag of salted potato chips.
Leptin inhibits eating via
inhibition of NPY, AGRP, and orexin neurons within the hypothalamus
Leptin inhibits eating via
inhibition of NPY, AGRP, and orexin neurons within the hypothalamus.
Cholecystokinin
inhibits eating.
Providing a drink of water to a thirsty animal is an example of ___________ conditioning
instrumental
Damage to the basal ganglia or infusion of a drug that blocks NMDA receptors there can disrupt
instrumental conditioning
Your dog bites your best friend Mark each time Mark tries to pet her. Mark stops petting your dog. This is an example of
instrumental conditioning.
Electrical stimulation of the ________ in humans produces painful burning and tingling sensations.
insular cortex
The emotion of disgust involves activation of neurons within the
insular cortex
The absorptive phase of metabolism is mostly controlled by release of
insulin
The primary hormone associated with the absorptive phase of metabolism is
insulin
The storage of glucose into glycogen in the short-term reservoir is stimulated by
insulin
The absorptive phase of metabolism is mostly controlled by release of
insulin.
The primary hormone associated with the absorptive phase of metabolism is
insulin.
The storage of glucose into glycogen in the short-term reservoir is stimulated by
insulin.
Hypoglycemia induced by an injection of ____ results in ____
insulin; eating
Hypoglycemia induced by an injection of ________ results in _______.
insulin; eating
Hypoglycemia induced by an injection of ________ results in ����_______.
insulin; eating
The median preoptic nucleus
integrates most thirst-related stimuli
The median preoptic nucleus
integrates most thirst-related stimuli.
The perforant pathway
interconnects the entorhinal cortex with the granule cells of the dentate gyrus
The perforant pathway
interconnects the entorhinal cortex with the granule cells of the dentate gyrus.
The fact that young Billy (described in the chapter anecdote) craved the ingestion of salt is due to his
lack of aldosterone, leading to loss of sodium into the urine
The fact that young Billy (described in the chapter anecdote) craved the ingestion of salt is due to his
lack of aldosterone, leading to loss of sodium into the urine.
The primary location of osmoreceptors within brain is within the
lamina terminalis.
Damage involving the ________ tract would be expected to impair your ability to grasp and manipulate objects with your fingers.
lateral corticospinal
Which of the following represents the correct pairing of a thalamic nucleus with its projection to cortex?
lateral geniculate nucleus; projects to primary visual corte
An intact ________ is required in order for a conditioned emotional response to alter blood pressure.
lateral hypothalamus
The ______________ of the amygdala receives information about the CS (tone) and US (foot shock).
lateral nucleus
When a rat encounters a painful stimulus, somatosensory input activates strong synapses in the
lateral nucleus
the _____ of the amygdala receives info about the CS (tone) and US (foot shock)
lateral nucleus
Synapse strengthening occurs where for a conditioned emotional response?
lateral nucleus of amygdala, where freezing and SNS occur
Activation of the fusiform face area is involved in:
learning a new person's face, recognizing it later, and remembering that she is still in the room when not directly in the visual field.
Activation of the fusiform face area is involved in
learning a new person�s face, recognizing it later, and remembering that she is still in the room when not directly in the visual field.
motor learning
learning to make a new response
Perceptual Learning
learning to recognize a particular stimulus
Stroke patients with damage to the _____________ had difficulty filtering out irrelevant information, and patients with damage to the _______________ had difficulty retaining more than a few pieces of information in short-term memory.
left basal ganglia; right prefrontal cortex
Strong patients with damage to the ____ had difficulty filtering out irrelevant info, and patients with damage to the ____ had difficulty retaining more than a few pieces of info in short-term memory
left basal ganglia; right prefrontal cortex
A key aspect of ________ apraxia is that a patient asked to imitate a movement is unable to do so using either hand.
left parietal
The ob mouse is obese because it lacks the gene that normally produces
leptin
The ob mouse is obese because it lacks the gene that normally produce
leptin.
The behavior of an animal is strongly reinforced by electrical stimulation of the central nucleus of the amygdala. premotor cortex. caudate nucleus. medial forebrain bundle. substantia nigra.
medial forebrain bundle.
The behavior of an animal is strongly reinforced by electrical stimulation of the
medial forebrain bundle.
The behavior of an animal is strongly reinforced by electrical stimulation of the premotor cortex. medial forebrain bundle. substantia nigra. central nucleus of the amygdala. caudate nucleus.
medial forebrain bundle.
The effects of H.M.'s surgery led researchers to conclude that the ____________ plays an important role in the process of __________.
medial temporal lobe; memory consolidation
When neurotransmitter is released and is detected by the autoreceptor, the autoreceptor triggers the cessation of neurotransmitter release. In terms of the regulatory system, this process is
negative feedback
When neurotransmitter is released and is detected by the autoreceptor, the autoreceptor triggers the cessation of neurotransmitter release. In terms of the regulatory system, this process is
negative feedback.
The caudate nucleus and the putamen form the ________.
neostriatum
The process of ________ refers to the production of new neurons.
neurogenesis
The ________ is formed by the synapse of an efferent nerve terminal onto a muscle fiber.
neuromuscular junction
HM is unable to make
new memories that are declarative (explicit), but he can form new memories that are procedural (implicit).
Long-term potentiation may involve the formation of ________ within the postsynaptic dendrite, which then act(s) on the presynaptic element to increase the release of ________.
nitric oxide; glutamate
Long-term potentiation may involve the formation of ________ within the postsynaptic dendrite, which then acts on the presynaptic element to increase the release of ________
nitric oxide; glutamate
Long-term potentiation may involve the formation of ________ within the postsynaptic dendrite, which then acts on the presynaptic element to increase the release of ________ .
nitric oxide; glutamate
Long-term potentiation may involve the formation of ________ within the postsynapticdendrite, which then acts on the presynaptic element to increase the release of ________.
nitric oxide; glutamate
Learning to recognize faces, melodies, and pictures are all examples of _________.
non declarative memory tasks
Learning to recognize music, learning sequences, and classical conditioning are examples of ____________ memory tasks.
nondeclarative
________ are neurons in the ______ that exhibit a high rate of firing whenever an animal is in a specific location in an environment corresponding to the cell's "place field". neuroglia; hippocampus none of the above pyramidal cells; amygdala spatial cells; hippocampus
none of the above
The nurse says, "This won't hurt a bit!" Before jabbing Joey with a needle for his vaccinations. Now, whenever someone says "this won't hurt a bit!" Joey cringes in fear. The initial jab with the needle would be the ____
unconditioned stimulus
The nurse says "This won't hurt a bit!" before jabbing Joey with a needle for his vaccinations. Now, whenever someone says "This won't hurt a bit!" Joey cringes in fear. The initial jab with the needle would be the
unconditioned stimulus.
The nurse says �This won�t hurt a bit!� before jabbing Joey with a needle for his vaccinations. Now, whenever someone says �This won�t hurt a bit!� Joey cringes in fear. The initial jab with the needle would be the
unconditioned stimulus.
The liver sends information about available glucose and fatty acid levels to the brain via the ____________ nerve.
vagus
When looking at an automobile, the ability to label it as a car is the responsibility of the _____ stream which is made up of the inferior temporal cortex
ventral
When looking at an automobile, the ability to label it as a car is the responsibility of the __________ stream which is made up of the inferior temporal cortex.
ventral
When looking at an automobile, the ability to label it as a car is the responsibility of the __________ stream, which is made up of the inferior temporal cortex.
ventral
The ________ functions in the control of movements of the upper legs and the trunk.
ventral corticospinal tract
dopaminergic axons
ventral tegmental area
To send information to the nucleus accumbens, the _________ uses _________. ventral tegmental area; dopamine brainstem; GABA entorhinal cortex; dopamine ventral tegmental area; acetylcholine locus coeruleus; acetylcholine
ventral tegmental area; dopamine
In the visual cortex, the ________ stream is involved with object recognition, whereas the ________ stream is involved with perception of the location of objects.
ventral, dorsal
A key pathway through which glucoprivic stimuli such as 2-DG act to stimulate feeding is
ventrolateral medulla -> NPY neurons in the arcuate
In the two groups of descending tracts in the motor system, neurons of the ________ control the movements of the body trunk, whereas neurons of the ________ control movements of the hands and fingers.
ventromedial group; lateral group
Functional imaging studies of the brain during decision-making suggest that personal moral dilemmas strongly activate the
ventromedial prefrontal cortex
Phineas Gage, who was injured when a steel rod was accidentally driven through his skull, exhibited capricious, emotional behavior (in part) as a result of widespread damage to his
ventromedial prefrontal cortex
The expression of emotional responses is inhibited by inputs from the
ventromedial prefrontal cortex
The term ________ is derived from the word meaning "little bladder."
vesicle
Functional-imaging studies have shown that specific types of short-term visual memories involve activity of specific regions of the
visual association cortex.
The NMDA receptor is unusual in that it is ________ -dependent and ________ -dependent.
voltage; neurotransmitter
________ thirst refers to drinking provoked by the loss of blood plasma.
volumetric
Damage to the ________ impairs the Lee-Boot, Whitten, and Bruce effects in mice
vomeronasal organ
Damage to the ________ impairs the Lee-Boot, Whitten, and Bruce effects in mice.
vomeronasal organ
________ are neurons in the ______ that exhibit a high rate of firing whenever an animal is in a specific location in an environment corresponding to the cell's "place field". spatial cells; hippocampus none of the above pyramidal cells; amygdala place cells; amygdala neuroglia; hippocampus
none of the above
Based on the study of Patient H.M., it has been concluded that the hippocampus is
not required for retrieval of long-term memories
Based on the study of Patient H.M., it has been concluded that the hippocampus is
not required for retrieval of long-term memories.
A ___________ excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is an intracellular measurement of the EPSPs produced by the synapse of the perforant path axons with the dentate granule cells.
population
The two major types of symptoms noted in schizophrenia include
positive symptoms and negative symptoms.
acetylcholdinergic axions
posterior hypothalamus
The dorsal stream of the visual cortex continues into the ___________ and carries information relating to _______________.
posterior parietal cortex, object location
In operant conditioning: this part of the brain is involved in activating the mesolimbic pathway to achieve goals; monitors success of current behavior
prefrontal cortex
The ________ plays a key role in short-term memory for all sensory systems.
prefrontal cortex
The ________ plays a key role in short-term memory for all sensory systems. inferior temporal cortex dorsal parietal cortex cingulate cortex superior temporal cortex prefrontal cortex
prefrontal cortex
The ________ plays a key role in short-term memory for all sensory systems. cingulate cortex inferior temporal cortex dorsal parietal cortex superior temporal cortex prefrontal cortex
prefrontal cortex
The input for motor learning occurs in what two areas? they help refine motor learning.
premotor area and supplementary motor area
Placing neurons and their synaptic contacts into a medium containing no calcium ions would be expected to
prevent the release of neurotransmitter into the synapse.
In motor learning, the ______ is responsible for executing motor behaviors
primary motor cortex
The __________________ controls the behaviors of walking, writing, and dancing. This area is also organized such that areas of the body that require greater innervation are more represented cortically.
primary motor cortex
Rapid sensory feedback from motor movements arises from the ________ to guide movements controlled by the primary motor cortex.
primary somatosensory cortex
The primary stimulus that evokes volumetric thirst is
reduced blood flow to the kidneys
The primary stimulus that evokes volumetric thirst is
reduced blood flow to the kidneys.
In what sense could a fall in leptin levels be considered as a hunger signal?
reduced leptin levels remove an inhibitory influence on NPY/AGRP neurons
Propranol
reduces heart rate "trick" the brain into thinking the body is calm while reliving traumatic memories -affects reconsolidation, changing aspects of emotional content memory
Activation of the anterior cingulate cortex would be expected to
reflect the thirst state of the subject
Activation of the anterior cingulate cortex would be expected to
reflect the thirst state of the subject.
Remebering the aroma of a particular perfume would be an example of __________ memory. spatial implicit relational verbal nondeclarative
relational
Remebering the aroma of a particular perfume would be an example of __________ memory.
relational
Remebering the aroma of a particular perfume would be an example of __________ memory. relational verbal implicit spatial nondeclarative
relational
The Morris water maze requires which of the following types of learning?
relational
When rats were required to use _____ through use of landmarks to solve the Morris water maze, they had ____ neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus
relational learning; more
When rats were required to use __________ through use of landmarks to solve the Morris water maze, they had ___________ neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus.
relational learning; more
The Morris Water Maze is a test of _____ when _____
relational learning; rats are placed in different areas of the maze on each trial
The Morris Water Maze is a test of _____________ when _______________________.
relational learning; rats are placed in different areas of the maze on each trial.
The Morris water maze can be viewed as a test of ________ when the rats are _______.
relational learning; released from a different point of the maze on each trial
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia
represent a lack of normal behaviors
Long-lasting, long-term potentiation
requires protein synthesis
Long-lasting, long-term potentiation
requires protein synthesis.
Longlasting, longterm potentiation requires protein synthesis. is not dependent on stimulation of the presynaptic element. involves synaptic changes that occur over a fourminute after stimulation. involves changes in protein synthesis in the presynaptic terminal. does not depend on protein synthesis.
requires protein synthesis.
Imaging studies of London taxi drivers demonstrate that these individuals, who undergo intense training regarding London streets, have larger __________ than non-taxi drivers.
right hippocampal formations
The HF especially the ______ is involved in spatial memory
right posterior hippocampus
The ______ hippocampal formation is activated by _______.
right; spatial information
The ________ hippocampal formation is activated by________.
right; spatial information
A brain region that is anterior and dorsal to another brain structure could also be described as ________ and ________ to that structure.
rostral; superior
The observation that animals will stop drinking long before the ingested water has been absorbed into the body suggests the existence of a(n) ________ that helps to regulate ingestive behavior.
satiety mechanism
The brain interprets increased blood levels of insulin as a(n)
satiety signal.
The perceptual attribute of ________ best corresponds to the relative purity of a light stimulus.
saturation
The most common cause of seizure disorder is
scarring produced by damage within the brain
The mood disorder characterized by depression, lethargy, sleep disturbances, craving for carbohydrates, and weight gain is called
seasonal affective disorder
_____ is caused by degeneration of the neocortex of the anterolateral temporal lobe
semantic dementia
"Paris is the capital of France" is an example of: sematic memory. episodic memory. nondeclarative memories. factual memory. reflexive memory
sematic memory.
The flow of information into and from the basal ganglia is: sensory signals > lateral amygdala > primary motor cortex sensory signals > primary motor cortex > premotor cortex > basal ganglia sensory signals > caudate nucleus/putamen > globus pallidus > frontal cortex/primary motor cortex sensory signals > central amygdala > caudate nucleus/putamen > primary motor cortex sensory signals > globus pallidus > caudate nucleus/putamen > primary motor cortex
sensory signals > caudate nucleus/putamen > globus pallidus > frontal cortex/primary motor cortex
The flow of information into and from the basal ganglia is
sensory signals > caudate nucleus/putamen > globus pallidus > frontal cortex/primary motor cortex
The flow of information into and from the basal ganglia is
sensory signals �> caudate nucleus/putamen �> globus pallidus �> frontal cortex/primary motor cortex
If you feel warm in your room and prefer the temperature to be about 5 degrees cooler, your ideal temperature would be your
set point
The optimal value of the system variable in a homeostatic system is termed the
set point
If you feel warm in your room and prefer the temperature to be about 5 degrees cooler, your ideal temperature would be your
set point.
The optimal value of the system variable in a homeostatic system is termed the
set point.
Memories for a stimulus or an event can be retained in ________, which lasts for ________. the dorsal stream; days the ventral stream; weeks short-term memory; a few seconds perceptual memory; milliseconds long-term memory; days
short-term memory; a few seconds
In classical conditioning, an organism identifies and categorizes objects. is able to recognize objects by the sounds they make. shows a species-typical behavior in response to a previously unimportant stimulus. learns the consequences of a specific behavior. forms an association between a response and a stimulus.
shows a species-typical behavior in response to a previously unimportant stimulus.
The difference between the two types of smooth muscle is that
single-unit smooth muscle contracts in a rhythmic fashion while multi-unit smooth muscle is normally inactive, but will contract in response to neural stimulation or to certain hormones
The bony covering that provides protection for the brain is termed the
skull
Another name for sleep stages 3 and 4 is
slow-wave sleep
Lee Boot effect (Rat pheromones)
slowing and eventual cessation of estrous cycles in females housed together
The term "glabrous," as it pertains to skin, means
smooth
New drivers learn to stop at red lights. This form of learning is ___________ learning.
stimulus-response
Further experiments with H.M. indicated that he still had the ability to learn new information, although this information was limited. Specifically, H.M. was able to experience:
stimulus-response and perceptual learning.
Classical conditioning is considered to be a form of
stimulus-response learning.
Classical conditioning is considered to be a form of relational learning. instrumental learning. stimulus-response learning. perceptual learning. intra-modal learning.
stimulus-response learning.
Participants had an infusion of a glucose solution. Participants reported increased fullness and reduced hunger when the solution was infused into the
stomach
Ghrelin is a neuropeptide secreted from the ________ which functions to ________.
stomach; initiate eating
Motor learning is an example of a declarative memory. True or False?
False
The ________ receptor is required to establish long-term potentiation
NMDA
________ receptors are sparse in area CA3 of the hippocampus
NMDA
Motor Learning is a component of what type of learning?
Stimulus-Response Learning
CA1 pyramidal neurons form the primary output of the hippocampus. True or False?
True
The primary input to the hippocampus is from the
entorhinal cortex.
Which of these is a substance that would trigger hunger?
ghrelin
Match the correct behavior with the condition that precedes it.
ghrelin; eating
Match the correct behavior with the condition that precedes it:
ghrelin; eating
Nutrient detectors in the brain are sensitive to
glucoprivation.
A genetic cause of obesity may be related to a variation in
the MC4 receptor
Minimal serotonin agonist
Decreased irritability and aggressiveness
Low water potential
Hypertonic
________ is NOT an example of relational learning.
Learning to swing a golf club
What act as orexigens?
NPY; AGRP
Memory for skills and habits are not formed in the hippocampus. True False
T
The ________ is considered to be the body's "master gland."
anterior pituitary
Vandenbergh effect (Rat Pheromones)
earlier onset of puberty in females housed with males
Anti-Mullerian hormone
has a defeminizing effect
LTP can last
hours to days
Which terms below are synonymous?
orexins; hypocretins
serotonergic axons
raphe nuclei
Sensory factors that can influence satiety include
taste
Which of the following is true of motor learning?
Motor learning involves changes in the motor pathways.
People with anterograde amnesia ____.
Show impairment of complex rational learning.
The MT/MST region of the visual association cortex is key for the
perception of movement
The process of phagocytosis involves
the removal of neuronal debris
Declarative memory is _______ and nondeclarative memory is _________.
"knowing what" ; "knowing how"
Declarative memory is _______ and nondeclarative memory is _________. "knowing why" ; "knowing how" "knowing what" ; "knowing why" "knowing when" ; "knowing how" "knowing what" ; "knowing how" "knowing how" ; "knowing what"
"knowing what" ; "knowing how"
Declarative Memory Tasks
(Facts, events) Remembering past experiences Finding way in new environment
Nondeclarative Memory Tasks
(Skills, tasks) Learning to recognize broken drawings, pictures and objects, faces, melodies Classical & Operant Conditioning Learning sequence of button presses
Compared to operant conditioning, classical conditioning: A. involves an association between two stimuli B. was discovered later than operant conditioning C. involves an association between a stimulus and a response D. involves brane new bx that have been learned.
A
As we experience events in life, we often have to revise our memories of people, place, or things. For example, if your neighbor paints his house bright yellow, you essentially have to change your memory of what his house looks like in order to have an accurate representation of your neighborhood. The process is referred to as: A. reconciliation B. Memory revision C. alteration D. adaption
A
A researcher examines the right posterior hippocampus of New York taxi drivers, and compares the size to non-taxi drivers. What do you think he will find?
455-456 The right posterior hippocampus of the taxi drivers will be smaller than the same area in non-taxi drivers. The right posterior hippocampus of the taxi drivers will be about the same size as the same area in non-taxi drivers. The right posterior hippocampus of the taxi drivers will be larger than the same area in non-taxi drivers.
The memory loss experienced by the famous case of H.M. was the result of surgery for his ______.
463 epilepsy speech disorder brain tumor
What is true of H.M?
-He gradually learned how to draw an image in the mirror, solve puzzles, and mount cigarette lighters on a cardboard display -H.M's doctors had to reintroduce themselves to him every single day -He experienced time in separate chunks that were quickly erased from his mind -H.M could remember events that happened many years before, but not events of the previous day or the previous hour
NMDA Receptor
-gates Ca++ channel but only under periods of depolarization -Mg++ block -Needs associated AMPA receptor activation to remove the Mg+ block
Z Recent research suggests that ______ sleep is important for ______ memory.
...
Z The cause of an excess of ß-amyloid within the brain of an Alzheimer's patient may involve
...
Z The death of a nerve cell generates an accumulation of ß-amyloid and twisted protein filaments that are termed
...
Z The key distinction between malignant and benign tumors is that
...
Z The toxic action of brain tumors relates to the term
...
Approximately ________ (how many) functional units called _________ are in the kidney which pull water and sodium from the blood stream
1 Million; Nephrons
The minimum movement of the hair cell tips that will generate a perceptible sound is
1-100 picometers
Echoic memory, the ability to "hear" what was just for a second after it was actually said, is part of ____ A. long-term memory B. sensory memory C iconic memory D. short-term memory
B
Advance sleep phase syndrome is associated with a mutation on chromosome _______ that results in an abnormal _______ protein.
2; per2
In a five-year follow-up of persons who lost weight in a fifteen-week behavioral program, some ________ percent were able to maintain their weight loss.
3
Evidence that long-term potentiation has occurred is obtained by periodically delivering single pulses to the performant path and recording the response in the dentate gyrus, if the response is ______ what it was before the burst of pulses was delivered, long-term potentiation has occurred. A. greater than B equal to C. less than D. This not how you test long-term potentiation
A
Functional imaging of the brain indicates that recollection of older memories activates the _____ and the recollection of newer activates the _____. A. frontal cortex; hippocampus B. temporal cortex; hippocampus C. hippocampus; temporal cortex D. hippocampus; frontal cortex
A
In the case of eye blink conditioning, the initial puff of air to the eye would cause _____ the eye blink neuron. A. EPSPs in B. a hyper polarization in C. IPSPs in D. decrease of activation of
A
Patient H.M. developed ______ following bilateral damage to his ______. a. anterograde amnesia; medial temporal lobe b. Korsakoff's syndrome; amygdala c. confabulation; amygdala d. retrograde amnesia; medial temporal lobe e. retrograde amnesia; amygdala
A
People with retrograde amnesia cannot a. recall events that occurred prior to the brain injury. b. remember stressful or traumatic events. c. learn new information. d. remember emotional information or stories. e. transform their short-term memories into long-term memories.
A
The NMDA receptor controls ______ and is normally blocked by ______. a. a calcium channel; magnesium ions b. a chloride channel; sodium ions c. the presynaptic membrane potential; GABA d. the inputs to the hippocampus; presynaptic inhibition e. a potassium channel; magnesium ions
A
The case of H.M. demonstrated that the hippocampus was A. involved in short-term memories to long-term memories B. necessary for retrieval of LTM C. the location of long-term memories D. the location of short-term memories
A
The fact that retrograde amnesia from hippocampal damage usually affects a limited duration of time rather than an entire childhood suggests: A. hippocampal damage affects memory consolidation and older memories are more likely to have completed that process at the time of damage B. Hippocampal damage severs the bridge between old memories and the current ability to verbalize them C. the hippocampus is responsible for all short-term memories D. the hippocampus is responsible for all long term memories
A
When looking at pictures of her daughter playing soccer, Martha's _____ is active, indicating that Martha has memory of the motions that went along with photographs. A. MT/MST B. Inferior temporal cortex C. fusiform gyrus D. posterior parietal cortex
A
Which is an example of perceptual learning? A. realizing that your friend colored her hair blue B. Knowing how to calculate a math problem in your head C. Understanding your relationship to your parents D. Remembering how to play the piano
A
In which of the following would you expect to observe an enlarged hippocampal formation?
A London cabby who has 30 years of experience
In which of the following would you expect to observe an enlarged right happocampus?
A London cabby who has 30 years of experience.
A person with semantic dementia would be expected to show
A and D are correct
Cross-sections that resemble those of a salami and are perpendicular to the neuraxis are produced by a ________ section of the human brain
A and D are correct
Two key structural changes that accompany LTP are
A and D are correct
The NMDA receptor controls ____ and is normally blocked by ____.
A calcium channel; magnesium ions
The NMDA receptor controls ____________ and is normally blocked by _______________.
A calcium channel; magnesium ions
If you were to see the developing gonads of a 6-week-old male fetus you would expect to see
A clearly defined Wolffian duct system (Differentiation at week 4)
Hypovolemia
A decreased volume of circulating blood in the body
An example of a secondary sex characteristic is
A deep voice
The induction of long-term potentiation in the hippocampus would be blocked by ____.
A drug such as AP5 that blocks NMDA receptors.
Which of the following is an explanation for the higher acuity of the visual system at the fovea, relative to the periphery of the retina?
A foveal ganglion cell may receive information from a single photoreceptor, whereas a peripheral ganglion cell may receive information from multiple photoreceptors.
Associative long-term potentiation requires ________ occur about the same time as ________. A. binding of a transmitter to the postsynaptic neuron; the postsynaptic cell is depolarized B. that a single electrical pulse; a recording is made of the presynaptic axon C. that a conditional stimulus; a reinforcing stimulus D. that a reinforcing stimulus; a response E. that a low-frequency train of electrical pulses; the postsynaptic neuron is hyperpolarized
A. binding of a transmitter to the postsynaptic neuron; the postsynaptic cell is depolarized
People with anterograde amnesia are deficient in A. declarative memory. B. procedural memory. C. motor memory. D. nondeclarative memory. E. short-term memory.
A. declarative memory.
Simple perceptual learning involves our capacity to associate sensory and motor stimuli. A. our recognition of particular stimuli or categories of stimuli. B. learning how to respond to a particular stimulus. C. changes in the outputs of the motor system. D. our ability to associate a new stimulus with an old reflex.
A. our recognition of particular stimuli or categories of stimuli.
Which of the following is true of MC4 receptors?
AGRP stimulates eating by blocking MC4-receptors
An increased number of ______ receptors in the postsynaptic membrane strengthens the synapse.
AMPA
Long-term potentiation is associated with the movement of ________ receptors to the tips of dendritic spines
AMPA
dendritic spines contain two types of receptors
AMPA + NMDA
The Ca++ activation of an enzyme recruits what
AMPA receptors
Long-term potentiation is associated with the movement of ________ to the _______.
AMPA receptors; tip of dendritic spines
Long-term potentiation is associated with the movement of ________ to the ________.
AMPA receptors; tip of dendritic spines
Long-term potentiation is associated with the movement of _____________ to the ____________.
AMPA receptors; tip of dendritic spines
Long-term potentiation is associated with the movement of __________ to the __________.
AMPA receptors; tip of the dendritic spines
The chemical ________ blocks NMDA receptors and the formation of LTP
AP5
Stimulus-Response Learning
Ability to learn to perform a particular behavior when a particular stimulus is present (Classical Conditioning & Operant Conditioning)
Which of the following is accurate regarding Alzheimer's disease?
Acetylcholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain are among the first cells to be affected in Alzheimer's disease.
VTA neurons are _______ when an unexpected event with reinforcement occurs
Activated
Which of the following is an explanation of hippocampal damage produced by anoxia?
Activation of NMDA receptors produces an accumulation of calcium ions, which is toxic to the nueron.
Associative long-term potentiation requires ____ occur about the same time as ____.
Activation of a strong input to a given synapse; a weak input is activated.
Aggressiveness is reduced in adult rodents by castration, whereas injections of testosterone reinstate adult male rodent aggression. These effects are an example of a(n) _______ hormone effect
Activational
Systems consolidation
Activity in circuits is increased & reinforced over time
Amygdala + Memory
Adds an emotional "tag" to the memory Emotional events, words, pictures increase the likelihood of encoding & consolidation
H.M. was shown a series of picture cards that had incomplete images on them. Each successive card completed the picture a bit more, allowing H.M. to better see what the image might be. In a training session such as this, it is likely that H.M. would: A. remember the trainer but not the task B. identify the pictures sooner than he did during baseline testing C. remember the training session D realize that he's seen these pictures before
B
In a delayed matching-to-sample task, participants were shown an image of a famous landmark and were then asked to choose from various landmarks which one had been seen previously. In this case, the ____ was activated to choose the correct landmark A inferior temporal cortex B. parahippocampal place area C. posterior parietal cortex D fusiform face area
B
Long-term potentiation may involve the formation of ______ within the postsynaptic dendrite, which then acts on the presynaptic element to increase the release of ______. a. new NMDA receptors; AMPA receptors b. nitric oxide; glutamate c. nitrous oxide synthase; glycine d. nitric oxide; aspartate e. nitrous oxide synthase; GABA
B
Over time, an infant learns to recognize its mother's face. The type of learning that this example best fits is: A. relational B. perceptual C. stimulus-response D. motor
B
Imaging studies in humans given a hypertonic thirst suggest that the ________ is involved in the unpleasantness of osmometric thirst, while the _________ detects the tonicity of the blood plasma.
Anterior cingulate cortex; lamina terminalis
Difficulty in learning new information, Deficit in complex relational memory, Damage to temporal lobes
Anterograde Amnesia
The primary symptom of Prader-Willi syndrome is a disturbance of
Appetite
Which of the following is important for the acquisition of complex behaviors that become routine?
As a person becomes proficient in the behavior, the control of the process is transferred to the basal ganglia
Which of the following is important for the acquisition of complex behaviors?
As a person becomes proficient in the behavior, the control of the process is transferred to the basal ganglia
Which of the following is important for the acquisition of complex behaviors that become routine?
As a person becomes proficient in the behavior, the control of the process is transferred to the basal ganglia.
What process may be at the root of a successful classical conditioning experiment?
Associative long-term potentiation Associative LTP is the increase of a weak synapse due to association with a strong synapse. Thus, an unrelated, neutral stimulus can come to trigger a specific response.
Classical Conditioning
Automatic reflexes; association between two stimuli
When it is your turn to read your poem aloud in the class, your heart starts to beat in your chest and your palms get sweaty. This is the ________ component of emotion.
Autonomic
Plasma levels of ghrelin are highest ________ and lead to _______
Before a meal; eating
Which of the following is not a common feature of semantic and episodic memory? Storage of information is highly structured. The shared features of both systems are present in a wide range of animals. Both systems allow the organism to know about aspects of its world that are not immediately present. The operations of neither system depend on language. Behavioral expression of what is retrieved is obligatory.
Behavioral expression of what is retrieved is obligatory.
Which of the following is not a common feature of semantic and episodic memory? The shared features of both systems are present in a wide range of animals. Behavioral expression of what is retrieved is obligatory. Both systems allow the organism to know about aspects of its world that are not immediately present. Storage of information is highly structured. The operations of neither system depend on language.
Behavioral expression of what is retrieved is obligatory.
Which of the following is not a common feature of semantic and episodic memory? The shared features of both systems are present in a wide range of animals. Storage of information is highly structured. Behavioral expression of what is retrieved is obligatory. The operations of neither system depend on language. Both systems allow the organism to know about aspects of its world that are not immediately present.
Behavioral expression of what is retrieved is obligatory.
Which of the following is not a common feature of semantic and episodic memory?
Behavioral expression of what is retrieved is obligatory. ARE COMMON FEATURES: Both systems allow the organism to know about aspects of its world that are not immediately present. Storage of information is highly structured. The shared features of both systems are present in a wide range of animals. The operations of neither system depend on language.
Inactivation of type II calcium calmodulin kinase would be expected to ____.
Block the formation of long term potentiation.
To maintain proper fluid balance, the body contains two sets of receptors, one that measures the volume of the ________ and the other that records the volume of the ________.
Blood; cells
Which is true of anterograde amnesia? Patients with anterograde amnesia quite often show normal memory for events prior to the incident responsible for the memory deficit. Patients with anterograde amnesia have severely impaired ability to recall information about events occurring after the incident. None of the Above Both A and B Patients with anterograde amnesia would not recall what happened to cause their accident responsible for the amnesia or even being in an accident.
Both A and B
__________________ has/have to happen for long-term potentiation.
Both activation of synapses and depolarization of the postsynaptic neuron
Estradiol initiates
Breast development, growth of the lining of the uterus, changes in the deposition of body fat, and maturation of the female genitalia
The serotonin against fluoxetine may be useful for treatment of the eating disorder known as
Bulimia
Activation of the fusiform face area in involved in: A. learning a new person's face and then recognizing it later when you see her again B. recognizing a friend's face C. learning a new person's face, recognizing it later, and remembering that she is still in teh room when not directly in the visual field D. recognizing a friend's face and remembering that she is still in teh room when not directly in the visual field
C
Amnesia for events that occur after some disturbance to the brain is called a. retrograde amnesia. b. procedural amnesia. c. anterograde amnesia. d. declarative amnesia. e. Korsakoff's psychosis.
C
Further experiments with H.M. indicated that he still had the ability to learn new info, although this info was limited. Specifically, H.M. was able to experience: A. relational learning B. eye blink conditioning C. stimulus-response and perceptual learning D. perceptual learning
C
If LTP is prevented or blocked: A. additional AMPA receptors have been inserted into the post-synaptic cell B. there are increased EPSPs in the post-synaptic cell C. the animal will not display fear conditioning D. additional NMDA receptors have been inserted into the post-synaptic cell
C
Imaging studies of London taxi drivers demonstrate that these individual, who undergo intense training regarding London streets, have larger ____ than non-taxi drivers A. temporal lobes B. parietal lobes C. right hippocampal formations D. left hippocampal formations
C
Long-term potentiation reflects increased ______ produced by changes in ______. a. chloride efflux; AMPA receptors b. calcium entry; D2 receptors. c. calcium entry; NMDA receptors d. calcium immobilization; NMDA receptors e. calcium efflux; D1 receptors
C
______ is the process by which immediate memories are transformed into long-term memories. a. Hebbian reverberation b. Confabulation c. Consolidation d. Synaptogenesis e. Potentiation
C
______has/have to happen for long-term potentiation A. Binding of Neurotransmitter B. Activation of synapses C. Both activation of synapses and depolarization of the postsynaptic neuron D. Depolarization of the postsynaptic neuron
C
Which of the following is true of long-term depression (LTD)? A. LTD is associated with an increase in the number of AMPA receptors in the postsynaptic neurons. B. LTD reflects a gradual strengthening of synaptic connections. C. LTD is associated with a decrease in the number of AMPA receptors in the postsynaptic neuron. D. LTD can be produced by high-frequency stimulation of CA1 neurons. E. LTD is not an associative phenomenon.
C. LTD is associated with a decrease in the number of AMPA receptors in the postsynaptic neuron.
In a conditioned emotional response (CER) study, a tone is paired with a foot shock for a rat. After several trials, the tone alone is a CS that can elicit fear emotional responses. Which of the following is true of the anatomy of this fear response? A. The central nucleus of the amygdala integrates the pairing of tone and shock information. B. Tone information is relayed directly to the central nucleus of the amygdala. C. The lateral nucleus of the amygdala integrates the pairing of tone and shock information. D. Damage to the lateral nucleus of the amygdala impairs perceptual learning, but not CER learning. E. Damage to the central nucleus of the amygdala impairs perceptual learning, but not CER learning.
C. The lateral nucleus of the amygdala integrates the pairing of tone and shock information.
Topographical info reaches field ______ of hippocampus from ____ lobe by means of ____ cortex
CA 1; parietal; entorhinal
Pyramidal cells of ____ send their axons to ____. CA1; CA3 CA3; CA1 CA2; CA3 CA2; CA1 CA3; CA2
CA3; CA1
The ability of leptin to inhibit eating can be viewed as a dual action in the brain that involves the activation of ____ and the inhibition of ____
CART/alpha-MSH neurons; NPY/AGRP neurons
The ability of leptin to inhibit eating can be viewed as a dual action in the brain that involves the activation of ________ and the inhibition of ________.
CART/alpha-MSH neurons; NPY/AGRP neurons
Which pair of peptides below act as anorexigens?
CART; alpha-MSH
The notion that learning a conditioned emotional response to a tone involves long-term potentiation is supported by studies in which
CER learning is blocked when a drug prevents the insertion of AMPA receptors into dendritic spines
The notion that learning a conditioned emotional response to a tone involves long-term potentiation is supported by studies in which
CER learning is blocked when a drug prevents the insertion of AMPA receptors into dendritic spines.
Once NMDA receptors are open, ___ ions are allowed to enter the cell, triggering intracellular events responsible for LTP
Ca++
Reinforcing effects of electrical brain stimulation and of drugs such as amphetamine reflect an action on ____ projections of the ____.
Dopamine; mesolimbic pathway
Which neural structure below is NOT a part of the limbic system?
Caudate nucleus
Intracellular fluid includes
Cell cytoplasm
The only bodily cells that do not require insulin in order to transport glucose across the cell membranes are
Cells of the brain
Activation of the ________ nucleus of the amygdala elicits an emotional response and is the single most important part of the brain for expression of emotional responses evolved by aversive stimuli.
Central
Osmoreceptors are specialized neurons that detect
Changes in solute concentrations of interstitial fluid around the cell
The overeating noted in Prader-Willis syndrome is most likely to reflect
Chronically elevated levels of plasma ghrelin
Opetant conditioning involves strengthening connections between ____.
Circuits that detect a stimulus and motor control circuits that produce a response.
Stimulus-Response Learning includes what two major categories of learning?
Classical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning
Learn the association between two stimuli response itself is automatic
Classical conditioning
Adrenal glands secrete abnormal amounts of androgens (this does not affect boys early on, however girls born with this disorder can develop an enlarged clitoris and partially fused labia (0.0001%))
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Osmotic Thirst
Controlled by osmoreceptors
One striking aspect of H.Ms memory deficit is that he:
Could learn some new tasks but is unaware of having learned them.
After LTP, the strengthening of an individual synapse is caused by: A. NMDA receptors causing a Ca channel to open B. NMDA receptors being activated by GLU C. AMPA receptors responding to serotonin D. the addition of more AMPA receptors into the post-synaptic membrane
D
Jules experiences a stroke that affects his ability to remember his family and friends. However, he still remembers how to play the piano although he has no memory of ever learning how to play. It appears that Jules' ___ memory is still intact. A. declarative B. episodic C. semantic D. implicit
D
Memory for events and facts that we can think and talk about is referred to as a. motor (procedural) memory. b. implicit (procedural) memory. c. Hebbian memory. d. explicit (declarative) memory. e. nondeclarative (non-explicit) memories.
D
NMDA receptors are: A. activated by serotonin B. chemically gated C. voltage gated D. both chemically and voltage gated
D
Patient R.B., who sustained brain damage while in cardiac arrest, exhibited profound anterograde amnesia. Which region of his brain was injured? a. the parahippocampal cortex b. the perirhinal cortex c. the central nucleus of the amygdala d. field CA1 of the hippocampal formation e. the amygdala
D
The fact that the CA1 region of the hippocampus has many_____ is both a blessing and a curse. These receptors allow LTP and the ability to learn quickly, but they also can allow too much calcium into cells when activated by excess glutamate. A. serotonin receptors B. MGluR receptors C. AMPA receptors D. NMDA receptors
D
The induction of long-term potentiation in the hippocampus would be blocked by a. infusion of glutamate into the hippocampus. b. using high-frequency electrical pulses. c. a drug that activates NMDA receptors. d. a drug such as AP5 that blocks NMDA receptors. e. injection into the postsynaptic cell of a drug that activates calcium ions
D
Video gamers often find that they are able to beat difficult stages that require accurate timing of button pushes after taking a break from the game. This phenomenon supports the facts that: A. Memory of motor bx is formed during the first three motoric attempts B. REM and slow wave sleep are not associated with enhanced motor learning C. Motor learning is instantaneous D. memory of motor bx is improved through consolidation
D
Declarative long-term memories A. are unavailable to the consciousness. B. are implicit memories. C. are usually caused by classical or instrumental conditioning. D. can be expressed verbally. E. do not involve the hippocampus.
D. can be expressed verbally.
Patient H.M. is able to perform all of the following tasks quite well EXCEPT A. making a classically conditioned eyeblink response. B. recognizing broken drawings. C. recalling childhood events that occurred prior to age 9. D. consolidating information from short-term memory to long-term memory using rehearsal. E. mirror drawing.
D. consolidating information from short-term memory to long-term memory using rehearsal.
Damage to the caudate nucleus/putamen in monkeys would be expected to A. impair spatial memory. B. promote the formation of new motor memories. C. impair the acquisition of a stimulus-response relationship. D. impair instrumental conditioning. E. impair episodic memory.
D. impair instrumental conditioning.
A bird breeder feeds her hungry, chirping chicks a diet formula heated in the microwave. After a few days, the chicks begin chirping when they hear the sounds of the buttons on the microwave being pushed. In this example, the conditional stimulus is the A. taste of the formula. B. hunger experienced by the birds. C. chirping sound made by the chicks. D. sounds of the microwave. E. sense of satiation produced by the consumption of the formula.
D. sounds of the microwave.
Based on the study of Patient H.M., it has been concluded that A. short-term memories are stored within the hippocampus. B. the hippocampus is required for retrieval of long-term memories. C. long-term memories are stored within the hippocampus. D. the hippocampus converts short-term memories into long-term memories. E. damage to the hippocampus results in severe retrograde amnesia.
D. the hippocampus converts short-term memories into long-term memories.
Which is true of anterograde amnesia? A.None of the Above B.Patients with anterograde amnesia have severely impaired ability to recall information about events occurring after the incident. C.Patients with anterograde amnesia would not recall what happened to cause their accident responsible for the amnesia or even being in an accident. D.Both A and B E.Patients with anterograde amnesia quite often show normal memory for events prior to the incident responsible for the memory deficit.
D.Both A and B
In a conditioned emotional response (CER) study, a tone is paired with a foot shock for a rat. After several trials, the tone alone is a CS that can elicit fear emotional responses. Which of the following is true of the physiology of this fear response?
Damage to the lateral nucleus of the amygdala impairs CER learning
In a conditioned emotional response (CER) study, a tone is paired with a foot shock for a rat. After several trials, the tone alone is a CS that can elicit fear emotional responses. Which of the following is true of the physiology of this fear response?
Damage to the lateral nucleus of the amygdala impairs CER learning.
Which of the following terms are synonymous?
Declarritive memory; explicit memory.
________ are action potentials that occur along the dendites of a pyramidal cell in the hippocampus
Dendritic spikes
Which of the following is correct regarding the role of the liver in the regulation of eating?
Deprivation of lipid metabolism within the liver after mercaptoacetate treatment leads to eating
Which of the following is correct regarding the role of the liver in the regulation of eating?
Deprivation of lipid metabolism within the liver after mercaptoacetate treatment leads to eating.
The role of the liver in the regulation of eating is:
Deprivation of lipid metabolism within the liver after mercaptocetate treatment leads to eating
Which of the following is an outcome related to the discovery by Olds and Milner of "pleasure centers" in the brain?
Drugs of abuse appear to act via the same circuits discovered by Olds and Milner
Which of the following is an outcome related to the discovery by Olds and Milner of "pleasure centers" in the brain?
Drugs of abuse appear to act via the same circuits discovered by Olds and Milner.
Neurons within the amygdala are activated by
Detection of emotionally relevant stimuli
Caffeine is a __________, which increases urination
Diuretic
A rat learns to press a lever when it receives a reinforcing item, such as food, upon each press. To learn the connection between the lever press and the receipt of the food pellet, the neurotransmitter __________ is involved.
Dopamine
Medial prefrontal cortex is involved in
Extinction of conditioned emotional responses
Which of the following is an outcome related to the discovery by Olds and Milner of "pleasure centers" in the brain? Federal authorities routinely use pleasurable stimulation to control the behavior of unruly citizens. Male rats were found to prefer copulation over electrical brain stimulation. Drugs of abuse appear to act via the same circuits discovered by Olds and Milner. Their discovery was mostly ignored by other scientists. The rewarding effects of electrical stimulation waned within minutes, resulting in extinction of bar pressing for such stimulation.
Drugs of abuse appear to act via the same circuits discovered by Olds and Milner.
A key structural change that accompanies long-term potentiation is the a. projection of a spinule into the presynaptic element b. loss of synaptic contacts. c. decreased size of dendritic spines. d. formation of two segments of axon e. formation of new synaptic contacts.
E
Based on the study of Patient H.M., it has been concluded that the hippocampus is a. where emotional memories are stored. b. the location of short-term memory. c. where long-term memories are stored. d. the area of the brain that causes severe retrograde amnesia when damaged. e. not required for retrieval of long-term memories.
E
Imaging studies indicate that neural activity within the ________ is increased by ________. A. nucleus accumbens; presenting stimuli associated with money B. striatum; presenting stimuli associated with money C. hippocampus; food for a satiated rat D. nucleus accumbens; having heterosexual men viewing pictures of beautiful women E. A and D are correct.
E. A and D are correct.
Which of the findings below supports the notion that recognition of a stimulus involves activation of the association cortex for that sensory system? A. Recall of a word stimulus activates the auditory association cortex, as measured by fMRI. B. Recall of a visual stimulus activates the visual association cortex, as measured by fMRI. C. Electrical stimulation of the auditory association cortex results in the report of a remembered sound. D. Electrical stimulation of the visual association cortex can result in the report of a visual memory. E. All of the above are correct.
E. All of the above are correct.
Amnesia for events that occur after some disturbance to the brain is called A. retrograde amnesia. B. declarative amnesia. C. Korsakoff's psychosis. D. procedural amnesia. E. anterograde amnesia.
E. anterograde amnesia.
You are listening to a song on the radio while doing your homework-the phone rings, and your mother has called to tell you that your favorite uncle has died after being hit by a car. Three months later, you again hear the same song and suddenly feel very sad. In this example, the unconditional response is A. your feelings about your uncle before he died. B. listening to the song. C. your feelings about the song prior to the phone call. D. the voice of your mother. E. feeling sad.
E. feeling sad.
In the case of eyeblink conditioning, the initial puff of air to the eye would cause ______________________ the eyeblink neuron.
EPSPs in
Synaptic Changes in protein synthesis
Early Long-term Potentiation, Long-lasting LTP: PKM-Zeta enzyme
What is the condition of ghrelin preceded by?
Eating
Caffeine enhances the expression of angiotensin II which
Elevates blood pressure
Caffeine increases renin activity which
Elevates blood pressure
Electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus
Elicits eating and drinking
Steps of learning and memory
Encoding (learning)-> Consolidation (memory)-> Storage (memory)-> Retrieval (memory)
Secondary Sex Characteristics
Enlarged breasts, widened hips, beard/deep voice
The primary input to the hippocampus is from the ____.
Entorhinal cortex.
In the Maquire study, the posterior hippocampi of taxi drivers were significantly impaired relative to those of control subjects.
F
Destruction of serotonergic axons in forebrain
Facilitates aggressive attack
Semantic Memory
Facts, concepts
________ learning refers to your ability to recall a series of events you have witnessed.
Episodic
_____________ Learning involves remembering sequences of events we witness (involving the memory of individual stimuli and also the order in which they occur)
Episodic Learning
Your ability to recall a series of events you have witnessed is referred to as ____.
Episodic learning
Which statements are true?
Episodic memory is a form of memory which allows someone to recal events of personal importance Episodic memories pertain to specific events It only takes on exposure to form an episodic memory A classic example of a flashbulb memory from the 20th century is the assassination of President Kennedy, an event which was vividly remembered by people who were alive at the time -Also true for those present with 9/11
What hormones initiate closure of the growing portions of bones, and thus halt skeletal growth?
Estradiol and testosterone
James-Lange Theory
Event -> Arousal (brain)-> Interpretation-> Emotion
Episodic Memory
Events, experience
Long term reservoir adipose tissue (triglycerides) can
Expand enormously in size
Which of these is a substance that would trigger hunger?
Ghrelin
_________ is secreted by pancreatic cells in response to a fall in blood glucose
Glucagon
________ is secreted by pancreatic cells in response to ________.
Glucagon; a fall in blood glucose
Insulin stimulates cells in the liver convert ________ (simple, soluble) to glycogen (insoluble)
Glucose
Receptors for ____ are involved in long term potentiation.
Glutamate
Receptors for ____________ are involved in long-term potentiation.
Glutamate
A substance derived from the breakdown of triglycerides, along with fatty acids, that can be converted by the liver into glucose
Glycerol
The liver is filled with insoluble carbohydrates called
Glycogen
A fall in glucose levels causes the secretion of glucagon, which converts __________ into ___________.
Glycogen, glucose
Primary Sex Characteristics
Gonads, internal sex organs, and external genitalia
Which is untrue of H.M.? He gradually learned how to draw an image in a mirror, solve puzzles, and mount cigarette lighters on a cardboard display. H.M.'s doctors had to reintroduce themselves to him every single day. He experienced time in separate chunks that were quickly erased from his mind. H.M.'s epilepsy improved but his long-term memory disappeared. H.M. could remember events that happened many years before, but not events of the previous day or the previous hour.
H.M.'s epilepsy improved but his long-term memory disappeared.
The most famous case of anterograde amnesia is that of the patient known as _______, whose __________ was removed in brain surgery. H.M., amygdala E.P., amygdala E.P., medial temporal lobe H.M., hippocampus E.P., hippocampus
H.M., hippocampus
If a synapse repeatedly becomes active at about the same time the post synaptic neuron fires, changes will take place in the structure or chemistry of the synapse that will strengthen it
Hebb Rule
The ____ states that a weak synapse will be strengthened if it's activation occurs at the same time that the postsynaptic nueron fires.
Hebb rule
The ________ states that a weak synapse will be strengthened if its activation occurs at the same time that the postsynaptic neuron fires.
Hebb rule
The ___________ states that a weak synapse will be strengthened if its activation occurs at the same time that the postsynaptic neuron fires.
Hebb rule
The________ states that a weak synapse will be strengthened if its activation occurs at the same time that the postsynaptic neuron fires
Hebb rule
This might explain how neurons are changed by experience in a way that would cause changes in behavior.
Hebb rule
________ is a key dietary factor for inducing obesity.
High-fructose corn syrup
________ is a probably key dietary factor for inducing obesity.
High-fructose corn syrup
During the absorptive state, glucose levels are __________, insulin levels are __________, and glucagon levels are __________.
High; High; Low
Brain region that plays role in formation of declarative memories and is involved in modifying memories as they are being formed
Hippocampus
Neurogenesis is stimulated within the ___________ for tasks that involve relational learning
Hippocampus
Nuerogenesis is stimulated within the ____ for tasks that involve relational learning.
Hippocampus
The _________ is involved in converting short-term memories into long-term memories, but is not the location of long-term or short-term memories
Hippocampus
Ventral: Parietal or Inferior?
Inferior
We know the nutrient receptors are located within the intestines because
Infusion of glucose into the duodenum increases the firing rate of afferent axons from the gut
Which of the following is true regarding the peptide cocaine- and amphetamine- regulated transcript (CART)?
Infusion of the antibody to CART increases feeding
A potent stimulus for producing osmometric thrist involves
Ingestion of a bag of salted potato chips.
Activity of serotonergic synapses
Inhibits aggression
The absorptive phase of metabolism is mostly controlled by release of
Insulin
The storage of glucose into glycogen in the short-term reservoir is stimulated by
Insulin
Falls in levels of glucose in the blood stream inhibits the secretion of _________ and begins the secretion of __________
Insulin; Glucagons
The perforant pathway ____.
Interconnects the entorhinal cortex with the granule cells of the dentate gurus.
Nearly two-thirds of the body's water is contained within the ________ fluid.
Intracellular
Four major fluid compartments
Intracellular Fluid- 2/3 of body fluid Intravascular Fluid- blood plasma Cerebrospinal Fluid- protects and nourishes the brain Interstitial Fluid- fluid that bathes the cells
________ is sexual behavior displayed by male rodents.
Intromission
Concentration of solutes in interstitial fluid and cellular fluid is balanced
Isotonic solution
Which is true of Korsakoff's Disease? All of the Above. It only affects chronic opioid users. Both A and C Correct! It results in anterograde amnesia. It results in severe retrograde amnesia.
It results in anterograde amnesia.
Emotion-producing situations elicit an appropriate set of physiological responses (trembling, sweating, increased heart rate) the experience of which is interpreted as emotion
James-Lange Theory
Which of the following is true of long-term depression (LTD)?
LTD is associated with a decrease in the number of AMPA receptors in the postsynaptic neuron
Which of the following is true of long term depression (LTD) ?
LTD is associated with a decrease in the number of AMPA receptors in the postsynaltic nueron.
Which of the following is true of long-term depression (LTD)?
LTD is associated with a decrease in the number of AMPA receptors in the postsynaptic neuron
Which of the following is true of long-term depression (LTD)
LTD is associated with a decrease in the number of AMPA receptors in the postsynaptic neuron.
Which of the following is true of long-term depression (LTD)?
LTD is associated with a decrease in the number of AMPA receptors in the postsynaptic neuron.
Which of the following is true of long-term depression (LTD)? LTD is associated with a decrease in the number of AMPA receptors in the postsynaptic neuron. LTD is not an associative phenomenon. LTD can be produced by high-frequency stimulation of CA1 neurons. LTD reflects a gradual strengthening of synaptic connections. LTD is associated with an increase in the number of AMPA receptors in the postsynaptic neurons.
LTD is associated with a decrease in the number of AMPA receptors in the postsynaptic neuron.
Which of the following is true of long-term depression (LTD)? LTD reflects a gradual strengthening of synaptic connections. LTD can be produced by high-frequency stimulation of CA1 neurons. LTD is associated with a decrease in the number of AMPA receptors in the postsynaptic neuron. LTD is not an associative phenomenon. LTD is associated with an increase in the number of AMPA receptors in the postsynaptic neurons.
LTD is associated with a decrease in the number of AMPA receptors in the postsynaptic neuron.
Synaptic consolidation
LTP
The fact that young Billy craved the ingestion of salt is due to his
Lack of aldosterone, leading to loss of sodium into the urine
The primary location of osmoreceptors within the brain is within the
Lamina Terminalis
Parts of Amygdala (involved with fear) include what regions, and what do they do?
Lateral Nucleus (LA)- recieves sensory information (from neocortex, thalamus, and hippocampus), and sends it on to central nucleus of amygdala Central Nucleus (CE)- recieves information (from basal, lateral & accessory basal nuclei) and sends projections all over brain; involved in emotional responses
LTP of conditioned emotional response occurs where?
Lateral amygdala
Overview: Acquisition of learning new information, interactions with our environment, changes in our brain, changes in our behavior
Learning
________ involves the modification of the nervous system by experiences
Learning
______________ refers to the process by which experiences change our nervous system and hence our behavior.
Learning
Which of the following is true of learning?
Learning involves the modification of the nervous system by experience
Which of the following is true of learning
Learning involves the modification of the nervous system by experiences.
________ is an example of motor learning
Learning to swing a golf club
________ is an example of motor learning.
Learning to swing a golf club
Ob mice lack which satiety signal?
Leptin
The ob mouse is obese because it lacks the gene that normally produces
Leptin
_____________ inhibit(s) NPY and AGRP which, in turn, results in less orexin and MCH release.
Leptin
________ is (are) an effective treatment for bipolar depression.
Lithium
Role of NMDA Receptor
Long-term Potentiation requires: Activation of the synapses, and depolarization of the postsynaptic neuron
Long-term increase in excitability of neuron caused by repeated high-frequency activity of that input; Cellular basis of learning involves strengthening of synapse that is repeatedly active when postsynaptic neuron fires
Long-term Potentiation; Hebb Rule
Memory that occurs after STM is consolidated. This memory is relatively permanent, which means memories can be retrieved throughout lifetime and strengthened with increased retrieval. Includes declarative and nondeclarative
Long-term memory
underlying mechanism of synaptic stregthening
Long-term potentiation
Which of the following would activate the volumetric thirst system without an action on osmometric thrist?
Loss of blood after an automobile trauma
Too little blood plasma volume
Low blood pressure, heart cannot pump adequately, heart failure (hypovolemia)- causes- vomiting, diarrhea, excessive bleeding
A key reason why the volume of blood must be regulated within certain limits is that
Low blood volume leads to heart failure
Imagine that all members of your class have been tested to determine the level of the serotonin metabolite 5-HIAA in their cerebrospinal fluid. What could you predict using this information?
Male classmates with low 5-HIAA levels are unlikely to be alive ten years from now
The Wolffian system is a precursor to
Male sex organs
The behavior of an animal is strongly reinforced by electrical stimulation of the ____.
Medial forebrain bundle.
Amygdala parts
Medial nucleus, Lateral/basolateral nucleus, central nucleus, basal nucleus
During consolidation
Memory retrieval depends on hippocampus
important in mediating instrumental conditioning
Mesolimbic & mesocorticalDA systems
What is used by the text author to explain why people exhibit differences in metabolic efficiency
Metabolic efficiency is advantageous for surviving a famine
LTP: NMDA receptors are blocked by an ion of ____ at rest, and require removal of this ion
Mg
The increase in a synaptic strength that occurs in long term potentiation is due to a modification of the cell that includes ____.
More postsynaptic AMPS receptors.
In which test condition below would you expect a memory deficit in a rat with hippocampal damage?
Morris water maze; released from a different starting point on each trial
Guided by sensory stimuli, when learning bx sequences. Part of operant conditioning
Motor Learning
Mode of learning which is different from other forms of learning in the degree to which new forms of behavior are learned; the more novel the behavior, the more neural circuits in the ________ systems of the brain must be modified
Motor Learning; motor
Which of the following is true of motor learning
Motor learning involves changes in the motor pathways
Which of the following is true of motor learning?
Motor learning involves changes in the motor pathways
Which of the following is true of motor learning? Motor learning is a component of perceptual learning. Motor learning involves changes in the motor pathways. Motor learning involves temporary changes in motor performance. Motor learning is a component of instrumental learning. Motor learning can occur in the absence of sensory feedback.
Motor learning involves changes in the motor pathways.
When neurotransmitter is released and is detected by the autoreceptor, the autoreceptor triggers the cessation of neurotransmitter release. In terms of the regulatory system, this process is
Negative Feedback
When neurotransmitter is released and is detected by the autoreceptor, the autoreceptor triggers the cessation of neurotransmitter release. In terms of the regulatory system, this process is
Negative feedback
Mirror neurons
Neural circuits for empathy show brain regions that are active when one is experience an emotion and while they are watching someone else experience that emotion
Which of the following is true of neurons within the ventrolateral preoptic area (vlPOA)?
Neurons in the vlPOA show a very high firing rate in sleeping animals that were previously sleep-deprived.
Which of the following is true of receptors?
Neurotransmitters act on binding sites on receptors to exert their effects.
________ is a strong candidate to act as a retrograde messenger from the dendrite to the terminal button
Nitric oxide
________ is a strong candidate to act as a retrograde messenger from the dendrite to the terminal button in the LTP process
Nitric oxide
________ is a strong candidate to act as a retrograde messenger from the dendrite to the terminal button.
Nitric oxide
________ is a strong candidate to act as a retrograde messenger from the dendrite to theterminal button.
Nitric oxide
Long term potentiation may involve the formation of ____ within the postsynaptic dentrite, which then acts on the presynaptic element to increase the release of ____.
Nitric oxide; glutamate
Patients with hippocampal damage display stimulus-response learning. Do they have an awareness of this learning taking place?
No
The formation of the ovaries during prenatal development is controlled by
No factor
Memory for skills, habits (implicit, procedural)
Nondeclarative memory
Sign language is considered to be a variant of
None of the above
Based on the study of patient H.M, it has been concluded that the hippocampus is ____.
Not required for retrieval of long term memories.
Hebbian synapse
Now is commonly know as "the neurons that fire together wire together"
A man develops herpes simplex encephalitis resulting in destruction of the hippocampus. Why does he experience retrograde amnesia for events within 15 years of the brain injury but not for older memories?
Older memories are not stored in the hippocampus; newer memories are still being consolidated. The hippocampus converts short-term memories to long-term memories (consolidation) but long-term memories are stored in other brain regions. See below.
What mechanisms are involved in long-term potentiation (LTP)?
Opening of NMDA channels, post-synaptic depolarization, rise in post-synaptic calcium concentration LTP involves opening of NMDA channels, post-synaptic depolarization, and increase in post-synaptic calcium concentration.
Learn the association of a stimulus and response; "When a response is followed by a reinforcing stimulus."
Operant Conditioning
Involves strengthening connections between neural circuits that detect stimuli and neural circuits that produce responses. Changes appear in basal ganglia
Operant conditioning
____________ chemicals tend to decrease metabolic rate, and ____________ chemicals tend to increase it.
Orexigenic; anorexigenic
The capacity of early testosterone exposure to sensitize brain circuits for aggression is an example of a(n) __________ hormone effect.
Organizational
The key distinction between an organizational hormone effect and an activational hormone effect is that
Organizational effects are permanent
Thirst produced by an increase in the osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid relative to the intracellular fluid, thus signaling cellular dehydration
Osmometric Thirst
A neuron that detects changes in the solute concentration of the interstitial fluid that surrounds it
Osmoreceptor
Inactivating ______ in the amygdala would be likely to _______ fear memory in rats.
PKMzeta; impair
Inactivating ______ in the amygdala would be likely to _______ fear memory in rats. PKMzeta; impair GluR2; increase GluR2; impair PKMzeta; increase GluR2; inhibit
PKMzeta; impair
Inactivating ______ in the amygdala would be likely to _______ fear memory in rats. GluR2; impair GluR2; increase PKMzeta; impair PKMzeta; increase GluR2; inhibit
PKMzeta; impair
Inactivating ______ in the amygdala would be likely to _______ fear memory in rats. GluR2; increase GluR2; inhibit GluR2; impair PKMzeta; increase PKMzeta; impair
PKMzeta; impair
The formation of long term potentiation requires the production of the protein ____.
PKN- zeta
The formation of long-term potentiation requires the production of the protein
PKN-zeta
The formation of long-term potentiation requires the production of the protein
PKN-zeta.
The primary symptoms of _________________ are muscular rigidity, slowness of movement, a resting tremor, and postural instability.
Parkinson's disease
Research by Owen (1992) and Koroshetz (1993) demonstrate the importance of the basal ganglia in the learning of automatic responses. The subjects were patients with _______ and ________, both of which are degenerative diseases of the basal ganglia.
Parkinson's; Huntington's
H.M. could learn parts of new motor skills.
Patient H.M. was able to perform all of the following tasks quite well except consolidating
Which is true of anterograde amnesia?
Patients with anterograde amnesia have severely impaired ability to recall information about events occurring after the incident Patients with anterograde amnesia quite often show normal memory events prior to the incident responsible for the memory deficit
Angiotensinogen forms Angiotensin I, which
Releases ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) from the lungs
REM Sleep on Learning and memory
REM sleep deprivation impairs hippocampal LTP
Why is it important for neuron stimulation to be rapid for LTP to occur?
Rapid stimulation depolarizes the dendritic spine of the postsynaptic neuron, allowing for strengthening of weak synapses.
Which is an example of perceptual learning?
Realizing that your friend colored her hair blue
Which is an example of perceptual learning?
Realizing that your friend colored her hair blue.
Which of the following was a spared memory ability for Patient H.M after his brain damage?
Recall of memories for events prior to surgery
The primary stimulus that evokes volumetric thirst is
Reduced blood flow to the kidneys
In what sense could a fall in leptin levels be considered as a hunger signal?
Reduced leptin levels remove an inhibitory influence on NPY/AGRP neurons
In what sense could a fall in leptin levels be considered as a hunger signal?
Reduced leptin levels remove an inhibitory influence on NPY/AGRP neurons.
Which of the following is correct regarding the role of the liver in the regulation of eating?
Reduced leptin levels remove an inhibitory influence on NPY/AGRP neurons.
Activation of the anterior cingulate cortex would be expected to
Reflect the thirst state of the subject
The most complex form of learning, includes the ability to recognize objects through more than one sensory modality, relationship among multiple stimuli. Formation of declarative memories
Relational Learning
The Morris water maze can be viewed as a test of ____ when the rats are ____.
Relational learning; released from a different point of the maze on each trial
Inability to remember events from before the brain damage occurred
Reterograde Amnesia
After consolidation is complete
Retrieval is no longer dependent on hippocampus
Cannot remember information after it occurs as a result of brain damage
Retrograde amnesia
Which of the following is correct regarding axoplasmic transport?
Retrograde transport is half as fast as anterograde axoplasmic transport.
Which class of antidepressant agents have the effect of increasing activity in both serotonin and norepinephrine synapses?
SNRIs
The brain interprets increased blood levels of insulin as a(n)
Satiety Signal
Which of the following is true of Schwann cells?
Schwann cells provide myelin for peripheral nerve cells.
A person who suffers from androgen-insensitivity syndrome would be expected to
Secrete androgens Lack female internal reproductive structures (a uterus and ovaries)
Hormones involved in emotion (secreted by ?, do what?)
Secreted by Adrenal Medulla, increase blood flow to muscles, cause nutrients stored in and made available to muscles to be converted into glucose
Loss of semantic memories caused by progressive degeneration of neocortex of lateral temporal lobes
Semantic Dementia (consolidation of memories)
______________ is caused by degeneration of the neocortex of the anterolateral temporal lobe.
Semantic dementia
What is true about semantic dementia?
Semantic dementia results from shrinkage of temporal lobes of the brain It is common for sufferers to have difficulty recognizing people whom they do not see regularly Memory in the sense of remembering to do things at the right time, remembering events and the way to the shops is often well preserved Semantic dementia refers to a progressive loss of the ability to remember the meaning of words, faces and objects
___________ memories can be acquired gradually, whereas ___________ memories must be learned all at once.
Semantic, episodic
________ neurons gather information from the environment related to light, odors, and contact with objects.
Sensory
Motor learning cannot occur without
Sensory guidance from the environment
Memory that is very brief and involves remembering an initial sensation. (sec. to minutes)
Sensory memory
Memory that lasts seconds to minutes and is limited to a few items. Extended with rehearsal and chunking
Short-term memory
In classical conditioning, an organism ____
Shows a species -typical behavior in response to a previously unimportant stimulus
Postsynaptic Changes can include
Size and Shape of dendritic spines
Which of the following is true of sleeping medications?
Sleeping pills can lead to daytime hangovers
________ Learning involves learning about the relations among many stimuli including each of the objects present combined with their relative locations in respect to each other
Spatial Learning
Relational Learning includes
Spatial Learning and Episodic Learning
This type of learning involves learning about relationships among many stimuli.
Spatial learning
Which of the following represents a therapy for Parkinson's disease?
Stereotaxically guided destruction of the internal division of the globus pallidus
Classical conditioning is considered to be a form of ____
Stimulus response learning
Involves the establishment of connections between circuits involved in perception and those involved in movements
Stimulus- Response Learning
Classical and Operant
Stimulus-Response Learning
In this type of learning, behavior can be an automatic response such as a defensive reflex, or it could be a complicated sequence of movements that was learned previously
Stimulus-Response Learning
Learning a response to a particular stimulus. Connections between perception and motor circuits
Stimulus-Response Learning
Which of the following is not a unique feature of episodic memory? Brain damage is more likely to impair episodic remembering than semantic knowing. Episodic remembering takes the form of mentally "traveling" in subjectively experienced time. The key function of episodic memory is to allow the individual to remember personal past happenings as such; semantic memory is not capable of this function. Episodic memory, unlike semantic memory, is self-centered. Storage of information is highly sensitive to context
Storage of information is highly sensitive to context
Which of the following is not a unique feature of episodic memory? The key function of episodic memory is to allow the individual to remember personal past happenings as such; semantic memory is not capable of this function. Storage of information is highly sensitive to context. Episodic remembering takes the form of mentally "traveling" in subjectively experienced time. Brain damage is more likely to impair episodic remembering than semantic knowing. Episodic memory, unlike semantic memory, is self-centered.
Storage of information is highly sensitive to context.
Which of the following is not a unique feature of episodic memory?
Storage of information is highly sensitive to context. ARE KEY FEATURES: Episodic memory, unlike semantic memory, is self-centered. Episodic remembering takes the form of mentally "traveling" in subjectively experienced time. Brain damage is more likely to impair episodic remembering than semantic knowing. The key function of episodic memory is to allow the individual to remember personal past happenings as such; semantic memory is not capable of this function.
Which of the following is not a unique feature of episodic memory? Storage of information is highly sensitive to context. Episodic memory, unlike semantic memory, is self-centered. Episodic remembering takes the form of mentally "traveling" in subjectively experienced time. The key function of episodic memory is to allow the individual to remember personal past happenings as such; semantic memory is not capable of this function. Brain damage is more likely to impair episodic remembering than semantic knowing.
Storage of information is highly sensitive to context. The right hippocampal formation is activated by spatial information.
Angiotensin within the blood stimulates drinking by acting on cells within the
Subfornical organ
opperant conditioning
Suggested that as learned behaviors become automatic neural activity that represents the learned behavior is transferred to the basal ganglia
_____________ strengthening occurs when synapses are active while the membrane of the postsynaptic cell is depolarized.
Synaptic
Long-term potentiation involves _______ _______ which occurs when synapses are active while the post synaptic membrane of the cell is depolarized
Synaptic Strengthening
What enables structural or biochemical changes at synapses?
Synaptic plasticity Synaptic plasticity enables structural and biochemical changes at synapses.
Negative Feedback loops
System Variable- (body temp, fluid levels, energy, metabolism) Set Point- optimal value Detector- monitors values of the system Correctional Mechanism- restores the variable to the set point Satiety Mechanism- monitors the activity of the correctional mechanism and causes cessation of hunger or thirst through adequate supplies
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can disrupt neural circuits in awake humans. The notion that short-term memory (STM) for a visual stimulus involves continued activation of the appropriate visual association cortex is supported by studies in which
TMS applied to the ventral stream disrupted STM for a visual pattern
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can disrupt neural circuits in awake humans. Thenotion that short-term memory (STM) for a visual stimulus involves continued activation ofthe appropriate visual association cortex is supported by studies in which TMS of the motor cortex disrupts visual STM. TMS applied to the ventral stream disrupted STM for a visual location. TMS can be used to elicit perceptual memories. TMS applied to the ventral stream disrupted STM for a visual pattern. global amnesia is noted after chronic TMS in depressed humans.
TMS applied to the ventral stream disrupted STM for a visual pattern.
Which of the following is true of learning and memory? Experiences alter the electrical activity of the brain but not its physical structure. Learning can occur in the absence of memory. The capacity to learn allows an organism to profit from experience. Memories involve the filing of experiences in the brain. The capacity to learn is of no functional use for an organism.
The capacity to learn allows an organism to profit from experience.
Which of the following is true of learning and memory? Memories involve the filing of experiences in the brain. Experiences alter the electrical activity of the brain but not its physical structure. Learning can occur in the absence of memory. The capacity to learn allows an organism to profit from experience. The capacity to learn is of no functional use for an organism.
The capacity to learn allows an organism to profit from experience.
Which behavioral capacity below is retained in the decerebrate rat?
The capacity to respond to hunger and satiety signals
Which brain region would be considered as a key target for pharmacological modification to provide relief for a person suffering from overly intense emotional reactions?
The central nucleus of the amygdala
In a conditioned emotional response (CER) study, a tone is paired with a foot shock for a rat. After several trials, the tone alone is a CS that can elicit fear emotional responses. Which of the following is true of the anatomy of this fear response?
The central nucleus of the amygdala integrates the pairing of tone and shock information
In a conditioned emotional response (CER) study, a tone is paired with a foot shock for a rat. After several trials, the tone alone is a CS that can elicit fear emotional responses. Which is true of the anatomy of this fear of response?
The central nucleus of the amygdala integrates the pairing of tone and shock information.
In a conditioned emotional response (CER) study, a tone is paired with a foot shock for a rat. After several trials, the tone alone is a CS that can elicit fear emotional responses. Which of the following is true of the anatomy of this fear response?
The central nucleus of the amygdala integrates the pairing of tone and shock information.
Which factor below normally prevents the calcium channel of the NMDA receptor from opening in response to only glutamate
The channel is blocked by Mg2+ ions
Which factor below normally prevents the calcium channel of the NMDA receptor from opening in response to only glutamate?
The channel is blocked by Mg2+ ions
Which factor below normally prevents the calcium channel of the NMDA receptor from opening in response to only glutamate?
The channel is blocked by Mg2+ ions.
Which factor below normally prevents the calcium channel of the NMDA receptor fromopening in response to only glutamate?
The channel is blocked by Mg2+ ions.
An action potential that occurs in a dendritic branch after an EPSP in a pyramidical cell is termed ____.
The dendritic spike
Which of the following is a key function of the hormonal secretions that accompany an emotion?
The formation of gluose within the muscles
Which of the following was NOT a conclusion drawn by Milner with regard to pure amnesia?
The hippocampus is not involved in converting immediate memories into long-term memories. DID conclude: The hippocampus is involved in converting short-term memories into long-term memories. Incorrect answer The hippocampus is not the location of short-term memories. The hippocampus is not the location of and is not necessary for the retrieval of long-term memories.
What secretes gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRH) which stimulate production and release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) & luteinizing hormone (LH)
The hypothalamus
Which of the following is NOT true of patient R.B.? It wasn't until after his death that researchers had the chance to examine his brain. He developed BOTH anterograde and retrograde amnesia. They found that his lesions were restricted to the CA1 portion of the hippocampus. After an ischemic episode (reduction of blood to the brain) that was caused from a heart bypass surgery, R.B. lost his memory. The long-term declarative memory was crucially affected when the structures from the medial temporal lobe were removed, including the ability to form of new semantic knowledge and memories.
The long-term declarative memory was crucially affected when the structures from the medial temporal lobe were removed, including the ability to form of new semantic knowledge and memories.
Which of the following is NOT true of patient R.B.? He developed BOTH anterograde and retrograde amnesia. It wasn't until after his death that researchers had the chance to examine his brain. After an ischemic episode (reduction of blood to the brain) that was caused from a heart bypass surgery, R.B. lost his memory. They found that his lesions were restricted to the CA1 portion of the hippocampus. The long-term declarative memory was crucially affected when the structures from the medial temporal lobe were removed, including the ability to form of new semantic knowledge and memories.
The long-term declarative memory was crucially affected when the structures from the medial temporal lobe were removed, including the ability to form of new semantic knowledge and memories.
A man hiking in the mountains is using headphones to listen to blues songs by Billie Holiday. He missteps, falls down a deep embankment, and is seriously injured. After a long and painful recovery, the man notices that whenever he hears a Billie Holiday song, he becomes anxious and panicky. What is the conditional stimulus, what neurological process does it illustrate, and in what brain structure has learning taken place?
The music; long-term potentiation; the amygdala
During the fasting phase of metabolism,
The pancreas secretes glucagon rather than insulin
A woman sustains physical abuse whenever her husband drinks whiskey. When she sees a whiskey bottle on the table, her stomach churns and she becomes fearful. What is the unconditional stimulus?
The physical abuse The unconditional stimulus is one that triggers an automatic, unlearned response. Physical abuse naturally stimulates fear.
Which statement is false? A classic example of a flashbulb memory from the 20th century is the assassination of President Kennedy, an event which was vividly remembered by people who were alive at the time. It only takes one exposure to form an episodic memory. Episodic memories pertain to specific events. The primary contrast between episodic and semantic memory is that episodic memories are memories which can be implicitly described and stated, while semantic memory is concerned with concepts and ideas. Episodic memory is a form of memory which allows someone to recall events of personal importance
The primary contrast between episodic and semantic memory is that episodic memories are memories which can be implicitly described and stated, while semantic memory is concerned with concepts and ideas.
Which statement is false?
The primary contrast between episodic and semantic memory is that episodic memories are memories which can be implicitly described and stated, while semantic memory is concerned with concepts and ideas.
Which statement is false? The primary contrast between episodic and semantic memory is that episodic memories are memories which can be implicitly described and stated, while semantic memory is concerned with concepts and ideas. It only takes one exposure to form an episodic memory. A classic example of a flashbulb memory from the 20th century is the assassination of President Kennedy, an event which was vividly remembered by people who were alive at the time. Episodic memories pertain to specific events. Episodic memory is a form of memory which allows someone to recall events of personal importance.
The primary contrast between episodic and semantic memory is that episodic memories are memories which can be implicitly described and stated, while semantic memory is concerned with concepts and ideas.
Which statement is most accurate?
The process of conversion of PrPc to PrPSc is what kills cells.
Damage to the caudate nucleus/putamen impairs the learning of an instrumental task. True or False?
True
Perceptual learning appears to be accomplished primarily by changes in
The sensory association cortex
Which of the following supports the contention that schizophrenia is associated with brain damage?
The size of the lateral ventricles increases in schizophrenic patients.
Which of the following is true of the success rate of therapy for anorexia nervosa?
The treatment rate has not improved in 50 years
Which treatment has the best utility for Huntington's disease?
There is no current treatment for Huntington's disease.
Which of the following is true of "complex" cells within the visual cortex?
These cells appear to code for line movement across the visual field
Which of the following is true of human cerebral cortex?
These cells appear to code for line movement across the visual field.
Implicit memory is another name for nondeclarative memory. True or False?
True
Long-term potentiation involves the insertion of AMPA receptors into the dendritic membrane. True or False?
True
Which is true of anterograde amnesia?
They may not recognize people they met just moment's before, and It results from a failure of memory encoding and storage.
Learning causes changes in neural structure and functions, such as development of
Thicker cortex, better capillary supply, more glial cells, more protein content, more acetylcholinesterase
Which of the following is NOT an example of an implicit memory? Your cat comes running every time it hears the can opener. Tom studied hard for his physiological psychology exam. He can now draw a detailed diagram of a neuron. Tom hates the sight of cats, because he is allergic to them. When you are in gym class, you get hit in the head repeatedly with a basketball. Soon you develop an aversion to not only basketball, but volleyball and football as well. You always do your homework on your desk. After a very hard semester, you find that sitting at your desk depresses you.
Tom studied hard for his physiological psychology exam. He can now draw a detailed diagram of a neuron.
__________ is/are involved in the acquisition of episodic memories and complex behaviors that involve deliberation or instruction.
Transcortical connections
When first learning how to drive a manual transmission vehicle, you are likely using which pathway?
Transcortical pathway
Form of fat storage in adipose cells; consists of a molecule of glycerol joined with three fatty acids
Triglyceride
Behavior is reinforced by treatments that release dopamine in the nucleus accumbens. True or False?
True
Dorsal Stream: What or Where?
Where
An operant conditioning response that produces a favorable consequence ____ .
Will occur more frequently.
About how many genes do the X and Y chromosomes hold
X-2,000-3,000 Y- 12ish
What are examples of implicit memory?
Your cat comes running every time it hears the can opener Tom hates the sight of cats because he is allergic to them When you are in gym class, you get hit in the head repeatedly with a basketball. Soon you develop an aversion to not only basketball, but volleyball and football as well. You always do your homework on your desk. After a hard semester, you find that sitting at your desk depresses you --The distinction between implicit and explicit memories is that we are unable to talk about implicit memories.
In which of the following would you expect to observe an enlarged hippocampal formation?
a London cab driver who has 30 years of experience
In which of the following would you expect to observe an enlarged hippocampal formation?
a London cabby who has 30 years of experience
Atherosclerosis involves
a buildup of plaque within arteries.
In a typical long-term potentiation (LTP) study, a stimulating electrode is inserted into the perforant path, while a recording electrode is inserted into the dentate gyrus. LTP is produced in this preparation by delivering ________ via the stimulating electrode.
a burst of 100 electrical pulses in a few seconds
The NMDA receptor controls ________ and is normally blocked by ________.
a calcium channel; magnesium ions
The NMDA receptor controls ________ and is normally blocked by ________. a calcium channel; magnesium ions a potassium channel; magnesium ions a chloride channel; sodium ions the presynaptic membrane potential; GABA the inputs to the hippocampus; presynaptic inhibition
a calcium channel; magnesium ions
The prevention of mental retardation in a child suffering phenylketonuria requires early diagnosis and
a diet low in phenylalanine
A person with semantic dementia would be expected to show
a difficulty in recalling factual information
A person with semantic dementia would be expected to show
a difficulty in recalling factual information.
The induction of long-term potentiation in the hippocampus would be blocked by injection into the postsynaptic cell of a drug that activates calcium ions. a drug that activates NMDA receptors. using high-frequency electrical pulses. infusion of glutamate into the hippocampus. a drug such as AP5 that blocks NMDA receptors.
a drug such as AP5 that blocks NMDA receptors.
The induction of long-term potentiation in the hippocampus would be blocked by
a drug such as AP5 that blocks NMDA receptors.
The induction of longterm potentiation in the hippocampus would be blocked by cell of a drug that activates calcium ions. infusion of glutamate into the hippocampus. a drug that activates NMDA receptors. a drug such as AP5 that blocks NMDA receptors. using highfrequency electrical pulses.
a drug such as AP5 that blocks NMDA receptors.
Which of the following would be expected to be useful for the treatment of obesity?
a drug that activates leptin, CCK, CART, or MC4 receptors
The most effective form of bariatric surgical procedures for obesity involves
a gastric bypass in which the jejunum is connected is connected to a small stomach pouch
The most effective form of bariatric surgical procedures for obesity involves
a gastric bypass in which the jejunum is connected is connected to a small stomach pouch.
Which sequence of hormone treatment is most likely to restore sexual receptivity in an ovariectomized female rat?
a small dose of estradiol followed by a progesterone dose
Which of the following is important for the acquisition of complex behaviors? a. As a person becomes proficient in the behavior, the control of the process is transferred to the basal ganglia b. As a person becomes proficient in the behavior, the control of the process is transferred to the transcortical pathways c. The behavior must result in long-term depression in the basal ganglia d. The behavior must result in long-term depression in the motor cortex e. As a person becomes proficient in the new behavior, the transcortical circuits become more depressed
a. As a person becomes proficient in the behavior, the control of the process is transferred to the basal ganglia
The ability of leptin to inhibit eating can be viewed as a dual action in the brain that involves the activation of ________ and the inhibition of ________. a. CART/alpha-MSH neurons; NPY/AGRP neurons b. insulin receptors; CCK receptors c. ghrelin cells in the stomach; CART/alpha-MSH neurons d. CCK-A receptors; serotonin neurons e. PYY cells; MCH/orexin neurons
a. CART/alpha-MSH neurons; NPY/AGRP neurons
In a conditioned emotional response (CER) study, a tone is paired with a foot shock for a rat. After several trials, the tone alone is a CS that can elicit fear emotional responses. Which of the following is true of the physiology of this fear response? a. Damage to the lateral nucleus of the amygdala impairs CER learning b. Tone-shock pairings rapidly decrease the electrical activity of the lateral nucleus of the amygdala c. Damage to the basal ganglia impairs CER learning d. Inactivation of the ventral nucleus of the amygdala during CER training blocked the formation of the CER e. Damage to the amygdala facilitates emotional responding
a. Damage to the lateral nucleus of the amygdala impairs CER learning
In which of the following would you expect to observe an enlarged hippocampal formation? a. a London cab driver who has 30 years of experience b. a pigeon that wanders from roost to roost c. a bird that only eats from your back yard feeder d. a person who has just started training as a London cab driver e. a chickadee tested in the early summer
a. London cab driver who has 30 years of experience
Which of the following is used by the text author to explain why people exhibit differences in metabolic efficiency? a. Metabolic efficiency is advantageous for surviving a famine. b. Obesity is a trait that does not lead to health disorders. c. The excessive accumulation of fat is a social proxy for wealth. d. Obesity allowed hunter-gatherers to forage for long periods of time. e. The pressure to avoid obesity was greater than the selective pressure to avoid starvation
a. Metabolic efficiency is advantageous for surviving a famine.
___________ is learning to make a new response. a. Motor learning b. Relational learning c. Stimulus response learning d. Acquisition learning e. Conceptual learning
a. Motor learning
Ghrelin acts on ________ neurons to stimulate feeding. a. NPY b. angiotensin c. MC4 receptors d. leptin e. agouti-related peptide
a. NPY
Which of the following was a spared memory ability for Patient H.M. after his brain damage?
a. Recall of memories for events prior to 1953
In what sense could a fall in leptin levels be considered as a hunger signal? a. Reduced leptin levels remove an inhibitory influence on NPY/AGRP neurons. b. Leptin normally excites NPY/AGRP neurons. c. Reduced leptin levels remove an inhibitory influence on CART/alpha-MSH neurons. d. Leptin normally inhibits CART/alpha-MSH neurons. e. Leptin increases the production of ghrelin.
a. Reduced leptin levels remove an inhibitory influence on NPY/AGRP neurons.
What type of learning does the amygdala play a part in? a. Stimulus-response learning b. Non-stimulated-response learning c. Response learning d. All of the above e. Stimulated learning
a. Stimulus-response learning
Imaging studies in humans given a hypertonic thirst suggest that the ________ is involved in the unpleasantness of osmometric thirst, while the ________ detects the tonicity of the blood plasma. a. anterior cingulate cortex; lamina terminalis b. insular cortex; medial amygdala c. lamina terminalis; anterior cingulate cortex d. subfornical fornical organ; area postrema e. medial amygdala; insular cortex
a. anterior cingulate cortex; lamina terminalis
The pyramidal cells of hippocampal field CA1 are unique in that Select one: a. axon firing results in action potentials along the dendrites. b. dendrite depolarization results in action potentials in the axon. c. the dendritic spikes are always hyperpolarizations. d. the threshold of activation of the pyramidal cell is quite low. e. these cells do not conduct action potentials.
a. axon firing results in action potentials along the dendrites.
The carbohydrate reservoir in the liver is primarily reserved for use a. by the central nervous system. b. by the liver. c. by the muscles. d. in the support of nonshivering thermogenesis. e. in general metabolism.
a. by the central nervous system.
Osmoreceptors are specialized neurons that detect a. changes in solute concentration of the interstitial fluid around the cell. b. the concentration of renin within the blood. c. angiotensin concentration in blood. d. osmotic pressure within the blood plasma. e. blood plasma solute concentration
a. changes in solute concentration of the interstitial fluid around the cell.
The effects of neuropeptide Y on ________ are localized within the ________. a. eating; lateral hypothalamus b. metabolism; lateral hypothalamus c. eating; amygdala d. eating; paraventricular hypothalamus e. metabolism; arcuate hypothalamus
a. eating; lateral hypothalamus
Electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus a. elicits eating and drinking. b. inhibits food intake. c. produces sham feeding. d. elicits repetitive chewing movements. e. is an intensely aversive stimulus
a. elicits eating and drinking.
The main input to the hippocampal formation comes from what? a. entorhinal cortex b. basal ganglia c. dendritic spikes d. NMDA receptors e. synaptic stimulation
a. entorhinal cortex
The amygdala is involved in the recognition of ________ communicated via ________. Select one: a. fear; facial expression b. anger; facial expression c. happiness; tone of voice d. fear; body posture e. fear; tone of voice
a. fear; facial expression
In the experiment by Tordoff and Friedman (1988), reduced eating in a hungry rat was noted after a. infusions of glucose or fructose into the hepatic portal vein. b. removal of nutrients from the stomach. c. the investigators cut the hepatic branch of the vagus nerve. d. placement of nutrients directly into the stomach. e. 2-DG was injected into the hepatic portal vein.
a. infusions of glucose or fructose into the hepatic portal vein.
The emotion of disgust involves activation of neurons within the Select one: a. insular cortex. b. substantia nigra. c. corpus callosum. d. left hemisphere. e. hypothalamus.
a. insular cortex.
Studies by Schultz and colleagues suggest that release of dopamine within the nucleus accumbens a. is greatest for an unexpected reinforcing stimulus b. is automatically produced during stimulus delivery c. is greatest for drugs of abuse d. is greatest for natural reinforcers e. can occur when a stimulus is aversive
a. is greatest for an unexpected reinforcing stimulus
The fact that young Billy (described in the chapter anecdote) craved the ingestion of salt is due to his a. lack of aldosterone, leading to loss of sodium into the urine. b. hypothalamic damage. c. excessive secretion of aldosterone. d. impaired secretion of angiotensin II. e. lack of renin, leading to loss of sodium into the urine.
a. lack of aldosterone, leading to loss of sodium into the urine.
What is the primary function of perceptual learning? a. Learning to recognize a particular stimulus b. Learning to perform a particular behavior c. Learning to respond to a reflex d. Learning how to organize information into logical structures e. None of the above
a. learning to recognize a particular stimulus
Detectors for glucose are located within the a. liver. b. duodenum. c. gut. d. forebrain. e. kidney.
a. liver.
Which terms below are synonymous? a. orexins; hypocretins b. insulin; glucagon c. adrenaline; noradrenaline d. NPY; CCK e. satiety; hunger
a. orexins; hypocretins
The observation that animals will stop drinking long before the ingested water has been absorbed into the body suggests the existence of a(n) ________ that helps to regulate ingestive behavior. a. satiety mechanism b. feedback factor c. positive feedback loop d. set point e. correctional mechanism
a. satiety mechanism
A difficulty in the use of word order, use of function words, and selection of appropriate word endings is termed
agrammatism
An individual receives frequent injections of drugs, which are administered in a small examination room at a clinic. The drug itself causes increased heart rate but after several trips to the clinic, simply being in a small room causes an increased heart rate. What is the Unconditioned response? accelerated heart rate in the small room the trip to the clinic the drug the small room accelerated heart rate
accelerated heart rate
Electrical stimulation of brain neurons that release ________ produces cortical arousal.
acetylcholine
Drugs such as fenfluramine that were used to treat obesity exerted an inhibition of appetite by
acting as a serotonin agonist in the brain
Drugs such as fenfluramine that were used to treat obesity exerted an inhibition of appetite by
acting as a serotonin agonist in the brain.
Associative long-term potentiation (LTP) requires ________ occur about the same time as _______.
activation of a strong input to a given synapse to; a weak input is activated
Associative long-term potentiation requires ________ occur about the same time as ________ .
activation of a strong input to a given synapse to; a weak input is activated
Associative long-term potentiation requires ________ occur about the same time as ________.
activation of a strong input to a given synapse to; a weak input is activated
Associative longterm potentiation requires ________ occur about the same time as ________. that a single electrical pulse; a recording is made of the presynaptic axon that a reinforcing stimulus; a response activation of a strong input to a given synapse to; a weak input is activated that a lowfrequency train of electrical pulse; the postsynaptic neuron is hyperpolarize
activation of a strong input to a given synapse to; a weak input is activated
The magnitude of depression is related to
activation of the amygdala.
If LTP is experienced in a fear conditioning situation, it is likely that:
additional AMPA have been inserted into the post-synaptic cell
If LTP is experienced in a fear conditioning situation, it is likely that:
additional AMPA receptors have been inserted into the post-synaptic cell.
The metabolism of glycogen within astrocytes produces ________, which in turn promotes ________ .
adenosine; slow-wave sleep
The key function of instrumental conditioning is to allow an organism to
adjust behavior according to its consequences
The key function of instrumental conditioning is to allow an organism to
adjust behavior according to its consequences.
The key function of instrumental conditioning is to allow the organism to
adjust behavior according to its consequences.
The key function of instrumental conditioning is to allow the organism to recognize familiar objects. adjust behavior according to its consequences. acquire new physical skills. understand the relationship between stimuli. learn new species-typical behaviors.
adjust behavior according to its consequences.
The key function of instrumental conditioning is to allow the organism to recognize familiar objects. understand the relationship between stimuli. acquire new physical skills. learn new species-typical behaviors. adjust behavior according to its consequences.
adjust behavior according to its consequences.
The key function of instrumental conditioning is to allow the organism to adjust behavior according to its consequences. recognize familiar objects. understand the relationship between stimuli. learn new speciestypical behaviors. acquire new physical skills.
adjust behavior according to its consequences.
The MC4 receptor is activated by and inhibited by ________.
alpha-MSH; agouti-related protein
anterograde amnesia
amnesia for events that occur after disturbance to the brain
retrograde amnesia
amnesia for events that preceded some disturbance to the brain, such as a head injury or electroconvulsive shock
An important determinant of body weight in adult humans is the
amount of physical exercise a person gets each day
Classically conditioned emotional response that involves (CER)
amygdala
The ____________ is part of an important system involved in classically conditioned emotional responses.
amygdala
Which of the following is not part of the limbic cortex of the medial temporal lobe?
amygdala
The obsession with food noted in anorexia may be related to
an effect of starvation.
The key deficit suffered by Mr. J. after a stroke involving his left parietal lobe was
an inability to make movements on command.
A key aspect of anorexia nervosa is
an intense fear of obesity.
The viral hypothesis of schizophrenia is supported by the observation that
analysis of stored serum from mothers whose children later developed schizophrenia showed evidence of maternal infection
The speech deficit of ________ is a common feature of all forms of aphasia.
anomia
The distinction between bulimia and anorexia nervosa is that
anorexia nervosa involves weight loss, while bulimia involves binging
The distinction between bulimia and anorexia nervosa is that
anorexia nervosa involves weight loss, while bulimia involves binging.
Research shows that thirsty individuals have continued activation of the lamina terminalis after drinking, but the signals from the _____________ return to baseline levels.
anterior cingulate cortex
Imaging studies in humans given a hypertonic thirst suggest that the ________ is involved in the unpleasantness of osmometric thirst, while the ________ detects the tonicity of the blood plasma.
anterior cingulate cortex; lamina terminalis
Damage to the hippocampus or to regions of the brain that supply its inputs and receive its outputs, causes ________ amnesia.
anterograde
Lou-Ellen sustained brain damage in a car accident. Since the time of the accident she has been unable to learn any new info. she has _____ amnesia.
anterograde
Lou-Ellen sustained brain damage in a car accident. Since the time of the accident, she has been unable to learn any new information. She has _____________ amnesia.
anterograde
A person with ___________ may be able to remember or learn how to do things, such as talking on the phone or riding a bicycle, but they may not remember what they had eaten for lunch earlier that day. retrograde amnesia procedural memory deficits nondeclarative memory deficits implicit memory deficits anterograde amnesia
anterograde amnesia
_____ is the process by which immediate memories are transformed into long-term memories.
consolidation
A person with ___________ may be able to remember or learn how to do things, such as talking on the phone or riding a bicycle, but they may not remember what they had eaten for lunch earlier that day. retrograde amnesia procedural memory deficits implicit memory deficits anterograde amnesia non-declarative memory deficits
anterograde amnesia
Amnesia for events that occur after some disturbance to the brain is called
anterograde amnesia
Amnesia for events that occur after some disturbance to the brain is called ________.
anterograde amnesia
Cannot remember events prior to brain damage
anterograde amnesia
The most profound symptom of Korsakoff's syndrome is
anterograde amnesia
Patient H.M. developed ________ following bilateral damage to his ________.
anterograde amnesia; medial temporal lobe
Patient H.M developed following bilateral damage to his ____.
anterograde amnesia; medical temporal lobe.
Semantic dementia is caused by degeneration of the neocortex of the _______.
anterolateral temporal lobe
Semantic memories appear to be stored in
anterolateral temporal lobe
The ______ of the neocortex appears to be where semantic memories are stored.
anterolateral temporal lobe
The _____________ of the neocortex appears to be where semantic memories are stored.
anterolateral temporal lobe
The primary symptom of Prader-Willi syndrome is a disturbance of a. appetite. b. sexual motivation. c. thirst. d. emotionality. e. language.
appetite
Activation of cells within the ________ by a poison in the blood would be predicted to produce ________.
area postrema; vomiting
The primary output of the hippocampus
arises from the pyramidal cells of field CA1
________ is a type of _______ memory. associative learning; nondeclarative sensitization; explicit associative learning; declarative habituation; declarative associate learning; explicit
associative learning; nondeclarative
A stimulus that predicts an ______ outcome will change neural transmission in the ______ to produce the somatic, autonomic and endocrine signs of _______, as well as increased attention to that stimulus.
aversive; amydala; fear
A stimulus that predicts an ______ outcome will change neural transmission in the ______ to produce the somatic, autonomic and endocrine signs of _______, as well as increased attention to that stimulus. aversive; medial temporal lobe; fear aversive; amydala; fear exciting; hippocampus; fear pleasant; amygdala; arousing arousing; hippocampus; excitement
aversive; amydala; fear Damage to the lateral nucleus of the amygdala impairs CER learning
The pyramidal cells of hippocampal field CA1 are unique in that
axon firing results in action potentials along the dendrites
The pyramidal cells of hippocampal field CA1 are unique in that
axon firing results in action potentials along the dendrites.
In a five-year follow-up of persons who lost weight in a fifteen-week behavioral program, some ________ percent were able to maintain their weight loss. a. 1 b. 3 c. 10 d. 15 e. 33
b. 3
PKM- zeta facilitates the transport of_________. a. calcium b. AMPA receptors c. instrumental conditioning d. CA1 e. glutamate
b. AMPA receptors
Perceptual learning occurs as a result of? a. Changes in synaptic connections within the motor cortex. b. Changes in synaptic connections within the sensory association cortex. c. Destruction to synaptic connections with in the motor cortex. d. Destruction to synaptic connections within the sensory association cortex. e. Both A & B.
b. Changes in synaptic connections within the sensory association cortex
The _______ says that if a synapse repeatedly becomes active at about the same time that the postsynaptic neuron fires, changes will take place in the structure or chemistry of the synapse that will strengthen it. a. James Lange theory b. Hebb rule c. Cannon Bard theory d. Activation theory e. None of the above
b. Hebb Rule
Perceptual learning involves: a. Learning what to do when given stimuli are present. b. Learning to recognize things. c. Learning how to respond to given stimuli. d. Both A and B. e. None of the above.
b. Learning to recognize things.
The ________ regions of the lamina terminalis contain osmoreceptors. a. medial and dorsal b. OVLT and subfornical organ c. area postrema and OVLT d. commissural e. posterior
b. OVLT and subfornical organ
Nearly two-thirds of the body's water is contained within the ________ fluid. a. interstitial b. intracellular c. extracellular d. intravascular e. transvascular
b. intracellular
The ob mouse is obese because it lacks the gene that normally produces a. CCK. b. leptin. c. insulin. d. peptide YY. e. glucagon.
b. leptin.
In classical conditioning, an unlearned, inborn reaction to an unconditioned stimulus is a(n): a. Unconditioned Stimulus b. Unconditioned Response c. Conditioned Stimulus d. Conditioned Response e. None of the above
b. Unconditioned Response
. ________ thirst refers to drinking provoked by the loss of blood plasma. a. Intravascular b. Volumetric c. Extravascular d. Osmometric e. Transvascular
b. Volumetric
Water loss from the body through evaporation results in a. a loss of only interstitial fluid. b. an increased concentration of solute within the interstitial fluid. c. movement of water into the cells. d. gain of water into the plasma. e. loss of sodium from inside the cells.
b. an increased concentration of solute within the interstitial fluid.
The most profound symptom of Korsakoff's syndrome is a. impaired intelligence b. anterograde amnesia c. alcoholism and malnutrition d. delirium tremens e. auditory and visual hallucinations
b. anterograde amnesia
What two events does Long Term Potentiation require? a.dendritic spikes; associative long term potentiation b. axon activation; polarization of the postsynaptic neuron c. increased AMPA receptors; depolarization of the presynaptic neuron d. long term depression; excitatory postsynaptic potential e. activation of synapses; depolarization of the postsynaptic neuron
b. axon activation; polarization of the postsynaptic neuron
The serotonin agonist fluoxetine may be useful for the treatment of the eating disorder known as a. psychosis. b. bulimia. c. anorexia. d. mania. e. night-time-sleep eating.
b. bulimia
The only bodily cells that do not require insulin in order to transport glucose across the cell membranes are a. liver cells. b. cells of the brain. c. muscle cells. d. pancreatic cells. e. adipose cells.
b. cells of the brain.
The overeating noted in Prader-Willi syndrome is most likely to reflect a. the inhibition of growth hormone. b. chronically elevated levels of plasma ghrelin. c. release of glucagon and insulin from the pancreas. d. inhibition of gastric emptying. e. chronically elevated levels of plasma cholecystokinin. Difficulty: 2
b. chronically elevated levels of plasma ghrelin.
The process by which short-term memories are converted into long-term memories is... a. transition b. consolidation c. explicit processes d. sensory information e. none of the above
b. consolidation
Which of the following terms are synonymous? a. nondeclarative memory; explicit memory b. declarative memory; explicit memory c. short-term memory; long-term memory d. declarative memory; implicit memory e. Hebbian memory; consolidation
b. declarative memory; explicit memory
The Roux-en-Y gastric bypass procedure produces weight loss by a. reducing plasma leptin levels. b. decreasing plasma ghrelin levels. c. decreasing plasma PYY levels. d. increasing plasma PYY levels. e. increasing plasma CCK levels
b. decreasing plasma ghrelin levels.
A serious health hazard that accompanies obesity is a. reduced cardiovascular disease. b. diabetes. c. heartburn. d. stomach ulcers. e. carpal tunnel syndrome.
b. diabetes.
A drug that blocks the ________ would be expected to lower blood pressure. a. synthesis of serotonin b. formation of angiotensin II from angiotensin I c. degradation of angiotensin II d. osmometric system e. secretion of ghrelin
b. formation of angiotensin II from angiotensin I
Brain damage in humans that involves the lamina terminalis a. produces an intense feeling of thirst that cannot be satisfied. b. impairs the capacity of a person to experience thirst after injection of hypertonic saline. c. blocks the neural signals generated by the atrial baroreceptors. d. leads to increased water consumption. e. leads to overconsumption of salt.
b. impairs the capacity of a person to experience thirst after injection of hypertonic saline.
The median preoptic nucleus a. plays a role in feeding regulation in humans. b. integrates most thirst-related stimuli. c. is sensitive to neural signals generated by stomach stretch receptors. d. is sensitive to information from the amygdala. e. mediates the aversive aspect of intense thirst.
b. integrates most thirst-related stimuli.
The perforant pathway a. interconnects the CA1 and CA3 fields of the hippocampus b. interconnects the entorhinal cortex with the granule cells of the dentate gyrus c. is the major output of the hippocampus d. is another name for the fornix e. interconnects the granule cells of the dentate gyrus with the amygdala
b. interconnects the entorhinal cortex with the granule cells of the dentate gyrus
The perforant pathway Select one: a. interconnects the CA1 and CA3 fields of the hippocampus. b. interconnects the entorhinal cortex with the granule cells of the dentate gyrus. c. is the major output of the hippocampus. d. is another name for the fornix. e. interconnects the granule cells of the dentate gyrus with the amygdala.
b. interconnects the entorhinal cortex with the granule cells of the dentate gyrus.
Your ability to recognize a series of tones, such as the opening notes of "The Star Spangled Banner" is an instance of ________ that likely involves the ________ . a. intermodal learning; corpus callosum b. perceptual learning; auditory association cortex c. stimulus-response learning; frontal cortex d. perceptual learning; visual association cortex e. musical learning; left hemisphere
b. perceptual learning; auditory association cortex
"Head factors" in satiety a. are restricted to the taste of food being eaten. b. permit an animal to learn to adjust the amount consumed of food containing different amounts of calories. c. produce long-lasting suppression of eating. d. include activation of stretch receptors within the stomach. e. are limited to a single class of nutrients.
b. permit an animal to learn to adjust the amount consumed of food containing different amounts of calories.
For LTP to occur longer than a few hours, what is required? a. nitric oxide b. protein synthesis c. activated calcium ion channels d. release of glutamate e. polarization
b. protein synthesis
An example of a task that measures perceptual learning would be a. tracing a figure viewed via a mirror b. recognizing broken drawings c. recalling childhood events that occurred prior to the age of 9 years d. remembering songs learned in childhood prior to brain damage e. making a classically conditioned eye blink response
b. recognizing broken drawings
Associative Long Term Depression occurs when these two processes occur simultaneously a. Long term potentiation; excitatory postsynaptic potential b. synaptic input activation; depolarization/hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane c. infusion of PKM- zeta; long term potentiation d. action potential; dendritic spikes e. axon degeneration; synaptic activation
b. synaptic input activation; depolarization/hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane
A genetic cause of obesity may be related to a variation in a. NPY synthesis. b. the MC4 receptor. c. the leptin receptor. d. production of leptin. e. uncoupling protein.
b. the MC4 receptor.
An action potential that occurs in a dendritic spine is termed a. the perforant potential b. the dendritic spike c. a population postsynaptic potential d. an axon potential e. a presynaptic potential
b. the dendritic spike
The proposition that facial expressions of emotion are innate is supported by the observation that Select one: a. facial expressions of emotion vary by culture. b. the same facial expression for an emotion is observed in all cultures. c. facial expressions of emotion change over time in a culture. d. blind children show different facial emotional expressions than do sighted persons. e. B and D are correct.
b. the same facial expression for an emotion is observed in all cultures.
The entry of ingested food into the duodenum can suppress further eating via a. the inhibition of gastric emptying. b. the suppression of ghrelin secretion from the stomach. c. activation of sympathetic nerve fibers that innervate the liver. d. the secretion of insulin from the duodenum. e. suppression of CCK release from the stomach
b. the suppression of ghrelin secretion from the stomach.
Damage to the ________ would be expected to impair instrumental learning in rats.
basal ganglia
Damage to the ________ would be expected to impair instrumental learning in rats. basal ganglia accumbens hypothalamus frontal cortex amygdala
basal ganglia
The ________________ deficits in Parkinson's disease result in impairment of learning a visually cued operant conditioning task.
basal ganglia
The ________________ deficits in Parkinson�s disease result in impairment of learning a visually cued operant conditioning task.
basal ganglia
The degeneration of which brain area is involved in both Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease?
basal ganglia
There is considerable evidence that when learned behaviors become automatic and routine, they are transferred to the ______.
basal ganglia
You have been driving a manual transmission vehicle for 5 years and no longer need to think about what you are doing in order to drive. Which pathway is involved?
basal ganglia pathway
To successfully retain information in short term memory, two processes are required. The first is to filter out irrelevent information, involving the __________, and the second is to maintain relevant information, involving the ________.
basal ganglia; right prefrontal cortex
Targeted mutation in mice that prevented the production of insulin receptors in the brain without affecting their production elsewhere in the body resulted in mice that
became obese
Targeted mutation in mice that prevented the production of insulin receptors in the brain without affecting their production elsewhere in the body resulted in mice that
became obese.
Plasma levels of ghrelin are highest _______ and lead to ________.
before a meal; eating
A brain that is exposed to androgen during prenatal development will not show female sexual behavior in adulthood. This effect is referred to as
behavioral defeminization
NMDA receptors are:
both chemically and voltage gated.
When insulin is present, glucose can be utilized by
both the brain and the body
When insulin is present, glucose can be utilized by
both the brain and the body.
Standard Consolidation Theory explains why
brain disruption usually damages recent memories (still undergoing consolidation) but not older memories (fully consolidated)
Mice that lack ____ insulin receptors show ____
brain; obesity
Mice that lack ________ insulin receptors show ________.
brain; obesity
The serotonin agonist fluoxetine may be useful for the treatment of the eating disorder known as
bulimia
The serotonin agonist fluoxetine may be useful for the treatment of the eating disorder known as
bulimia.
In a typical long-term potentiation (LTP) study, a stimulating electrode is inserted into the perforant path, while a recording electrode is inserted into the dentate gyrus. LTP is produced in this preparation by delivering a(n) ________ via the stimulating electrode.
burst of 100 electrical pulses in a few seconds
In a typical long-term potentiation (LTP) study, a stimulating electrode is inserted into theperforant path, while a recording electrode is inserted into the dentate gyrus. LTP isproduced in this preparation by delivering a(n) ________ via the stimulating electrode.
burst of 100 electrical pulses in a few seconds
The carbohydrate reservoir in the liver is primarily for use
by the Central Nervous System
The carbohydrate reservoir in the liver is primarily reserved for use
by the central nervous system
The carbohydrate reservoir in the liver is primarily reserved for use
by the central nervous system.
What type of learning is impaired in human anterograde amnesia? a. Stimulus response b. Motor c. Complex relational d. Verbal e. Visual
c. Complex relational
_____ is the process by which immediate memories are transformed into long-term memories. a. Synaptogenesis b. Confabulation c. Consolidation d. Potentiation e. Hebbian reverberation
c. Consolidation
Which of the following is correct regarding the role of the liver in the regulation of eating? a. Lipoprivation within the kidney after 2-DG infusion leads to eating. b. Cutting the inputs of the liver abolished the effects of 2-DG on eating. c. Deprivation of lipid metabolism within the liver after mercaptoacetate treatment leads to eating. d. Infusion of sodium chloride into the hepatic portal vein increases the activity of the afferent fibers arising from the liver. e. The liver senses the level of ghrelin in the blood and acts to reduce eating.
c. Deprivation of lipid metabolism within the liver after mercaptoacetate treatment leads to eating.
Which of the following indicates the importance of peripheral nutrient receptors in satiety? a. Ghrelin infusions into the hepatic portal vein inhibit eating. b. Insulin can initiate or inhibit eating. c. Fructose infusions into the hepatic portal vein inhibit eating. d. Nutrient receptors are located in brain tissue surrounding the fourth ventricle. e. Infusion of 2-DG into the lateral ventricle stimulates eating.
c. Fructose infusions into the hepatic portal vein inhibit eating.
Patients with damage to the left basal ganglia: a. Had difficulty retaining more than a few pieces of information in short-term memory. b. Had difficulty executing basic motor movements. c. Had difficulty filtering out irrelevant information d. Excelled at retaining information e. Excelled at filtering out irrelevant information
c. Had difficulty filtering out irrelevant information
Which of the following is true regarding the peptide cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART)? a. CART activates eating of palatable foods. b. CART is a peptide localized within the area posterma. c. Infusion of an antibody to CART increases feeding. d. CART activates MCH/orexin neurons. e. Ghrelin stimulates CART neurons.
c. Infusion of an antibody to CART increases feeding.
Another name for instrumental conditioning is? a. Classical conditioning b. Perceptual conditioning c. Operant conditioning d. Relational conditioning e. None of the above
c. Operant conditioning
Which behavioral capacity below is retained in the decerebrate rat? a. The capacity to approach food b. The capacity to seek out and eat solid food. c. The capacity to respond to hunger and satiety signals d. The capacity to swallow large bits of solid food. e. The ability to reject sweet tasting foods
c. The capacity to respond to hunger and satiety signals
The MC4 receptor is activated by and inhibited by ________. a. nicotine; amphetamine b. agouti-related protein; NPY c. alpha-MSH; agouti-related protein d. insulin; glucagon e. alpha-MSH; CCK
c. alpha-MSH; agouti-related protein
The NMDA receptor is unusual in that it is ________ -dependent and ________ -dependent. a. Ca 2+ ; Na+. b. neurotransmitter; hormone c. voltage; neurotransmitter d. Na+; Mg2+ e. ligand; ion
c. voltage; neurotransmitter
An example of relational learning is a. recognizing a familiar stimulus b. salivating in response to a favorite food c. forming a mental map of a room based on your experience in the room d. practicing a golf swing repeatedly results in more accurate strokes e. failing to respond to a loud sound given repeatedly
c. forming a mental map of a room based on your experience in the room
Research has shown that the ___ plays a role in memory consolidation a. Amygdala b. Basal Ganglia c. Hippocampal formation d. Hypothalamus e. Dentate gyrus
c. hippocampal formation
Administration of endocannabinoids, substances related to THC, stimulates eating by a. inactivating ghrelin receptors. b. blocking cholinergic receptors in the brain stem. c. increasing the release of MCH and orexin. d. activating MC4-receptors. e. decreasing the release of MCH and orexin.
c. increasing the release of MCH and orexin.
Leptin inhibits eating via a. blockade of the entry of insulin into brain. b. activation of CCK receptors in brain. c. inhibition of NPY, AGRP, and orexin neurons within the hypothalamus. d. increasing the release of NPY in the hypothalamus. e. inducing the stomach to release more ghrelin
c. inhibition of NPY, AGRP, and orexin neurons within the hypothalamus.
Our short-term fuel reservoir is located in ________ cells. a. duodenal b. stomach c. liver and muscle d. adipose tissue e. pancreatic
c. liver and muscle
Which of the following would activate the volumetric thirst system without an action on osmometric thirst? a. evaporation of water from the lungs. b. severe constipation. c. loss of blood after an automobile trauma. d. ingestion of a bag of salted potato chips. e. evaporation of water from the skin
c. loss of blood after an automobile trauma.
Osmoreceptors change their firing rate in response to a. the angiotensin concentration in blood. b. the concentration of renin within the blood. c. movement of water out of the osmoreceptor as the interstitial fluid becomes hypertonic. d. reduced osmotic pressure within the blood plasma. e. increased blood plasma volume
c. movement of water out of the osmoreceptor as the interstitial fluid becomes hypertonic.
The primary input to the hippocampus is from the Select one: a. granule cells of field CA2. b. nucleus accumbens. c. pyramidal cells of field CA1. d. granule cells of the dentate gyrus. e. entorhinal cortex.
c. pyramidal cells of field CA1.
The observation that the incidence of obesity has greatly increased over a few decades is unlikely to be due to a. some innate aberration of metabolism. b. increased exercise awareness of our citizens. c. rapid changes in the gene pool. d. smaller portions provided by fast-food restaurants. e. the fact that we require fewer calories as we get older.
c. rapid changes in the gene pool.
Long-lasting, long-term potentiation Select one: a. does not depend on protein synthesis. b. involves synaptic changes that occur over a four-minute after stimulation. c. requires protein synthesis. d. involves changes in protein synthesis in the presynaptic terminal. e. is not dependent on stimulation of the presynaptic element.
c. requires protein synthesis.
The ______ hippocampal formation is activated by _______. a. left; perceptions of movement b. right; verbal information c. right; spatial information d. right; perceptions of movement e. left; emotional speech
c. right; spatial information
The optimal value of the system variable in a homeostatic system is termed the a. thermostat. b. detector. c. set point. d. correctional mechanism. e. homeostatic variable
c. set point.
During associative long term potentiation, when a weak synapse is paired with a strong synapse, the weak synapse __________. This occurs because of _________. a. decreases; population EPSP b. repeats; population EPSP c. strengthens; the Hebb rule d. disappears; AMPA receptors e. charges; long term depression
c. strengthens; the Hebb rule
Studies of feeding using decerebrate rats indicate that a. the feeding circuits for chewing are contained within the forebrain. b. CCK acts on frontal cortex to stimulate eating. c. the brainstem contains circuits that allow a rat to chew and to swallow. d. decerebrate rats are unable to chew, swallow, or distinguish tastes. e. the circuits controlling ingestion lie forward to the brainstem.
c. the brainstem contains circuits that allow a rat to chew and to swallow.
Which of the following is considered to be an important factor that contributes to obesity? a. overexertion in our jobs and spare time b. learning to slowly eat your food c. the fact that some persons are efficient at storing ingested calories as fat d. the generous portions of low-calorie foods provided by fast-food restaurants e. oversecretion of leptin
c. the fact that some persons are efficient at storing ingested calories as fat
Functional imaging studies of the brain during decision-making in a gambling game suggest that Select one: a. wrong choices inhibited the activity of the nucleus accumbens. b. decisions produce emotional responses which activate the frontal cortex. c. the prefrontal cortex is activated when subjects make choices that resulted in losing money. d. sociopaths show a greater activation of the frontal cortex than do normal persons during a card game. e. correct choices resulted in activation of the amygdala.
c. the prefrontal cortex is activated when subjects make choices that resulted in losing money.
Our long-term fuel reservoir contains ________ and is located in ________. a. glycogen; the liver b. glycogen; the brain c. triglycerides; fat cells d. insulin; the pancreas e. triglycerides; the liver
c. triglycerides; fat cells
A group of dopaminergic neurons in the central midbrain whose axons form the mesolimbic and mesocortical systems is... a. nucleus accumbens b. medial forebrain bundle c. ventral tegmental area d. basal ganglia e. none of the above
c. ventral tegmental area
motor learning: What does sleep aid in doing?
consolidation of memory
The distinction between implicit and explicit memories is that a. hippocampal damage impairs implicit, but not explicit memory b. explicit memories are unavailable to consciousness c. we are unable to talk about implicit memories d. implicit memories are rapidly forgotten e. implicit memories can only be held for short periods of time
c. we are unable to talk about implicit memories
Associative long-term potentiation reflects increased ________ produced by changes in ________.
calcium entry; NMDA receptors
Long-term potentiation reflects increased ________ produced by activity of ________.
calcium entry; NMDA receptors
Declarative long-term memories
can be expressed verbally.
Clozapine is referred to as an "atypical" antischizophrenic drug because it
can reverse schizophrenic symptoms without producing the motor disorder tardive dyskinesia.
The neostriatum is composed of the
caudate nucleus and the putamen
The neostriatum is composed of the
caudate nucleus and the putamen.
The neostriatum is composed of the caudate nucleus and the putamen. globus pallidus and the cingulum. amygdala and hippocampus. nucleus accumbens and the caudate nucleus. lateral hypothalamus and the cingulum.
caudate nucleus and the putamen.
The neostriatum is composed of the nucleus accumbens and the caudate nucleus. lateral hypothalamus and the cingulum. caudate nucleus and the putamen. globus pallidus and the cingulum. amygdala and hippocampus.
caudate nucleus and the putamen.
Intracellular fluid includes
cell cytoplasm
Intracellular fluid includes
cell cytoplasm.
The only bodily cells that do not require insulin in order to transport glucose across the cell membranes are
cells of the brain
The only bodily fluids that are not required in order to transport glucose across the cell membranes are
cells of the brain
The only bodily cells that do not require insulin in order to transport glucose across the cell membranes are
cells of the brain.
When insulin is not present, glucose can be utilized by
cells of the brain.
Osmoreceptors are specialized neurons that detect
changes in solute concentration of the interstitial fluid around the cell
Patient H.M. is able to perform all of the following tasks quite well EXCEPT
consolidating information from short-term memory to long-term memory using rehearsal.
Patient H.M. was able to perform all of the following tasks quite well EXCEPT
consolidating information from short-term memory to long-term memory using rehearsal.
The key deficit in pure anomia involves a difficulty in
choosing the correct words to express an idea.
A common cause of Korsakoff's syndrome is
chronic alcohol abuse
Korsakoff's syndrome often results from
chronic alcoholism
The overeating noted in Prader-Willi syndrome is most likely to reflect -
chronically elevated levels of plasma ghrelin
The hair-like appendages that extend from the ends of the auditory receptors are known as
cilia
Instrumental conditioning involves strengthening connections between the lateral and central nuclei of the amygdala. a neutral stimulus and a stimulus that produces a reflexive response. circuits that detect a stimulus and motor control circuits that produce a response. the dorsal and ventral streams. two stimuli.
circuits that detect a stimulus and motor control circuits that produce a response.
Instrumental conditioning involves strengthening connections between
circuits that detect a stimulus and motor control circuits that produce a response
Instrumental conditioning involves strengthening connections between
circuits that detect a stimulus and motor control circuits that produce a response.
One of Toms friends has a night of boozing on many Vodka screwdrivers, and eating much pizza and salad with bacon bits. After becoming sick, she refuses to eat bacon bits. This is an example of which type of memory?
classical conditioning
stimulus-response learning
classical conditioning + operant or instrumental conditioning
Models such as the gill withdrawal reflex in Aplysia and the eyeblink reflex in the rabbit have been used to study
classical conditioning.
One of Toms friends has a night of boozing on many Vodka screwdrivers, and eating much pizza and salad with bacon bits. After becoming sick, she refuses to eat bacon bits. This is an example of which type of memory?
classical conditioning.
In emotional response conditioning, a tone is paired with a shock. After repeated pairings, the tone alone elicits fear. In this case, the fear to the tone is the:
conditioned response
In emotional response conditioning, atone is paired with a shock. After, repeated pairings, the tone alone elicits fear. In this case, the fear to the tone is the:
conditioned response
As a mother nurse her infants, she gently stroking the side of his head, in the absence of nursing, causing to calm down when upset. In this case, the stroking of the side of his head in teh absence of nursing is the:
conditioned stimulus
As a mother nurses her infant, she gently strokes the side of his head. Over time, gently stroking the side of his head, in the absence of nursing, causes him to calm down when upset. In this case, the stroking of the side of his head in the absence of nursing is the
conditioned stimulus
As a mother nurses her infant, she gently strokes the side of his head. Over time, gently stroking the side of his head, in the absence of nursing, causes him to calm down when upset. In this case, the stroking of the side of his head in the absence of nursing is the
conditioned stimulus.
As a mother nurses her infant, she gently strokes the side of his head. Over time, gently stroking the side of his head, in the absence of nursing, causes him to calm down when upset. In this case, the stroking of the side of his head in the absence of nursing is the:
conditioned stimulus.
The ________ is the membrane that prevents a contact lens from slipping into the space behind the eyeball
conjunctiva
The ________ is the membrane that prevents a contact lens from slipping into the space behind the eyeball.
conjunctiva
Relational learning involves changes in
connections between different regions of sensory association cortex
Relational learning involves changes in
connections between different regions of sensory association cortex.
Patient H.M. was able to perform all of the following tasks quite well EXCEPT
consolidating information from short-term memory to long-term memory using rehearsal
Which of the following is an explanation of hippocampal damage produced by anoxia? Select one: a. Anoxia reduces the release of glutamate. b. Glycine terminals are found in the hippocampus. c. Field CA3 of the hippocampus is rich in NMDA receptors. d. Activation of NMDA receptors produces an accumulation of calcium ions, which is toxic to the neuron. e. Anoxia releases glycine, a toxic neurotransmitter.
d. Activation of NMDA receptors produces an accumulation of calcium ions, which is toxic to the neuron.
Which pair of peptides below act as anorexigens? a. CCK; ghrelin b. ghrelin; CART c. NPY; insulin d. CART; alpha-MSH e. NPY; AGRP
d. CART; alpha-MSH
When NMDA receptors become blocked, calcium ions are unable to enter_______, which in turn prevents long term potentiation. a. the presynaptic neuron b. calcium channels c. the synapse d. Dendritic spines e. pyramid cells
d. Dendritic spines
________ is secreted by pancreatic cells in response to ________. a. Insulin; a fall in blood glucose b. Glucagon; a rise in blood glucose c. Amylin; entry of fat into the duodenum d. Glucagon; a fall in blood glucose e. Leptin; a fall in blood glucose
d. Glucagon; a fall in blood glucose
The ________ states that a weak synapse will be strengthened if its activation occurs at the same time that the postsynaptic neuron fires a. perforant path hypothesis b. law of effect c. all-or-none principle d. Hebb rule e. law of summation
d. Hebb rule
The________ states that a weak synapse will be strengthened if its activation occurs at the same time that the postsynaptic neuron fires. Select one: a. perforant path hypothesis b. law of effect c. all-or-none principle d. Hebb rule e. law of summation
d. Hebb rule
________ is a key dietary factor for inducing obesity. a. Saccharin b. Aspartame c. Amphetamine d. High-fructose corn syrup e. Protein
d. High-fructose corn syrup
The ventral stream is? a. Involved with object recognition and continues ventrally into the posterior parietal cortex. b. Involved with object location and continues ventrally into the posterior parietal cortex. c. Involved with object location and continues dorsally into the posterior parietal cortex. d. Involved with object recognition and continues ventrally into the inferior temporal cortex. e. Involved with object location and continues ventrally into the inferior temporal cortex.
d. Involved with object recognition and continues ventrally into the inferior temporal cortex.
The opening vignette described the case of Carrie, who suffered from a. appetite loss. b. anorexia nervosa. c. aphasia. d. Prader-Willi syndrome. e. aphagia.
d. Prader-Willi syndrome.
__________ is an adverse stimulus that follows a particular behavior and thus makes the behavior become less frequent a. Reinforcing stimulus b. Unconditioned stimulus c. Conditioned stimulus d. Punishing stimulus e. Response stimulus
d. Punishing stimulus
The NMDA receptor controls ________ and is normally blocked by ________. a. a chloride channel; sodium ions b. a potassium channel; magnesium ions c. the presynaptic membrane potential; GABA d. a calcium channel; magnesium ions e. the inputs to the hippocampus; presynaptic inhibition
d. a calcium channel; magnesium ions
A person with semantic dementia would be expected to show a. damage of the medial parietal lobe b. a difficulty in recalling episodic information c. damage of the hippocampus d. a difficulty in recalling factual information e. deficits in episodic emotional memory
d. a difficulty in recalling factual information
Which of the following conclusions were made based on the pattern of deficits in patient H.M: a. The hippocampus is not the location of long-term memories; nor is it necessary for the retrieval of long-term memories. b. The hippocampus is not the location of immediate (short-term) memories. c. The hippocampus is involved in converting immediate (short-term) memories into long-term memories. d. All of the above. e. None of the above.
d. all of the above The hippocampus is not the location of long-term memories; nor is it necessary for the retrieval of long-term memories. The hippocampus is not the location of immediate (short-term) memories. The hippocampus is involved in converting immediate (short-term) memories into long-term memories.
The distinction between bulimia and anorexia nervosa is that a. anorexia (but not bulimia) is a metabolic disorder. b. anorexia (but not bulimia) can be associated with weight gain. c. bulimia (but not anorexia) reflects an obsession with weight loss. d. anorexia nervosa involves weight loss, while bulimia involves binging. e. bulimia is a metabolic disorder while anorexia is not
d. anorexia nervosa involves weight loss, while bulimia involves binging.
A study from 2004 suggests that the role of the prefrontal cortex in short-term memory is to: a. Devise strategies for retrieval b. Manipulate and organize to-be-remembered information c. Monitor the outcome d. Answers A, B, & C e. None of the above
d. answers A, B, and C Devise strategies for retrieval Manipulate and organize to-be-remembered information Monitor the outcome
Plasma levels of ghrelin are highest _______ and lead to ________. a. at the start of the morning; a craving for caffeine b. after a meal; a craving for a cigarette c. at the end of the evening; sleepiness d. before a meal; eating e. after a meal; consumption of a snack
d. before a meal; eating
Inactivation of type II calcium calmodulin kinase would be expected to Select one: a. facilitate the production of long-term potentiation. b. promote the formation of new memories. c. block the entry of calcium into the postsynaptic cell. d. block the formation of long-term potentiation. e. promote the creation of new NMDA receptors.
d. block the formation of long-term potentiation.
One explanation for why it is hard to maintain a low-calorie diet is that a. food restriction elevates insulin release, which triggers feeding. b. we are fundamentally too lazy to exercise. c. starvation releases dopamine, which makes us happy. d. food restriction elevates ghrelin release, which triggers hunger. e. low calorie foods suppress ghrelin secretion.
d. food restriction elevates ghrelin release, which triggers hunger.
Match the correct behavior with the condition that precedes it: a. meracaptoacetate; drinking b. insulin; drinking c. insulin; sexual behavior d. ghrelin; eating e. 2-DG; drinking
d. ghrelin; eating
The ventral stream of visual association cortex continues into the ________ and carries information relating to ________ . a. inferior temporal cortex; object location b. posterior parietal cortex; object location c. posterior parietal cortex; object recognition d. inferior temporal cortex; object recognition e. primary visual cortex; object shape and color
d. inferior temporal cortex; object recognition
We know that nutrient receptors are located within the intestines because a. injection of nutrients into the duodenum will induce eating. b. infusion of fatty acids into the duodenum increases the firing rate of afferent axons from the gut. c. infusion of amino acids into the stomach increases the firing rate of afferent axons from the gut. d. infusion of glucose into the duodenum increases the firing rate of afferent axons from the gut. e. eating is not altered by surgery that cuts the gut afferents.
d. infusion of glucose into the duodenum increases the firing rate of afferent axons from the gut.
A potent stimulus for producing osmometric thirst involves a. evaporation from the lungs during the winter months. b. vomiting during illness. c. loss of blood after an automobile trauma. d. ingestion of a bag of salted potato chips. e. perspiration.
d. ingestion of a bag of salted potato chips.
Cholecystokinin a. inhibits gastric contractions. b. acts to stimulate eating via the ventromedial hypothalamus. c. stimulates contraction of the gallbladder and pylorus. d. inhibits eating. e. blood levels are related to the sugar content of a meal.
d. inhibits eating.
The primary hormone associated with the absorptive phase of metabolism is a. glucagon. b. CCK. c. ghrelin. d. insulin. e. cortisol.
d. insulin
The absorptive phase of metabolism is mostly controlled by release of a. glucagon. b. leptin. c. CCK. d. insulin. e. glycerol.
d. insulin.
Hypoglycemia induced by an injection of ________ results in ¬¬¬¬_______. a. ghrelin; satiety b. 2-DG ; drinking c. fenfluramine; conditioned satiety d. insulin; eating e. CCK; eating
d. insulin; eating
The notion that normal food intake is controlled by NPY is supported by the observation that a. NPY strongly inhibits drinking. b. NPY antagonists block the capacity of lithium chloride to induce taste aversion. c. NPY levels are constant across the day-night cycle. d. intra-hypothalamic injection of an NPY antagonist blocks the capacity of food deprivation to induce eating. e. food deprivation does not alter the levels of NPY in the brain.
d. intra-hypothalamic injection of an NPY antagonist blocks the capacity of food deprivation to induce eating.
Which fluid compartments must be precisely regulated within certain limits? a. interstitial; intracellular b. intracellular; cerebrospinal c. extracellular; intracellular d. intravascular; intracellular e. transvascular; interstitial
d. intravascular; intracellular
A key reason why the volume of blood must be regulated within certain limits is that a. reduced blood volume causes water to move out of cells. b. reduced blood volume causes water to move into cells. c. low blood volume leads to better pumping action in the heart. d. low blood volume leads to heart failure. e. high blood volume leads to low blood pressure.
d. low blood volume leads to heart failure.
The ________ nucleus of the amygdala receives odor and pheromone signals. Select one: a. cortical b. central c. postero-lateral d. medial e. lateral
d. medial
12.1-49. Match up the correct behavior with the condition that precedes it: a. mercaptoacetate; drinking b. insulin; drinking c. insulin; sexual behavior d. mercaptoacetate; eating e. 2-DG; drinking
d. mercaptoacetate; eating
The peptides ________ and ________ act in the hypothalamus to increase eating in the rat. a. insulin; CCK b. serotonin; CCK c. NPY; leptin d. orexin; melanin-concentrating hormone e. CCK; ghrelin
d. orexin; melanin-concentrating hormone
Electrolytic lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus ________, whereas electrical stimulation ________. a. impair sexual behavior; elicits repetitive bouts of copulation b. inhibit eating; produces overeating c. elicit repetitive bouts of copulation; impairs sexual behavior d. produce overeating to obesity; inhibits eating e. activate thermogenesis; induces shivering
d. produce overeating to obesity; inhibits eating
An important physiological effect of angiotensin II is to a. end the consumption of water after a thirst episode. b. release hormones that cause the kidneys to excrete water and sodium. c. decrease blood pressure. d. promote the consumption of salt. e. suppress food intake.
d. promote the consumption of salt.
27 The primary stimulus that evokes volumetric thirst is a. increased blood flow to the kidneys. b. loss of intracellular water. c. loss of interstitial water. d. reduced blood flow to the kidneys. e. lack of renin in the blood
d. reduced blood flow to the kidneys.
A human male who has a long record of assault, arson, and murder would be expected to show ________ levels of ________ in his cerebrospinal fluid. Select one: a. elevated; opiates b. elevated; GABA c. reduced; GABA d. reduced; 5-HIAA e. elevated; 5-HIAA
d. reduced; 5-HIAA
Activation of the anterior cingulate cortex would be expected to a. blunt fluid intake in response to a hypotonic fluid challenge. b. lower blood pressure. c. produce overeating to obesity. d. reflect the thirst state of the subject. e. result in a hypotonic blood volume
d. reflect the thirst state of the subject.
A key feature for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis in Dr. C was
diverse neurological symptoms that appeared at different times
Which of the following is an example of the systems variable in a regulatory system such as a cooking oven? a. the timer mechanism b. the thermostat within the oven c. the oven light d. the air temperature in the oven e. the highest temperature achieved by the oven
d. the air temperature in the oven
Based on the study of Patient H.M., it has been concluded that a. short-term memories are stored within the hippocampus b. the hippocampus is required for retrieval of long-term memories c. long-term memories are stored within the hippocampus d. the hippocampus converts short-term memories into long-term memories e. damage to the hippocampus results in severe retrograde amnesia
d. the hippocampus converts short-term memories into long-term memories
A key pathway through which glucoprivic stimuli such as 2-DG act to stimulate feeding is a. rostral pons -> reticular formation -> thalamus b. subfornical organ -> median preoptic nucleus -> zona incerta c. reticular formation -> lateral hypothalamus -> AGRP neurons in the PVN d. ventrolateral medulla -> NPY neurons in the arcuate e. ventrolateral medulla -> ghrelin receptors on hypothalamic neurons
d. ventrolateral medulla -> NPY neurons in the arcuate
Memory of events and facts (explicit,, episodic events, facts)
declarative learning
Learning events, places, and episodes; learning relationships among stimuli (episodic and semantic)
declarative memory
Memory for events and facts that we can think and talk about is referred to as
declarative memory
Memory for events and facts that we can think and talk about is referred to as
declarative memory.
Which of the following terms are synonymous
declarative memory; explicit memory
Which of the following terms are synonymous?
declarative memory; explicit memory
The end of a meal may be signaled by a(n)
decrease in plasma ghrelin levels
Neural circuits that contain memories are established by strengthening some synapses and weakening others; the low-frequency stimulation of synaptic inputs to a cell can __________ their strength in a phenomenon known as ________________.
decrease, long-term depression
The Roux-en-Y gastric bypass procedure produces weight loss by
decreasing plasma ghrelin levels
The Roux-en-Y gastric bypass procedure produces weight loss by -
decreasing plasma ghrelin levels
The Roux-en-Y gastric bypass procedure produces weight loss by
decreasing plasma ghrelin levels.
LTP: The performant pathway must be _____ either by exposure to stimuli in environment or by delivery of a burst of pulses
depolarized
A serious health hazard that accompanies obesity is
diabetes
Patients with ________ dyslexia are able to read aloud, but do not understand what they are reading.
direct
Lesions of the basal ganglia
disrupt operant condition but not simple perceptual learning
The greatest degree of satiety would be expected for the situation involving
distension of the stomach by an inflatable bag, in combination with infusion of nutrients directly into the duodenum.
The greatest degree of satiety would be expected for the situation involving
distension of the stomach by an inflatable bag, in combination with infusion of nutrients directly into the duodenum
The greatest degree of satiety would be expected for the situation involving
distension of the stomach by an inflatable bag, in combination with infusion of nutrients directly into the duodenum.
Studies by Schultz and colleagues suggest that release of dopamine within the nucleus accumbens does not occur for an expected reinforcing stimulus (fruit juice). is greatest for natural reinforcers. can occur when a stimulus is aversive. is greatest for drugs of abuse. is automatically produced during stimulus delivery.
does not occur for an expected reinforcing stimulus (fruit juice).
Studies by Schultz and colleagues suggest that release of dopamine within the nucleus accumbens
does not occur for an expected reinforcing stimulus (fruit juice).
A rat learns to press a lever when it receives a reinforcing item, such as a food pellet, upon each press. To learn the connection between the lever press and the receipt of the food pellet, the neurotransmitter ____ is involved
dopamine
A rat learns to press a lever when it receives a reinforcing item, such as a food pellet, upon each press. To learn the connection between the lever press and the receipt of the food pellet, the neurotransmitter ___________ is involved.
dopamine
The research by Knecht in 2004 demonstrated that __________ is an essential part of long-lasting, long-term potentiation.
dopamine (specifically L-DOPA)
The dopamine schizophrenia hypothesis is supported by the finding that
dopamine antagonists relieve the positive symptoms of schizophrenia.
Reinforcing effects of electrical brain stimulation and of drugs such as amphetamine reflectan action on ________ projections of the ________. dopamine; mesolimbic pathway leptin; mesocortical pathway norepinephrine; nigrostriatal pathway dopamine; nigrostriatal pathway GABA; mesocortical pathway
dopamine; mesolimbic pathway
Reinforcing effects of electrical brain stimulation and of drugs such as amphetamine partly reflect an action on __________ in the __________.
dopamine; mesolimbic pathway
Reinforcing effects of electrical brain stimulation and of drugs such as amphetamine reflect an action on ________ projections of the ________
dopamine; mesolimbic pathway
Reinforcing effects of electrical brain stimulation and of drugs such as amphetamine reflectan action on ________ projections of the ________. dopamine; mesolimbic pathway leptin; mesocortical pathway dopamine; nigrostriatal pathway GABA; mesocortical pathway norepinephrine; nigrostriatal pathway
dopamine; mesolimbic pathway
Peter was in a car accident and suffered from damage to his posterior parietal cortex. In numerous trials, he is able to identify objects but it unable to locate them in space. Peter probably suffered damage to his _________ stream of perceptual learning.
dorsal
Perceptual learning: further analyses location and sends info to parietal cortex
dorsal stream
In Oliveri et al. (2008), human subjects were given TMS after completing a set amount of delayed matching simple tasks. TMS then was put on ____ and ____ streams, which ____ memory.
dorsal; ventral; disrupted
The induction of LTP in the hippocampus would be blocked by
drug such as AP5 that blocks NMDA receptors
Which of the following distinguishes predation from most types of aggression? Select one: a. Predation is not accompanied by sympathetic activation in the predator. b. The object of predatory attack experiences more sympathetic activation than that seen when two members of the same species engage in aggression. c. A predator is highly likely to terminate the attack when the prey shows submissive behaviors. d. The aim of a predatory attack is to kill and consume a food source. e. A and D are correct.
e. A and D are correct.
What are the two glutamate receptors located on CA1 pyramidal cells that aid in long term potentiation? a. acetylcholine; GABA b. serotonin; dopamine c. PKM- zeta; acetylcholine d. GABA; L- DOPA e. NMDA receptors; AMPA receptors
e. NMDA receptors; AMPA receptors
Which pair below act as orexigens? a. NPY; insulin b. ghrelin; CART c. CCK; ghrelin d. CART; alpha-MSH e. NPY; AGRP
e. NPY; AGRP
Which is false about operant conditioning? a. It is a more flexible form of learning b. Learning procedure whereby the effects of a particular behavior in a particular situation reinforce or punish the probability of the behavior c. A famous experiment that demonstrated operant conditioning used a "Skinner box" d. Reinforcement strengthens connections between neural circuits e. None of the above
e. None of the above (It is a more flexible form of learning Learning procedure whereby the effects of a particular behavior in a particular situation reinforce or punish the probability of the behavior A famous experiment that demonstrated operant conditioning used a "Skinner box" Reinforcement strengthens connections between neural circuits)
________ is secreted by pancreatic cells in response to ________.
glucagon; a fall in blood glucose
Which of the following is true of leptin? a. Leptin is a product of protein metabolism. b. Leptin levels are decreased during overeating and obesity. c. Mutations of the leptin gene are the most common cause of obesity. d. Plasma leptin levels are related to body fat content only in obese persons. e. Obese humans have high plasma leptin levels and are insensitive to leptin injection.
e. Obese humans have high plasma leptin levels and are insensitive to leptin injection.
Which of the following is true of the success rate of therapy for anorexia nervosa? a. Some 22 percent of treated patients show a good recovery at a 5-year follow-up. b. Many anorexics suffer from binging. c. At a 20-year follow-up, some 75 percent of treated anorexic patients had died. d. Anorexic patients experience low rates of relapse. e. The treatment success rate has not improved in 50 years.
e. The treatment success rate has not improved in 50 years.
The most effective form of bariatric surgical procedures for obesity involves a. wiring the jaw shut with steel cables. b. implantation under the skin of pellets of leptin (appetite suppression) and nicotine (increase thermogenesis). c. clamping a 4-inch steel cord around the abdomen to prevent further gut growth. d. stomach stapling. e. a gastric bypass in which the jejunum is connected is connected to a small stomach pouch
e. a gastric bypass in which the jejunum is connected is connected to a small stomach pouch
Drugs such as fenfluramine that were used to treat obesity exerted an inhibition of appetite by a. altering serotonin activity in the PVN. b. causing the release of NPY from cells in the arcuate. c. activating CART receptors. d. blocking serotonin receptor activity in the PVN. e. acting as a serotonin agonist in the brain.
e. acting as a serotonin agonist in the brain.
What is true about classical conditioning? a. Involves associations between two stimuli b. Form of learning in which an unimportant stimulus acquires the properties of an important one c. Has an unconditional response, unconditional stimulus, conditional stimulus, and conditional response d. The process involves thousands of different types of neurons e. All of the above are correct
e. all of the above Involves associations between two stimuli Form of learning in which an unimportant stimulus acquires the properties of an important one Has an unconditional response, unconditional stimulus, conditional stimulus, and conditional response The process involves thousands of different types of neurons
Which is one of the 4 basic types of learning talked about in the textbook? a. Perceptual learning b. Motor learning c. Stimulus-response learning d. Relational learning e. All of the above
e. all of the above Perceptual learning Motor learning Stimulus-response learning Relational learning
During the absorptive phase of metabolism, a. blood glucose levels are lowered. b. it has been some time since the person last ate food. c. the pancreas secretes glucagon rather than insulin. d. the liver converts glycogen to glucose. e. blood glucose levels rise, which triggers the release of insulin by the pancreas.
e. blood glucose levels rise, which triggers the release of insulin by the pancreas.
The ________ amygdaloid nucleus is important output region for the expression of emotional responses to aversive stimuli. Select one: a. medial b. cortical c. postero-lateral d. lateral e. central
e. central
A correctional mechanism for low blood volume involves a. the movement of urine into the blood through the kidney. b. movement of water into cells. c. a fasting pumping action in the heart. d. a slower pumping action in the heart. e. contracting the muscles of the arteries and veins.
e. contracting the muscles of the arteries and veins.
The greatest degree of satiety would be expected for the situation involving a. placing an amount of food directly into the stomach. b. swallowing a mouthful of food that then exits via the esophagus. c. swallowing a mouthful of food that is restricted to the stomach. d. chewing a bite of food and then spitting it out. e. distension of the stomach by an inflatable bag, in combination with infusion of nutrients directly into the duodenum.
e. distension of the stomach by an inflatable bag, in combination with infusion of nutrients directly into the duodenum.
Declarative memories are to ____ as nondeclarative memories are to ___. a. Implicit; explicit b. short term; long term c. replicit; implicit d. explicit; umplicit e. explicit; implicit
e. explicit; implicit
You are listening to a song on the radio while doing your homework. The phone rings. Your mother has called to tell you that your favorite uncle has died after being hit by a car. Three months later, you again hear the same song and suddenly feel very sad. In this example, the unconditional response is a. the voice of your mother as she relays the bad news b. listening to the song c. your feeling about the song prior to the phone call d. your feeling about your uncle before he died e. feeling sad when your mother calls with the bad news
e. feeling sad when your mother calls with the bad news
The term ________ refers to an aqueous solution whose solute concentration is less than that of the intracellular fluid. a. hypertonic b. isotonic c. volumetric d. cytoplasmic e. hypotonic
e. hypotonic
The primary location of osmoreceptors within brain is within the a. zone incerta. b. area postrema. c. amygdala d. nucleus accumbens. e. lamina terminalis.
e. lamina terminalis.
A decrease in the amount of AMPA receptors in the dendritic spins of the postsynaptic neuron leads to? a. dendritic spikes b. depolarization c. memory loss d. instrumental conditioning e. long term depression
e. long term depression
When nitric oxide synthase is produced in the hippocampal formation, it spreads_________. a. across the hippocampal formation and into nearby structures before it is destroyed a. across the hippocampal formation and into nearby structures before it is destroyed. b. along the axon c. to the basal ganglia d. into the denate gyrus. e. only into nearby locations for a short period of time.
e. only into nearby locations for a short period of time.
People with retrograde amnesia cannot a. remember stressful or traumatic events b. recall lists of nonsense syllables c. learn new information d. transform their short-term memories into long-term memories e. recall events that occurred prior to the brain injury
e. recall events that occurred prior to the brain injury
Nutrient detectors in the brain are sensitive to
glucoprivation
It is considered a bad idea to skip breakfast because a. eating breakfast releases leptin, which activates brain cells. b. fuel absorption is faster in the morning than in the afternoon. c. the minerals eaten in a typical breakfast are important for energy metabolism. d. the carbohydrate reserve of the liver can only be refilled during the morning. e. the liver holds a limited amount of glucose for use by the brain, and this supply can be depleted after an overnight fast.
e. the liver holds a limited amount of glucose for use by the brain, and this supply can be depleted after an overnight fast.
During the fasting phase of metabolism, a. blood glucose levels are increased. b. body cells are able to use glucose. c. the pancreas secretes ghrelin rather than insulin. d. the liver converts glucose to glycogen. e. the pancreas secretes glucagon rather than insulin.
e. the pancreas secretes glucagon rather than insulin.
A person with ________ would be most likely to exhibit anxious tendencies. Select one: a. the long allele of the serotonin transporter gene b. high 5-HIAA levels in cerebrospinal fluid c. high plasma levels of Prozac d. damage to the amygdala e. the short allele of the serotonin transporter gene
e. the short allele of the serotonin transporter gene
An increase in # of AMPA receptors
early LTP
The effects of neuropeptide Y on ________ are localized within the ________.
eating; lateral hypothalamus
The hippocampus processes information through _____ connections with subcortical regions, where memories are modified and eventually _____.
efferent, consolidated.
Wernicke's aphasia can be described as
effortless production of meaningless speech
The human visual system is specialized to detect
electromagnetic radiation between 380 and 760 nm
Electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus
elicits eating and drinking
Electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus
elicits eating and drinking.
Which of the following is NOT one of the four basic forms of learning?
emotional learning
Habitual marijuana smokers often experience "the munchies" due to THC being an agonist for
endocannabinoids
Habitual marijuana smokers often experience "the munchies" due to THC being an agonist for
endocannabinoids.
Habitual marijuana smokers often experience �the munchies� due to THC being an agonist for
endocannabinoids.
The most important input to the hippocampal formation is the ___________________.
entorhinal cortex
The primary input to the hippocampus is from the
entorhinal cortex
Stimulus-response learning involves the ability to exhibit a specific behavior in the presence of a specific stimulus. train a sensory system to detect accurately the location of a stimulus. learn to adjust behavior according to its consequences. make an association between two stimuli. identify and categorize objects.
exhibit a specific behavior in the presence of a specific stimulus.
When an individual _________ to receive reinforcement, such as money, neurons in the VTA are _____________.
expects; active
When an individual ________________ to receive reinforcement, such as money, neurons in the VTA are _____________.
expects; inactive
Declarative memory is synonymous for __________.
explicit memory
H.M. was also interesting in that while his ability to form new memories for _________ was severely impaired, he could form new memories for __________. skills and habits; people and places people and places; skills and habits facts and events; skills and habits skills and habits; facts and events facts and events; faces
facts and events; faces
The amygdala is involved in the recognition of ________communicated via ________.
fear; facial expression
You are listening to a song on the radio while doing your homework. The phone rings. Your mother has called to tell you that your favorite uncle has died after being hit by a car. Three months later, you again hear the same song and suddenly feel very sad. In this example, the unconditional response is
feeling sad when your mother calls with the bad news
You are listening to a song on the radio while doing your homework. The phone rings. Your mother has called to tell you that your favorite uncle has died after being hit by a car. Three months later, you again hear the same song and suddenly feel very sad. In this example, the unconditional response is
feeling sad when your mother calls with the bad news.
You are listening to a song on the radio while doing your homework. The phone rings. Your mother has called to tell you that your favorite uncle has died after being hit by a car. Three months later, you again hear the same song and suddenly feel very sad. In this example,the unconditional response is
feeling sad when your mother calls with the bad news.
You are listening to a song on the radio while doing your homework. The phone rings. Your mother has called to tell you that your favorite uncle has died after being hit by a car. Three months later, you again hear the same song and suddenly feel very sad. In this example,the unconditional response is listening to the song. feeling sad when your mother calls with the bad news. the voice of your mother as she relays the bad news. your feeling about the song prior to the phone call. your feeling about your uncle before he died.
feeling sad when your mother calls with the bad news.
You are listening to a song on the radio while doing your homework. The phone rings. Yourmother has called to tell you that your favorite uncle has died after being hit by a car. Threemonths later, you again hear the same song and suddenly feel very sad. In this example,the unconditional response is
feeling sad when your mother calls with the bad news.
Patient R.B., who sustained brain damage while in cardiac arrest, exhibited profound anterograde amnesia. Which region of his brain was injured
field CA1 of the hippocampal formation
Which classicial conditioning pair is correct? Note: US = UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS CS = CONDITIONED STIMULUS UR = UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE CR = CONDITIONED RESPONSE flu sickness is the US; nausea is the CS flu sickness is the US; nausea is the CR flu sickness is the US; new food is the CS new food is the CS; nausea is the CR nausea is the UR; nausea to the new food is the CR
flu sickness is the US; new food is the CS
Which classicial conditioning pair is correct? Note: US = UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS CS = CONDITIONED STIMULUS UR = UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE CR = CONDITIONED RESPONSE nausea is the UR; nausea to the new food is the CR flu sickness is the US; nausea is the CR flu sickness is the US; nausea is the CS new food is the CS; nausea is the CR flu sickness is the US; new food is the CS
flu sickness is the US; new food is the CS
An example of a natural reinforcer is
food for a hungry rat
An example of a natural reinforcer is
food for a hungry rat.
An example of a natural reinforcer is food for a hungry rat. cocaine. GABA. amphetamine. dopamine.
food for a hungry rat.
One explanation for why it is hard to maintain a low-calorie diet is that
food restriction elevates ghrelin release, which triggers hunger
One explanation for why it is hard to maintain a low-calorie diet is that
food restriction elevates ghrelin release, which triggers hunger.
hippocampal formation
forebrain structure of the temporal lobe, constituting an important part of the limbic system; includes the hippocampus proper, dendrate gyrus, and subculum
Neurons that are formed during embryonic development are likely to die if they do not
form synaptic contacts with other neurons
A drug that blocks the ________ would be expected to lower blood pressure.
formation of angiotensin II from angiotensin I
A key structural change that accompanies long-term potentiation is the
formation of new synaptic contacts
A key structural change that accompanies long-term potentiation is the a. decreased size of dendritic spines
formation of new synaptic contacts
A key structural change that accompanies long-term potentiation is the
formation of new synaptic contacts.
A key structural change that accompanies long-term potentiation is the formation of new synaptic contacts. loss of synaptic contacts. formation of two segments of axon decreased size of dendritic spines. projection of a spinule into the presynaptic element
formation of new synaptic contacts.
An example of relational learning is
forming a mental map of a room based on your experience in the room
An example of relational learning is
forming a mental map of a room based on your experience in the room.
An example of relational learning is practicing a golf swing repeatedly results in more accurate strokes. forming a mental map of a room based on your experience in the room. failing to respond to a loud sound given repeatedly. recognizing a familiar stimulus. salivating in response to a favorite food.
forming a mental map of a room based on your experience in the room.
An example of relational learning is failing to respond to a loud sound given repeatedly. salivating in response to a favorite food. forming a mental map of a room based on your experience in the room. recognizing a familiar stimulus. practicing a golf swing repeatedly results in more accurate strokes.
forming a mental map of a room based on your experience in the room.
Axons that travel within the ________ connect the hippocampus to the mammillary bodies
fornix
The fact that adjacent regions of the basilar membrane and of the primary auditory cortex appear to respond best to different sound ________ can be displayed in a ________ map.
frequencies; tonotopic
Functional imaging of the brain indicates that recollection of older memories activates the _____________ and recollection of newer memories activates the ________________.
frontal cortex; hippocampus
Which of the following indicates the importance of peripheral nutrient receptors in satiety?
fructose infusions into the hepatic portal vein inhibit eating
In a delayed matching-to-sample task, participants were shown a face and then were asked to identify which face had been seen previously. In this case, the _______________ was activated in order to choose the correct face.
fusiform face area
In a delayed, matching-to-sample task, participants were shown a face and then were asked to identify which face had been seen perviously. IN this case, the ______ was activated in order to choose the correct face.
fusiform face area
Mirror neurons
in the brains of animals and humans that are active during observational learning.
The brain regions that allow us to talk about our current or past perceptions are those locatedterm-203
in the posterior portions of the cerebral hemispheres.
During a PET scan, a London cabby is asked to describe the route she would take a fare from the West End theater district to Harrod's department store. Her description would be associated with
increased activity of the right hippocampal formation
During a PET scan, a London cabby is asked to describe the route she would take a fare from the West End theater district to Harrod�s department store. Her description would be associated with
increased activity of the right hippocampal formation.
Persistence of a long-term potentiation for more than an hour requires
increased protein synthesis within the postsynaptic dendrite
Persistence of long-term potentiation for more than an hour requires
increased protein synthesis within the postsynaptic dendrite
Persistence of long-term potentiation for more than an hour requires
increased protein synthesis within the postsynaptic dendrite.
Persistence of long-term potentiation for more than an hour requires formation of new axonal spines. increased protein synthesis within the postsynaptic dendrite. insertion of GABA receptors into the postsynaptic membrane. destruction of AMPA receptors in the postsynaptic membrane. presynaptic inhibition of glutamate release.
increased protein synthesis within the postsynaptic dendrite.
Persistence of long-term potentiation for more than an hour requires insertion of GABA receptors into the postsynaptic membrane. presynaptic inhibition of glutamate release. destruction of AMPA receptors in the postsynaptic membrane. formation of new axonal spines. increased protein synthesis within the postsynaptic dendrite.
increased protein synthesis within the postsynaptic dendrite.
Persistence of longterm potentiation for more than an hour requires presynaptic inhibition of glutamate release. insertion of GABA receptors into the postsynaptic membrane. increased protein synthesis within the postsynaptic dendrite. formation of new axonal spines. destruction of AMPA receptors in the postsynaptic membrane.
increased protein synthesis within the postsynaptic dendrite.
Presynaptic changes due to LTP include:
increases in the amount of glutamate that is released.
Administration of endocannabinoids, substances related to THC, stimulates eating by
increasing the release of MCH and orexin
Administration of endocannabinoids, substances related to THC, stimulates eating by
increasing the release of MCH and orexin.
Perceptual learning: damage to ____ disrupts visual perceptual learning; fMRI
inferior temporal cortex
The ventral stream of visual association cortex continues into the ________ and carries information relating to ________ .
inferior temporal cortex; object recognition
The ventral stream of visual association cortex continues into the ________ and carries information relating to ________.
inferior temporal cortex; object recognition
The ventral stream of visual association cortex continues into the ________ and carries information relating to ________. posterior parietal cortex; object location primary visual cortex; object shape and color inferior temporal cortex; object recognition inferior temporal cortex; object location posterior parietal cortex; object recognition
inferior temporal cortex; object recognition
Which of the following is true regarding the peptide cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART)?
infusion of an antibody to CART increases feeding
The perforant pathway interconnects the CA1 and CA3 fields of the hippocampus. is another name for the fornix. is the major output of the hippocampus. interconnects the granule cells of the dentate gyrus with the amygdala. interconnects the entorhinal cortex with the granule cells of the dentate gyrus.
interconnects the entorhinal cortex with the granule cells of the dentate gyrus.
The notion that normal food intake is controlled by NPY is supported by the observation that
intra-hypothalamic injection of an NPY antagonist blocks the capacity of food deprivation to induce eating
The notion that normal food intake is controlled by NPY is supported by the observation that
intra-hypothalamic injection of an NPY antagonist blocks the capacity of food deprivation to induce eating.
Nearly two-thirds of the body's water is contained within the ________ fluid.
intracellular
Nearly two-thirds of the body�s water is contained within the ________ fluid.
intracellular
As a consequence of the activity of the sodium-potassium transporters,
intracellular sodium concentrations are kept low
Which fluid compartments must be precisely regulated within certain limits?
intravascular; intracellular
The case of Henry Molaison (H.M.) demonstrated that the hippocampus was:
involved in converting short-term memories to long-term memories.
Compared to operant conditioning, classical conditioning
involves an association between two stimuli
Compared to operant conditioning, classical conditioning
involves an association between two stimuli.
A convulsion occurs when a seizure
involves the motor cortex
AMPA Receptor
ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a sodium channel, when it opens, produces EPSPs
Match up the correct receptor type and effect.
ionotropic; direct opening of an ion channel
Studies by Schultz and colleagues suggest that release of dopamine within the nucleus accumbens
is greatest for an unexpected reinforcing stimulus
In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus
is paired repeatedly with a stimulus that evokes a reflexive response
In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus
is paired repeatedly with a stimulus that evokes a reflexive response.
In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus must always be presented after the unconditional stimulus. is paired repeatedly with a stimulus that evokes a reflexive response. reliably produces a response. is termed the unconditional stimulus. becomes inactive over repeated presentations
is paired repeatedly with a stimulus that evokes a reflexive response.
In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus becomes inactive over repeated presentations. is paired repeatedly with a stimulus that evokes a reflexive response. reliably produces a response. must always be presented after the unconditional stimulus. is termed the unconditional stimulus.
is paired repeatedly with a stimulus that evokes a reflexive response.
The hormone ________ controls the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone.
kisspeptin
Declarative memory is _______ and nondeclarative memory is _________. "knowing how" ; "knowing what" "knowing what" ; "knowing why" "knowing what" ; "knowing how" "knowing when" ; "knowing how" "knowing why" ; "knowing how"
knowing what" ; "knowing how"
Detectors for glucose are located within the
liver
Our short-term fuel reservoir is located in ________ cells
liver & muscle
Our short-term fuel reservoir is located in ________ cells.
liver and muscle
The __________, a small nucleus located in the pons, is the main source of ___________ in the forebrain. amygdala; dopamine hippocampus; noradrenaline ventral tegmental area; dopamine medial septum; glutamate locus coeruleus; noradrenaline
locus coeruleus; noradrenaline
noradrenergic axons
locus coreuleus
requires protein synthesis.
long lasting LTP
long-term depression
long-term decrease in the excitability of a neuron to a particular synaptic input cause by stimulation of the terminal button while the postsynaptic membrane is being hyperpolarized or only slightly depolarized.
An increase in the magnitude of excitatory postsynaptic potentials in postsynaptic neurons over the long term is known as
long-term potentiation
Intense electrical stimulation of axons within the hippocampal formation results in
long-term potentiation of postsynaptic neurons
Intense electrical stimulation of axons within the hippocampal formation results in
long-term potentiation of postsynaptic neurons.
Intense electrical stimulation of axons within the hippocampal formation results in recurrent inhibition of the stimulated axons. conditioned taste aversion. long-term potentiation of presynaptic neurons. long-term potentiation of postsynaptic neurons. axoaxonic inhibition of presynaptic neurons.
long-term potentiation of postsynaptic neurons.
Intense electrical stimulation of axons within the hippocampal formation results in recurrent inhibition of the stimulated axons. longterm potentiation of postsynaptic neurons. conditioned taste aversion. longterm potentiation of presynaptic neurons. axoaxonic inhibition of presynaptic neurons.
longterm potentiation of postsynaptic neurons.
Which of the following would activate the volumetric thirst system without an action on osmometric thirst?
loss of blood after an automobile trauma
A key reason why the volume of blood must be regulated within certain limits is that
low blood volume leads to heart failure
A key reason why the volume of blood must be regulated within certain limits is that
low blood volume leads to heart failure.
Which terms below do NOT belong together?
lumbar; "horse's tail"
The effects of H.M.'s surgery led researchers to conclude that the ____________ plays an important role in the process of __________. medial temporal lobe; procedural memory hippocampus; episodic medial temporal lobe; memory consolidation hippocampus; long-term memory entorhinal cortex; long-term potentiation
medial temporal lobe; memory consolidation
Video gamers often find that they are able to beat difficult stages that require accurate timing of button pushes after taking a break from the game. This phenomenon supports the fact that
memory of motor behavior is improved through consolidation
Video gamers often find that they are able to beat difficult stages that require accurate timing of button pushes after taking a break from the game. This phenomenon supports the fact that
memory of motor behavior is improved through consolidation.
Declarative (Explicit)
memory that can be verbally expressed such as recollections of facts, events, or specific stimuli
Non-Declarative (Implicit)
memory that includes perceptual,stimulus-response, & motor learning & are not necessarily conscious
Match up the correct behavior with the condition that precedes it.
mercaptoacetate; eating
Match up the correct behavior with the condition that precedes it:
mercaptoacetate; eating
The ________ pathway connects the ventral tegmental area with the nucleus accumbens
mesolimbic
Which of the following represents a correct match between a neuronal organelle and its function?
mitochondria; extraction of energy
The increase in synaptic strength that occurs in long-term potentiation is due to a modification of the cell that includes
more postsynaptic AMPA receptors
The increase in synaptic strength that occurs in long-term potentiation is due to amodification of the cell that includes more postsynaptic AMPA receptors. fewer presynaptic GABA contacts. fewer synaptic connections. more postsynaptic GABA contacts. more postsynaptic NMDA receptors.
more postsynaptic AMPA receptors.
The increase in synaptic strength that occurs in long-term potentiation is due to a modification of the cell that includes
more postsynaptic AMPA receptors.
The increase in synaptic strength that occurs in long-term potentiation is due to amodification of the cell that includes
more postsynaptic AMPA receptors.
The increase in synaptic strength that occurs in long-term potentiation is due to amodification of the cell that includes fewer presynaptic GABA contacts. fewer synaptic connections. more postsynaptic GABA contacts. more postsynaptic NMDA receptors. more postsynaptic AMPA receptors.
more postsynaptic AMPA receptors.
Learning to modify your golf swing is an example of ________ learning
motor
Patients with hippocamapal damage still display ___ learning. They do not have awareness that it occurred. Occurs with the reaction time experiments
motor
Damage to the basal ganglia would be expected to produce difficulties in
motor movements
Instrumental conditioning results from an association between
motor responses and a stimulus
Osmoreceptors change their firing rate in response to
movement of water out of the osmoreceptor as the interstitial fluid becomes hypertonic.
The ________ neuron is the most common nerve cell type in the central nervous system.
multipolar
In the opening vignette of the chapter on sleep, Michael suffered from
narcolepsy.
Food for a hungry rat is an example of a(n) ________ reinforcer
natural
Imaging studies indicate that neural activity within the ________ is increased ________. nucleus accumbens; by presenting stimuli associated with shock striatum; by presenting stimuli associated with pain nucleus accumbens; when heterosexual men view pictures of beautiful women striatum; by food for a satiated rat ACC; by stimuli that predict shock.
nucleus accumbens; when heterosexual men view pictures of beautiful women
Imaging studies indicate that neural activity within the ________ is increased ________. striatum; by presenting stimuli associated with pain nucleus accumbens; by presenting stimuli associated with shock striatum; by food for a satiated rat ACC; by stimuli that predict shock. nucleus accumbens; when heterosexual men view pictures of beautiful women
nucleus accumbens; when heterosexual men view pictures of beautiful women
Imaging studies indicate that neural activity within the ________ is increased ________.
nucleus accumbens; when men view pictures of beautiful women
Which of the following is true of leptin?
obese humans have high plasma leptin levels and are insensitive to leptin injection
An IPSP will be produced when a ligand
opens a potassium channel
The fact that we experience negative afterimages is taken as support for the
opponent-process theory of color vision.
The peptides ________ and ________ act in the hypothalamus to increase eating in the rat.
orexin; melanin-concentrating hormone
Partial seizures
originate from a definite focus or source within the brain.
Zhang and colleagues report that ________ are mechanoreceptors that induce membrane ______.
osmoreceptors; depolarization
Which of the following is considered to be a human sex organ?
ovaries
With regard to handedness and hemispheric speech dominance,
over 90 percent of the population shows left-hemisphere dominance for speech.
In a delayed matching-to-sample task, participants were shown an image of a famous landmark and were then asked to choose from various landmarks which one had been seen previously. In this case, the _______________ was activated in order to choose the correct landmark.
parahippocampal place area
The major finding of the study by Standing (1973), in which subjects were shown 10,000 slides and then tested for recognition at various times thereafter, was that
people were able to recognize most of the slides for a time interval of weeks
The major finding of the study by Standing (1973), in which subjects were shown 10,000slides and then tested for recognition at various times thereafter, was that subjects showed better recall when stressed just prior to the recognition test. subjects showed good recognition of the slides for 72 hours, after which recognition went to chance levels. object recognition was rapidly forgotten within minutes. people were able to recognize most of the slides for a time interval of weeks. the results of this study call into question the accuracy of eyewitness testimony.
people were able to recognize most of the slides for a time interval of weeks.
The major finding of the study by Standing (1973), in which subjects were shown 10,000 slides and then tested for recognition at various times thereafter, was that
people were able to recognize most of the slides for a time interval of weeks.
The major finding of the study by Standing (1973), in which subjects were shown 10,000slides and then tested for recognition at various times thereafter, was that
people were able to recognize most of the slides for a time interval of weeks.
The major finding of the study by Standing (1973), in which subjects were shown 10,000slides and then tested for recognition at various times thereafter, was that object recognition was rapidly forgotten within minutes. subjects showed better recall when stressed just prior to the recognition test. subjects showed good recognition of the slides for 72 hours, after which recognition went to chance levels. the results of this study call into question the accuracy of eyewitness testimony. people were able to recognize most of the slides for a time interval of weeks.
people were able to recognize most of the slides for a time interval of weeks.
The MT/MST region of the visual association cortex is key for the recall of emotional memories. perception of movement. perception of color. activation of visual memory. recognition of object identity.
perception of movement.
An example of _________ learning would be a young child learning to recognize the letters of the alphabet. associative motor conceptual classically-conditioned perceptual
perceptual
An example of _________ learning would be a young child learning to recognize the letters of the alphabet. motor associative classically-conditioned conceptual perceptual
perceptual
Broken drawings experiment; patients with hippocamal damage display ____ learning. They do not have awareness that it occurred.
perceptual
Your ability to recognize a series of photos that you looked at a month ago is an example of
perceptual learning
Your ability to recognize a series of photos that you looked at a month ago is an example of ________.
perceptual learning
Your ability to recognize a series of photos that you looked at a month ago is an example of stimulus-response learning. classical conditioning. perceptual learning. extinction. intermodal learning.
perceptual learning.
Your ability to recognize a series of photos that you looked at a month ago is an example of
perceptual learning.
Your ability to recognize a series of tones, such as the opening notes of "The Star Spangled Banner" is an instance of ________ that likely involves the ________ .
perceptual learning; auditory association cortex
Your ability to recognize a series of tones, such as the opening notes of "The Star Spangled Banner," is an instance of ________ that likely involves the ________.
perceptual learning; auditory association cortex
Your ability to recognize a series of tones, such as the opening notes of "The Star Spangled Banner," is an instance of ________ that likely involves the ________. stimulus-response learning; frontal cortex intermodal learning; corpus callosum perceptual learning; visual association cortex musical learning; left hemisphere perceptual learning; auditory association cortex
perceptual learning; auditory association cortex
Your ability to recognize a series of tones, such as the opening notes of �The Star Spangled Banner,� is an instance of ________ that likely involves the ________.
perceptual learning; auditory association cortex
Memory of stimuli that last for a short while... still dorsal and ventral stream. Maintain neural activity during delay of stimulus presentation
perceptual short term memory
Over time, an infant learns to recognize its mother's face. The type of learning that this example best fits is:
perceptual.
The ________ pathway interconnects the entorhinal cortex with the granule cells of the dentate gyrus
perforant
The ________ is that portion of the nervous system that lies outside of the brain and spinal cord.
peripheral nervous system
The _______________________________cortices make up the limbic cortex of the medial temporal lobe.
perirhinal, parahippocampal, and entorhinal
the hippocampal formations consolidates memories that allows us to remember them in ______. Even if this area is damaged, you can still retrieve memories later.
permanent storage
"Head factors" in satiety
permit an animal to learn to adjust the amount consumed of food containing different amounts of calories
A person who believes that others are plotting against them is most likely suffering from a delusion of
persecution
The notion that episodic memories are distinct from semantic memories is supported by studies in which
persons with semantic dementia show loss of the lateral temporal lobe but not the hippocampal formation
The notion that episodic memories are distinct from semantic memories is supported by studies in which
persons with semantic dementia show loss of the lateral temporal lobe but not the hippocampal formation.
Positive and negative schizophrenia symptoms are shown by humans after ingestion of
phencyclidine
What are some cells are located in Hippocampal region?
place, grid, head-direction, border cells
"Autotopagnosia" involves ________ and is produced by damage to the ________.
problems in naming one's own body parts; left parietal lobe
The most likely consequence of damage positioned at the junction of the visual, auditory, and somatosensory association cortexes would be
problems in reading or writing
Damage to the visual association cortex would be expected to produce
problems recognizing an object by sight
The difference between receptivity and proceptivity is that
proceptivity reflects the eagerness of the female to copulate
Electrolytic lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus ____, whereas electrical stimulation ____
produce overeating to obesity; inhibits eating
Electrolytic lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus ________, whereas electrical stimulation ________.
produce overeating to obesity; inhibits eating
An important physiological effect of angiotensin II is to
promote the consumption of salt
An important physiological effect of angiotensin is to
promote the consumption of salt
An important physiological effect of angiotensin is to
promote the consumption of salt.
What part of BG is active later in operant conditioning?
putamen
The observation that the incidence of obesity has greatly increased over a few decades is unlikely to be due to
rapid changes in the gene pool
The observation that the incidence of obesity has greatly increased over a few decades is unlikely to be due to
rapid changes in the gene pool.
The primary function of the Pacinian corpuscle is to detect
rapid vibrations
Retrieval
reactivation of the neural circuit
Individuals with phonological dyslexia have difficulty
reading unfamiliar words
Which is an example of perceptual learning?
realizing that your friend colored her hair blue
People with retrograde amnesia cannot
recall events that occurred prior to the brain injury
people with retrograde amnesia cannot
recall events that occurred prior to the brain injury
Damage to human visual association cortex would be expected to impair the ability to
recognize familiar objects
Damage to human visual association cortex would be expected to impair the ability to
recognize familiar objects.
An example of a task that measures perceptual learning would be
recognizing broken drawings
An example of a task that measures perceptual learning would be
recognizing broken drawings.
Memories can be altered or connected to newer memories through a process known as ________.
reconsolidation
As we experience events in life, we often have to revise our memories of people, places, or things. For example, if your neighbor paints his house bright yellow, you essentially have to change your memory of what his house looks like in order to have an accurate representation of your neighborhood. This process is referred to as:
reconsolidation.
Angiotensin within the blood stimulates drinking by acting on cells within the
subfornical organ
Angiotensin within the blood stimulates drinking by acting on cells within the
subfornical organ.
All of the following are nuclei of the basal ganglia EXCEPT the
substantia nigra
Among the cable properties of axons are the fact that
subthreshold signals degrade with distance from the point of stimulation
Which of the following can be accomplished by a rat pup at birth?
suckling a nipple
Which of the following terms do NOT belong together?
superior colliculi; taste reactivity
You have been playing the piano since you were five years old. When asked to play a relatively easy piece, like Chopsticks, you do so with very little effort. During this performance, your _____________ is active.
supplementary motor area
You have been playing the piano since you were five-years-old. When asked to play a relatively easy piece, like Chopsticks, you do so with very little effort. During this performance, your _____________ is active.
supplementary motor area
You have been playing the piano since you were five-years-old. When asked to play a relatively easy piece, like chopsticks you do so with very little effort. During this performance, your ____ is active.
supplementary motor area
A genetic mutation of the hypocretin gene in mice results in
symptoms of narcolepsy
The physical gap that carries a neural message between two nerve cells is the
synapse
Whitten effect (Rat pheromones)
synchronization of the menstrual or estrous cycles
The odor of human female underarm sweat can
synchronize menstrual cycles in women
A person with retrograde amnesia can recall what they had for breakfast today.
t
H.M. could learn parts of new motor skills. True False
t
Sensory factors that can influence satiety include
taste.
The ________lobe of the cortex contains primary auditory cortex.
temporal
Patient H.M. was treated for severe epilepsy by bilateral removal of parts of his
temporal lobes.
Bruce effect (Rat Pheromones)
terminization of pregnancy when exposed to a male other than the impregnator
If the detector in a physiological system were to fail, one would expect
that the system variable would not be constant
If the detector in a physiological system were to fail, one would expect
that the system variable would not be constant.
Simple perceptual learning involves
the recognition of particular stimuli or categories of stimuli
Simple perceptual learning involves learning how to respond to a particular stimulus. changes in the outputs of the motor system. the ability to associate a new stimulus with an old reflex. the recognition of particular stimuli or categories of stimuli. the capacity to associate sensory and motor stimuli.
the recognition of particular stimuli or categories of stimuli.
Simple perceptual learning involves the capacity to associate sensory and motor stimuli. changes in the outputs of the motor system. the ability to associate a new stimulus with an old reflex. learning how to respond to a particular stimulus. the recognition of particular stimuli or categories of stimuli.
the recognition of particular stimuli or categories of stimuli.
This system detects reinforcing stimuli and strengthens connections between stimuli and response system
the reinforcement system
A serious difficulty with the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass procedure is
the risk of death after the procedure
Which of the following is true of meal-related signals?
there are two sources of satiety signals that act to stop a meal
A key function of apoptosis is
to terminate the formation of new neurons within the developing brain.
Which of the following is NOT an example of an implicit memory? When you are in gym class, you get hit in the head repeatedly with a basketball. Soon you develop an aversion to not only basketball, but volleyball and football as well. You always do your homework on your desk. After a very hard semester, you find that sitting at your desk depresses you. Tom hates the sight of cats, because he is allergic to them. Tom studied hard for his physiological psychology exam. He can now draw a detailed diagram of a neuron. Your cat comes running every time it hears the can opener.
tom studied hard for his physiological psychology exam. He can now draw a detailed diagram of a neuron.
During the ________ of a grand mal seizure, the person experiences a(n) ________
tonic phase; contraction of all skeletal muscles
When first learning how to drive a manual transmission vehicle, you are likely to use which pathway?
transcortical pathway
When first learning how to drive a manual transmission vehicle, you are likely using which pathway?
transcortical pathway
Direct dyslexia is similar to that of ________ , but involving ________ .
transcortical sensory aphasia; written words
An alternative to electroconvulsive shock for the treatment of bipolar disorder is the use of
transcranial magnetic stimulation.
Classical conditioning occurs when __________ stimuli and responses are transformed into ____________ stimuli and responses.
unconditional, conditional
The nurse says "This won't hurt a bit!" before jabbing Joey with a needle for his vaccinations. Now, whenever someone says "This won't hurt a bit!" Joey cringes in fear. The initial jab with the needle would be the
unconditioned stimulus
One simple strategy for promoting weight loss without serious risk may involve
wasting energy by fidgeting
One simple strategy for promoting weight loss without serious risk may involve
wasting energy by fidgeting.
The distinction between implicit and explicit memories is that
we are unable to talk about implicit memories
An instrumental response that produces a favorable consequence
will occur more frequently
An instrumental response that produces a favorable consequence will occur more frequently. weakens adjacent circuits in the brain. will be immediately suppressed. will produce a species-typical response. is said to involve the process of punishment.
will occur more frequently.
A genetic origin of Parkinson's disease has been located on chromosome 4. Specifically, a protein known as ______________ produces effects toxic to the cell.
α-synuclein
