PSY 326

Because of the solo effect, single representatives of minority groups tend to be selected as group leaders.

false

Teams composed of only men routinely outperform teams composed of only women.

false

Which of the following statements is NOT true?

Individualists actively avoid disagreement and dissent within the group.

Which is True?

Intergroup conflict, although not a human universal, is common across societies and eras.

Putnam (2000), in his book Bowling Alone, maintains that

Social capital in America is growing weaker rather than strengthening.

Zajonc's drive theory (compresence) explanation of the impact of others on performance assumes that an audience increases

arousal

Hawthorne effects are less likely when researchers use covert observational methods.

true

Hope, guidance, cohesion, and altruism are all therapeutic factors available in group therapy.

true

In a unitary, conjunctive task the group is only as strong as its weakest link.

true

In general, if individual's fail to influence others with soft tactics, they shift to harder tactics—and as a result conflict escalates.

true

Individuals who join social movements are more likely experiencing fraternal deprivation rather than egoistic deprivation.

true

Reactance theory suggests person X will be least likely to go along with person Y when Y states

"I think it is pretty obvious we should both work on plan A."

Cohesiveness can be measured by

*any listed here observing how well teams work together. noting how frequently people use plural rather than singular pronouns. sociometry. using self-report scales such as the Group Attitude Scale. using any of the methods listed here.

Drawing on Asch's findings involving group judgments of line-lengths, how big must a group be before the influence processes reach the "usual" or "typical" level?

4

Fred, Ned, and Ted must make some party hats by folding up pieces of paper. When working alone, they could make ten hats an hour each. If the Ringelmann effect occurs, when Fred works with Ned they will turn out ___ hats an hour each, and when Ted joins them, they will turn out ___ hats an hour each.

8; 6

Which of the following is a symptom of groupthink?

? Everyone in the group seems to agree with everyone else.

Holocracy is a multiteam system that requires all the members of an organization join to form a single, mega-team.

? False

Which of the following statements is consistent with an experiential style of learning?

? I like to make my learning personal, as I feel things deeply and respond at an emotional level.

True

? Teams gained popularity in response to calls for greater worker autonomy and participation in decision making

Which of the following is NOT a quality that is characteristic of highly effective teams?

? Teams have leaders who assign tasks to members.

Majority influence works more quickly than minority influence, but Moscovici argues that minority influence, given time, creates more permanent change.

? True

Which of the following best summarizes the basic idea behind the Thomas Theorem?

A group that is thought to be real will have real effects on its members.

People turn to groups to perform tasks when the

ALL: when the task is beyond the skills and resources of a single person. when the consequences of poor performance would be catastrophic. when the task is so complex that it can only be successfully performed through integrated action. in all the circumstances listed here.

Social power implies

All social influence. forces operating in opposition to one another. inducing change in another person. resisting other's influence attempts. all the processes listed here.

Which of the following statements is NOT true?

Although quite different, individualists and collectivists have similar relationship orientations.

Vroom's decision making model does NOT include which of the following decision methods.

Assigns: The leader assigns the problem to a specific individual.

In a group of five, A is linked to B, B to C, B to D, B to E, C to E, and D to E. Who has the highest degree centrality?

B

Which one of the following is a key assumption of social identity theory?

Because our social identities are linked to our groups, our feelings of self-worth can be enhanced by stressing the relative superiority of our groups.

The group is discussing an important issue, and must choose between option A or option B. Which situation is the most likely to create the greatest level of conflict (hostility) in the group?

Bob and Ed dislike each other, and Bob prefers option A and Ed prefers option B.

According to the text, which of the following statements is true?

Both men and women, when surveyed, express a preference for males as their leaders.

___ group therapy utilizes contracts, modeling, feedback, and rehearsal.

Cognitive-behavioral

Which is true?

Collective efficacy is a group's shared belief that it can successfully execute the actions required to be successful.

Which type of group tends to be shortest in duration?

Collectives

Which doesn't fit?

Crowds

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

Disclosing troublesome thoughts increases the discloser's tension.

Which is true?

Evidence indicates that individuals who sacrifice their lives for their group may be experiencing identity fusion (the individual identity is fused with the collective).

Which statement captures the essence of Lewin's concept of interactionism, or B = f (P, E)?

Extraverts enjoy being in groups more than introverts, except in groups with dominant leaders.

A group member who communicates with only two of the 25 members within a group is said to have a high degree of centrality since he is the center of his small clique.

False

According to the "romance of teams" concept, people prefer teams because they often trigger the development of romantic relationships among members.

False

Bass's transformational leadership theory identified four components of charismatic leadership: physical attractiveness (the leaders' looks), communication skill (persuasiveness), honesty (integrity), and drive level.

False

Individuals often identify with a group that they belong to but not with the social categories to which they belong.

False

Leadership has many facets, but the central feature of leadership is the ability to command and control others.

False

Members of the Facebook social network generally act in unusual and unpredictable ways because norms do not regulate behavior in online groups.

False

Most individuals are capable of simultaneously fulfilling both the task and the relationship role within their groups.

False

People's personalities were less influential in the Crutchfield situation than in the Asch situation, because the Crutchfield situation was a "strong" rather than weak social situation.

False

Reactance occurs when an individual attributes a person's behavior to a negative rather than positive personal quality.

False

Social dominance orientation is the tendency to follow others' orders, even in situations where the orders may cause harm.

False

The leadership substitute theory suggests that leaders can be easily replaced if the group is small, but as group size increases, change is harder and less likely.

False

The participants in Sherif's study reverted to their original positions once they were free of the pressure of the group.

False

The tit-for-tat strategy of dealing with conflict works because it is strong, unprovocable, ambiguous, and unforgiving.

False

In a true group, interdependence must be mutual: A influences B as much as B influences A.

False ?

Which of the following statements is NOT consistent with a social identity approach to leadership?

Followers favor leaders who are socially attractive and dynamic.

Which of the following statements is true?

Group success leads to increases in cohesiveness.

Which is true?

Hackman argues team goals should be clear, challenging, and consequential, but not overly specified.

Don is a group therapist. When in group therapy, he often feels uncomfortable, because he does not like having to help people with their problems—which is just what a good therapist should do. Don may be experiencing

Intrarole conflict

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

Leaders are usually very low in the personality trait called narcissism.

Which of the following statements is true?

Liking tends to be reciprocal: We like people who like us.

I have informational power in a group. Therefore:

Members seek me out when they need facts and data.

Which of the following statements is true?

Men often refuse to conform in face-to-face settings to demonstrate their independence.

Steiner's "law" of group productivity states Actual Productivity (AP) =

PP - PL

Which of the following is NOT consistent with the collective effort model (CEM) of social loafing?

People loaf less when they work on easy, unchallenging tasks.

Which of the following statements is true?

Social values vary systematically across cultures.

Which is one of the bases of power identified by French and Raven?

Referent

Which one is a hallmark of a social dominance orientation?

Some groups are inferior to other groups.

true

Team training that focuses on improved coordination are more effective than approaches that focus other elements of teamwork.

Which of the following statements is true?

The higher a person's status in the group, the more satisfied he or she tends to be.

Which statement suggests that the speaker is committing the fundamental attribution error?

The people in the Jonestown cult had psychological problems.

"It is wrong to plagiarize" is an example of an injunctive norm

True

.The situations studied the Sherifs and Insko and his colleagues all had one thing in common: competition between groups.

True

A psychoeducational group is typically a planned intervention that teaches members to focus on a specific set of interpersonal skills.

True

Blumer argued that contagion is more likely when group members display circular reactions rather than interpretative reactions.

True

Conflict is disagreement, discord, or friction that occurs when the actions of one or more group members are resisted by one or more other group members.

True

Convergence theory suggests that individuals who take part in collective movements share some basic similarity.

True

Conversion theory, developed by Moscovici, suggests that the impact of a minority on the majority is more indirect, but may more enduring, than the impact of a majority on the minority.

True

Despite the many problems (e.g., competition, conflict, poor decisions) caused by groups, humans could not survive without them.

True

Drive theory predicts social facilitation occurs even when there is no interaction between the actor and observer.

True

Group interdependencies tend to be asymmetric, unequal, and hierarchical.

True

Group members' actions are guided by their role within the group as well as consensual standards called norms.

True

Hobbes believed that humans are, by nature, violent, whereas Rousseau believed humans, in their pristine state, are gentle.

True

If hazing increases an individual's investment in the group, it can increase loyalty to the group.

True

Members are more likely to follow through on decisions reached through discussion to consensus rather than by averaging individual members' choices.

True

One of the tenets of the interpersonal complementarity hypothesis is dominant behaviors elicit submissive behaviors and vice versa.

True

One reason people in groups are not helpful as lone individuals is group members may feel that others share responsibility for helping.

True

Pedestrian bands occur when large groups of people must move through a space, such as a crosswalk, a hallway, or staircase, but in opposite directions.

True

People who are extraverted tend to use a wider variety of power tactics than do introverts.

True

Power tactics often work by disrupting the target's capacity to think about what they are being asked to do.

True

Sociometric differentiation occurs when varying degrees of liking develop among group members.

True

The decision favored by majority of the jury taken on the very first ballot is the final decision over 60% of the time.

True

The fundamental attribution error occurs when a person believes that others' actions are a product of their internal beliefs and personalities and overlooks the role of the group and environment

True

The more people identify with a social movement the more likely they will be to take part in it.

True

The psychologist Floyd Allport questioned the value of a group-level analysis of behavior.

True

Roy believes that Gone with the Wind is the best movie ever made. Which scenario is most consistent with research findings on influence?

When James disagrees with Roy, Roy remains unpersuaded. But when Dianne joins with James, Roy's confidence is greatly shaken, and when Dean supports James and Dianne, Roy caves in completely.

When will a group NOT listen to the minority?

When the group members identify strongly with the group and fear the minority may undermine their social identity.

Which of the following statements is true?

Working in the presence of others can be distracting, but distraction does not inevitably undermine performance.

When two or more group members join forces to overwhelm one or more other group members,

a coalition has formed.

Hackman, in his real team's model, stresses one quality as critical for turning a run-of-the-mill team into a real team. That quality is:

a compelling purpose that ties each members' outcomes to the team's outcome

When Anne, a visitor to the U.S. from Europe, learns that voters elected Donald Trump, she assumes that everyone in the U.S. likes Trump. She has fallen prey to

a group attribution error.

Two basic types of panics are

acquisitive and escape

The group members feel upset, distressed, tense, and jittery. The group's environment falls in the __ and __ quadrant of the environmental ambiance model.

activation/ displeasure

Which of the following is NOT an attachment style?

affiliative

Many 12-step social support programs build ___ into their change program by requiring long-term members to assist newcomers.

altruism

During conflicts, people are most likely to misinterpret and misperceive ___ behavior.

altruistic

The group is happy with the workplace, because it has lots of light, nice furnishings, and is painted in bright colors that cheer everyone up. The group is responding to the setting's

ambience

An aggregate of individuals is a group if its members

are connected to one another by social relationships.

Bechky's study of film-production crews suggests that roles

are negotiated and modified as group members interact with one another.

Which of the following is NOT one of the dimensions of personality in the Big Five theory?

assertiveness

A study by Kipnis in which college students acted as managers in a simulated industrial situation found that powerful managers

attributed their success to themselves rather than the efforts of their workers.

The Lewin/Lippitt/White research demonstrated that

autocratically led groups displayed more aggression.

I believe that the best way to improve groups is to reward the members when they perform well. I am a(n) ___ theorist.

behavioral

Studies of moral exclusion indicate that groups that commit extreme acts of violence against another group

believe that the outgroup is evil and morally worthless.

The ___ effect states that group members view a disliked group member more negatively than an outgroup member who performs the same behavior.

black sheep

Instead of studying a group in the lab, I decide to observe groups in a natural setting. I am studying ___ groups.

bona fide

Asch, using a simple line-judging task, discovered that individuals will agree with an incorrect majority nearly all the time

false

Blascovich and his colleagues, by monitoring physiological reactions in social facilitation settings, discovered that people display a(n) ___ reaction when working on easy tasks and a ___ reaction when working on difficult tasks.

challenge/threat

Emergent is to planned as ___ is to ___.

circumstantial; concocted

I believe that when people work in groups each member mentally sizes up every other member. The members then let those who seem to know the most about the task at hand—or just seem generally knowledgeable about groups—have a larger say in the group's process. This theory probably has elements of several theoretical approaches, but if you focus on the theory's most CENTRAL assumptions you would call it a ___ theory.

cognitive

The Aronson and Mills study of severity of initiation supported ___ theory by finding that increased costs lead to increased liking for the group.

cognitive dissonance

Some groups are more unified than others. These groups are

cohesive

Which of the following fits least well with the others?

collective efficacy

College students dye their hair blue. A rumor spreads across the country that a fast food chain puts worms in the hamburgers. Members of fraternities loot a resort community. An audience applauds the play. These incidents are all examples of

collective processes

A(n) ___ orientation or relationship focuses on the association between individuals who are concerned with what their partner gets rather than what they receive for themselves.

communal

Which of the following is NOT one of the core components of coordinated team action, as conceptualized by Marks, Mathieu, and Zaccaro?

communication

Dale, who is outgoing but not exceptionally bright, is best friends with Chip, who is a straight "A" student but rather shy. Their relationship supports the ___ hypothesis.

complementary

According to Kelman, which sequence is accurate?

compliance, identification, internalization

Several experts who study group development believe that

conflict is a normal and necessary part of group interaction.

When people change their opinions, judgments, and actions to match the group, they are

conforming

In Steiner's model, if all members must perform before the group's goal is met the task is a(n) ___ one.

conjunctive

In the five-factor model, dependability, dutifulness, achievement motivation, and efficacy are markers of

conscientiousness.

After the group discusses a topic, the number of the members expressing a specific view increases while the number of members expressing the dissenting view decreases. This is an example of

consolidation

Sherif found that subjects who had conformed with their group's judgments in the autokinetic situation tended to ___ when later isolated and asked to make judgments.

continue basing their judgements on the group norm

The PDG (prisoners' dilemma game) involves desires to ___ and ___.

cooperate; compete

cooperative

cooperative

A win-win orientation is to a(n) ___ social value as a win-lose orientation is to a(n) ___ social value.

cooperative; competitive

Because audiences facilitate performance, students should be encouraged to study in groups.

false

A researcher wanted to observe a group but was afraid that his or her presence would cause group members to question and rethink their decisions. The researcher decided to join the group and observe members without their knowledge. This is known as a(n) ___ observational method.

covert

Control theory, attribution theory, and overload theory are all similar in that they can explain reactions to

crowding

The Strikers, a soccer team, goes through periods where members play well and show great unity, but between these phases they tend to experience periods of internal conflict. The Striker's development is consistent with a ___ model

cyclical

___ is a state in which people feel as though they are "submerged" in a group and cannot be singled out by others.

deindividuation

At the Robbers Cave, contact between the two opposing factions initially

did little to help reduce hostility until superordinate goals were introduced.

Balance theory predicts that tension is greatest when group members

disagree with each other and like each other.

Which of the following is NOT one of the four basic group goals identified by McGrath's model of group tasks?

discussing

The task is a(n) ___ one if the group's solution to a yes/no type question must be selected from among all individual solutions.

disjunctive

___ justice focuses on the fairness of distributed rights and resources whereas ___ justice focuses on the fairness of the steps followed when allocating rights and resources.

distributive; procedural

The man explains his intoxication at a sporting event by saying, "Everyone always drinks at these events; it's just the normal thing to do." His reaction is most consistent with a(n) ___ theory of collective behavior.

emergent norm

Research suggests that performance on additive tasks is predicted by ___, but performance on conjunctive tasks is predicted by ___.

emotional stability; extraversion

I view the outgroup as highly competent, but I remain negative in my overall evaluation of them. According to the stereotype content model I am mostly likely to feel ___ when I interact with that group.

envy

In McGrath's theory of group tasks, a group of electricians installing the wiring of building under construction is engaged in a(n) ___ task.

executing

The likelihood that different people will occupy the task and relationship roles in the group increases when the group is

experiencing conflict.

William is the recognized whiz in the office when it comes to computer programming, so his influence over others is considerable. William has ____ power.

expert

When Moreland and his colleagues surveyed new college students about their willingness to join groups, they found that students

expressed positive opinions about college groups if they had positive experiences in high school.

Asch is to Crutchfield as

face-to-face is to separated.

A cognitive theorist's most basic assumption is that behaviors that are followed by rewards will occur more frequently in the future.

false

A collective is a group of unrelated individuals who share some quality in common, such as hair color or age.

false

A disagreement over issues that are relevant to the group's goals and objectives is a personal conflict.

false

A group's cohesion derives from one primary source: interpersonal attraction.

false

A person who always chooses the cooperative option in the prisoner's dilemma will always receive the highest reward.

false

A qualitative study is a better "quality" study because its results can be described numerically.

false

A review of recent research investigating collective behavior suggests the Le Bon was correct when he argued people become slightly mad when they join in large crowds and mobs.

false

A team's cohesiveness should be based on task cohesion rather than any of the less forms of cohesion (e.g., social cohesion).

false

According to French and Raven, power comes from two sources: rewards and punishment

false

According to Leary, the opposite of maximum inclusion is total ambivalence.

false

According to Moreland and Levine's theory, commitment to the group is highest among prospective members and begins to decline once acceptance occurs.

false

According to Parkinson's law, groups spend too much time discussing important issues.

false

According to social exchange theory, if the value of a group is below a person's comparison level he or she will leave the group.

false

According to the sociometer model, self-esteem indicates the extent to which a person feels he or she is a person of worth.

false

Although most people enjoy the company of others for limited periods of time, it is generally accepted that human beings are individualistic and private by nature.

false

Although performance can create a small level of cohesion, high cohesion is what causes higher levels of performance, not vice versa.

false

Although there is a minimum group size (four people), there is no limit to the maximum number within a group.

false

As evaluation apprehension suggests, only individuals with personality characteristics that are indicators of a negative orientation show social facilitation effects.

false

As the discontinuity effect predicts, the aggressiveness of a group is the sum of the aggressiveness of each individual member.

false

As the group discusses an issue, Mary has a great idea for a solution. She tries to make her ideas known to others, but with all the ideas flying around the room no one pays her any attention. She is experiencing groupthink.

false

Because they control fewer resources, the rewards low people give are viewed as more valuable than the same rewards given by powerful individuals.

false

Because they lack intimacy, online support groups are less effective than face-to-face support groups.

false

By definition, groups involve face-to-face interaction, so online gatherings are not true groups.

false

Cohesion, properly defined, is the attraction that takes place between individuals and does not entail attraction to the group.

false

Cohesiveness is such a complex concept that it cannot be defined.

false

Collectives come in many shapes and sizes, but they nonetheless have one defining feature: members are always together in the same physical location.

false

Collectivistic cultures are competitive by nature, and shun people who do not do their personal best.

false

Democratic groups are more productive than authoritarian led groups, but they are more prone to aggression.

false

For minority individuals to influence the majority, they must remain inconsistent to keep the majority from ignoring them.

false

Groups perform more effectively early in their development rather than later, since motivation to work wanes over time.

false

Groups provide emotional, technical, and approval support but are unable to provide instrumental support

false

Groupthink is a type of brainstorming method that maximizes group creativity.

false

Highly cohesive groups are less likely to experience groupthink.

false

Homophily is a debilitating mental disorder that prevents individuals from joining or desiring to join groups.

false

Hung juries are juries that vote to sentence a defendant to death.

false

If Bob decides to conform after seeing the group react negatively to another member diverging from the norm, Bob has succumbed to informational influence.

false

If a group is to succeed, it is important that it does not enter a stage of conflict.

false

Increases in attraction between individual members tends to lower the group's overall social cohesion.

false

Interaction increases attraction in face-to-face groups, but it reduces attraction when people interact in online groups.

false

It is generally agreed that Asch's experiments in conformity that occurred in the 1950s could not be replicated today because people are now significantly less traditional.

false

Lewin's "law" of change argued "Change is a function of the person and the environment."

false

Moreland's studies of team training suggest that when group members train individually they morequickly develop a more durable and comprehensive transactive memory

false

Most people display a two-stage reaction when excluded: first, they are sad but then, they become angry.

false

Obedience was high in all conditions of Milgram's study but one: When the victim said, "Let me out of here," 82% of the participants refused to administer any more shocks.

false

Of the basic dimensions of personality identified in the five-factor model, "Agreeableness" is the one that best predicts who will join a group and who will remain apart.

false

Open groups tend to be more cohesive than closed groups.

false

People's strong desire to be named the leader of their group is known as the romance of leadership.

false

Perceivers from Western cultures admire the shy individualist, whereas those from Eastern cultures rate extraverts more positively than introverts.

false

Process (or task) conflict is more likely to lead to more negative effects in the long-term than will personal conflict.

false

Process debriefing groups are brainstorming sessions, held at regular intervals across the life of a therapeutic group, where members discuss their satisfactions and air their dissatisfactions with the group's processes.

false

Psychology and sociology have a monopoly on the study of groups since they were the first branches of science to identify and classify group dynamics.

false

Reactance occurs when an individual attributes a person's behavior to a negative rather than positive personal quality

false

Research suggests that people are more likely to seek out a leader when they are relaxed and content rather than when they are stressed by thoughts of their own possible death.

false

Schachter found that in most cases a deviant within a group is ostracized and totally ignored.

false

Self-stereotyping occurs when individuals within a group attribute common group stereotypes to themselves.

false

Social categorization is a controlled process where individuals consider and evaluate their membership and status within groups.

false

Social loafing occurs most often when individuals are highly motivated to achieve the group goal.

false

Studies of groups' superior memories for information suggests their proficiency is due to their ability to avoid problems that introduce inaccuracy in individual members' memories.

false

Team effectiveness is most closely associated with extraversion and emotional stability.

false

Territory undermines performance for one key reason: individuals whose work areas are located near one another tend to engage in frequent, spontaneous interactions that interfere with productivity.

false

The Bay of Pigs invasion failed because, rather than relying on a group, President Kennedy made the decision without consultation.

false

The Köhler effect documents how the most productive individuals will continue being the most productive individuals only if they are rewarded for their performance.

false

The ODDI process model assumes groups move through four stages of group decision making: Organizing, Debating, Disseminating, and Integrating.

false

The complementary principle states that individuals who are not complimented, or otherwise made to feel appreciated, will eventually tire and leave the group.

false

The core emotions emphasized in the Stereotype Content Model are contempt, anger, pity, and hate.

false

The density-intensity hypothesis proposes that as density increases, discomfort in all situations also increases.

false

The extended contact hypothesis argues conflict will be reduced only if the contact conditions last for a prolonged period.

false

The independent variable in the Lewin, Lippitt, and White study was productivity when working in groups.

false

The most effective way to prevent competition is the appeasement: When one group responds with competitive actions, the other group should respond with cooperative reactions.

false

The prisoner's dilemma, a team game first used by a prison warden to decease rates of intergroup conflict in his prison, has been successfully adapted to the business world.

false

The strongest correlation is +1 meaning that X perfectly predicts Y, and the weakest correlation is -1 meaning X is unrelated to Y.

false

The term group dynamics refers to psychology's resolution to strengthen the power of groups in therapy

false

The two concerns identified in the dual-concern model of conflict resolution are cooperation and competition.

false

The ultimate attribution error occurs when positive outgroup behaviors are attributed to internal dispositions and negative outgroup actions are attributed to the environment.

false

The ultimate cure for conflict is communication, for research indicates groups that spend time communicating about conflicts are more cohesive and more productive than groups that just let the conflict fade away.

false

Those with a high need for power are so individualistic they do not actively seek out groups.

false

To put a person at ease when first meeting, arrange to interact in their personal space zone.

false

Vroom's normative model of decision-making assumes that even though groups are called on to solve many types of problems there is only one method of group decision making.

false

When individuals play the Ultimatum Game, they tend to keep 90% of the money and offer about 10% to their partners.

false

William Foote Whyte used covert observational measures to study corner gangs.

false

Within all groups, communication networks vary in number but not in structure: each member communicates with other members.

false

Work characterized as highly specialized and requiring the flexibility for collaboration and privacy is best accomplished in a hive setting.

false

Frank, Judy, Ted, and Bill have four hours to kill, and they are trying to decide if they should party or study. Frank favors studying for three hours and partying for one hour, Judy favors one hour of studying and three hours of partying, Ted is for all four hours of partying, and Bill wants to party for two hours and study for two hours. After discussion, Bill will probably

favor 3 hours of partying

The agentic state occurs when individuals

feel that they must carry out the orders of a higher authority.

During the Korean War, the Chinese apparently influenced POWs by asking them to perform small, petty actions such as writing an essay explaining why communism was good. Later, their requests escalated as they asked for larger and larger concessions. This method of influence is like the ____ technique.

foot in the door

The stages in Tuckman's group development model are, in order

forming, storming, norming, performing, adjourning.

Comparing ourselves to others who are performing better than we are ___, but comparing ourselves to others who are performing worse than we are ___.

gives us hope; raises our self-esteem

According to Fiedler, the favorability of the leadership situation is NOT influenced by the

group cohesiveness

Risky shifts likely occur because

group discussion has a polarizing impact on individuals.

Two things MUST happen for groups to solve disjunctive tasks. First, someone in the group must know the answer. Second, the

group must accept that solution as the correct one.

According to a multi-level approach to groups

group processes depend on individual, group, and cultural factors.

You read about a group of people who riot after a soccer match. After studying collective behavior, you conclude

group processes, such as conformity and intergroup dynamics, likely triggered the incident.

Sociometry is generally used to measure

group structure

Janis argues that groupthink occurs when

groups are highly cohesive

An exchange theory of group formation suggests that

groups form when members invest in the relationship by rewarding one another.

A collective information-processing model of group decision making assumes that

groups seek out and process information to formulate decisions.

Stereotypes

have all the qualities listed here

The exam that you are currently taking is a very good measure of people's knowledge of group dynamics. People who know the material get high scores and those who do not tend to miss many items. This exam is

high in validity

The engaged followership model, applied to Milgram's research, suggests those who obeyed the experimenter:

identified with the experimenter and the study's purposes, and so cooperated by helping to complete the study.

The theory of "leadership substitutes" argues that

in some cases, leadership is unnecessary and/or unlikely.

Schachter found evidence of a curvilinear relationship between time and communication

in some groups in the relevant, cohesive condition.

Minorities influence group members through ___ influence.

indirect

According to social identity theory, when identification takes place

individuals take on the stereotypical qualities of their group.

Kerr and his colleagues, in their studies of the Köhler effect, find that

individuals who discover they are the most inferior member of the group will expend greater effort to improve their performance.

According to studies of meetings, who most dislikes meetings?

individuals who do not need to coordinate their events with others

Men are to ___ support as women are to __ support.

instrumental; emotional

In a therapy group, members expect everyone to communicate and share their thoughts and feelings. All members agree on informal rules regarding who should talk and for how long. This group has high levels of ___ compatibility.

interchange

In my therapy group I stress the importance of forming strong, meaningful relationships among all the group members, and then using the group sessions to explore each member's interpersonal strengths, weaknesses, and tendencies. I am probably a ___ therapist.

interpersonal group

Feedback from other members to the individual is most closely associated with which therapeutic factor?

interpersonal learning

Which sequence, from small to large, is correct?

intimate, personal, social, public, remote

Person A vs. Person B is to ___ as Group X vs. Group Y is to ___.

intragroup conflict; intergroup conflict

Kellie is a group therapist. When in group therapy, some members think she should give out advice. Others think she should teach them specific behaviors. Some think she should say as little as possible and let the members guide the group. Kellie may be experiencing

intrarole conflict

Cultural diversity

is a form of deep diversity, since it usually associated with differences in language, experiences,ideology, values, and so on

According to Leary's sociometer model, self-esteem

is an internal signal that warns of possible exclusion.

Ruth took the Group Process Skill Inventory (the GPSI) on October 10th. If she got the same score when she took the GPSI again on October 20th, her responses would suggest that the test

is reliable

The implicit leadership theory (ILT) of leadership emergence argues that

leadership emergence is influenced by members' personal theories about leaders.

Through election, I am unanimously selected to be leader. I have ____ power

legitimate

Schachter's experiments on affiliation suggest misery

loves miserable company

Asch is to ___ as Moscovici is to ___.

majority; minority

The famous case study of the group of true believers that formed around the psychic Marion Keech conducted by Festinger and his colleagues indicated that

members who must invest in the group sometimes become more committed to it.

According to Moscovici's conversion theory,

minority influence can eventually produce lasting effects that generalizes across different settings and tasks

Deborah and Frank are studying together for the next test. Deborah wants to help Frank do well but at the same time she also wants to get a better score on the test than he does. Deborah is in a(n) ___ situation

mixed-motive

Which factor did Hackman NOT identify as one of the criteria to apply when judging the effectiveness of teams?

morale of the group members

An interactionist approach to roles argues they are

negotiated and modified throughout the course of the group's interactions.

According to the Moreland and Levine theory of group socialization

new members sometimes act in ways that slow their acceptance by the group.

Triplett (1898) found that children would reel faster when

next to another child reeling

Rosseta learns to express her positive and negative feelings by watching Edwina talk to the group, for Edwina is very emotionally expressive. This change illustrates

observational learner

Which of the following is task-focused rather than relationship-focused?

offering a good solution to the problem the group faces

You are a very autocratic leader and you wish to take over a country. Drawing on Van de Vliert's climato-economic theory you should move to

one of the poorer countries of the world where the climate is challenging.

A network is a type of ___ group.

open

Studies of groups making decisions indicate that they spend too little time in the ___ stage of decision-making.

orientation

The group was high in ___ compatibility because it included one person who liked to control others and five persons who preferred to be controlled.

originator

Reward power decreases if

other individuals can also deliver the reward.

The ___ bias is the tendency for us to believe that individuals in another group are very similar to one another.

outgroup homogeneity

The Hawthorne effect would likely be greatest in a(n) ___ study.

overt

A male researcher joins two different clubs—one containing all males and the other both males and females—and secretly takes notes on the group dynamics. This study is an example of a(n) ___ measurement method.

participant observation

Which of the following is NOT one of the types of followers identified by Kelley in his followership theory?

passive-aggressive followers

The bystander effect predicts that

people are less likely to help in groups than when they are alone.

Insko and his colleagues believe that the discontinuity effect is caused by

people's relatively greater distrust of groups.

When researchers measured "group intelligence" by having groups complete a series of tasks that sampled from many sectors of the McGrath circumplex, they discovered groups

performed best when members contributed at nearly equal rates when working on the tasks.

When you are traveling by plane, what stage would you like your cockpit crew to have attained?

performing

Which of the following is NOT one of the four basic types of groups?

personal groups

I become more cautious in the group because, while discussing my decision with other groupmembers, they all suggest many interesting, influential arguments favoring a cautious approach. Myshift is consistent with the ___ theory of group polarization

persuasive arguments

Many college students drink unhealthy amounts of alcohol, because they mistakenly assume that (a) everyone drinks alcohol and (b) everyone drinks more than they really do. This bias is known as

pluralistic ignorance.

From a group dynamics perspective, obedience was high in the Milgram experiment because of the

power of the experimenter in the situation.

At the Robbers Cave, the Sherifs fueled intergroup conflict by

promoting intergroup competition.

The individualistic perspective is to the group perspective as ___ is to ___.

psychology: sociology

Which sequence orders these collectives from most structured to least structured?

queues, audiences, street crowds, mobs, panics.

Which of the following is NOT one of the stages identified by Tuckman in his theory of group development?

reforming

The encourager, harmonizer, and compromiser are examples of ___ roles

relationship

Studies testing a terror management theory of leadership discovered that, when mortality is made salient, followers were least positive toward a ___ leader.

relationship-oriented

Most roles fit into one of two broad categories: ___ roles and ___ roles.

relationship; task

Studies suggest that the preferred means of dealing with overstaffing is to

restrict membership

Axelrod's tit for tat (TFT) strategy is effective because it immediately ___ against individuals who compete and immediately ___ with individuals who cooperate.

retaliates/ reciprocates

Deindividuation decreases with increases in

self-awareness

Which of the following does NOT fit with the others?

self-report

You are interested in studying the relationship between individual group members' political attitudes and their desire to be the leader of their group. You should probably use ___ measures.

self-report

After taking a job in a library Jill not only begins to think of herself as a librarian, but she also takes on the qualities commonly attributed to librarians. Jill is engaged in

self-stereotyping

Studies on jury size show that

small juries reach the same type of verdicts as large juries.

___ refers to general feelings of apprehension and embarrassment experienced when anticipating or interacting with other people.

social anxiety

Denise thought the test was easy, but she was not sure. So, after she turns in her paper she talks to her friends to see what they thought about the test. Denise's actions best illustrate

social comparison process

"Majority rules," "Agree with whatever the boss says," and "All of us must agree before we approve it" are all examples of

social decision schemes

Who will be the group's leader? Michele answers this question by favoring the individual in the group who most exemplifies the shared qualities of the group itself. Since her group prides itself on being energetic, smart, and fun, she thinks the group leader should be dynamic, intelligent, and have a sense of humor. Her approach is most consistent with ___ theory.

social identity

Elizabeth, a camp director, has seen some people rise to the challenge of the collective hike, as they seem to draw energy from the group. But other campers seem to become weaker when they must hike with the others. Elizabeth's insights are consistent with ___ theory.

social orientation

Because a group you belong to is formally organized in a hierarchical structure,

some individuals in the group have more status than others.

Carl is a 27-year-old who has worked for ten years with software development and hardware installation. When the group must decide what type of network to install, they listen to everything Carl says and make the choice he recommends. According to expectation-states theory, Carl achieved high status in this group because of his ___ status characteristics.

specific

Research on college students' personalization of their territories indicates that students who ___ school tend to mark their walls ___.

stay in; with more diversity

___ are a socially shared set of cognitive generalizations (e.g., beliefs and expectations) about the qualities and characteristics of the typical member of a group or social category.

stereotypes

Conflict is to the ____ stage as increased cohesion is to the ____ stage.

storming; norming

You note that Don is the leader, LaDelle complies with the group's norms, and Don is well-liked by LaDelle but not by Gregory. You are describing the group's

structure

Studies of social facilitation challenge the wisdom of which relatively standard, and well-accepted, practice?

study groups

Which of the following is NOT one of the components typically included in the structured learning group cycle?

support

Alice is a ___ leader: she lets her employees know what is expected of them. She organizes her work force, sets definite standards for performance, and gives frequent feedback of employee progress.

task oriented

According to Kipling William's findings women, compared to men, are more likely display a ___ response to exclusion

tending and befriending

According to the text's definition, leadership is NOT:

the ability to take charge in a group

Polarization theory makes predictions opposite that of risky shift theory when

the average of members' prediscussion judgments is close to the cautious pole.

A mixed-motive situation occurs when

the group's goal structures include elements of both cooperation and competition.

In Leary's model of self-esteem and groups, he coins the term "sociometer" to describe

the hypothetical psychological gauge that calibrates feelings of acceptance in groups.

When categorization occurs, people usually (although not always) assume

the ingroup is heterogeneous and the outgroup is homogeneous.

Frank is from Eskador. Frank thinks Eskadors, as a group, are better than the Uminiacs, even though the two groups are nearly identical in terms of attractiveness and effectiveness. The best term to use to describe Frank's reaction is

the ingroup-outgroup bias.

In Milgram's study of people who passed a group of confederates staring at a building, if we define "joining the crowd" as imitating the behavior of the confederates (by looking up at the building), then we can conclude

the lure of a crowd reaches its peak once it contains 5 or more members.

Studies of jury deliberation indicate

the minority rarely succeeds in influencing the majority.

The tendency for conflict to encourage further conflict is best explained by

the norm of reciprocity.

In athletic events, home advantage can turn into home field disadvantage when

the pressure to win becomes too great, causing players to perform below their level of expertise.

An initiation becomes a form of hazing when:

the process exposes the new member to unwarranted risk of harm.

The tendency for people to respond more favorably to decisions when they feel that they had the opportunity to express themselves and that others listened to them is known as

the voice effect

Social comparison theory argues people join groups because of

their need for information concerning social reality.

The concepts of need for affiliation and need for power are similar in that both assume that

they join to satisfy basic needs

Semipublic places where members of a group or community can gather informally for conversation and interaction are known as ___ places.

third

Who is least likely to make the conjunction error?

three-person groups who are rewarded if they make accurate decisions.

A psychological perspective on groups, as proposed by such researchers as Allport, argues

to understand a group, you must understand the individuals in that group.

What factor predicted the learning rates of the surgical teams studied by Pisano, Bohmer, and Edmondson?

training for the procedure as a team rather than individually

"No taxation without representation" is an outcry against procedural injustice.

true

A group is two or more individuals who are connected to one another by and within social relationships.

true

A group of individuals battling alcoholism meets regularly in the basement of a church to exchange ideas and strategies. This is an example of a support group.

true

A moderate level of ambient noise helps people concentrate when they work on individualized tasks, but if noise is so substantial it interferes with member-to-member communication it undermines group performance.

true

A psychology major who automatically favors psychology majors over other majors has succumbed to the ingroup-outgroup bias.

true

According to equilibrium theory, eye contact, topic intimacy, smiling must all be considered when making predictions about personal space needs.

true

Affiliation brings people into contact with each other, and attraction bonds individuals into groups.

true

All therapies provide a level of self-insight for the client, but group therapies have the added benefit of interpersonal therapeutic factors.

true

Anticonformists privately agree with the group (or have no opinion), but disagree publicly.

true

Because of process loss, actual output rarely equals potential output.

true

Because participants in Milgram's study often refused to continue when given a direct order, the engaged followership model argues participants were cooperating rather than mindlessly obeying

true

Changing decision-making techniques, limiting premature seeking of concurrence, and correcting misperceptions and biases are some of the ways to avoid groupthink.

true

Cognitive representations pertaining to members, tasks, and procedures that members of a group have in common is the group's shared mental model.

true

Collective efficacy is not just optimism, but members' shared belief that the group is capable of effectively enacting the activities necessary for successful performance.

true

Collective intelligence, or the c-factor, is the group's capacity to perform a wide range of tasks effectively.

true

Conflict, in the trucking game experiments, was greater in the bilateral threat condition than in the unilateral threat condition.

true

Conformity may be more prevalent, rather than less prevalent, in online situations if individuals' collective identities are salient.

true

Cross-cultural studies of personal space needs suggest that in warmer places people need less space in the social zones but more space in the intimate zone.

true

Equifinality, in systems theory, is the potential to reach a given end state through any one of number of means.

true

Evolutionary theory maintains that intergroup conflict leads to increases in intragroup cohesion.

true

Experimental methods support causal conclusions.

true

Fielder's contingency model of leadership asserts that a leader's effectiveness is determined by individual factors and the group situation.

true

Group therapies fail in two ways: members sometimes quit too soon (premature termination) and sometime members get worse rather than better (casualties).

true

Groups tend to display tend-and-befriend responses to long-term threats rather than imminent ones.

true

Hackman's studies of diversity in performing orchestras found that orchestras with a larger proportion of women were viewed more negatively, but that this tendency was greater for men than women and in some countries rather than others.

true

Having lonely friends might also make a person lonely.

true

Intergroup conflict can escalate to intergroup exploitation as each group attempts to maximize its own rewards regardless of the consequences for the outgroup.

true

Intrarole conflict occurs when behaviors that makes up a single role are incongruous.

true

Jane is a manager in a call center that is experiencing problems with employees spending too much time interacting among themselves when they should be helping customers. Jane could decrease the time interacting by making the work environment more sociofugal.

true

Leadership is an influence process in which people guides one another in their pursuit of individual and group-level goals.

true

Like a need for water, individuals feel a need to belong in social groups.

true

Milgram found particularly high levels of obedience when participants were members of a group whose members all obeyed

true

Milgram suggested an agentic state occurs when individuals become so submissive to authority that they feel little responsibility for their actions

true

Milgram, by having a group of confederates stare up at a point on a distant building, discovered people who passed by would also stare up at the same point on the distant building if there were five or more confederates in the stimulus group.

true

Once regarded as cathartic, extremely strong expressions of emotions in therapeutic groups tend to create higher levels of stress within the other group members.

true

One of the defining features of a team is collective pursuit of shared, rather than individual, goals.

true

Panics differ from riots emotionally: panics are usually anxious or fearful.

true

Riots tend to be examples of intergroup behavior rather than just group behavior.

true

Role ambiguity is a state of tension, distress, or uncertainty caused by inconsistent or discordant expectations associated with one's role within the group.

true

Scapegoat theory provides an answer for one particularly irrational form of intergroup conflict: two minority groups attacking each other instead of the dominant majority group that victimizes them both.

true

Self-report measures are best used when collecting data on personality and feelings—areas where the participants are willing to disclose their personal attitudes and opinions.

true

Social comparison is a method of reducing uncertainty by comparing oneself to others.

true

Social comparison, normative influence, and social decision schemes are all causes of group polarization.

true

Teams have collective goals, meaning that success and failure occurs at the group level.

true

Tentative communication and concern for ambiguity typify the orientation level of group development.

true

The babble effect is the tendency to make simple ideas too complicated.

true

The belief, apparently widely held by people, that women are more caring and warm than men (who tend to be more self-focused and production oriented) is a central tenet of the social role theory.

true

The best predictor of the collective intelligence of a team is the level of intelligence of the each of the individual members.

true

The distress Milgram's subjects displayed suggests that they were struggling to resist the experimenter's orders.

true

The effectiveness and reaction to power tactics depends on three factors: directness, rationality, and bilaterality.

true

The elaboration principle states that groups expand from smaller dyadic relationships.

true

The five types of followers identified by Kelley in his theory of followership are conformist, passive, pragmatic, alienated, and exemplary.

true

The four basic social value orientations are competition, cooperation, altruism, and individualism.

true

The need to be assimilated by the group, the need to connect with friends, and the need for autonomy are central tenets of Brewer's optimal distinctiveness theory.

true

The organizational trust model argues trust in work settings, including teams, is based on perceptions of ability, benevolence, and integrity.

true

The presence of others increases productivity when the task requires dominant responses, but decreases performance when the task calls for nondominant responses.

true

The relationships among users of the social network Facebook are required to be symmetrical relationships.

true

The root of conflict, according to the realistic group conflict theory, is competition for scarce resources.

true

The similarity principle is the tendency for people to prefer the company of those who are like themselves.

true

The theory of behavior settings stresses the E in Lewin's B = f (P, E) equation.

true

The two possible outcomes to resocialization are that the individual reconciles with the group (convergence) or the individual may further stray from the group eventually exit.

true

When people work on simple tasks with an audience, they tend to display a challenge response rather than a threat response.

true

When researchers studied college students who did and did not join groups in college they discovered that positive experiences in groups in high school was a key predictor of joining groups in college.

true

Women are more likely to join smaller, more supportive groups than men

true

Working on difficult problems in the presence of others triggers activity in the dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex.

true

According to Altman and Haythorn's studies of territoriality in groups, members of isolated dyads should

use their territories to structure their interactions.

Interpersonal group psychotherapy

uses the group to teach members about interpersonal processes.

Which one is a centralized communication network?

wheel

Lewin's "law of group change" argued that people are most easily influenced

when they are part of a group that changes.