PSY-352 - Health Psychology - Chapter 1

Low SES

A family of 4 making 23,050/yr

Health

a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being. a continuum.

Health Psychology

an interdisciplinary subspecialty of psychology dedicated to promoting and maintaining health and preventing and treating illness

Eastern cultures view health as a...

balance

Interrater-Reliability

"statistical measurements that determine how similar the data collected by different raters are. A rater is someone who is scoring or measuring a performance, behavior, or skill in a human or animal" (alley dog.com)

statistical analyses with p-values less than ___, ____, or ____ are significant

.05, .01, or .001

2 Types of Longitudinal Designs

1. Prospective (follow participants over time) 2. Retrospective (studying participants with a disease and tracking their histories)

Main Areas of Health Psychology (4)

1. Stress and coping 2. Health behaviors 3. Issues in healthcare (4.) Clinical health psychology

Health Psychology's Main Goals (4)

1. UNDERSTAND etiology and promotion/maintenance of health 2. PREVENT, DIAGNOSE, TREAT and rehabilitate physical and mental illness 3. STUDY psychological, social, emotional, and behavioral factors in physical and mental illness 4. IMPROVE the healthcare system and formulation of health policy

Psychosomatic Medicine

Influences of the mind on health (FREUD). No physical causes for physical health effects

Big names of the biopsychosocial approach (2)

Johns Hopkins (1917) and John Engel (1977)

just because it is significant doesn't mean it is _____________. only phenomena with large _______________ are significant when sample size increases.

MEANINGFUL EFFECT SIZE

How important are within-group differences?

VERY IMPORTANT

Epidemiology

a branch of medicine that studies the frequency, distribution and causes of different diseases with an emphasis on the role of the physical and social environment

Clinical Health Psychology

a broad specialty in professional psychology that spans the 3 main segments in which clinical practitioners work USE EVIDENCE-BASED TREATMENTS

Culture:

a dynamic, stable set of goals, beliefs and attitudes shaped by a group of people. a unique meaning and information system, shared by a group and transmitted across generations that allows for the group to meet basic needs of survival by coordinating social behavior to achieve a viable existence, to transmit successful social behaviors, to pursue happiness and wellbeing, and to derive meaning from life

Different Measures of Health (4)

basic psychological levels of systems (vitals), how much they practice (un)healthy behaviors, psychological wellbeing, how we'll they practice healthy psychological ways

Biopsychosocial Approach

bio + psycho + social/cultural

Cross-Sectional Design

conducted at one point in time (often studies large numbers of people and different cultural groups)

Measuring Cultures (2)

context and environment, level of analysis/ conscious awareness

Correlates of Health (4)

cultural, psychological, biological, societal

ANOVA and MANOVA look at...

differences BETWEEN group means

Health Disparities

differences in health that are not only unnecessary and unavoidable, but unfair and unjust

Scientific Method

empirical and theory driven based on observations and data

Incidence Rates

frequency of new cases of the disease during a year

Experimental Designs

helps determine CAUSALITY

Scientific Research...

is collected in ethical, rigorously controlled, and standardized ways.

Morbidity (Epidemiology)

number of cases of a disease that exist at a given point in time

Mortality (Epidemiology)

number of deaths related to a specific cause

Randomized Controlled (or clinical) Trials (RCT's)

one group gets experimental drug or intervention and second group gets a placebo or nothing

Longitudinal Design

over a period of time (includes many measures of the key variables)

Absolute Risk

person's chance of developing a disease independent of any risk that other people might have

Regression Analyses

predict likelihood of an outcome from a list of variables

logistic regression

predicts the probability of the occurrence of an event

Relative Risk

ratio of incidence or prevalence of a disease in an EXPOSED group to the incidence or prevalence of the disease in an UNEXPOSED group. (unexposed/exposed)

odds ratio

ratio of the odds of an event occurring in one group to the odds of it occurring in another group

Correlation Studies

relationship/association, but NOT causation

Correlation Coefficient

statistical measure of the association -1.00 to +1.00 closer to +/-1, stronger the correlation

Behavioral Medicine

studies the nonbiological influences on health

"Health Psychology" (division 38) (4)

subdivision of APA that is dedicated to 1. ADVANCING contributions of psych to understanding of health through research 2. ENCOURAGING integration of biomedical info about health and illness with current psych knowledge 3. PROMOTE education and services in the psych of health and illness 4. INFORMING the psych and biomed communities and general public about results of current research and service activities in this area.

Prevalence Rates

the proportion of the population that has a particular disease at a particular time

Partial Correlations

the relationship between 2 is tested and controls for a 3rd (or more)

zero-order or direct correlations

the relationship between 2 variables is tested

Quasi-Experimental Designs

using naturally occurring groups to determine causality (i.e. years, sex, age, SES, personality type)