PSY 360 GVSU F19 Henderson-King

According to correspondent inference theory, people are more likely to make a personal attribution when

Someone is perceived to be acting out of free choice

Self-Awareness

State in which we become aware of ourselves. Mirrors pull you into a state of self-awaresness (small mirrors=private self-awareness; large mirrors=public self-awareness)

In theory, people who are high in the need for cognition should receive persuasive communications that rely on

Strong arguments

State Self-Esteem

Temporary sense of feelings and worth

In their campaigns, John Smith and Jane Doe both present arguments stressing the logic of their positions and detailing the many reasons for their views. These candidates are trying to persuade voters through

The central route

The tendency for people to overestimate the extent to which others share their opinions, attributes, and behaviors is a good description of

The false-consensus effect

According to terror management theory, we cope with mortality-related anxiety by clinging more tightly to our worldviews.

True

Consistent with the inoculation hypothesis, researchers have found that parents can undermine the effects of advertising by exposing their children to small doses of commercials, and then engaging their children in an analysis of the commercials.

True

Research on the effects of pornography on aggression has found that

Violent pornography tends to have greater immediate effects on male-to-female aggression than on male-to-male aggression.

Which of the following is most accurate concerning gender differences in levels of conformity?

When they think they are being observed, women conform more and men conform less than they do in more private situations.

Public Self-awareness

a state in which we become aware of ourselves as a social object (You do something embarrassing and don't realize it until you see someones face)

At the car dealership, Michelle encountered ambivalent sexism when her new boss

acted protectively towards the women under his supervision but devalued their work

Self-Esteem

an individual's overall and specific positive and negative self-evaluation, the degree to which people feel confident or good as worthwhile human beings.

Jim is a big fan of his college's football team. After the team wins the league championship, Jim wears his baseball cap with the college's logo for a week straight. Jim is probably

basking in reflected glory

James is very focused on achieving high academic goals but is having a challenging semester. He has periods during which all is going well, but then has really rough times as well. As a result, James is likely to experience fluctuations in his self-esteem and, therefore,

be more vulnerable to depression

Independent Sense of Self

clear boundaries between self and others

The use of deception in some studies highlights the need for researchers to

conduct a thorough debriefing at the conclusion of each study.

Angele recruits participants for an experiment on crowding. She randomly assigns some participants to a small room and other participants to a large room. Through random assignment, Angele hopes to ensure that

differences that appear between conditions cannot be attributed to differences in the personal characteristics of the participants in the two conditions.

People are most likely to be in a state of cognitive dissonance if they

engage in attitude-inconsistent behavior

Implication of Public Self-awareness

evaluation apprehension, affect on self-esteem, behavior is more inline with social standards.

Social psychological research has shown that when women who've been sexually assaulted engage in characterological self-blame, they

fare worse psychologically than women who engage in behavioral self-blame

For Joel, being a part of the basketball team is very important. When asked to compare the basketball team to the football team, he states, "We're a lot better than they are." According to social identity theory, this ingroup favoritism should make Joel

feel better about himself and the basketball team.

Collectivism

giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly

Johanna describes herself as friendly, easy-going, and interested in a career in medicine. These are all aspects of

her self-concept

Interactionism

looks at the combined effects of both the person and the situation.

Interdependent Sense of Self

self-concept encompasses other people (mother, sister, brother, son, daughter, ect.)

Dr. Jones has been hired to investigate sexist bias in men employed in a certain government agency. She intends to make use of fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) in her study. When the men view pictures of women, the use of this technology will allow Dr. Jones to do which of the following:

tell which parts of the men's brains are activated.

In a study that examines the relationship between time spent studying and the number of errors on multiple choice questions, a correlation coefficient of -.39 suggests that

the more time people spend studying, the fewer errors they make.

The desire to have others perceive us as we truly perceive ourselves is a good example of

the need for Self-Verification

The researchers who conducted the study with the Romulans and the Klingons found that the results of their study were statistically significant. Thus they concluded

there is only a very small probability that the results occurred by chance.

Researchers conducted an experiment to examine the effects of noise and test difficulty on students' test performance. The researchers manipulated how much noise was present in a room (either a little or a lot) and how difficult the test was (either easy or difficult). The researchers analyzed the results of their experiment and found that the manipulation of noise had little effect on test performance when the test was easy, but that it had a strong effect when the test was difficult—students did much worse on the difficult test if the room was noisy than if it was quiet. This pattern of results suggests that

there was an interaction between the two independent variables.

Imagine two alien species: the Romulans and the Klingons. The Romulans were interested in developing a technique for use in extracting secrets from Klingon prisoners. The Romulans wanted to test Klingons' tolerance for pain under different conditions, so they gave some Klingons electric shocks after depriving them of sleep and gave other Klingons the same magnitude of shocks after letting them sleep as much as they wanted. They then measured the decibel level of the Klingons' screams. The independent variable in this experiment is

whether or not the Klingons were deprived of sleep.

Karen divides her class into small, racially mixed groups. Each student learns part of the assigned work and then teaches it to others in the group. This procedure is an example of

A Jigsaw classroom

Michelle tells Barack she's inviting a new friend over for dinner. "You'll enjoy him, I'm sure," she says. "He's very informed about current political issues. He has a very warm and engaging personality. And he's extremely detail-oriented and fastidious." In her description, Michelle is using

A central trait

Social impact theory states that the total social impact of others on a target person is a function of the others' strength, immediacy, and number. In this, immediacy refers to a. His or her status, ability, or relationship to a target

A source's proximity in time and space to the target

Private Self-Awareness

A state in which we become aware of the private aspects of ourselves (Emotions, pains, physical awareness)

Self-Consciousness

A trait- refers to how often one generally becomes self-aware. If you pay a lot of attention to yourself then you are highly self-conscious

When Milgram exposed participants to an authority who demanded that they harm another person by administering electric shocks of up to 450 volts to him, he initially found that the percentage of participants who obeyed the authority's orders to administer all of these shocks was

About 65%

When Carl thinks of any of the Lethal Weapon movies, he imagines violence and mayhem. His thoughts are so strong that he's ready to start a fight at the drop of a hat. For Carl, these movies are most clearly a(n)

Aggression-enhancing situational cue

Self-Concept

All beliefs that we hold about ourselves

In a television commercial for dental floss, the spokesperson (a well-known TV celebrity) says that eight out of ten dentists recommend the product. The reference to dentists is an attempt to establish

Communicator credibility

In the Robbers Cave experiment, young boys came to dislike each other intensely after a period of

Competing with one another

Although neither group makes any explicit requests or demands of her, Sheetal expresses pro-conservative opinions when she is with her conservative friends and she expresses anti-conservative opinions when she is with her liberal friends. Sheetal's actions best illustrate

Conformity

Ben manages an automobile assembly plant. Since he started requiring workers to inscribe their names on the cars they assemble, quality control has found fewer defective cars. Ben reduced social loafing by making

Contributions identifiable.

The idea that repeated exposure to violent crimes on the local and national television news leads individuals to become overly fearful, distrustful, and more likely to feel threatened is most consistent with the concept of

Cultivation

Individualism

Culture that stresses the needs and rights of the individual. People take care of themselves and maybe close family members, should be able to pursue own goals, should not be overly influenced by others needs/desires.

According to social learning theory, an effective way to strengthen existing restraints against aggression is to

Demonstrate nonaggressive responses to a provoking situation.

Low Self-Monitors

Don't care to change behavior, more likely to behave in a manner that is inline with their personal beliefs.

When people work with others on a task, they

Don't work as hard as when they work alone

According to theories of modern racism, discrimination against Blacks is most likely to occur when it is

Easy to rationalize

Implication of Private Self-Awareness

Emotions are intensified, greater clarity of private events, behavior is more inline with personal standards.

When people discuss a topic with others in their own social group who agree with them, they are likely to

Enhance or exaggerate the initial leanings of the group

Dave is a novice tennis player. He is more anxious when being watched by a group of instructors than by a group of novice tennis players. This difference in anxiety illustrates the process of

Evaluation Apprehension

The idea that arousal produced by one stimulus can increase a person's emotional reaction to another stimulus is called

Excitation transfer

When all members of a group give an incorrect response to an easy question, most people most of the time conform to that response

False

Hot (Affective) perspective

Focus on emotions, operates under the assumption that we are emotional beings; feel first, react emotionally first.

Joanie asked an acquaintance if he would do a small favor for her. After he agreed and did the small favor, Joanie then asked him to do an even larger favor for her. This scenario describes

Foot-in-the-door technique

Jane's company is developing a new product. There are indications that the product may be defective and could result in substantial liability for the company. Jane argues that the company's strong record of developing and marketing products suggests that they will pull through this time as well. The board members quickly decide to go ahead with the product despite its dangers. Their reasoning is an example of

Groupthink

In one high school, students from the country have always fought with students from the city. In order to reduce this intergroup hostility, the principal decides that the people in the two groups need to have personal contact on an equal-status basis. What else might she do to best achieve more harmonious relations between groups?

Have them work together on a school wide project

Groupthink is likely to result when groups are

Highly cohesive

High Self-Monitors

Highly skilled socially, pay lots of attention to their environment, pleasant to be around, concerned with superficial things.

Self-perception theory suggests that people change their attitudes to match their behaviors because they

Infer their attitudes from their behaviors

1. Before registering for class, Susan asks her friends about a professor. They all say the professor is a great teacher. Not knowing the professor, Susan therefore comes to believe that he is a great teacher and looks forward to taking his class. This illustrates

Informational Influence

Cold (Cognitive) Perspective

Informational Processing, operates under the assumption that we are thinking beings, we think first and then react emotionally.

According to Eli Finkel and colleagues, the three main components of the theory revolving around self-control in aggression are

Instigation, impellance, inhibition

When a witness went to the police and told them that she saw Jim leaving the scene of the crime, Jim did not get very upset but instead hired someone to kill her before she could testify in court. Jim's actions illustrate

Instrumental Aggression

Jerry angered Tom, and now Tom has an opportunity to retaliate by aggressing against Jerry. Assume that Jerry could do each of the following just before Tom has the chance to aggress against him. Of these actions, which, according to the research, should be most successful in reducing the degree of aggression that Tom would use against Jerry in retaliation?

Jerry shows Tom a picture of a kitten who has lost its mother, causing Tom to feel sympathy and empathy for the kitten.

Alan wanted to test his hypothesis that people are more likely to vote in presidential elections when the economy of the country is bad rather than good. He decided to conduct an archival study to test this. Which of the following is the kind of archival study that Alan would be most likely to do?

Look at existing records to determine the strength of the country's economy at different points in time and at other records to record the percentage of the eligible population who voted in presidential elections.

Let's say you were in a position of having to convince an audience to become committed to recycling. Some of these people would already be recyclers; other would not. Your job would be to convince them to recycle consistently. If you were trying to enhance your audience's perceptions of your credibility, which of the following would you try to do?

Make sure you know all the relevant facts about recycling and its positive effects on the environment so your expertise would be apparent.

Karen needs to type a term paper. To persuade her roommate, Nancy, to let her use her computer, Karen first lends Nancy some notes that Nancy needs and then asks if she can use her computer. Karen is using the

Norm of Reciprocity

Hector's friends all say a recent test was difficult. Hector thinks the test was easy. When asked what he thought, Hector agrees with his friends. This outcome illustrates

Normative Influence

The blue gang and the red gang are having a dispute about who controls turf around the vacant lot next to the high school. During this dispute, fighting between the two groups escalates. This result could be mostly easily predicted from

Realistic conflict theory

Global Self-Esteem

Related to a person's self-esteem as a whole (Rosenburg Self-Esteem Scale)

When their professor asks them to rate their contributions to a group project, both Jacob and Michael say they did about 70% of the work. Of which of the following is this an example?

Self-serving attributions.

Self-Monitoring

Sensitivity to social environment, tendency to try to shape our behavior to fit in said social environment

________________ is a process whereby the presence of others enhances performance on tasks someone finds easy but impairs performance on tasks they find difficult.

Social facilitation