PSY 4230 Psychology of Gender

According to the 2015 U.S. Census Bureau, multiracial individuals are ______% of the population. 0.05 1 3 11

3

What do constructionists believe? Gender is a social category created by society. Instead of asking about whether gender differences exist, we should be asking how institutions, culture, and language contribute to gendered interactions Facts about gender do not exist; only interpreations do (a) and (b) only. All of the above are things that social constructionists would say.

All of the above are things that social constructionists would say.

Americans view the Hijab worn by Muslims as a sign of oppression and male domination. A group of educated American Muslim women said: The Hijab was a reminder to follow their religious values The Hijab defined their Muslim identity The Hijab connected them to other Muslims The Hijab freed them from the emphasis of Americans on physical beauty All of the above were statements made by Muslim Americans about the Hijab

All of the above were statements made by Muslim Americans about the Hijab.

On the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory, one of the items states: "Women, compared to men, tend to have a superior moral sensibility." This item is tapping into... Benevolent sexism - gender differentiation Benevolent sexism - paternalism hostile sexism benevolent sexism - hetereosexism

Benevolent sexism-gender differentiation

When a person's biological sex is consistent with their gender identity, that person would likely identify as _____________. Cisgender Transgender Gender consistent Gender fluid Gender nonbinary

Cisgender

When someone's gender identity aligns with that someone's biological sex, the following term applies: Transgender Intersex Heterosexual cisgender gender conforming

Cisgender

______ is defined as a sense of obligation to and connectedness with both one's immediate and extended family. Famestizo Collectivism Familismo Family loyalty

Familismo

Someone who believes that men and women should be treated equally is called ______________. Standpoint feminist Minimalist Social Constructionist Feminism Maximalist

Feminism

The fact that the terminology and concepts related to gender may vary from culture to culture reflects the notion of _____________, which states that a society has an understanding of what is possible, proper, and perverse in gender-linked behavior. Gender fluidity Gender nonbinary theory Culture hybrid Cultural sexuality Gender culture

Gender Culture

Distress associated with the incongruence of one's gender identity with their biological sex could result in a diagnosis of: Gender fluidity Gender Hybrid Syndrome Transgenderism Gender Dysphoria Cisgender complication

Gender Dysphoria

When a person does not behave in ways that are consistent with their assigned gender role, they are said to be: Gender fluid Gender non-conforming Bisexual Transgender Cisgender

Gender non-conforming

A person who does not accept traditional gender norms and behaves in ways that contradict gender roles may be referred as: Gender nonconforming Intersex Transgender Agender Gender hybrid

Gender nonconforming

The fact that we expect males to be strong, masculine, tough, and unemotional, and we expect females to be gentle, polite, helpful, and emotionally expressive are examples of: Gender Gender roles Gender fluidity Gender nonbinary Sex differences

Gender roles

In study 2, perceived masculinity was manipulated by: A word search priming words of masculinity Having one condition watch Rocky, and the control condition watch You've Got Mail Give fake test results indicating either heightened or threatened masculinity Having a confederate in the room who is either very large or very skinny Having participants tell stories of either times when they were especially heroic, or times when they were especially weak

Give fake test results indicating either heightened or threatened masculinity

______ are learned, automatic associations between social categories and other attributes. Stereotypes Explicit stereotypes Implicit stereotypes Unconscious stereotypes

Implicit stereotypes

We cannot study gender without also examining other categories of identity such as race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender identity, and religion. This is the basis behind: Gender as a social construct Intersectionality Gender fluidity Standpoint feminism Maximalism

Intersectionality

In general, which of these ethnic groups has the most traditionally defined gender roles? African Americans American Indians Latinx Whites

Latinx

A person in Native American culture who is biologically male but takes on characteristics of both male and female is termed: Female berdache Male berdache Male muxe Female muxe

Male berdache

By definition, __________ are those who believe that the two sexes are fundamentally different (but they argue "difference" does not mean "deficit"). Maximalists Social constructionists Feminists Standpoint feminists Minimalists

Maximalists

In ______________, there is a third gender called a Muxe, where males dress like females and take on women's roles Morocco Mexico Tahiti Philippines the Balkans

Mexico

By definition, __________ are those who believe that the two sexes are essentially the same. Maximalists Social Constructionists Feminists Standpoint Feminists Minimalists

Minimalists

In which culture described in the chapter in Module 1 are gender roles very distinct and are manifest in physical space; women's sphere is inside the home ("private space"), and public space is male space? Morocco Tahiti Balkans Philippines Mexico

Morocco

According to __________________, individuals' identities could act as defining goals that motivate them to acquire identity relevant symbols (i.e. energy drink). Gender role strain paradigm Gender role identity paradigm Self-completion theory Male midlife crisis theory Healthy Masculinity Development Theory

Self-completion theory

Benevolent sexism encompasses three different areas of male ambivalence. Which of the following is not one of these three components of benevolent sexism? Social Constructionism Paternalism Gender differences heterosexism

Social Constuctionism

A truly androgynous society exists in ______________, where men and women have equal status, equal opportunity in the home and in occupations, and have similar personalities. Juchitan, Mexico Morocco Tahiti Philippines

Tahiti

What can you infer about Dovidio's research on visual dominance? When women are put in a powerful role in a mixed-gender dyad, men continue to show typical male patterns of visual dominance. When women are put in a powerful role in a mixed-gender dyad, they tend to avert their eyes while speaking. Dominant primates from many species, including humans, "stare down" subordinates. When women are put in a powerful role in a mixed-gender dyad, they show the pattern of visual dominance usually characteristic of men.

When women are put in a powerful role in mixed-gender dyad, they show the pattern of visual dominance usually characteristic of men.

Research on gender-role stereotypes and ethnicity indicates that ______. White Americans and African Americans have similar gender-role stereotypes, but Latinos have different gender-role stereotypes White American and Asian American women are stereotyped as intelligent, but African American and Latinx women are not both African American and Hispanic American women are stereotyped as quiet and permissive, but White American women are not both Asian American and African American women are stereotyped as arrogant

White American and Asian American women are stereotyped as intelligent, but African American and Latinx women are not.

"Andropause" refers to ______. the time in middle age when men pause to reflect on their accomplishments, or lack thereof a time of declining testosterone levels in middle-aged men cessation of menstruation in middle-aged women taking androgen-containing drugs the cessation of ejaculation in middle-aged men

a time of declining testosterone levels in middle-aged men

Gisele emigrated from Mexico to the United States 2 years ago. She is feeling pressure to both maintain values from her native culture and adopt behaviors and norms of her new host culture. Gisele is likely experiencing ______. acculturative stress ethnocentrism historical trauma bicultural conflict

acculturative stress

"I've felt that way, too," is an example of what type of speech? assertive speech tentative speech relational speech affiliative speech

affiliative speech

In animals, the two behaviors that are most affected by prenatal hormone exposure are ______. activity level and appetite spatial ability and aggression aggressive and sexual behaviors the structure of the genitals, but there is no evidence that it affects behavior

aggressive and sexual behaviors

Men who endorse a traditional masculinity ideology show higher levels of ______. testosterone gender role strain personality disorders alexithymia

alexithymia

The word "Hispanic" refers to ______. all people of Spanish origin, whether from Puerto Rico, Cuba, Mexico, or elsewhere people born in Mexico who immigrate to the United States people born in Spain, whether they immigrate to the United States or stay in Spain people born in Mexico who have at least some Indian heritage

all people of spanish origin, whether from Puerto Rico, Cuba, Mexico, or elsewhere

Research on gender stereotypes of emotions shows that ______. among African Americans, women are stereotyped as expressing about as much anger as men Among Asian Americans, women are stereotyped as expressing more anger than men Among Whites, women are stereotyped as expressing about as much anger as men there are few variations between ethnic group stereotypes of women and anger

among African Americans, women are stereotyped as expressing about as much anger as men

Comprehension goals and self-enhancement goals ______. show gender differences, with males higher on self-enhancement and females higher on comprehension are reasons why people stereotype can counteract each other are relevant to racial stereotyping but not gender stereotyping

are reasons why people stereotype

In language, compared with men, women typically ______. use fewer intensifiers are infantilized interrupt more are misgendered

are unfantilized

Which of the following is one of the guidelines for research with people of color? being aware of subcultural variations having a racial bias examining in-group status using ethnocentris

being aware of subcultural variations

_________ is the term for beliefs in which women should be honored and put on a pedestal and viewed as pure beings who should be protected. benevolent sexism hostile sexism neosexism feminism none of the above

benevolent sexism

The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory taps into two components of sexism: ___________ and ___________. benevolent sexism and hostile sexism neosexism and modern sexism neosexism and hostile sexism Paternalism and chivalry

benevolent sexism and hostile sexism

The concept of "homosexuality" differs considerably across cultures. Because of this, it may be difficult for a researcher to gain ______ if she or he is studying this construct with a sample of people from various cultures and ethnic groups. conceptual difference reliable data conceptual equivalence translational equivalence

conceptual equivalence

______ is the term for a rare genetic condition that causes the fetus's adrenal glands to produce abnormally large amounts of androgens, resulting in genetic females born with masculinized genitals. Androgenization syndrome (AS) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) Guevedoces Hermaphroditism

congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)

The words "chick," "shorty," "honey," and "ho" are examples of ______. euphemisms for transgender women sexualizing women euphemisms for the word "woman" sexism and discrimination

euphemisms for the word "woman"

"Power posing" refers to ______. men posing expansive posture women posing contractive posture

expansive posture

Men are more likely to use a(n) ______ posture and women are more likely to us a(n) _____ posture. elongated; shortened contractive; expansive expansive; contractive endogamous; exogamous

expansive; contractive

A meta-analysis found gender similarities for some facets of narcissism, but men scored higher on the ______ facet. vulnerable narcissism exploitative/entitlement grandiosity ambivalent

exploitative/ entitlement

Research on interpersonal distance indicates that there is the smallest distance between ______. male-male pairs female-female pairs homosexual pairs female-male pairs

female- female pairs

Federal officials referring to the governor of Louisiana, Kathleen Blanco, as the "female governor," while referring to a male governor as "governor" is an example of ______. euphemisms female-as-the-exception misgendering ethnocentrism

female-as-the-exception

The psychological attributes and roles assigned to biological male and female is called: sex gender gender fluid sexual orientation gender nonbinary

gender

The best-selling book, Men Are From Mars, Women Are From Venus (Gray, 1992) enforces the ______. gender similarities hypothesis gender differences model gender variances model gender discrepancies hypothesis

gender differences model

According to a meta-analysis of research on gender differences in aggression, ______. gender differences were larger for verbal aggression gender differences were larger for physical aggression there were no gender differences for aggression gender differences for aggression became larger as people got older

gender differences were larger for physical aggression

he term ____________ refers to our perception of the self as psychologically either male or female (whether a person feels psychologically male or feels psychologically female). Transgender Cisgender Gender fluid Gender nonbinary gender identity

gender identity

The assumptions that gender roles are often inconsistent and contradictory and that some characteristics prescribed by gender roles are actually maladaptive for men are part of the ______. gender role strain paradigm gender role identity paradigm feminists paradigm men's paradigm

gender role strain paradigm

The fact that we expect males to be strong, masculine, tough, and unemotional, and we expect females to be gentle, polite, helpful, and emotionally expressive are examples of: gender gender roles gender fluidity gender nonbinary sex differences

gender roles

A review of 46 meta-analyses of psychological gender differences found that 78% of the differences were small or trivial. This finding provides evidence for the ______. androgyny hypothesis queer theory social role theory gender similarities hypothesis

gender similarities hypothesis

In language, ______. negative emotions are used to describe women and positive emotions are used to describe men Asian Americans use more emotion words than White Americans White men use more emotion words than African American women girls and women use more emotion words than boys and men do

girls and women use more emotion words than boys and men do

According to a meta-analysis of research on gender differences in relational aggression, ______. girls score higher, but the gender difference is small girls score higher and the gender difference is large boys score higher and the gender difference is large there are no gender differences in relational aggression

girls score higher, but the gender difference is small

Research on male-female differences in brain size ______. shows that women's slightly lower scores on IQ tests are due to their slightly smaller brains shows that men have several different advantages because of their larger brain size has failed to demonstrate a relationship, in humans, between brain size and intelligence shows that although women's brain size is smaller, they outperform males on IQ tests

has failed to demonstrate a relationship, in humans, between brain size and intelligence

Research shows children whose fathers are involved, nurturing, and playful tend to ______. have behavior and conduct problems have higher IQ but lower attentiveness be more aggressive in their play have better self-regulation

have better self-regulation

Which of the following is a pattern of tentative speech, according to Lakoff? hedges interruptions evading passiveness

hedges

According to Steele's research on stereotype threat, ______. White people feel threatened by their stereotypes of Black people the performance of low-ability Black students is hurt by stereotype threat, but the performance of high-ability Black students is not Black students' math performance but not verbal performance is hurt highly talented Black students perform worse on a test when stereotypes about Black people are primed.

highly talented Black students perform worse on a test when stereotype about Black people are primed.

Negative, hostile attitudes toward women and adversarial beliefs about gender relations is termed neosexism. hostile sexism. benevolent sexism. feminism. both a and b

hostile sexism

Differences between female and male brains are found in the ______. thalamus hypothalamus cerebellum adrenal gland

hypothalmus

According to research on stereotype threat, ______. if Asian American women have their gender identity primed, their self-esteem decreases if Asian American women have their ethnic identity primed, they perform better on math problems if Asian American women have their gender identity primed, they perform better on math problems neither gender identity or ethnic identity had any influence on Asian American women's performance on math problems

if Asian American women have their ethnic identity primed, they perform better on math problems

Data show that between 1965 and 2011, the amount of time fathers spent engaging in childcare ______. decreased slightly roughly remained the same doubled increased threefold

increased threefold

Acculturation for American Indian men has had the effect of ______. loss of the traditional role of spiritual leader decreasing male purpose increase in egalitarian roles between men and women increasing male dominance

increasing male dominance

We cannot study gender without also examining other categories of identity such as race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender identity, and religion. This is the basis behind: Gender as a social construct Intesectionality Gender Fluidity Standpont feminism Maximalism

intersectionality

The word "Latino" ______. refers to female Latin Americans is an example of male as the normative in language is not preferred by Hispanics refers to Latin Americans outside the United States

is an example of male as the normative in language

According to Pleck's historical analysis of changes in the male role, psychologists' emphasis on psychological masculinity, beginning in the l930s, occurred ______. as a means of preparing men psychologically for World War II as a result of political pressure to design tests to measure everything from intelligence to masculinity just as external, institutional definitions of masculinity declined as Freudian theory reached the United States

just as external, institution definitions of masculinity declined

In regards to a meta-analysis, a d value of 0.80 is indicative of a ______. no difference small difference moderate difference large difference

large difference

In brain research, ______ refers to the extent to which a particular function is handled by one hemisphere of the brain or both. hemispherization localization lateralization subordination

lateralization

The notion that a masculine identity is extremely important psychologically is part of the ______. male gender role identity paradigm sex role strain paradigm psychoanalytic theory only stated goals of the men's liberation movement

male gender role identity paradigm

Who suffers more for violating gender roles? Males Females They both suffer equally There are no negative consequences for either males or females

males

Who suffers more for violating gender roles? males females They both suffer equally There are no negative consequences for either males or females.

males

In an experiment by Grossman and Wood (1993) that encouraged both men and women to express their emotions, ______. men expressed as much emotion as women did women showed more facial expression of emotion than men did Black men expressed more emotion than White women did Asian American women expressed as much emotion as White men did

men expressed as much emotion as women did

When undergraduates viewed film clips designed to stimulate either happiness, sadness, fear, or disgust, ______. men were more facially expressive than women women showed more skin conductance reactivity than men men showed more skin conductance reactivity to the fear films than women did men and women were equal in their facial expressions

men showed more skin conductance reactivity to the fear films than women did

People who believe the two sexes are fundamentally the same, are known as: Maximalists Minimalists Sex nonconforming Intersex Social constructionists

minimalists

Anton, a Black man, has a sudden, unexpected, and emotionally painful encounter being racially profiled by two police officers. After this experience, he becomes hypervigilant of his surroundings and behaviors when around police officers and attempts to avoid them at all costs. He is now feeling angry and depressed. Anton is likely experiencing ______. post-traumatic stress disorder the racial bias effect race-based traumatic stress discrimination-based traumatic stress

race-based traumatic stress

Biological categories of male and female is termed: gender gender fluidity sex sexual orientation sexual fluidity

sex

Whereas _________ refers to the biological categories of male and female, ____________ refers to a person's internal feeling of being psychologically male or female. sex; gender gender; sex transgender; cisgender cisgender; transgender sexual orientation; gender identity

sex; gender

______ can be defined as a situation in which there is a negative stereotype about a person's group, and the person is concerned about being judged or treated negatively on the basis of that stereotype. Hostile stereotyping Stereotype anxiety Stereotype threat Benevolent stereotyping

stereotype threat

Cultural differences from one tribe to another among American Indians could be viewed as ______. subcultural variations sources of internal conflict in opposition to the unity Indian women need to press for social change Intercultural diversity

subcultural variations

Research indicates that when a woman is speaking, ______ speech seems to work best when the audience is male and ______ speech seems to work best when the audience is female. tentative; assertive assertive; tentative institutional; utilitarian utilitarian; institutional

tentative; assertive

Success on the job, earning a lot of money, and gaining power over others are all important parts of ______. the modern male role the male role up to the 1950s but not seen as much today the traditional male role the standards imposed on men by psychologists

the modern male role

When people are in a stereotype threat situation, they may ______. underperform due to extra pressure to succeed over perform due to threats to their integrity and feelings of belonging underperform due to hyperactivation of the amygdala over perform due to extra pressure to succeed

underperform due to extra pressure to succeed

Dovidio's experiment on gender differences in eye contact used various conditions that led to interesting results. In the control condition, men were more visually dominant, which meant ______. women looked more while listening men looked at their partners less while speaking men looked more while listening women look at their partners more while speaking

women looked more while listening