PSY 431 exam 1 quizlet
Criticisms of Biopsychosocial Model
"Neither a theory nor a model" but a "useful heuristic" "New medical model" -> still places biology at top of hierarchy Lack of inclusion of political and social issues
Transcription
(genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA
Representations of illness not fixed but dynamic, complex and linked to everyday lives and experiences
(phenomenological analysis) for illness narritives
Coping two main functions
- Altering the problem - Regulating the emotional response to the problem
different types of health psychologists
- Clinical vs. research - Clinical psychology vs. clinical health psychology - "End point"is most often physical health, not mental illnesses or conditions
Expression of Pain Dictated by Cultural Norms
- Cultural "language of distress" ༝ - Differences are often in responses and expression of pain rather than intensity of felt pain
Types of narratives of injured workers (Murray, 2007)
- Disability as devastation ༝ Disability as challenge ༝ Disability as phenomenon ༝ Disability as opportunity
emotion-focused coping skills
- Exercise - take a bath - give yourself a pep talk - meditate
The Popular Sector
- Largest subsystem ༝ - Lay or non -professional environs in which illness is first experienced, defined, and responded to ༝ - Values and beliefs of individual, family, social network, and community - Informal, non -specialist ༝ - Early identification and definition of illness ༝ - Self and home -based treatment ༝ - Colloquial advice ༝ - Unpaid ༝ Family, friend, & community based
social support issues
- May not be perceived as supportive ༝ Reductions in personal control and self-esteem ༝ "Invisible support" is best ༝ Strain and conflict in relationships ༝ Could encourage unhealthy behavior
The Professional Sector
- Organized medical professionals ༝ - Oftentimes scientific medicine ༝ - But societally specific, so could include Chinese herbal medicine in China ༝ - Formal aspects of health care ༝ - Professional bodies give legitimacy
Hofstede's Dimensions of Culture
- Power Distance Index (high versus low). - Individualism Versus Collectivism. - Masculinity Versus Femininity. - Uncertainty Avoidance Index (high versus low). - Long- Versus Short-Term Orientation. - Indulgence Versus Restraint.
stress prevention model
- Prevention rather than processes after stressor occurs - Avoid or minimize exposure
Behavioral Methods for Stress Management
- Progressive Muscle Relaxation - Systematic Desensitization - Modeling - Biofeedback
Careers in Health Psychology
- Promote & maintain health by studying factors involved in unhealthy behaviors - Prevent illness by reducing risk factors & treating ill - Identify causes & diagnostic correlates of health, illness, and related dysfunction - Analyze & improve health care systems and policy
Biofeedback
- Receiving "feedback" via devices about what the body is doing ༝ Coupled with training to increase awareness of bodily stress processes and disrupt them
Types of illness narratives (Frank, 1995)
- Restitution - minimizes the experience of illness, temporary interruption ༝ Chaos - loses sense of order in life + unable to develop a way of coping ༝ Quest - illness is challenging to be met
The Folk Sector
- Semi-specialized, limited focus ༝ - Holistic treatment ༝ - Shared worldview ༝ - Paid or gifted
Culture + Cancer Western Societies
- Suppression of emotional energy ༝ 'Evil force' ༝ - Disease uncontrollable and unstrained ༝ - "War on cancer"
Diathesis-Stress Model
- Vulnerability depends on interplay of predisposition (diathesis) and amount of stress experienced Direct pathway (individuals who are resilliant are more better with stress, more vulnerable people are more vulnerabkle to the effects of stress) - changes in physio Indirect pathway - via behaviors changes by taking out negative factors
vagus nerve
- heart - decreases heart rate - liver - regulates insulin secretion and glucos homeostasis in the liver - gut - increases gastric juices, gut mortility, stomach acidity - inflamation - supresses inflamation via the cholinergic anti-inflamitory pathway - Brain - helps keep anxiety and depression at bay. opposes theb sympathetic response to stress - Mouth - taste information is sent via three cranial nerves, one of which is the vagus nerve. the vagus nerve is needed for the gag reflex, swallowing, and coughing. - Blood vessels - decreases vascular tone, lowering blood pressure.
enhancing social support
- increasing social support for people should be a high research priority for psychologists
problem vs emotion focused coping
- problem focused: efforts to solve or change the stressor itself (problem solving) - emotion focused: efforts to reduce or manage the distress from the stressor (seeking emotional support)
Stress and CHD
-Chronic and acute stress is linked to CHD and adverse clinical events -Interacts with genetic factors to increase likelihood of CHD -Associated with increased inflammatory activity
Cornary Artery Disease
-obstruction of blood flow through the coronary arteries -typically from ATHEROSCLEROSIS -contributes to angina, mycardial infarction, or death
What causes high blood pressure?
-pressure in the arteries too high -arteries clogged by creating pressure to rise
problem focused coping skills
-work on managing time -ask for support -establish healthy boundaries -create to do list
Medication for stress and anxiety
1. Benzodiazepines (Valium, Xanax) -> decrease neural transmission in CNS 2. Beta-blockers (Inderal ) -> reduce anxiety and BP, block activity in peripheral NS
3 Properties of Pain
1. Body has no specific receptor cells that only transmit pain info 2. Pain sensed for many types of stimuli -> not only injury but pressure and temperature 3. Perception almost always includes strong emotional component
How is health care a kind of "cultural system" according to Kleinman
1. Each country has a system of health care informed by the country's social and cultural context, 2. which is integrated into that society to become a "socially organized" response to disease. 3. System of interconnected relationships -> people experiencing, people treating, institutions related to disease and illness
Which coping methods are "healthiest"? We have some initial ideas...
1. Engaging positive emotions 2. Finding benefits or meaning 3. Engaging in emotional approach 4. Accommodating to a stressor
Reducing potential for stress
1. Enhancing social support 2. Managing interpersonal problems (e.g., assertiveness) 3. Improving personal control 4. Organizing one's world better (e.g., time management)
What opens and closes the gates?
1. More activity in pain fibers- open 2. Increased activity in A -beta fibers closes 3. Neurons have efferent pathways to spinal cord -> brain
Why do we care about pain?
1. Pain accounts for >80% of doctor's visits 2. More likely to seek medical tx immediately if feel pain 3. Severe and prolonged pain -> impair daily functioning, disability
Goals of Health Psychology
1. Promote & maintain health by studying factors involved in unhealthy behaviors 2. Prevent illness by reducing risk factors & treating ill 3. Identify causes & diagnostic correlates of health, illness, and related dysfunction 4. Analyze & improve health care systems and policy
4 Issues With coping
1. Tend to be consistent in coping method for a particular stressor 2. Seldom just use one type of method 3. Coping for short -term stressor tend to be different than for long -term stressor 4. Individual differences in coping styles
What are the distinctions between the three sectors in terms of this system?
1. The professional sector 2. The popular sector 3. The folk sector
Characteristics of Stressful Situations Examples
1. You really want a date with Becky but she rejects you. 2. You stutter when giving a presentation, but you know that if you practice the presentation 10 times you will not stutter. 3. You're waiting to hear back from graduate schools to see if you got in. 4. You grew up in poverty.
What is health psychology?
A positive state of physical, mental, and social well-being - not simply the absence of injury or disease - that varies over time along a continuum.
Hueristic
A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently
Systematic Desensitization
A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.
systematic desensitization
A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.
A-beta fiber
A wide-diameter, myelinated sensory nerve fiber that transmits signals from mechanical stimulation.
Acculturation and Pain
According to Berry, 4 stages of acculturation ༝ Acculturation associated w/ reporting of pain
Berry's Acculturation Model
Acculturation has two dimensions: retention of minority culture & maintenance of mainstream culture The more mainstream, the less minority, vice versa Four possible modes: integration, assimilation, separation, marginalization
EEG (electroencephalogram)
An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.
Critical Health Psychology
Analysis of power ༝ Analysis at social and structural rather than individual level ༝ Individuals cannot be understood outside their cultural, political, and historical context ༝ Action-oriented approach for social change
stress management
Any program of behavioral and cognitive techniques that is designed to reduce psychological and physical reactions to stress
cause and attribution theory
Attempt causal explanation for events especially if unexpected and have personal relevance ○ (explanations) non-physical - physical ○ stable - unstable ○ controllable - uncontrollable
problem-focused coping
Attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor.
"I work with Native American clients who are struggling to manage their diabetes, I help them learn new strategies for remembering when to take their insulin."
Clinical health psychology because it is usually a one on one management of diseases and individual issues. look for the difference in magnitude to determine the difference between public health and clinical. Clinical is small scale and public health is large scale.
Cognitive Methods for Stress Management
Cognitive restructuring ->replace thoughts and beliefs w/ constructive + realistic, reduce appraisal of threat or harm
Which of the following is NOT a coping strategy mentioned by your textbook? a. Exercise b. Concordance c. Time management d. Social support
Concordance
approach-approach conflict
Conflict that results from having to choose between two attractive alternatives
avoidance-avoidance conflict
Conflict that results from having to choose between two distasteful alternatives
Correlation does not equal causation
Correlation does not mean cause and effect. A correlation of 1 between two variables does not mean that one necessarily causes the other. A correlation of 0 does not mean that one prevents the other. For example, height and weight in people have a positive correlation. However, the height does not cause the weight or vice versa. It's just that they are most likely to be strongly related.
Catastrophizing
Dramatically exaggerating the negative consequences of any minor event
How are medicine and health care a special kind of cultural system according to Kleinman? a. Each country has a system of health care in which they believe that disease and illness are the same things, and this belief leads them to act in a systematized way to eliminate disease based on the biomedical model b. Each country has a system of health care, which is based on cultural values and contexts, and becomes a way that society and all the people in it responds to disease in a systematized way based on those cultural values and contexts c. Each country has different beliefs about cultural competence in health care which is why inequities exist. d. Each country prioritizes the folk sector, which leads to more people becoming sick because the folk sector is not comprised of actual medical professionals.
Each country has a system of health care, which is based on cultural values and contexts, and becomes a way that society and all the people in it responds to disease in a systematized way based on those cultural values and contexts
What is the main difference between problem-focused versus emotion-focused coping? a. Emotion-focused coping can include some negative or harmful strategies but problem-focused coping only includes beneficial or helpful strategies b. Emotion-focused coping is more often used when people believe their resources or the demands of the situation are changeable c. Emotion-focused coping includes cognitive approaches; problem-focused coping includes behavioral approaches d. Emotion-focused coping is aimed at controlling the emotional response; problem-focused is aimed at reducing the demands of the situation or expanding resources to deal with it
Emotion-focused coping is aimed at controlling the emotional response; problem-focused is aimed at reducing the demands of the situation or expanding resources to deal with it
Criticisms of the Social Model of Disability
Excludes consideration of lived experience of impairment ○ Psychological factors too ○ Experiences of exclusion, stigma , and denigration ༝ Society's views on "nor ma l" and "abnormal" vary from context to context
Which of the following is NOT a self-report measure (meaning, a questionnaire that participants fill out themselves) of stress? a. The Social Readjustment Rating Scale b. Galvanic skin response c. The Hassles Scale d. A life events scale
Galvanic skin response
magnitude
Greatness of size, strength, or importance. number is between -1,1. If the number is zero then there is no correlation.
What is ethnicity?
Group of people who may share a common ancestry and have similar cultural and physical attributes, such as language, religion, social rituals and norms, values and beliefs.
Culture + Cancer
Hindu women in India - attributed to spiritual beliefs ༝ Metaphysical explanations in East Asia - energy flows ༝ Also occur in US
global/specific control
I did poorly on this test and it means I'm just not good at math vs.
stable/unstable control
I did poorly on this test and now I'm going to pay for it for the rest of the semester vs.
internal/external control
I did poorly on this test because I didn't study vs.
Experimental study
IV, DV, random assignment, experimental and control groups, placebo, double - and single -blind
dimensions of common sense illness perceptions
Identity: The signs, symptoms, and illness label Consequence: The perceived physical, social, and economic consequences of the disease and the felt emotional consequences. Causes: the perceived cause of the disease Timeline: The perceived time frame for the development and the duration of the illness threat. Cure/Control: The extent to which the illness is responsive to treatment.
Impairment vs. Disability
Impairment: refers to the physical or mental condition that affects functioning. Disability: Is what society makes of someones impairment.
pain acceptance
In chronic pain, individuals are inclined to engage in activities despite th pain and disinclined to control or avoid the pain
The Folk Sector (examples, culture specific)
Indigenous / traditional medicine ༝ Herbalists ༝ Curanderos ༝ Faith healers / prayer ༝ Bone setters ༝ Spiritualists ༝ Shaman ༝ Complementary and alternative medicines
IPA
Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis
primary appraisal dimentions
Irrelevant Good Stressful Harm-loss - amtamage already done ○ Threat - expectation of future harm ○ Challenge - opportunity for positive outcomes
Emotion- focused (when to use)
It is emotion focused, is UNCONTROLLABLE - venting or talking to others - reframing the situation - journaling - exercise on the mental level/relaxation - meditation/spiritual practices - pleasureable activities
Which of the following is an example of the "consequence" dimension of common sense illness perceptions. a. Ji-Yoon knows she has cancer. b. Ji-Yoon believes that she got cancer because she didn't eat enough healthy foods. c. Ji-Yoon thinks that her cancer treatment will cost her a lot of money. d. Ji-Yoon believes that cancer is a long-term illness.
Ji-Yoon thinks that her cancer treatment will cost her a lot of money.
correlational study
Joint relation, correlation coefficient sign direction & magnitude
Which of the following is an example of chronic pain? a. Julius feels depressed and his sleep is disrupted. b. Julius has a sports injury which lasts for 2 months. c. Julius has lower back pain which persists for at least a year. d. Julius bangs his knee and bends over in pain
Julius has lower back pain which persists for at least a year
Characteristics of Stressful Situations
Life transitions- Passing from one life condition or phase to another. Difficult timing- Events that happen earlier or later in life than usual or expected Ambiguity- Lack of clarity in a situation Low desirability- Some circumstances are undesirable to most people in virtually all respects. Low controllability- Circumstances that seem to be outside the person's behavioral or cognitive influence
cultural competence vs cultural humility
Many now prefer the term "cultural humility" because we cannot be competent in others' / all cultures
Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA)
Method of idographic qualitative research that attempts to understand how a given person understands a particular phenomenon in a given context. It is an inductive approach because the theory emerges from the data.
Quasiexperimental design
No random assignment; correlational not causational; retrospective vs. prospective, cross -sectional vs. longitudinal, single -subject
What is race?
Not biological. Sociopolitical categorization of people into groups based on phenotypic features for the purpose of assigning differential status, power, and resources.
4 Dimensions of Culture (according to Hofstede)
Power distance Uncertainty avoidance Collectivism -individualism Femininity -masculinity
Translation
Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced
Coping
Process by which people try to manage the perceived discrepancy between the demands and resources they appraise in a stressful situation.
illness related stressors
Prolonged stress puts your body in a continuous state readiness for physical action. When your body has no time to re-establish equilibrium, it becomes overworked and your immune system weakens, making you susceptible to sickness.
Collectivism -individualism
Relationship between individual and the collective (of a society) ○ Collectivism: values of strong social cohesion and integration between members of a group ○ Individualism: loose ties between individuals, individuals responsible for themselves and own families
chronic progressive pain (examples)
Rheumatoid arthritis, cancer
General Adaptation Syndrome
Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases—alarm, resistance, exhaustion. 1. Adrenal glands release epinephrine and norepinephrine; HPA axis triggers release of cortisol; Sympathetic reactions 2. Sympathetic reactions lessen and HPA activation predominates 3. Weaken immune system, deplete energy reserves, disease and damage to organs
pain
Sensory and emotional experience of discomfort, which is usually associated with actual or threatened tissue damage or irritation
What is the definition of culture according to Helman? a. Societies which hold values of strong social cohesion and integration between members of a group b. Group of people who may share a common ancestry and have similar cultural and physical attributes c. Set of guidelines transmitted from one generation to another through which individuals perceive and understand the world that they inhabit and learn how to live within it d.Biological differences that distinguish groups of people; a classification to easily describe people and as a reference to identity
Set of guidelines transmitted from one generation to another through which individuals perceive and understand the world that they inhabit and learn how to live within it
shared environmental experiences
Siblings' common environmental experiences, such as their parents' personalities and intellectual orientation, the family's socioeconomic status, and the neighborhood in which they live.
The Notion that Black Individuals Do Not Experience as Much or as Intense Pain is Scientific Racism
Social psyc studies found that Black folx are rated as experiencing less pain than White folx (by both health professionals and docs)
Problem-focused (when to use)
Tend to use when perception is that believe resources or demands of situation are CHANGEABLE - problem solving - decision making - seeking information - goal setting
Headaches (Stress Plays a Role)
Tens ion-type (muscle contraction) ○ CNS dys function and contraction of head and neck muscles ○ Dull & steady ache like tight band of pressure around head ○ Twice a week +
DNA methylation
The addition of methyl groups to bases of DNA after DNA synthesis; may serve as a long-term control of gene expression.
phenomenological approach
The assumption is that one must appreciate individuals' personal, subjective EXPERIENCE to truly understand their behavior. "In their own words"
histone acetylation
The attachment of acetyl groups to certain amino acids of histone proteins. Gene switched on which is active and open chromatin. Gene switched off which means silent chromatin. methylated cytosines, etc.
personal control
The feeling that people can make decisions and take effective action to produce desirable outcomes and avoid undesirable ones
What is culture?
The inherited lens through which individuals perceive and understand the world that they inhibit and learn how to live within it. Lens transmitted btwn generations within a group of people by means of rituals, symbols, and language.
biopsychosocial model
The person consists of biological and psychological systems, which interrelate; and each of the systems includes component systems. The person interrelates with the social systems of his or her world. Each system can affect, and be affected by, any of the other systems.
p-value
The probability level which forms basis for deciding if results are statistically significant (not due to chance). greater than 0.05 or less than 0.05
gate control theory of pain
The theory that pain is a product of both physiological and psychological factors that cause spinal gates to open and relay patterns of intense stimulation to the brain, which perceives them as pain.
What does the phrase "lay representation of illness" mean? a. The amount that ordinary people (i.e., non-medical professionals) know about their own illness. b. The degree to which ordinary people (i.e., non-medical professionals) can draw pictures that represent what their illness is actually like. c. The ways that ordinary people (i.e., non-medical professionals) define, think about, talk about, and understand illness. d. The way that medical professionals view and treat illnesses.
The ways that ordinary people (i.e., non-medical professionals) define, think about, talk about, and understand illness.
no correlation
There is no relationship between data sets.
Choice Conflict
When a new option is similar to the target option, it increases the chance of choosing the default.
moderate negative correlation
When r is between -0.8 and -0.5
Social Model of Disability
You are a disabled person who can't use stairs and wants to get into a building with a step at the entrance. The social model recognizes that this is a problem with the building, not the person, and would suggest adding a ramp to the entrance.
Which of the following is an example of primary appraisal? a. You see an exam listed on the syllabus and think it will be stressful. b. You know you can do well on an exam. c. You know that you won't do well on an exam unless you come to office hours. d. You believe that you will have enough time to study for an exam. Feedback
You see an exam listed on the syllabus and think it will be stressful.
Leventhal's self regulatory model of illness behaviour
a certain event maybe a diagnosis is the stimuli. the perceptions (thoughts beliefs, attitudes) is basically that they have a feeling or thought about the diagnosis. Then it splits to illness representations (perceptions about the illness and what it means) and emotional representations (personal feelings about the illness.) emotional side is separated for this section. Actions is through the illness control. The behavior has to directly talk about emotions to be for emotion control.
problem solving training
a cognitive approach in stress reduction that teaches clients strategies to address real life problems
twin studies
a common method of investigating whether nature or nurture affects behavior
EMG (electromyography)
a measurement technique that records the electrical activity of a muscle or group of muscles. It indicates the muscle activity
Illness-Welness Continuum
a model that illustrates the full range of health between the extremes of illness and wellness
What is health?
a positive physical well being and mental and emotional well being.
C fiber
a small, unmyelinated axon that conducts pain information slowly and adapts slowly
cognitive restructuring
a therapeutic approach that teaches clients to question the automatic beliefs, assumptions, and predictions that often lead to negative emotions and to replace negative thinking with more realistic and positive beliefs
Which of the following is an example of cognitive control? a. Thinking that an exam is just an opportunity to show how much you've learned rather than something that will destroy your grade. b. Calling your partner for social support right before you give a big speech. c. Looking for another job because your current job is so stressful. d. Using breathing techniques to calm yourself down when you're getting a vaccination.
a. Thinking that an exam is just an opportunity to show how much you've learned rather than something that will destroy your grade.
cognitive control
ability to think differently about negative emotions that arise in response to stress-provoking events
symptom-based behavior
any activity people who are ill undertake to determine the problem and find a remedy
Impairment is...
any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. "specifically what does not work." (least specific activity)
Disability is...
any restriction or lack (resulting from impairment) of ability to perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered to be normal for a human being
Pain assessment tools
are more useful for chronic pain conditions or particularly problematic acute pain problems
Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)
assessment that measures the amount of stress in a person's life over a one-year period resulting from major life events
emotion-focused coping
attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction
According to health psychologists, what is health? a. Being mentally well (i.e., reducing or eliminating symptoms of mental illness or distress). b. A positive state of physical, mental and social well-being. c. The absence of disease or illness - being physically well. d. The absence of impairment, such as that from disability.
b. A positive state of physical, mental, and social well-being.
Why should the researcher adopt an open-ended qualitative approach to research if they are taking a phenomenological approach? a. Because there is no other way to conduct research b. Because phenomenology is concerned with exploring the participant's perspective on the world c. Because phenomenology is about how people communicate about illness rather than inferring underlying beliefs d. Because phenomenology is concerned with confirming the observer/researcher's perspective on the world
b. Because phenomenology is concerned with exploring the participant's perspective on the world
behavioral risk factors
behaviors that increase the chances of disease, injury, or premature death
Which of the following DECREASE in response to stress? a. Stress hormones (catecholamines, corticosteroids) b. Unfavorable lipids in blood c. Immune function d. Blood pressure
c. Immune function
A student researcher writes in her report that her statistical analysis revealed a correlation coefficient of r= +2.13 between healthy eating and sleep quality. Her reported correlation coefficient.... a. Indicates a positive association b. Is a significant result c. Is an error d. Indicates a negative association
c. Is an error
Which of the following is NOT one of the three factors involved in gate-control theory? a. The amount of activity in the pain fibers b. The amount of activity in other peripheral fibers c. The thickness of the skin d. Messages that descend from the brain
c. The thickness of the skin
What is Foucauldian Discourse Analysis primarily about? Pick the BEST answer according to the text. a. the immediate discourse (i.e., communication in a social group) around illness b. interpretative thematic analysis of one person's narrative c. power, social norms, and internalization of dominant discourses of health and illness d. thoughts and beliefs of the person Feedback
c. power, social norms, and internalization of dominant discourses of health and illness
Autonomic pain
changes in HR, BP, perspiration
Community health psychology
community -level research and action; working in partnership with comm members with aim of empowering and facilitating social change to address social and structural obstacles to health
"I work with Latinx clients and train members of the Latinx community in Norristown to be health educators to address culturally-appropriate nutrition practices to reduce their diabetes risk."
community health psychology because it is through a specific group that is being focused on and gives the location.
Critical health psychology
concerned w/ structural factors, analyzing how issues of power, politics, economics and social processes influence or shape health
Atherosclerosis
condition in which fatty deposits called plaque build up on the inner walls of the arteries
approach-avoidance conflict
conflict occurring when a person must choose or not choose a goal that has both positive and negative aspects
Macrosystem
consists of cultural values, laws, customs, and resources
strong positive correlation
correlation when the dots on a scatter plot move from lower left to upper right and are grouped closely together; correlation of +0.5 to +1.00
weak positive correlation
correlation when the dots on a scatter plot move from lower left to upper right and are grouped widely apart; correlation of 0.0 to +0.5
strong negative correlation
correlation when the dots on a scatter plot move from upper left to lower right and are grouped closely together; correlation of -0.5 to -1.00
weak negative correlation
correlation when the dots on a scatter plot move from upper left to lower right and are grouped widely apart; correlation of 0.0 to -0.5
"I study how the inequality of the patient-health care provider interaction (i.e. providers have more influence over the patient than patients have over providers) is associated with higher risk of diabetes in the Black community. I'm also really interested in how the historical difference in the wealth of Black and White households (White households have a median wealth of almost 13 times the median wealth of Black households in the United States) impacts disparities in the rates of diabetes."
critical health psychology because of the patient/ provider relationship. Also, disparities impact the population. "A power based approach"
Which of the following is NOT a criticism of the biopsychosocial model? a. The biopsychosocial model still is too medical. b. The biopsychosocial model doesn't acknowledge social and political issues enough. c. The biopsychosocial model isn't a testable model. d. The biopsychosocial model doesn't include family or peer influences on health.
d. The biopsychosocial model doesn't include family or peer influences on health.
According to sociological critiques of the medical model, a. the medical system of diagnosing and treating illness is based on objective science. b. health professionals are genuinely motivated by a desire to help, rather than a desire to control. c. disease can be identified from impaired behavior or personality. d. illness is societally defined according to morals, norms, and values.
d. illness is societally defined according to morals, norms, and values.
Femininity -masculinity
differences between the sexes and how this is managed in a given society ○ Low Masculinity: Less distinction between sex roles with more degree of overlap; less emphasis on competition and reward for being better than others ○ High Masculinity: Greatest distinction between the roles of men and women; emphasis on competitive performance with reward of success
Handicap is...
disadvantage experienced as a result of impairment or disability that limits ability to lead "normal" life (most specific activity
arbitrary inference
distortion of thinking in which a person draws a conclusion that is not based on any evidence
eating behaviors vs eating disorders
eating behaviors are usually in health psychology and eating disorders are in clinical psychology usually
chronic pain
episode of pain that lasts for 3 months or longer; may be intermittent or continuous
Public health psychology
focused on clinical care system but is more concerned with improvement of health of the POPULATION; focus on health promotion, communication, and epidemiological study of illness prevalence, rather than tx(treatment) of illness
Discursive Analysis
focuses on the interpretive systems and practices through which members deal with behavio
biological risk factors
genetic predispositions
Power distance
how inequality is understood and managed in society ○ Low: inequality is minimized, greater interdependence ○ High: clearer and expected hierarchy, more dependence
communicative nature of language
how language communicates what we know and understand about illness
Uncertainty avoidance
how people and societies manage the uncertainty of the future ○ High: more worried about future, attracted to strict rules of behavior, structure, loyalty, and truthfulness . Fear of failure, less risk-taking. Higher levels of stress , more aggressive, more emotionally expressive, more intolerant of deviance. ○ Low: greater acceptance of change and personal risk, lower levels of stress and aggression, and relative tolerance
the medical model of disability
impairment leads to the social disability
managing interpersonal problems
in response to potential disagreement or excessive demand, people often respond aggressively or unassertively, leading to more stress and poorer outcomes, can be solved with assertiveness
primary appraisal
initial decision regarding whether an event is harmful
stress innoculation training
is a form of cognitive preparation that can be used to minimize the impact of an anticipated threat (actually generating solutions to problems.
Social Model Perspective
is usually from the perspective of the individual and not against the disabled.
outcome expectancy
lead to favorable outcome
chronic recurrent pain
long term repeated and intense episodes of discomfort stemming from benign causes
chronic intractable benign pain
long-term continuous, but variable, discomfort stemming from benign causes
mediator vs moderator
mediator: why are the variables linked? moderator: are the variables linked in the same way for everyone in every situation? example of moderators: gender, age, etc. -moderator: there is a relationship but it is stronger for some subgroups than for others
chronic recurrent pain (examples)
migraine, tension headaches, ect.
Critical health psychology... a. regards a social phenomenon as a social product formed by human activity b. is concerned with documenting how power in our society creates knowledge that oppresses or empowers people, but not going further to create social change c. moves beyond the individual-level focus which is characteristic of much of health psychology, especially clinical health psychology d. is called "critical" because it is critical of people - it judges people harshly and assigns fault to them
moves beyond the individual-level focus which is characteristic of much of health psychology, especially clinical health psychology
checklist of nonverbal pain indicators
o Includes only "specific" behaviors, lacks "subtle" behaviors, direct observation focused o Completed by nurse/team o Scores correlate with 0-6 scale with 0=no pain, 6= bad as can be o Limited research o Simple and easy to use
Gate control theory example
object buzzes to overcome the pain of another object
Biological disruption
onset of illness
psychogenic pain
pain for which no physical cause can be identified (psychological)
nociceptive pain
pain from a normal process that results in noxious stimuli being perceived as painful
According to the social model of disability, a. impairment is the loss or limitation of opportunities that prevent people from taking part in the normal life of the community on an equal level with others due to physical and social barriers. b. there are no greater economic, environmental, or cultural barriers encountered by people who are viewed by others as having some form of impairment; everyone is considered to have equal numbers of challenges and amounts of power under this model c. people's impairments disable them automatically. d. people have impairments but it is society that disables them.
people have impairments but it is society that disables them.
secondary appraisal
perceptions regarding our ability to cope with an event that follows primary appraisal
chronic progressive pain
persists longer than 6 months and increases in severity over time
Preparing for Stressful Events
preparation before a stressful event reduces potential for stress - Example from text of surgery and reducing preoperative fear to improve post operative adjustment
Mesosystem
provides connections across microsystems
"I research how rates of diabetes differ between Black and White individuals in the United States based on their different exposure to neighborhood stress levels"
public health psychology because it is through the United States and this is more broad. Overall it is a larger population that is being worked with.
A-delta fibers
quick, sharp pain. small nerve that can be overcome easily
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
recording of the electrical changes that occur in the myocardium during a cardiac cycle
Clinical Health Psychology
research based, applying psyc theories to promote health and well -being, prevent illness, identify causal factors in development and maintenance of illness; treatment of illness and with improving health care systems
Narrative reconstruction
reworking self
Therapeutic writing
short periods of expressive writing
acute pain
short-term, self-limiting, often predictable trajectory; stops after injury heals
Exosystem
social settings that a person may not experience firsthand but that still influence development
buffering hypothesis of social support
social support serves as a protective layer creating psychological distance between a person and stressful events
chronic intractable benign pain (examples)
some chronic back pain
Stress - parasympathetic nervous system
stress impacts PNS
stress inoculation training
teaching people to restructure their thinking in stressful situations
self-efficacy expectancy
that they can perform the behavior properly
behavioral control
the ability to step up and do something to reduce the impact of a stressful situation or prevent its recurrence
differential suceptability model
the belief that people do better with less stress, and worse with more stress - changes the environment based on what helps the individual succeed.
Illness Discourse
the character of the discourse itself and the context within which it occurs (vs structure of inferred inner mental phenomena) communicative nature of language (how language communicates what we know and understand about illness)
non shared environmental experiences
the child's own unique experiences, both within the family and outside the family, that are not shared by another sibling
parasympathetic nervous system
the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy
stress appraisal
the events of our lives flow through a psychological filter. How we appraise an event influences how much stress we experience and how effectively we respond.
buffering hypothesis
the idea that other people can provide direct emotional support in helping individuals cope with stressful events
organic pain
the pain we experience that is clearly linked to tissue pressure or damage
Microsystem
the people and objects in an individual's immediate environment
Modeling
the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior - Social learning can increase or decrease stress reactions ༝ Similar to desensitization in practice - relax while watch model perform stimulus hierarchy
person-environment transactions
the processes by which people respond to, seek out and create environments that are compatible with, and may magnify, their personality traits
Epigenetics
the study of influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change. DNA to RNA to Protein.
direct effects hypothesis
the theory that coping resources, such as social support, have beneficial psychological and health effects under conditions of both high stress and low stress
What is scientific racism?
the use of scientific, or ostensibly scientific, findings and methods to support or validate inaccurate attitudes and worldviews about racial groups and racial hierarchies
cognitive therapy
therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions
What is psychology?
thoughts, feelings, cognition
Medical Model of Disability
understands persons with disabilities as having atypical bodies and/or minds that are deviant, pathological, and defective. Disability is a condition in need of "treatment" and a "cure." The problem of disability is located in the individual, defective body. Disease or disorder-->Impairment--->Disability--->Handicap
Pain rating scales
unidimensional and intended to reflect pain intensity
disease or disorder is...
viewed from a biomedical lens; body as site of disability
Critiques from sociology (re: mental illness)
༝ Anti-psychiatry model / movement ༝ Medicalization - social control ༝ Connects to how we view disability
What Thoughts Would be Helpful to Restructure?
༝ Can't-stand -its ༝ Musterbating -> People must / I must... ༝ Arbitrary inference -> Draw conclusion from insufficient, ambiguous, or contrary evidence ༝ Magnification -> exaggerate meaning or impact of event
Strategies for cognitive methods
༝ Cognitive therapy -> maladaptive thought patterns; hypothesis testing ༝ Problem -solving training -> effective ways to address everyday stressful situations ༝ Stress -inoculation training -> teaching skills and practicing with actual or imagined stressors; helpful when anticipate stressor
Social Support
༝ Comfort, caring, esteem, or help available to a person from other people or groups ༝ Both received and perceived support
Emotions and Stress
༝ Emotional states aid in evaluation of stress ༝ Common emotions related to stress ○ Fear ○ Depression ○ Anger
Learning: Pain Behaviors
༝ Facial or audible expression of distress ༝ Distorted ambulation or posture ༝ Negative affect ༝ Avoidance of activity "Sick role" and operant conditioning
Foucauldian discourse analysis
༝ Focus on particular discursive resources available within a culture and the implications for people ༝ Individuals are "products " of discourse ༝ Internalization of dominant discourses and deviation from norms
Cognition and Stress
༝ Impair memory and attention ༝ Enhance attention ༝ Rumination/repetitive thoughts
Foucauldian discourse analysis 2
༝ Internalization of dominant discourses as disciplinary power by which social norms are accepted ༝ Deviation from norms can cause distress ༝ How dominant ideas become embodied in the person
Improving One's Personal Control
༝ Learned helplessness ༝ Locus of control is important for self-image and health ༝ Increasing coping strategies ༝ Complicating matters : What if society itself doesn't afford you the full range of possibilities for personal control?
Headaches (Stress Plays a Role) cont
༝ Migraine headache ○ Dilation of blood vessels surrounding brain, dysfunction in brainstem and trigeminal nerve ○ Pain on 1 side of head near temple, sharp and throbbing
Exercising in terms of coping
༝ Overall finding: less anxiety, depression, tension ○ But potential placebo effect ○ Cannot fully confirm directionality ༝ Best: longer-term, more vigorous ༝ Can be preventative for stress-related illness
Social Processes and Pain
༝ Social reinforcement for pain behavior ༝ Pain behaviors associated with receiving social rewards (help + attention) ༝ Danger of dependency and physical deterioration
Psychosocial Modifiers
༝ Social support ༝ Sense of personal control ༝ Personality and Type A behavior are also discussed by your textbook
Psychosomatic / Psychophysiological Disorders
༝ Stress and stomach acid : ulcers, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome ༝ Asthma : biopsychosocial arousal, increased susceptibility, worsen symptoms ༝ Rheumatoid arthritis and inflammation ༝ Dysmenorrhea - painful menstruation w/ other symptoms ༝ Skin disorders: hives, eczema, psoriasis
Stress and Immune System Reactivity
༝ Stress hormones impact immune system ༝ Brief stressors -nonspecific immunity ༝ Chronic stressors - nonspecific & specific, inflammation ༝ Reduce production of immune enzymes implicated in cancer and DNA repair
Progressive Muscle Relaxation
༝ Training on alternately tightening and relaxing muscles ༝ https :/ /www.youtube.com/ wa tc h?v=ihO02wUzgkc ༝ Less CV reactivity and stronger immune functioning
Meditation
༝ Transcendental meditation - mantra ༝ Mindfulness-based stress reduction
Discursive Psychology
༝ What the discourse is doing ༝ Individuals "produce" discourse ༝ How do people talk about illness in different contexts
