PSY 6

The traits openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism are key components of the ________.

Five Factor Model

Asa is buying a gift for his mother, an overbearing woman who is difficult to please. When a clerk asks him who he is shopping for he replies, "my smother" instead of "my mother." What does this exemplify?

Freudian slip

Who believed that our personality traits are influenced by our genetic inheritance?

Hans and Sybil Eysenck

What was the primary finding of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart?

Identical twins, whether raised together or apart, have very similar personalities.

Who proposed the locus of control concept?

Julian Rotter

Who suggested that men have womb envy because they cannot give birth?

Karen Horney

What is a major problem with the original Milgram study?

Milgram lied to his respondents, making his study borderline unethical.

Carl Jung's view of extroverted and introverted types serves as a basis of the ________.

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

What is the main difference between Sigmund Freud and the neo-Freudians?

Neo-Freudians reduced the emphasis on sex.

Which statement summarizes the main idea of reciprocal determinism?

Our behavior, cognitive processes, and situational context all influence each other.

Which statement about social psychology is most accurate?

People's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by social situations

How are the principles of reciprocal determinism present in observational learning?

Personal factors determine which behaviors in the environment a person chooses to imitate.

What is the main idea of the behavioral perspective on personality?

Personality is significantly shaped by the reinforcements and consequences outside of the organism.

Who developed the first comprehensive theory of personality?

Sigmund Freud

According to the frustration aggression theory, which of the following is likely to occur when Simon gets frustrated with his toilet training?

Simon bites his mother

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Social exchange is people's desire to help others even if the costs outweigh the benefits.

The phrase "social exchange" should be replaced by the word "altruism."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true ? According to Sigmund Freud, unconscious drives influenced by sex and aggression and childhood socialization are the forces that influence our personality.

The word "socialization" should be changed to the word "sexuality."

Why was Sigmund Freud trained as a medical doctor and not a psychologist?

There was no such thing as a degree in psychology when he received his education.

What is the advantage of applying learning approaches to the study of personality?

They can be scientifically tested.

Which of the following best exemplifies prosocial behavior?

Tyler visits his aunt once a week to bring her groceries.

Who conducted the Stanford prison experiment?

Zimbardo

What was the major flaw in the Stanford prison experiment?

Zimbardo did not use a control group.

Sigmund Freud suggested that people who are dominated by their ________ might be narcissistic and impulsive.

id

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective test ________.

in which people are presented with ambiguous images

Jasmin belongs to the chess club on her campus. She prefers to associate with other members of the chess club while avoiding people that do not belong to this group. Jasmin has a(n) ________ bias.

in-group

The ________ approach to the study of personality came about in reaction to the dominance of Western approaches to the study of personality in non-Western settings.

indigenous

What is the main point of the textbook discussion of Milgram's obedience study?

individuals will obey authority to the point of potentially causing serious harm to another person.

Which of the following best defines the Asch effect?

influence of the group majority on an individual's judgment

Nicole wants a cookie. Heather has a cookie. Nicole pushes Heather and takes her cookie. Nicole doesn't intend to hurt Heather, Nicole just wants the cookie. This is an example of ________.

instrumental aggression

Dan avoids applying to college because he doubts he can succeed. He is working a retail job, but he tends to focus on the things he does wrong. In fact, he has almost no confidence in his abilities, and when he experiences a setback at work he is ready to quit. Albert Bandura would say Dan has ________.

low self-efficacy

Jessica believes that she succeeds in high school because she works hard, earned a place on the basketball team because she practices constantly, and cooks well because she takes cooking classes. Julian Rotter would say that Jessica has ________.

an internal locus of control

Which of the following is the best example of peripheral route persuasion?

anti-smoking advertisements that rely on celebrity spokespeople advocating for reduction in cigarette use

Which of the following is the best example of central route persuasion?

anti-smoking advertisements that use charts and graphs to show how many people die from smoking-related causes each year

In Albert Bandura's social-cognitive theory, behavior refers to ________.

anything an individual does that can be punished or rewarded

Which of the following is not a way we tend to think of personality? Our personalities ________.

are mutable

A(n) ________ is the evaluation of or feelings toward a person, idea, or object that are typically positive or negative.

attitude

According to Carl Jung, which of the following best served the goal of self-realization?

balance between extroversion and introversion

Cognitive processes refer to all characteristics previously learned: ________.

beliefs and expectations

The ________ refers to the common psychological tendencies that have been passed down from one generation to the next.

collective unconscious

Fantasia believes that people with blue eyes are somehow more creative than other people. Whenever Fantasia encounters a person that has blue eyes and is creative, she places greater importance on this evidence supporting her already existing belief. At the same time, Fantasia ignores any evidence that people without blue eyes might display exceptional creativity. This is called a ________.

confirmation bias

_______ is a state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar.

congruence

Ina can no longer read the street signs, but she refuses to admit she needs glasses to drive. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?

denial

Suppose you are walking down a street. A woman has fallen down, but because there are so many people around it does not occur to you that you should help. You just assume someone else is about to help her and keep walking. This is an example of ________.

diffusion of responsibility

Mona works at a bank. When Luis, a Colombian man, arrives to drop off his paycheck she pretends to be busy and directs him to another teller. She does this whenever a non-White person wants assistance. This is an example of ________.

discrimination

The field of social psychology studies topics at the intrapersonal level. These topics include ________.

emotions and attitudes, the self, and social cognition

What is groupthink?

modification of the opinions of members of a group to align with what they believe is the group consensus

Suppose you hate reality shows, but you pretend to like them in order to fit in, feel good, and be accepted by your friends, who all love reality television. This is an example of ________ social influence.

normative

Self-efficacy is ________.

our level of confidence in our own abilities

An archetype is a ________.

pattern that exists in our collective unconscious across cultures and societies

Which type of persuasion involves an indirect route that relies on association of peripheral cues to associate positivity with a message?

peripheral route

When it comes to social psychology, a script is a ________.

person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting

Carl Jung referred to the ________ as the mask we adopt.

persona

Dr. Grimes conducts a ________ by requesting that his patient respond to ambiguous stimuli, thus revealing hidden feelings, impulses, and desires.

projective test

Which of the following is not part of Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory?

reaction formation

Heather and Mike share the household chores as equally as possible. They take turns with the cooking and driving their son to daycare. Both of them work outside the home, and each of them takes responsibility for child care one night a week to give the other one a break. We can say that their relationship has ________.

reciprocity

When it comes to relationships, we expect to share thoughts, feelings, and ideas in a mutual exchange called ________.

reciprocity

After Mike does not get the job he interviewed for, he moves back in with his parents and spends his days playing video games. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?

regression

In California, undocumented migrants are often blamed for high unemployment in the state, although statistics show that high unemployment is not related to the number of illegal migrants. In this example, illegal migrants are victims of ________: the act of blaming an out-group when the in-group experiences frustration or is blocked from obtaining a goal.

scapegoating

Which of the following strategies would effectively prevent groupthink from occurring?

seeking outside opinions on group decisions

According to Abraham Maslow, the highest need is ________.

self-actualization

Following an outcome, ________ are those attributions that enable us to see ourselves in favorable light.

self-serving bias

Penny gets an acting job on Friday that she attributes to her good acting. She doesn't get the next acting job; therefore, she blames the casting director for not wanting to hire a woman. This is an example of ________.

self-serving bias

Dale thinks that women shouldn't work outside the home and vows never to hire a woman at his bank. Dale's attitudes and planned course of action are ________.

sexist

David attempts to minimize the costs of his relationship with Daniel while maximizing benefits. He enjoys Daniel's company, but he tries to avoid helping him move. This is an example of the ________ theory.

social exchange

Travis is part of a group playing tug-of-war. He knows that his team is stronger, so he doesn't try as hard as he could. Travis is engaged in ________.

social loafing

What is the main point of the Stanford prison experiment?

social roles are powerful determinants of human behavior

What is a social role?

socially defined pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group

Fatima generalizes that all men are irresponsible players, cheaters, and liars. When it comes to men, Fatima may be applying ________: negative beliefs about individuals based solely on their membership in a group.

stereotypes

Which of the following was one of Alfred Adler's main contributions to personality theory?

suggesting that our birth order shapes our personality

Which of the following strategies would effectively reduce racism?

teaching children to think independently and challenge social norms that promote racism

Which of the following is an example of the self-fulfilling prophecy?

telling someone with dyslexia she cannot learn to read, leading her to become illiterate even though she could learn to read with a bit of extra effort

In Carl Jung's view, the task of integrating unconscious archetypal aspects of the self is part of ________ in the second half of life.

the self-realization process

Which statement about Sternberg's triangular theory of love is most accurate?

there are three components of love: intimacy, passion, and commitment.

________ theorists attempt to explain our personality by identifying our stable characteristics and ways of behaving.

trait

A(an) ________ locus of control is the belief that our outcomes are outside of our control; an ________ locus of control is the belief that we control our own outcomes.

external; internal

Hans and Sybil Eysenck viewed people as having two specific personality dimensions: ________.

extroversion/introversion; neuroticism/stability

Which type of persuasion involves encouraging a person to agree to a small favor or to buy a small item, only to later request a larger favor or purchase of a larger item?

foot-in-the-door

Which of the following is the best example of the foot-in-the-door technique of persuasion?

getting your parents to agree to cut their smoking down by a few cigarettes, then asking them to quit altogether

How can parents help their children achieve high congruence?

giving them unconditional love

________ is the strengthening of an original group attitude after the discussion of views within a group.

group polarization

Social psychology is a field that studies both interpersonal and intrapersonal behavior. Which of the following is an example of interpersonal behavior?

group processes

Based on the discussion in your text, which of the following strategies would effectively reduce prejudice between groups?

having groups meet under equal terms and cooperate on a task

________ describes a proportion of difference among people that is attributed to genetics.

heritability

ammy has a positive view of challenges: She views them as tasks to be mastered. She develops a deep interest in and a strong commitment to becoming a good teacher. When she doesn't pass her first teaching praxis, she quickly recovers and works to overcome the setback. Albert Bandura would say Tammy has ________.

high self-efficacy

As the "third force" in psychology, ________ is touted as a reaction both to the pessimistic determinism of psychoanalysis and to the behaviorists' view of humans passively reacting to the environment.

humanism

Which of the following theorists is not neo-Freudian?

Albert Bandura

Who developed social-cognitive theory?

Albert Bandura

What was the main idea behind Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?

An individual's personality develops throughout the lifespan

Henry is juror number four in a murder trial. He believes the accused is guilty, but when the jurors vote it becomes clear he is the only one that thinks this way. Henry votes not guilty along with the other jurors despite what he sees as evidence clearly indicating guilt. This is an example of the ________ effect.

Asch

What is the major flaw in the Asch conformity study?

Asch ignored the importance of several factors influencing conformity—including race, class, and gender.

Because we have developed certain response tendencies, ________ believed that we demonstrate consistent behavior patterns.

B.F. Skinner

The ________ Inkblot Test employs a series of symmetrical inkblot cards that are presented to a client by a psychologist in an effort to reveal the person's unconscious desires, fears, and struggles.

Rorschach

What is the just-world hypothesis?

an ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve

Tom believes he is unable to stop gambling because his friends all gamble and are a bad influence; however, he believes that Barnaby is unable to stop gambling because Barnaby is addicted to gambling. This is an example of ________.

actor-observer bias

Billie is a(n) ________ because he believes people over age 65 should have their driver's license suspended, the elderly use up important social resources, and they occupy jobs that should belong to younger, more capable people.

ageist

Kim believed he failed his math class because the test was too hard, passed his psychology class because the professor passed every student in the class, and didn't get the internship because the manager didn't like him. Julian Rotter would say that Kim has ________.

an external locus of control

Which type of persuasion involves logic-driven arguments using data and facts to convince people of an argument's worthiness?

central route

Which of the following clearly influenced Sigmund Freud's theory of development?

climate of sexual repression

Don knows that drinking too much liquor is a costly habit that is bad for his health, but he continues to drink large amounts of liquor. He also thinks he is a smart person that makes good choices. Don feels some psychological discomfort from this contradiction, which is also called ________.

cognitive dissonance