psy ch3 a,b,c,d

be unable to ride a bicycle.

A person who incurs damage to the basal ganglia is MOST likely to:

the reticular formation

A person with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may have problems with their:

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

A researcher is using a strong magnet to track blood-oxygen changes in participants' brains as they complete decision-making tasks. The researcher is using _____ to examine the brain's activity.

fMRI

A researcher who wants the most preferred and accurate method of localizing brain activity would MOST likely use a machine that performs the technique known as _____.

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A set of nerves that carries involuntary and automatic commands that control blood vessels, body organs, and glands.

somatic nervous system

A set of nerves that conveys information between voluntary muscles and the central nervous system.

sympathetic nervous system

A set of nerves that helps the body for action in challenging or threatening situations.

parasympathetic nervous system

A set of nerves that helps the body return to a normal resting state.

higher

A spinal injury that occurs _____ on the spine typically predicts more severe loss of abilities.

the motor cortex

Adjacent areas of the body are represented in adjacent regions of the:

neurons

Chan loves to challenge his mind with new tasks. The components of his brain that process information in these new tasks are his _____.

MRI scan.

Alice thinks she is having a stroke. The BEST method to use to diagnose a stroke would be a(n):

location

Amber's father recently suffered a spinal injury and she is worried that her father will lose his ability to walk. Amber should NOT assume this will happen because the _____ of the damage influences the skills affected.

pick an object up with her left hand that was presented to her right field of vision.

Amy, a split-brain patient, could NOT:

polarizations

An action potential is comprised of a series of:

several feet

An axon can range in length from a fraction of an inch to:

nervous system

An interacting network of neurons that conveys electrochemical information throughout the body.

helps to maintain a balance between consciousness and unconsciousness.

Anesthetics work because they reduce activity in the reticular formation, an area that:

cell body

Another word for the soma is:

forebrain

Anya is having a baby and it is 7 weeks after conception. At this stage, the _____ expands considerably to form the cerebral hemispheres.

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

Billy is participating in research in which his brain activity will be observed while he views pictures of animals. Before Billy comes to the laboratory, the researchers tell him he should not wear any metal and should leave his credit cards at home, because the brain imaging machine uses a very large magnet. The method of brain scanning Billy will undergo is called:

motor neurons

Dale's _____ carry instructions from his central nervous system to his muscles.

medulla

Damage to the _____ can be deadly because this structure controls heart rate, respiration, and circulation.

spinal cord

Damage to the _____ influences the ability of the brain to receive information from the senses and direct movement.

hippocampus

Destiny suffers from anterograde amnesia. Whenever she meets a person, she forgets having met them after about a minute, and reintroduces herself. Destiny MOST likely has damage to an area of the brain called the _____.

motor and somatosensory cortices

Different parts of the _____ are associated with different parts of the body.

white matter pathways

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) works by measuring the rate and direction of diffusion or movement of water molecules along _____ so that this information can be used in mapping the connectivity of the human brain.

central; peripheral

Eddie has been feeling very lethargic lately and the doctors think he may have a thyroid problem. They told him the problem could be originating in his brain or at the gland. If it is beginning in his brain, it is coming from his _____ nervous system, and if it is beginning in his gland, it is coming from his _____ nervous system.

the hippocampus

Gerard has brain damage that has affected his long term memory and ability to navigate in his environment. Gerard MOST likely has damage to his:

the midbrain

Grace's _____ directs her vision towards the most important elements in the environment.

hemispheres

Haylee is having a baby and it is 7 weeks since conception. At this stage, the forebrain expands considerably to form the brain's two _____.

EEG

If James has trouble sleeping and wants to have doctors measure his brain activity while he is asleep, the doctors will MOST likely use a(n) _____ to do so.

increased heart rate. decreased thirst. faster breathing.

If Tonya is walking down the street by herself at night and thinks she hears footsteps behind her, she is likely to experience:

sodium ions

If a neuron was compared to a prison, the _____ would be the prisoners when the neuron is at the resting potential.

more negative particles inside the axon than outside the axon.

In its resting state an axon has:

turning away from a gory scene in a movie

In which behavior is the midbrain MOST likely to be involved?

in the brain and spinal cord.

Interneurons can ONLY be found:

sodium and potassium pumps

Ions are captured and pushed through the membrane by:

more of her somatosensory cortex is devoted to her hand.

Jackie loves it when her boyfriend lightly caresses her hand as opposed to her arm, because she feels much more sensation in her hand. She has more sensitivity in her hand because:

the visual cortex

Jamie fell backwards and bumped her head. She briefly 'saw stars'. This is because her fall stimulated her:

epigenetics

Jane has developed schizophrenia while her monozygotic twin sister Mary has not. Jane began showing symptoms a year after she experienced a physical assault. This difference between Jane and Mary, even though the twins share 100 percent of their genes, is the subject of an area of research called:

central

Javier has been feeling very lethargic lately and the doctors think he may have a thyroid problem. They told him the problem could be originating in his brain or at the gland. If it is beginning in his brain, it is coming from his _____ nervous system.

midbrain

Karen is watching a horror movie, and when a really gory scene occurs, she cannot help but turn away. It is MOST likely that the small area of her brain called the _____ has caused her to do this.

fusiform gyrus

Lee had a stroke and now cannot recognize any of his family members. Lee may have suffered damage to an area of the brain called the _____, which is located near the border of the temporal and occipital lobes.

parasympathetic

Maria encounters a wolverine in the foothills and escapes by running very quickly to her car. After reaching the safety of her car, her heart rate and breathing begin to slow down because of her _____ nervous system.

phantom limb

Marshall lost his arm in a car accident, but he still feels like his hand is clenched very tightly even though his limb is no longer there. This experience is known as _____ syndrome.

in the midbrain

Motor and sensory functions are integrated:

central

Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that carry signals within the brain. Based on their location, these would be a component of the _____ nervous system.

synaptic vesicles

Neurotransmitters are released from:

the synaptic gap

Neurotransmitters are released into:

spinal cord; hindbrain

Our reflexes such as pulling your hand away from a flame, are governed by the ____, while basic functions of motor skills and respiration are governed by the _____.

demyelinating

People who suffer from _____ diseases have neurons that communicate less efficiently.

dendrites

Peter has a rare disease in which his neurons transmit signals but some of his neurons have difficulty receiving the messages. This disease is MOST likely affecting the _____ of his neurons.

spinal cord

Randy lost his balance and accidentally placed his hand on the hot wood stove to steady himself. In order for Randy to retract his hand, the pain signal must travel to the _____ and a response will be generated.

nodes of ranvier

Runners sprinting short distances in a relay race and handing off a baton is an analogy that represents the way in which the neural signal jumps between the _____, or the breaks in the myelin sheath

pain signal must travel to the spinal cord and a response will be generated.

Sammy lost his balance and accidentally placed his hand on the hot wood stove to steady himself. In order for Sammy to retract his hand, the:

the hypothalamus

Sexual behavior is MOST closely associated with:

spinal reflexes

Shawn is cooking and accidentally grabs the pan in the wrong spot and burns his hand. Shawn's ability to rapidly pull his hand away from the pan is caused by his _____.

spinal reflexes

Simple pathways in the nervous system that rapidly generate muscle contractions.

extracellular fluid; intracellular fluid

Sodium ions are more concentrated in the _____ while potassium ions are more concentrated in the _____.

communicate

Split-brain patients have trouble completing some tasks in experiments involving presentation of different images to each eye, because their hemispheres cannot _____.

hemispheres

Split-brain procedures demonstrated that the different brain _____ have somewhat unique and independent functions.

partial or complete blindness.

Someone with damage to the occipital lobe would be MOST likely to display:

rapidly

Spinal reflexes are simple pathways in the nervous system that _____ generate muscle contractions.

neurotransmitters

Synaptic vesicles contain:

positive; sodium gates

The ____ charge of one section of an axon causes the _____ of the next section to open.

vertebrate

The _____ brain is hierarchically organized, while the invertebrate brain is not.

cerebral cortex

The _____ is the outermost layer of the brain, visible to the naked eye, and divided into two hemispheres.

parasympathetic

The _____ nervous system helps the body return to resting after dealing with a threat.

action potential

The _____ stimulates the release of neurotransmitters, allowing neurons to communicate with each other.

action potentials do not vary in strength; they either occur or do not occur.

The action potential is referred to as an all-or-none event because:

spinal cord

The actor Christopher Reeve lost all sensation and motor control below his neck after damage to his _____ in a horseback riding accident.

aggression

The amygdala plays a key role in:

learning

The cerebellum is MOST closely associated with:

the thalamus

The limbic system forms a ring around:

K+ ions

The membrane is repolarized when gates open and ______ flow out of the axon.

sodium and potassium

The movement of _____ and _____ through the membrane is most central to action potentials.

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

The part of the nervous system that connects the central nervous system to the body's organs and muscles.

central nervous system (CNS)

The part of the nervous system that is composed of the brain and spinal cord.

axon

The part of the neuron that is specialized for sending impulses to other neurons is the:

dendrite

The part of the neuron that receives messages from other neurons is the:

the hypothalamus

The pituitary gland is controlled by:

regulates sleep, wakefulness, and levels of arousal.

The reticular formation is a small cluster of neurons that

sensory

The retina of the eye contains receptors that respond to different wavelengths of light, which allows humans to see different colors. These receptors connect to _____ neurons, which then send this signal to the brain.

interneurons

The sensory and motor neurons are linked by: Amy's _____ do the additional processing needed to make sense of events occurring within her body and outside in the environment.

sensory neurons, interneurons and motor neurons

The three broad classes of neurons are

contralateral

The two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex have _____ control of the body, so that each hemisphere controls the side opposite of its location.

combined

The visual cortex works by responding to various characteristics in the visual field, and these are _____ in later processing.

the somatosensory cortex

When an electrode stimulates Brian's _____ he feels a tingling in his leg.

frontal lobe is involved in planning, decision making, and emotion regulation.

Through the case study of Phineas Gage, researchers found that the:

could not verbalize that he saw anything.

Timmy is a split-brain patient and he is presented with a picture of a phone on the left side of a computer screen and a picture of a cake on the right side. If he were asked to say what object he saw on the left side of the screen, he:

causal

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a useful way for researchers to establish _____ relationships.

autonomic

Unlike the somatic nervous system, a person cannot voluntarily control the _____ nervous system.

proteins with a negative charge

What is ONLY found in the intracellular fluid?

neurons

What is the basic building block of the nervous system?

the midbrain

What part of the brain triggers a head movement in response to a loud sound in the environment?

sensory neurons

What type of neurons carry information from the body's organs and tissues to the central nervous system?

somatic

When Jim reaches for his spoon to take a bite of his egg drop soup, he can consciously do so because he is using the _____ nervous system.

potassium; positively

When a neuron fires _____ rushes into the axon and makes that part of the axon more _____ compared to the extracellular fluid.

the medulla

Which area of the brain controls breathing?

the reticular formation

Which area of the brain is MOST closely associated with alertness?

the pons

Which area of the brain is MOST closely associated with sleep and dreaming?

the cerebellum

Which area of the brain is associated with classical conditioning and motor movements?

using a mirror box to create an illusion of a restored limb

Which is a successful method used to increase voluntary control over phantom limbs?

the hypothalamus

Which of the following is part of the limbic system?

the cerebral cortex

Which part of the central nervous system will form LAST in prenatal development?

the frontal lobe

Which part of the cerebral cortex deals with abstract thinking, planning, executive control, and judgment—the qualities that make us most human?

the myelin sheath

Which part of the neuron is MOST closely associated with the speed with which it can convey an impulse?

the pituitary gland

Which structure is the conductor, or "master gland," of the hormone-producing system?

chloride ions

Which type of ions have a negative charge in the extracellular fluid?

all-or-none

You cannot fire a gun softly, or flush a toilet halfway. Like an action potential, gun fire and a toilet's flush follow the _____ law.

Plasticity

_____ refers to the ability of the cortex to adapt to change.

emotional regulation.

fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) scans have confirmed a hypothesis that followed Phineas Gage's accident: that the frontal lobe is important for:

The thalamus

is the brain's relay system.

The sympathetic nervous system

prepares the body for action in threatening situations.

The cerebral cortex

the outer layer around the rest of the brain.