PSY Chap 9

In one study, monkeys first learn to classify pictures of cats and dogs. Then, they are shown images that are catlike or doglike. Which statement suggests that monkeys are able to form concepts?

Certain frontal lobe neurons fire in response to the images.

Jody is completing a vocabulary test. Aditi is trying to complete analogies between pairs of abstract diagrams. Jody is completing a test of _____ intelligence, whereas Aditi is completing a test of _____ intelligence.

Crystallized; fluid

Which person is demonstrating creative thinking?

Forty-one-year-old Mary is a worldwide traveler who invents various recipes that combine cuisine she has sampled from around the world.

Making several minor household repairs, Alyssa uses a shoe as a hammer and a butter knife as a screwdriver. Which statement BEST characterizes Alyssa's problem solving?

She is not constrained by functional fixedness.

Lori and Monica are looking at the cans of coffee on display at a local supermarket. They are trying to decide which of two different-sized cans is the better buy. Lori attempts to divide the price of each can by the number of ounces of coffee each contains. Monica suggests that "the larger size is usually a better buy." Lori is using a(n) _____; Monica, a(n) _____.

algorithm; heuristic

As cognitive psychologists define it, a concept is a(n):

category

Mrs. Kendall is completing the vocabulary portion of an intelligence test as a participant in a cognitive aging study. Mrs. Kendall is completing a test of _____ intelligence during the vocabulary portion.

crystallized

One major impediment to problem solving is _____, which is the inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective.

fixation

When attempting to persuade others, it is better to focus on the positive rather than the negative. This is a characteristic of:

framing

According to Charles Spearman, _____ underlies specific mental abilities, such that it is measured by every task on an intelligence test.

general intelligence (g)

After gathering extensive information about the colleges she was interested in attending, Krista let the information incubate outside her conscious awareness for several days. This provided time for her decision to be potentially enhanced by:

intuition

An effortless, immediate, and automatic thought or feeling is known as:

intuition

If intelligence is a singular, unitary phenomenon, rather than a diverse collection of specialized abilities, then one might expect:

little variability in scores across the different components of an intelligence test.

When he was very young, William took an intelligence test as part of a research study. Decades later, William is asked if he would be willing to take another intelligence test in order to test the stability of intelligence. By agreeing to take another intelligence test, William is engaging in a(n) _____ study.

longitudinal

Jackie has an extremely low intelligence quotient of 65. She lives at an assisted living center where she works part time in the kitchen cleaning dishes. Jackie's ability to work effectively displays her _____ skills.

practical

Immortalized in the movie Rain Man, Dustin Hoffman's character performs mind-boggling feats of mathematical calculations, yet cannot perform the simplest of tasks such as determining how much change he would receive when buying a candy bar. This is known as:

savant syndrome.

In the last few months of 2001, many Americans believed flying was more dangerous than driving. This led to a major increase in traffic fatalities. This flaw in reasoning is known as:

the availability heuristic.

Auriele is a very attractive female who lives in Cleveland and loves American football. When asked to predict if it is more probable that she is a schoolteacher or a cheerleader for the Cleveland Browns, most people selected the latter even though there are thousands of more schoolteachers than cheerleaders for the Browns in Cleveland. This illustrates the fallacy in reasoning known as:

the representativeness heuristic.

Sultan, a chimpanzee studied by Wolfgang Köhler, displayed evidence for animal cognition. He was given a short stick that could not reach a banana but then seemed to have an Aha! experience. He used the short stick:

to pull in a longer stick, which he used to reach the banana.

A researcher develops a questionnaire to assess the personality trait of impulsivity among adults. Across two studies individuals get very similar scores. However, when one reviews the sample questionnaire items, it seems clear that they relate more to whether a person is sociable, outgoing, and fun than to whether an individual is impulsive. As a result, one would question the _____ of the researcher's questionnaire.

validity

In research studies in which subjects were asked to make a choice regarding a complex problem, they made the best decision when they:

were slightly distracted.

When Judy's professor failed to recognize that Judy had her hand raised to answer a question, Judy began to think her professor was unfriendly. Judy later learned that the professor's limited vision kept him from seeing her raised hand, but she continued to think he was unfriendly. Judy's reaction BEST illustrates:

belief perseverance.

Maggie, a graduate student at a local university, is interested in the impact of the No Child Left Behind legislation on intelligence. As a result of this, she gives an intelligence test to people in different age groups from 15 to 45. Maggie is conducting a(n) _____ study.

cross-sectional

Studies in which researchers test and compare people of various ages at one point in time are known as _____ studies.

cross-sectional

Laverne's scores on different parts of an intelligence test are very different from one another. Laverne's profile of scores on the test:

contradicts the view of intelligence offered by such early theorists as Spearman.

"When you have trouble in a class, try outlining the book in your own words." What is this general rule of thumb for solving a common academic problem called?

a heuristic

The employees were not surprised when Sharon was promoted to senior director of the organization. She has demonstrated her ability to motivate the team, delegate to the appropriate people, and promote herself. This BEST illustrates Sternberg's concept of _____ intelligence.

practical

The best example of a category of objects, events, ideas, and people is called a(n):

prototype.

The first modern test of intelligence was developed in:

France

Divergent thinking has been linked to activity in the brain's _____ lobe.

frontal

_____ is to a multiple-choice test in a U.S. history class as _____ is to the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT).

Achievement; aptitude

In very stressful or embarrassing situations, Sanura is able to maintain her poise and help others to feel comfortable. Sanura's ability BEST illustrates the value of:

emotional intelligence.

Mary wonders why people are alive and is trying to determine her purpose in life. Mary is demonstrating Gardner's _____ intelligence.

existential

_____, the sudden awareness of a problem's solution, is aptly represented by a light bulb over a thinker's head.

insight

Andrea, a woman in her twenties, takes the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. She scores well above average on perceptual organization, working memory, and processing speed. However, she scores poorly on verbal comprehension. It can be safely assumed from the results that Andrea:

suffers from a reading disability.